[Federal Register Volume 87, Number 237 (Monday, December 12, 2022)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 75977-76023]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2022-26733]
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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Fish and Wildlife Service
50 CFR Parts 10, 17, and 21
[Docket No. FWS-HQ-MB-2022-0036; FXMB12320900000//223//FF09M30000]
RIN 1018-BG04
General Provisions; Revised List of Migratory Birds
AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.
ACTION: Proposed rule.
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SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), propose to
revise the List of Birds protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act
(MBTA) by both adding and removing species. Reasons for the changes to
the list include adding species based on new taxonomy and new evidence
of natural occurrence in the United States or U.S. territories,
removing species no longer known to occur within the United States or
U.S. territories, and changing names to conform to accepted use. The
net increase of 13 species (16 added and three removed) would bring the
total number of species protected by the MBTA to 1,106. We also propose
to revise the scientific name of a species subject to specific
migratory-bird-permit regulations and to revise corresponding entries
for several migratory bird species that are also listed on the List of
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife under the Endangered Species Act to
reflect currently accepted taxonomy and nomenclature.
We regulate the taking, possession, transportation, sale, purchase,
barter, exportation, and importation of migratory birds. An accurate
and up-to-date list of species protected by the MBTA is essential for
public notification, regulatory, and law-
[[Page 75978]]
enforcement purposes. These revisions would also ensure consistency in
the use of common and scientific names across Service regulations.
DATES: We will accept comments received or postmarked on or before
February 10, 2023. Comments submitted electronically using the Federal
eRulemaking Portal (see ADDRESSES, below) must be received by 11:59
p.m. Eastern Time on the closing date.
ADDRESSES: You may submit comments by one of the following methods: (1)
Electronically: Go to the Federal eRulemaking Portal: https://www.regulations.gov. In the Search box, enter FWS-HQ-MB-2022-0036,
which is the docket number for this rulemaking. Then, click on the
Search button. On the resulting page, in the Search panel on the left
side of the screen, under the Document Type heading, click on the
Proposed Rule box to locate this document. You may submit a comment by
clicking on ``Comment.''
(2) By hard copy: Submit by U.S. mail or hand-delivery to: Public
Comments Processing, Attn: FWS-HQ-MB-2022-0036, U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, MS: PRB/3W, 5275 Leesburg Pike, Falls Church, VA 22041-3803.
We request that you send comments only by the methods described
above. We will post all comments on https://www.regulations.gov. This
generally means that we will post any personal information you provide
us (see IV. Public Comments, below, for more information).
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Eric L. Kershner, Chief, Division of
Bird Conservation, Permits, and Regulations; Migratory Bird Program;
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; MS: MB; 5275 Leesburg Pike, Falls
Church, VA 22041-3803; (703) 358-2376; or Lisa Ellis, Chief, Branch of
Recovery and Conservation; Ecological Services; U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service; MS: ES; 5275 Leesburg Pike, Falls Church, VA 22041-3803; (703)
358-2307. Individuals in the United States who are deaf, deafblind,
hard of hearing, or have a speech disability may dial 711 (TTY, TDD, or
TeleBraille) to access telecommunications relay services. Individuals
outside the United States should use the relay services offered within
their country to make international calls to the point-of-contact in
the United States.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
I. List of Migratory Birds (50 CFR 10.13)
Statutory Authority of the Service for Maintaining and Revising the
List of Birds Protected by the MBTA
We have statutory authority and responsibility for implementing and
enforcing the MBTA (16 U.S.C. 703-712), the Fish and Wildlife
Improvement Act of 1978 (Pub. L. 95-616; 16 U.S.C. 742l), and the Fish
and Wildlife Act of 1956 (16 U.S.C. 742a-742j, not including 742d-1).
The MBTA implements Conventions between the United States and four
neighboring countries for the protection of migratory birds, as
follows:
(1) Canada: Convention between the United States and Great Britain
[on behalf of Canada] for the Protection of Migratory Birds, August 16,
1916, 39 Stat. 1702 (T.S. No. 628), as amended by Protocol between the
Government of the United States and the Government of Canada Amending
the 1916 Convention between the United Kingdom and the United States of
America for the Protection of Migratory Birds, Sen. Treaty Doc. 104-28
(December 14, 1995);
(2) Mexico: Convention between the United States and Mexico for the
Protection of Migratory Birds and Game Mammals, February 7, 1936, 50
Stat. 1311 (T.S. No. 912), as amended March 10, 1972 (23 U.S.T. 260;
T.I.A.S. 7302) and by Protocol with Mexico amending Convention for
Protection of Migratory Birds and Game Mammals, Sen. Treaty Doc. 105-26
(May 5, 1997);
(3) Japan: Convention between the Government of the United States
of America and the Government of Japan for the Protection of Migratory
Birds and Birds in Danger of Extinction, and Their Environment, March
4, 1972, 25 U.S.T. 3329 (T.I.A.S. No. 7990); and
(4) Russia: Convention between the United States of America and the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Concerning the Conservation of
Migratory Birds and Their Environment (Russia), November 19, 1976, 29
U.S.T. 4647 (T.I.A.S. No. 9073).
What is the purpose of this rulemaking?
Our purpose is to inform the public of updates to the list of
species protected by the MBTA and its implementing regulations. These
regulations are found in title 50 of the Code of Federal Regulations
(CFR) at parts 10, 20, 21, and 92. We regulate the taking, possession,
transportation, sale, purchase, barter, exportation, and importation of
birds protected by the MBTA. An accurate and up-to-date list of species
protected by the MBTA is essential for notifying the public and other
federal, state, and tribal agencies of which species are subject to
regulatory protections.
Why is this amendment of the List of Birds protected by the MBTA
necessary?
The amendments we are proposing are needed to:
(1) Add 11 species based on new distributional records documenting
their natural occurrence in the United States or U.S. territories since
2019;
(2) Add five species newly recognized as a result of recent
taxonomic changes;
(3) Remove three species not known to occur within the boundaries
of the United States or U.S. territories as a result of recent
taxonomic changes;
(4) Change the common (English) names of eight species to conform
to accepted use; and
(5) Change the scientific names of 22 species to conform to
accepted use.
The List of Birds Protected by the MBTA (50 CFR 10.13) was last
revised on April 16, 2020 (85 FR 21282). The amendments proposed in
this rule were necessitated by two published supplements and one
published addendum to a supplement to the 7th (1998) edition of the
American Ornithologists' Union (AOU, now recognized as the American
Ornithological Society (AOS)) Checklist of North American Birds (AOS
2020a, 2020b, 2021 and 2022) and the 2019 and 2021 publications of the
Clements Checklist of Birds of the World (Clements et al. 2019, 2021).
What scientific authorities are used to amend the List of Birds
protected by the MBTA?
Although bird names (common and scientific) are relatively stable,
staying current with standardized use is necessary to avoid confusion
in communications. In making our determinations, we primarily relied on
the AOS's Checklist of North American birds (AOU 1998), as amended
annually (AOS 2020a, 2020b, 2021, and 2022), on matters of taxonomy,
nomenclature, and the sequence of species and other higher taxonomic
categories (Orders, Families, Subfamilies) for species that occur in
North America. The AOU (now AOS) Checklist of North American Birds
(Checklist), developed by the AOU Committee on Classification and
Nomenclature, has been the recognized taxonomic authority for North
American birds since publication of the first edition of the Checklist
in 1886. The committee compiles the taxonomic foundation for
ornithology in North America; they evaluate and publish the latest
scientific developments in the systematics, classification,
[[Page 75979]]
nomenclature, and distribution of North American birds. Thus, the AOS's
Checklist represents the best scientific information available for
developing the North American component of this List of Birds Protected
by the MBTA. In keeping with the increasing numbers of study areas on
which taxonomy relies, the committee incorporates expertise in
phylogenetics, genomics, vocalizations, morphology, behavior, and
geographical distribution, as well as general ornithological knowledge.
The AOS Checklist contains all bird species that have occurred in North
America from the Arctic through Panama, including the West Indies and
the Hawaiian Islands, and includes distributional information for each
species, which specifies whether the species is known to occur in the
United States. The committee also keeps and updates a list of species
known to occur in the United States.
For the species that occur in the U.S. territories outside the
geographic area covered by the AOS Checklist, we relied primarily on
the Clements Checklist of Birds of the World (Clements Checklist)
(Clements et al. 2007), the Clements Checklist 2019 and 2021
installment of updates and corrections (Clements et al. 2019, 2021),
and other peer-reviewed literature where appropriate. The Clements
Checklist is a list of all known bird species in the world and is
maintained and updated annually by the Cornell Laboratory of
Ornithology (CLO). The CLO relies on different regional ornithological
authorities to compile the Clements Checklist, using the AOS for the
western hemisphere. Taxonomy and nomenclature are the primary focus of
the Clements Checklist, but range descriptions are maintained and
updated based on the best available information and do not include
records of vagrancy. Although we primarily rely on the above sources,
when informed taxonomic opinion is inconsistent or controversial, we
evaluate available published and unpublished information and come to
our own conclusion regarding the validity of taxa and whether to
include taxonomic changes. We also evaluate available documentation for
new species documented to occur naturally in the United States or U.S.
territories and come to our own conclusion regarding addition to the
List of Birds Protected by the MBTA.
For this update, we reviewed 13 species that were added to the AOS
Checklist based on new natural distribution in the United States or
U.S. territories (AOS 2020a, 2021, and 2022). Based on the available
evidence and criteria to identify individual species that qualify for
protection by the MBTA (see below), we propose to add 11 of the 13
species. We elected not to add two of the 13 species, Red-backed
Shrike, Lanius collurio, and Graylag Goose, Anser anser. When we
reviewed the evidence for the record of Red-backed Shrike that was
accepted by AOS, along with an analysis from an AOS committee member,
we learned the shrike in question was a juvenile. It is unknown how
reliably juveniles of Red-backed Shrike can be distinguished from
juvenile Red-tailed Shrikes, Lanius phoenicuroides, and the two species
are known to commonly hybridize as well. While there are descriptions
available in the literature of adult hybrids of these two shrike
species, this is not the case for juvenile hybrids. Therefore, due to
the challenges in identification, we decided not to include this record
at this time. Regarding the Graylag Goose, we considered the regulatory
implications of adding it to the list because the species intermixes
with other goose species that may be hunted under the Service's and
State hunting regulations. We decided not to add the species at this
time while we consider those regulatory implications, similar to how we
treated the split of Cackling Goose, Branta hutchinsii, from Canada
Goose, Branta canadensis, in 2013 (78 FR 65844), later adding the
species to the 10.13 list in 2020 (85 FR 21282). We may reconsider
adding this species in a subsequent update to the list once the
frequency of the species occurring in the U.S. is better understood and
what the implications to hunting regulations in 50 CFR part 20 would
be. We reserve the right to revisit these decisions if additional
information becomes available.
As is customary with species subject to our hunting regulations at
50 CFR part 20, we consulted with the Pacific, Central, Mississippi,
and Atlantic Flyway Councils in our review of the taxonomic split of
Mexican Duck from Mallard. We also reviewed published scientific
literature regarding the Mallard split (Bellrose 1976; Hubbard 1977;
Brown 1985; Lavretsky et al. 2015, 2019; Chesser et al. 2020).
Ultimately, we concluded to propose adding Mexican Duck to the list.
What criteria are used to identify individual species protected by the
MBTA?
A species qualifies for protection under the MBTA by meeting one or
more of the following criteria:
(1) It occurs in the United States or U.S. territories as the
result of natural biological or ecological processes and is currently,
or was previously listed as, a species or part of a family protected by
one of the four international treaties or their amendments. A naturally
occurring species is protected by the MBTA as a member of a protected
family even if the species is ecologically nonmigratory, meaning it
does not exhibit seasonal movements (also known as a resident species).
For example, the Bushtit (Psaltriparus minimus) is a resident, non-
migratory species and is included in 50 CFR 10.13 because it occurs in
a family (Aegithalidae) that is protected by the bilateral treaty with
Canada. Any species that occurs in the United States or U.S.
territories solely as a result of intentional or unintentional human-
assisted introduction does not qualify for the MBTA list, regardless of
whether the family the species belongs to is listed in any of the
treaties, unless:
It was either native to the United States or its
territories and extant in 1918; or
It was extirpated after 1918 throughout its range in the
United States and its territories, and, after such extirpation, it was
reintroduced in the United States or its territories as part of a
program carried out by a federal agency.
(2) Revised taxonomy results in it being newly split from a species
that was previously on the list, and the new species occurs in the
United States or U.S. territories as the result of natural biological
or ecological processes. If a newly recognized native species is
considered extinct (following the classification of the American
Ornithological Society (AOS) or, for species not covered by the AOS,
the Clements Checklist or peer-reviewed literature), that species will
still be included if either of the following criteria apply:
The species resembles extant species included in the list
that may be affected by trade or other commercial activities if the
species is not included; or
Not including the species may create difficulties
implementing the MBTA and its underlying Conventions.
(3) New evidence exists for its natural occurrence in the United
States or U.S. territories resulting from new or natural distributional
changes and the species belongs to a protected family. Records must be
documented, accepted, and published by the AOS committee. For the U.S.
Pacific territories that fall outside the geographic scope of the AOS
and for which there is no identified ornithological authority, new
evidence of a species' natural occurrence will be based on the Clements
Checklist and then published peer-reviewed literature,
[[Page 75980]]
in that order. Records and the evidence supporting their acceptance by
the AOS, Clements Checklist, or peer-reviewed literature are reviewed
independently by the Service before we proposed adding the species to
the list.
In accordance with the Migratory Bird Treaty Reform Act of 2004
(MBTRA) (Pub. L. 108-447, December 8, 2004, 118 Stat. 2809, 3071-72),
we only include migratory bird species that are native to the United
States or U.S. territories. A native migratory bird species is one that
is present as a result of natural biological or ecological processes.
The list at 50 CFR 10.13 does not include nonnative species that occur
in the United States or U.S. territories solely as a result of
intentional or unintentional human-assisted introduction(s). An amended
list of the nonnative bird species that have been introduced by humans
into the United States or U.S. territories and to which the MBTA does
not apply was published in the Federal Register on April 16, 2020 (85
FR 21262), with a correction published on May 3, 2021 (86 FR 23422).
What species are not protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act?
The MBTA does not apply to:
(1) Nonnative species introduced into the United States or U.S.
territories by means of intentional or unintentional human assistance
that belong to families or groups covered by the Canadian, Mexican, or
Russian Conventions. Note, though, that native species that are
introduced into parts of the United States where they are not native
are still protected under the MBTA regardless of where they occur in
the United States or U.S. territories.
(2) Species native or nonnative to the United States or U.S.
territories that either belong to families or groups not referred to in
the Canada, Mexico, and Russia Conventions or are not included by
species name in the Japan Convention. This includes the Tinamidae
(tinamous), Megapodiidae (megapodes), Cracidae (chachalacas),
Odontophoridae (New World quail), Phasianidae (grouse, ptarmigan, and
turkeys), Pteroclidae (sandgrouse), Heliornithidae (finfoots),
Burhinidae (thick-knees), Glareolidae (pratincoles), Todidae (todies),
Psittacidae (parrots), Psittaculidae (Old World parrots), Meliphagidae
(honeyeaters), Dicruridae (drongos), Monarchidae (monarchs),
Pycnonotidae (bulbuls), Scotocercidae (bush warblers and allies),
Zosteropidae (white-eyes), Sturnidae (starlings, except as listed in
Japanese treaty), Ploceidae (weavers), Estrildidae (estrildid finches),
and Passeridae (Old World sparrows, including house or English
sparrow), as well as numerous other families not represented in the
United States or U.S. territories.
How would the proposed changes affect the List of Birds protected by
the MBTA?
The proposed amendments (16 additions, three removals, and 30 name
changes) would affect a total of 47 species and would result in a net
addition of 13 species to the List of Migratory Birds Protected by the
MBTA, increasing the number of species on the list from 1,093 to 1,106.
Five of the 16 species that we would add to the list are new species
that have been recognized as a result of a taxonomic split and occur in
the U.S. or U.S. territories and were previously covered under the MBTA
as members of listed species (conspecific). These proposed amendments
can be logically arranged in the following five categories:
(1) Add 11 species based on review and acceptance by the AOS (since
2019), or by other appropriate ornithological authorities, and the
Service of new distributional records documenting their occurrence in
the United States or U.S. territories. These species belong to families
covered by at least one of the four international conventions, and all
are considered to be of accidental or casual occurrence. For each
species, we list the State or U.S. territory in which it has been
recorded plus the relevant publication:
Chestnut-winged Cuckoo, Clamator coromandus--Guam (Kastner et al,
2018);
Dark-billed Cuckoo, Coccyzus melacoryphus--Texas and Florida (AOS
2020a);
Hooded Crane, Grus monacha--Alaska (AOS 2022);
Northern Giant-Petrel, Macronectes halli--Washington (AOS 2022);
Long-legged Buzzard, Buteo rufinus--Alaska (AOS 2020a);
Pallas's Gull, Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus--Alaska (AOS 2021);
Inca Tern, Larosterna inca--Hawaii (AOS 2022);
Small-billed Elaenia, Elaenia parvirostris--Illinois (AOS 2022);
Pallas's Grasshopper Warbler, Helopsaltes certhiola--Alaska (AOS
2021);
Blue-and-white Swallow, Pygochelidon cyanoleuca--Texas (AOS 2022);
and
Naumann's Thrush, Turdus naumanni--Alaska (AOS 2022).
(2) Add five species because of recent taxonomic changes in which
taxa formerly treated as conspecific have been determined to be
distinct species (i.e., a taxonomic split). Given that each of these
species was formerly treated as conspecific with a listed species,
these additions would not change the protective status of any of these
taxa, only the names by which they are known. In each case, we
reference the AOS or relevant publication supporting the change:
Mexican Duck, Anas diazi--formerly considered conspecific with
Mallard, Anas platyrhynchos (AOS 2020a);
Short-billed Gull, Larus brachyrhynchus--formerly named Mew Gull
and considered
conspecific with Larus canus, which now has the English name of
Common Gull and
remains on the list based on prior occurrences of the Common Gull
taxon in the United
States (AOS 2021);
Puerto Rican Mango, Anthracothorax aurulentus--formerly considered
conspecific with
Antillean Mango, Anthracothorax dominicus (AOS 2022);
Asian Stonechat, Saxicola maurus--formerly considered conspecific
with Stonechat, Saxicola
torquatus (AOS 2022); and
Chihuahuan Meadowlark, Sturnella lilianae--formerly considered
conspecific with Eastern
Meadowlark, Sturnella manga (AOS 2022).
(3) Remove three species based on revised taxonomic treatments,
either because a species is taxonomically merged with another species,
either on or off the list; a species previously on the list is
taxonomically split into multiple species and the new species is not
known to occur within the United States or U.S. territories; or the
species is considered extinct (following the classification of the AOS
or, for species not covered by the AOS, the Clements Checklist or peer-
reviewed literature) unless any of the following criteria apply: It is
protected under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (ESA; 16
U.S.C. 1531 et seq.), or the Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES; 27 U.S.T. 1087); it
resembles extant species included in the list that may be affected by
its removal; or its removal would create difficulties implementing the
MBTA and its underlying Conventions. In each case, we reference the
publication supporting these changes:
Northwestern Crow, Corvus caurinus, is lumped with American Crow,
Corvus brachyrhynchos (AOS 2020a);
Antillean Mango, Anthracothorax dominicus (AOS 2022); and
Stonechat, Saxicola torquatus (AOS 2022).
(4) Revise the common (English) names of eight species to conform
to the
[[Page 75981]]
most recent nomenclatural treatment as described in AOS publications
2020a, 2020b, and 2021 and Clements et al. 2011, 2019, and 2021. These
revisions do not change the protective status of any of these taxa,
only the names by which they are known. In each case, the update is
described in the table, below.
(5) Revise the scientific names of 22 species to conform to the
most recent nomenclatural treatment as described in AOS publications
2020a and 2021 and Clements et al. 2016, 2021. These revisions do not
change the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by
which they are known. In each case, the update is described in the
table, below.
Table of Proposed Name Changes, as Described in Categories 4 and 5,
Above
[The table is organized following AOS (2021) taxonomic order. The
relevant AOS or Clements publication is provided.]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Previous common Current common
Publication source and year name name
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Clements et al. 2019............. Shy Ground-Dove, Shy Ground Dove,
Alopecoenas Alopecoenas
stairi. stairi.
Clements et al. 2019............. White-throated White-throated
Ground-Dove, Ground Dove,
Alopecoenas Alopecoenas
xanthonurus. xanthonurus.
Clements et al. 2011............. Common Moorhen, Eurasian Moorhen,
Gallinula Gallinula
chloropus. chloropus.
AOS 2021......................... Mew Gull, Larus Common Gull,
canus. Larus canus.
Clements et al. 2021............. Rufous Night- Nankeen Night-
Heron, Nycticorax Heron,
caledonicus. Nycticorax
caledonicus.
AOS 2020b........................ McCown's Longspur, Thick-billed
Rhynchophanes Longspur,
mccownii. Rhynchophanes
mccownii.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Publication source Previous Current
and year scientific name. scientific name
------------------------------------------------------------------------
AOS 2020a........................ Bumblebee Bumblebee
Hummingbird, Hummingbird,
Atthis heloisa. Selasphorus
heloisa.
AOS 2020a........................ Puerto Rican Puerto Rican
Emerald, Emerald,
Chlorostilbon Riccordia
maugaeus. maugaeus.
AOS 2020a........................ White-eared White-eared
Hummingbird, Hummingbird,
Hylocharis Basilinna
leucotis. leucotis.
AOS 2020a........................ Xantus's Xantus's
Hummingbird, Hummingbird,
Hylocharis Basilinna
xantusii. xantusii.
AOS 2022......................... Violet-crowned Violet-crowned
Hummingbird, Hummingbird,
Amazilia Ramosomyia
violiceps. violiceps.
AOS 2020a........................ Berylline Berylline
Hummingbird, Hummingbird,
Amazilia Saucerottia
beryllina. beryllina.
Clements et al. 2021............. Matsudaira's Storm- Matsudaira's
Petrel, Storm-Petrel,
Oceanodroma Hydrobates
matsudairae. matsudairae.
Clements et al. 2016............. Little Pied Little Pied
Cormorant, Cormorant,
Phalacrocorax Microcarbo
melanoleucos. melanoleucos.
AOS 2021......................... Brandt's Brandt's
Cormorant, Cormorant, Urile
Phalacrocorax penicillatus.
penicillatus.
AOS 2021......................... Red-faced Red-faced
Cormorant, Cormorant, Urile
Phalacrocorax urile.
urile.
AOS 2021......................... Pelagic Cormorant, Pelagic
Phalacrocorax Cormorant, Urile
pelagicus. pelagicus.
AOS 2021......................... Double-crested Double-crested
Cormorant, Cormorant,
Phalacrocorax Nannopterum
auritus. auritum.
AOS 2021......................... Neotropic Neotropic
Cormorant, Cormorant,
Phalacrocorax Nannopterum
brasilianus. brasilianum.
AOS 2022......................... Mottled Owl, Mottled Owl,
Ciccaba virgata. Strix virgata.
AOS 2021......................... Crested Caracara, Crested Caracara,
Caracara cheriway. Caracara
plancus.
AOS 2021......................... Ruby-crowned Ruby-crowned
Kinglet, Regulus Kinglet,
calendula. Corthylio
calendula.
AOS 2021......................... Sedge Wren, Sedge Wren,
Cistothorus Cistothorus
platensis. stellaris.
AOS 2020a........................ Dusky Thrush, Dusky Thrush,
Turdus naumanni. Turdus eunomus.
AOS 2021......................... Antillean Antillean
Euphonia, Euphonia,
Euphonia musica. Chlorophonia
musica.
AOS 2021......................... Five-striped Five-striped
Sparrow, Sparrow,
Amphispiza Amphispizopsis
quinquestriata. quinquestriata.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Publication source Previous common Current common
and year and scientific and scientific
name. name
------------------------------------------------------------------------
AOS 2020a........................ Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Owl,
Screech-Owl, Gymnasio
Megascops nudipes. nudipes.
AOS 2020a, AOS 2021.............. Middendorff's Middendorff's
Grasshopper- Grasshopper
Warbler, Warbler,
Locustella Helopsaltes
ochotensis. ochotensis.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
How is the List of Birds protected by the MBTA organized?
The species are listed in two formats to suit the needs of
different segments of the public: alphabetically in 50 CFR 10.13(c)(1)
and taxonomically in 50 CFR 10.13(c)(2). In the alphabetical listing,
species are listed by common (English) group names, with the scientific
name of each species following the English group name. This format is
most useful to members of the lay public. In the taxonomic listing,
species are listed in phylogenetic sequence by scientific name, with
the English name following the scientific name. To help clarify species
relationships, we also list the higher-level taxonomic categories of
Order, Family, and Subfamily. This format follows the sequence adopted
by the AOS (1998, 2021) and is most useful to ornithologists and other
scientists.
In this proposed rule, we present a new proposed table format for
the alphabetical and taxonomic listings at 50 CFR 10.13(c)(1) and
(c)(2), respectively. We propose this change in presentation of these
listings to conform to Office of the Federal Register formatting
standards and to make information on the lists clearer and easier to
locate. For clarity, we also propose a new section heading for 50 CFR
10.13; rather than the current ``List of Migratory Birds,'' we propose
to title this section of the regulations, ``List of Birds Protected by
the Migratory Bird Treaty Act.''
II. Special Double-Crested Cormorant Permit (50 CFR 21.123)
Because we propose to adopt the revised scientific name for the
Double-crested Cormorant on the List of Birds Protected by the MBTA at
50 CFR 10.13, as described above, we also propose to reflect the
revised scientific name for that species (Nannopterum auritum) in our
special permit regulations related to that species at 50 CFR 21.123.
This is purely an administrative action that does not amend the purpose
of, eligibility for, application procedures for, conditions of,
information-collection requirements associated with, or any other
regulatory provisions associated with that permit.
[[Page 75982]]
III. List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife (50 CFR 17.11(h))
We also propose to revise the corresponding entries on the List of
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife of several migratory bird species
that are also listed as endangered or threatened species under the ESA
to reflect the currently accepted taxonomy and nomenclature. These
revisions would ensure consistency in the use of common and scientific
names across Service regulations. Some ESA-listed migratory bird
species' names are not included in this proposed rule because they are
being corrected in other documents that have published, or will
publish, in the Federal Register concurrently with this rulemaking.
Background
The List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and the List of
Endangered and Threatened Plants (``the ESA Lists''), set forth in
title 50 of the CFR at Sec. Sec. 17.11 and 17.12, respectively,
contain the names of endangered species and threatened species
federally listed pursuant to the ESA.
The regulations at 50 CFR 17.11(c) and 17.12(b) direct us to use
the most recently accepted scientific name of any wildlife or plant
species, respectively, that we have determined to be an endangered or
threatened species.
Purpose
We propose to revise the ESA List at 50 CFR 17.11(h) to reflect the
scientifically accepted taxonomy and nomenclature of nine bird species
under section 4 of the ESA. These revisions reflect the most recently
accepted scientific nomenclature in accordance with 50 CFR 17.11(c).
None of the taxonomic changes to migratory bird species listed as
endangered or threatened species under the ESA are regulatory in
nature; they are for accuracy and clarity. These revisions would not
alter species' protections or status in any way. Any actions altering a
species' protection or status would require a separate rulemaking
action following the procedures of 50 CFR part 424.
Taxonomic Changes to the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife
The table below lists the taxonomic changes we propose here to
reflect the revised taxonomy and nomenclature for nine bird species
listed under section 4 of the ESA. These changes reflect the most
recently accepted scientific nomenclature in accordance with 50 CFR
17.11(c).
Table of Proposed Taxonomic Revisions to the ESA List at Sec. 17.11(h)
Reflecting the Current Scientifically Accepted Taxonomy and Nomenclature
for These Species
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Species name as currently listed Corrected species name
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Caracara, crested, (Audubon's) [FL DPS] Caracara, crested, (Audubon's)
(Polyborus plancus audubonii). [FL DPS] (Caracara plancus
audubonii).
Crane, Mississippi sandhill (Grus Crane, Mississippi sandhill
canadensis pulla). (Antigone canadensis pulla).
Nightjar, Puerto Rican (Caprimulgus Nightjar, Puerto Rican
noctitherus). (Antrostomus noctitherus).
Pigeon, Puerto Rican plain (Columba Pigeon, Puerto Rican plain
inornata wetmorei). (Patagioenas inornata
wetmorei).
Rail, California clapper (Rallus Rail, California Ridgway's
longirostris obsoletus). (Rallus obsoletus obsoletus).
Rail, light-footed clapper (Rallus Rail, light-footed Ridgway's
longirostris levipes). (Rallus obsoletus levipes).
Sparrow, Cape Sable seaside (Ammodramus Sparrow, Cape Sable seaside
maritimus mirabilis). (Ammospiza maritima
mirabilis).
Tern, California least (Sterna Tern, California least
antillarum browni). (Sternula antillarum browni).
Towhee, Inyo California (Pipilo Towhee, Inyo California
crissalis eremophilus). (Melozone crissalis
eremophilus).
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Using the best available scientific information, this proposed rule
would document taxonomic changes of the scientific names for nine birds
in their entries on the ESA List. To the extent practicable, the
Service relies on the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) to
determine a species' scientific name for inclusion on the List. ITIS
incorporates the naming principles established by the International
Code of Zoological Nomenclature, produced by the International
Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, an organization that provides
and regulates a uniform system of zoological nomenclature. While ITIS
is a reliable database source of taxonomic information, in some of
these instances, ITIS is incomplete and does not yet reflect the most
recently accepted scientific names for some species. As noted above,
the scientific names for the nine listed bird species are supported by
AOS's Checklist of North American birds (AOU 1998), as amended annually
(AOU 2006, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, AOS 2018, 2020a, 2020b, and 2021).
The AOU (now AOS) Checklist of North American Birds (Checklist),
developed by the AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature, has
been the recognized taxonomic authority for North American birds since
publication of the first edition of the Checklist in 1886. The Service
finds that the scientific and common names should be recognized as
presented in the table above. Accordingly, we propose to revise the
scientific names of these species under section 4 of the ESA and in
accordance with 50 CFR 17.11(c).
Of the nine species that are the subjects of the taxonomic
revisions to the ESA List in this proposed rule, three have designated
critical habitat. For clarity and consistency, we propose to revise the
headings of the critical habitat designations at 50 CFR 17.95(b) to
reflect the corrected scientific names for the following species:
Mississippi sandhill crane, Cape Sable seaside sparrow, and Inyo
California towhee.
These changes do not affect the range or endangered or threatened
status for any of these nine listed migratory bird species, or any
designated critical habitat.
IV. Public Comments
Any final action resulting from this proposed rule must be based on
the best scientific and commercial data available and be as accurate
and as effective as possible. We request comments or information from
other concerned governmental agencies, the scientific community,
industry, or any other interested parties concerning this proposed
rule.
Please include sufficient information with your submission (such as
electronic copies of scientific journal articles or other publications,
preferably in English) to allow us to verify any scientific or
commercial information you include.
You may submit your comments and materials concerning this proposed
rule by one of the methods listed in ADDRESSES. We request that you
send comments only by the methods described in ADDRESSES.
[[Page 75983]]
If you submit information via https://www.regulations.gov, your
entire submission--including any personal identifying information--will
be posted on the website. If your submission is made via a hardcopy
that includes personal identifying information, you may request at the
top of your document that we withhold this information from public
review. However, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to do so. We
will post all hardcopy submissions on https://www.regulations.gov.
Comments and materials we receive, as well as supporting
documentation we used in preparing this proposed rule, will be
available for public inspection on https://www.regulations.gov, or by
appointment, during normal business hours, at the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, Migratory Bird Program or Ecological Services (see
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT).
V. Required Determinations
Regulatory Planning and Review
Executive Order (E.O.) 12866 provides that the Office of
Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) in the Office of Management
and Budget will review all significant rules. OIRA has determined that
this proposed rule is not significant.
E.O. 13563 reaffirms the principles of E.O. 12866, while calling
for improvements in the nation's regulatory system to promote
predictability, to reduce uncertainty, and to use the best, most
innovative, and least burdensome tools for achieving regulatory ends.
E.O. 13563 directs agencies to consider regulatory approaches that
reduce burdens and maintain flexibility and freedom of choice for the
public where these approaches are relevant, feasible, and consistent
with regulatory objectives. E.O. 13563 emphasizes further that
regulations must be based on the best available science and that the
rulemaking process must allow for public participation and an open
exchange of ideas. We have developed this proposed rule in a manner
consistent with these requirements.
Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.)
Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq., as
amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act
(SBREFA) of 1996 (5 U.S.C. 804(2)), whenever an agency is required to
publish a notice of rulemaking for any proposed or final rule, it must
prepare and make available for public comment a regulatory flexibility
analysis that describes the effect of the rule on small entities (i.e.,
small businesses, small organizations, and small government
jurisdictions). However, no regulatory flexibility analysis is required
if the head of an agency certifies the rule does not have a significant
economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.
SBREFA amended the Regulatory Flexibility Act to require Federal
agencies to provide the statement of the factual basis for certifying
that a rule will not have a significant economic impact on a
substantial number of small entities. We have examined this proposed
rule's potential effects on small entities as required by the
Regulatory Flexibility Act, and have determined that, if adopted as
proposed, this action would not have a significant economic impact on a
substantial number of small entities. This proposed rule is an
administrative action to update the list of migratory bird species
protected under the Conventions and make certain corresponding updates
on the ESA List. Consequently, we certify that, if adopted as proposed,
this rule would not have a significant economic impact on a substantial
number of small entities; therefore, a regulatory flexibility analysis
is not required.
This proposed rule is not a major rule under SBREFA (5 U.S.C.
804(2)). It would not have a significant impact on a substantial number
of small entities.
a. This proposed rule would not have an annual effect on the
economy of $100 million or more.
b. This proposed rule would not cause a major increase in costs or
prices for consumers; individual industries; Federal, State, or local
government agencies; or geographic regions.
c. This proposed rule would not have significant adverse effects on
competition, employment, investment, productivity, innovation, or the
ability of U.S.-based enterprises to compete with foreign-based
enterprises.
Unfunded Mandates Reform Act
In accordance with the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501
et seq.), we have determined the following:
a. This proposed rule would not ``significantly or uniquely''
affect small governments. A small government agency plan is not
required. This proposed rule is an administrative action to update the
list of migratory bird species protected under the Conventions and make
certain corresponding updates on the ESA List; it would not affect
small government activities in any significant way.
b. This proposed rule would not produce a federal mandate of $100
million or greater in any year; i.e., it is not a ``significant
regulatory action'' under the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act.
Takings
In accordance with Executive Order 12630, this proposed rule does
not have significant takings implications. This proposed rule does not
contain a provision for taking of private property. Therefore, a
takings implication assessment is not required.
Federalism
This proposed rule does not have sufficient Federalism effects to
warrant preparation of a federalism summary impact statement under
Executive Order 13132. It does not interfere with the States' ability
to manage themselves or their funds. No significant economic impacts
are expected to result from the updating of the list of migratory bird
species and certain entries on the ESA List.
Civil Justice Reform
In accordance with Executive Order 12988, the Office of the
Solicitor has determined that this proposed rule does not unduly burden
the judicial system and meets the requirements of sections 3(a) and
3(b)(2) of the Order.
Paperwork Reduction Act
This proposed rule does not contain information collection
requirements, and a submission to the Office of Management and Budget
(OMB) under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 et
seq.) is not required. We may not conduct or sponsor and you are not
required to respond to a collection of information unless it displays a
currently valid OMB control number.
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
Given that the proposed revisions in this document are strictly
administrative in nature, this action is categorically excluded from
further NEPA requirements (43 CFR 46.210(i)--applying to ``policies,
directives, regulations, and guidelines that are of an administrative,
financial, legal, technical, or procedural nature'').
Endangered Species Act (ESA)
Of the species on the List of Migratory Birds, 89 species,
subspecies, or distinct population segments are also listed as
endangered or threatened under section 4 of the ESA of 1973, as amended
(16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.). No legal complications arise from the dual
listing as the two lists are developed under separate authorities and
for different purposes. Because this proposed rule is
[[Page 75984]]
strictly administrative in nature, it has no effect on endangered or
threatened species or their designated critical habitat. Thus, it does
not require consultation under section 7 of the ESA.
Government-to-Government Relationship With Tribes
In accordance with the President's memorandum of April 29, 1994,
``Government-to-Government Relations with Native American tribal
Governments'' (59 FR 22951), Executive Order 13175, and 512 DM 2, we
have evaluated potential effects on federally recognized Indian Tribes
and have determined that there are no potential effects. The proposed
revisions to existing regulations in this rule are purely
administrative in nature and do not interfere with or affect the
Tribes' ability to manage themselves or their funds or to regulate
migratory bird activities on Tribal lands.
Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use (Executive Order 13211)
On May 18, 2001, the President issued Executive Order 13211
addressing regulations that significantly affect energy supply,
distribution, or use. Executive Order 13211 requires agencies to
prepare Statements of Energy Effects when undertaking certain actions.
Because this proposed rule is an administrative action to update the
list of migratory bird species protected under the Conventions and make
certain corresponding updates on the ESA List, it is not a significant
regulatory action under Executive Order 12866, and it does not
significantly affect energy supplies, distribution, or use. Therefore,
this action is not a significant energy action, and no Statement of
Energy Effects is required.
Clarity of the Proposed Rule
We are required by Executive Orders 12866 and 12988 and by the
Presidential Memorandum of June 1, 1998, to write all rules in plain
language. This means that each rule we publish must:
(1) Be logically organized;
(2) Use the active voice to address readers directly;
(3) Use clear language rather than jargon;
(4) Be divided into short sections and sentences; and
(5) Use lists and tables wherever possible.
If you feel that we have not met these requirements, send us
comments by one of the methods listed in ADDRESSES. To better help us
revise the rule, your comments should be as specific as possible. For
example, you should tell us the numbers of the sections or paragraphs
that are unclearly written, which sections or sentences are too long,
the sections where you feel lists or tables would be useful, etc.
References Cited
A complete list of all references cited is available on https://www.regulations.gov under Docket No. FWS-HQ-MB-2022-0036, and upon
request (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT, above).
List of Subjects
50 CFR Part 10
Exports, Fish, Imports, Law enforcement, Plants, Transportation,
Wildlife.
50 CFR Part 17
Endangered and threatened species, Exports, Imports, Plants,
Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Transportation, Wildlife.
50 CFR Part 21
Exports, Hunting, Imports, Reporting and recordkeeping
requirements, Transportation, Wildlife.
Proposed Regulation Promulgation
For the reasons discussed in the preamble, we propose to amend
title 50, chapter I, subchapter B of the Code of Federal Regulations,
as follows:
PART 10--GENERAL PROVISIONS
0
1. The authority citation for part 10 continues to read as follows:
Authority: 16 U.S.C. 668a-d, 703-712, 742a-j-l, 1361-1384,
1401-1407, 1531-1543, 3371-3378; 18 U.S.C. 42; 19 U.S.C. 1202.
0
2. Amend Sec. 10.13 by revising the section heading and paragraph (c)
to read as follows:
Sec. 10.13 List of Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act.
* * * * *
(c) What species are protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act?
Species protected as migratory birds are listed in two formats to suit
the varying needs of the user: Alphabetically in paragraph (c)(1) of
this section and taxonomically in paragraph (c)(2) of this section.
Taxonomy and nomenclature generally follow the 7th edition of the
American Ornithologists' Union's (AOU, now recognized as American
Ornithological Society (AOS)) Checklist of North American birds (1998,
as amended through 2021). For species not treated by the AOS Checklist,
we generally follow Clements Checklist of Birds of the World (Clements
et al. 2007, as updated through 2021).
(1) Alphabetical listing. The table lists species alphabetically by
common (English) group names, with the scientific name of each species
following the common name.
Table 1 to Paragraph (c)--Alphabetical Listing of Birds Protected by the
Migratory Bird Treaty Act
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Species scientific
Common name group Species common name name
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Accentor.................... Siberian Accentor... Prunella montanella.
`Akeke`e.................... `Akeke`e............ Loxops
caeruleirostris.
`Akepa...................... Hawaii `Akepa....... Loxops coccineus.
Maui `Akepa......... Loxops ochraceus.
O`ahu `Akepa........ Loxops
wolstenholmei.
`Akialoa.................... Kauai `Akialoa...... Akialoa stejnegeri.
Maui Nui 'Akialoa... Akialoa lanaiensis.
O`ahu `Akialoa...... Akialoa ellisiana.
`Akiapola`au................ `Akiapola`au........ Hemignathus wilsoni.
`Akikiki.................... `Akikiki............ Oreomystis bairdi.
`Akohekohe.................. `Akohekohe.......... Palmeria dolei.
`Alauahio................... Maui `Alauahio...... Paroreomyza montana.
O`ahu `Alauahio..... Paroreomyza
maculata.
Albatross................... Black-browed Thalassarche
Albatross. melanophris.
Black-footed Phoebastria
Albatross. nigripes.
Chatham Albatross... Thalassarche
eremita.
Laysan Albatross.... Phoebastria
immutabilis.
[[Page 75985]]
Light-mantled Phoebetria
Albatross. palpebrata.
Salvin's Albatross.. Thalassarche
salvini.
Short-tailed Phoebastria
Albatross. albatrus.
Wandering Albatross. Diomedea exulans.
White-capped Thalassarche cauta.
Albatross.
Yellow-nosed Thalassarche
Albatross. chlororhynchos.
`Amakihi.................... Hawaii `Amakihi..... Chlorodrepanis
virens.
Kaua`i `Amakihi..... Chlorodrepanis
stejnegeri.
O`ahu `Amakihi...... Chlorodrepanis
flava.
Anhinga..................... Anhinga............. Anhinga anhinga.
Ani......................... Groove-billed Ani... Crotophaga
sulcirostris.
Smooth-billed Ani... Crotophaga ani.
`Anianiau................... `Anianiau........... Magumma parva.
`Apapane.................... `Apapane............ Himatione sanguinea.
Auklet...................... Cassin's Auklet..... Ptychoramphus
aleuticus.
Crested Auklet...... Aethia cristatella.
Least Auklet........ Aethia pusilla.
Parakeet Auklet..... Aethia psittacula.
Rhinoceros Auklet... Cerorhinca
monocerata.
Whiskered Auklet.... Aethia pygmaea.
Avocet...................... American Avocet..... Recurvirostra
americana.
Bananaquit.................. Bananaquit.......... Coereba flaveola.
Bean-Goose.................. Taiga Bean-Goose.... Anser fabalis.
Tundra Bean-Goose... Anser serrirostris.
Beardless-Tyrannulet........ Northern Beardless- Camptostoma imberbe.
Tyrannulet.
Becard...................... Gray-collared Becard Pachyramphus major.
Rose-throated Becard Pachyramphus
aglaiae.
Bittern..................... American Bittern.... Botaurus
lentiginosus.
Black Bittern....... Ixobrychus
flavicollis.
Least Bittern....... Ixobrychus exilis.
Schrenck's Bittern.. Ixobrychus
eurhythmus.
Yellow Bittern...... Ixobrychus sinensis.
Blackbird................... Brewer's Blackbird.. Euphagus
cyanocephalus.
Red-winged Blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus.
Rusty Blackbird..... Euphagus carolinus.
Tawny-shouldered Agelaius humeralis.
Blackbird.
Tricolored Blackbird Agelaius tricolor.
Yellow-headed Xanthocephalus
Blackbird. xanthocephalus.
Yellow-shouldered Agelaius xanthomus.
Blackbird.
Bluebird.................... Eastern Bluebird.... Sialia sialis.
Mountain Bluebird... Sialia currucoides.
Western Bluebird.... Sialia mexicana.
Bluetail.................... Red-flanked Bluetail Tarsiger cyanurus.
Bluethroat.................. Bluethroat.......... Cyanecula svecica.
Bobolink.................... Bobolink............ Dolichonyx
oryzivorus.
Boobook..................... Northern Boobook.... Ninox japonica.
Booby....................... Abbott's Booby...... Papasula abbotti.
Blue-footed Booby... Sula nebouxii.
Brown Booby......... Sula leucogaster.
Masked Booby........ Sula dactylatra.
Nazca Booby......... Sula granti.
Red-footed Booby.... Sula sula.
Brambling................... Brambling........... Fringilla
montifringilla.
Brant....................... Brant............... Branta bernicla.
Bufflehead.................. Bufflehead.......... Bucephala albeola.
Bullfinch................... Eurasian Bullfinch.. Pyrrhula pyrrhula.
Puerto Rican Melopyrrha
Bullfinch. portoricensis.
Bunting..................... Blue Bunting........ Cyanocompsa
parellina.
Gray Bunting........ Emberiza variabilis.
Indigo Bunting...... Passerina cyanea.
Lark Bunting........ Calamospiza
melanocorys.
Lazuli Bunting...... Passerina amoena.
Little Bunting...... Emberiza pusilla.
McKay's Bunting..... Plectrophenax
hyperboreus.
Painted Bunting..... Passerina ciris.
Pallas's Bunting.... Emberiza pallasi.
Pine Bunting........ Emberiza
leucocephalos.
Reed Bunting........ Emberiza
schoeniclus.
Rustic Bunting...... Emberiza rustica.
Snow Bunting........ Plectrophenax
nivalis.
Varied Bunting...... Passerina
versicolor.
[[Page 75986]]
Yellow-breasted Emberiza aureola.
Bunting.
Yellow-browed Emberiza
Bunting. chrysophrys.
Yellow-throated Emberiza elegans.
Bunting.
Bushtit..................... Bushtit............. Psaltriparus
minimus.
Buzzard..................... Gray-faced Buzzard.. Butastur indicus.
Long-legged Buzzard. Buteo rufinus.
Canvasback.................. Canvasback.......... Aythya valisineria.
Caracara.................... Crested Caracara.... Caracara plancus.
Cardinal.................... Northern Cardinal... Cardinalis
cardinalis.
Carib....................... Green-throated Carib Eulampis
holosericeus.
Purple-throated Eulampis jugularis.
Carib.
Catbird..................... Black Catbird....... Melanoptila
glabrirostris.
Gray Catbird........ Dumetella
carolinensis.
Chaffinch................... Common Chaffinch.... Fringilla coelebs.
Chat........................ Yellow-breasted Chat Icteria virens.
Chickadee................... Black-capped Poecile
Chickadee. atricapillus.
Boreal Chickadee.... Poecile hudsonicus.
Carolina Chickadee.. Poecile
carolinensis.
Chestnut-backed Poecile rufescens.
Chickadee.
Gray-headed Poecile cinctus.
Chickadee.
Mexican Chickadee... Poecile sclateri.
Mountain Chickadee.. Poecile gambeli.
Chiffchaff.................. Common Chiffchaff... Phylloscopus
collybita.
Chuck-will's-widow.......... Chuck-will's-widow.. Antrostomus
carolinensis.
Condor...................... California Condor... Gymnogyps
californianus.
Coot........................ American Coot....... Fulica americana.
Eurasian Coot....... Fulica atra.
Hawaiian Coot....... Fulica alai.
Cormorant................... Brandt's Cormorant.. Urile penicillatus.
Double-crested Nannopterum auritum.
Cormorant.
Great Cormorant..... Phalacrocorax carbo.
Little Pied Microcarbo
Cormorant. melanoleucos.
Neotropic Cormorant. Nannopterum
brasilianum.
Pelagic Cormorant... Urile pelagicus.
Red-faced Cormorant. Urile urile.
Cowbird..................... Bronzed Cowbird..... Molothrus aeneus.
Brown-headed Cowbird Molothrus ater.
Shiny Cowbird....... Molothrus
bonariensis.
Crake....................... Corn Crake.......... Crex crex.
Paint-billed Crake.. Neocrex erythrops.
Spotless Crake...... Porzana tabuensis.
Yellow-breasted Hapalocrex
Crake. flaviventer.
Crane....................... Common Crane........ Grus grus.
Hooded Crane........ Grus monacha.
Sandhill Crane...... Antigone canadensis.
Whooping Crane...... Grus americana.
Creeper..................... Brown Creeper....... Certhia americana.
Hawaii Creeper...... Loxops mana.
Crossbill................... Cassia Crossbill.... Loxia sinesciuris.
Red Crossbill....... Loxia curvirostra.
White-winged Loxia leucoptera.
Crossbill.
Crow........................ American Crow....... Corvus
brachyrhynchos.
Fish Crow........... Corvus ossifragus.
Hawaiian Crow....... Corvus hawaiiensis.
Mariana Crow........ Corvus kubaryi.
Tamaulipas Crow..... Corvus imparatus.
White-necked Crow... Corvus
leucognaphalus.
Cuckoo...................... Black-billed Cuckoo. Coccyzus
erythropthalmus.
Chestnut-winged Clamator coromandus.
Cuckoo.
Common Cuckoo....... Cuculus canorus.
Dark-billed Cuckoo.. Coccyzus
melacoryphus.
Mangrove Cuckoo..... Coccyzus minor.
Oriental Cuckoo..... Cuculus optatus.
Yellow-billed Cuckoo Coccyzus americanus.
Curlew...................... Bristle-thighed Numenius
Curlew. tahitiensis.
Eskimo Curlew....... Numenius borealis.
Eurasian Curlew..... Numenius arquata.
Far Eastern Curlew.. Numenius
madagascariensis.
Little Curlew....... Numenius minutus.
Long-billed Curlew.. Numenius americanus.
Dickcissel.................. Dickcissel.......... Spiza americana.
[[Page 75987]]
Dipper...................... American Dipper..... Cinclus mexicanus.
Dotterel.................... Eurasian Dotterel... Charadrius
morinellus.
Dove........................ Common Ground Dove.. Columbina passerina.
Inca Dove........... Columbina inca.
Mourning Dove....... Zenaida macroura.
Ruddy Ground Dove... Columbina talpacoti.
Shy Ground Dove..... Alopecoenas stairi.
White-throated Alopecoenas
Ground Dove. xanthonurus.
White-tipped Dove... Leptotila verreauxi.
White-winged Dove... Zenaida asiatica.
Zenaida Dove........ Zenaida aurita.
Dovekie..................... Dovekie............. Alle alle.
Dowitcher................... Long-billed Limnodromus
Dowitcher. scolopaceus.
Short-billed Limnodromus griseus.
Dowitcher.
Duck........................ American Black Duck. Anas rubripes.
Eastern Spot-billed Anas zonorhyncha.
Duck.
Falcated Duck....... Mareca falcata.
Harlequin Duck...... Histrionicus
histrionicus.
Hawaiian Duck....... Anas wyvilliana.
Laysan Duck......... Anas laysanensis.
Long-tailed Duck.... Clangula hyemalis.
Masked Duck......... Nomonyx dominicus.
Mexican Duck........ Anas diazi.
Mottled Duck........ Anas fulvigula.
Muscovy Duck........ Cairina moschata.
Pacific Black Duck.. Anas superciliosa.
Ring-necked Duck.... Aythya collaris.
Ruddy Duck.......... Oxyura jamaicensis.
Tufted Duck......... Aythya fuligula.
Wood Duck........... Aix sponsa.
Dunlin...................... Dunlin.............. Calidris alpina.
Eagle....................... Bald Eagle.......... Haliaeetus
leucocephalus.
Golden Eagle........ Aquila chrysaetos.
White-tailed Eagle.. Haliaeetus
albicilla.
Egret....................... Cattle Egret........ Bubulcus ibis.
Chinese Egret....... Egretta eulophotes.
Great Egret......... Ardea alba.
Intermediate Egret.. Ardea intermedia.
Little Egret........ Egretta garzetta.
Reddish Egret....... Egretta rufescens.
Snowy Egret......... Egretta thula.
Eider....................... Common Eider........ Somateria
mollissima.
King Eider.......... Somateria
spectabilis.
Spectacled Eider.... Somateria fischeri.
Steller's Eider..... Polysticta stelleri.
Elaenia..................... Caribbean Elaenia... Elaenia martinica.
Greenish Elaenia.... Myiopagis
viridicata.
Small-billed Elaenia Elaenia
parvirostris.
White-crested Elaenia albiceps.
Elaenia.
Emerald..................... Puerto Rican Emerald Riccordia maugaeus.
Euphonia.................... Antillean Euphonia.. Chlorophonia musica.
Falcon...................... Amur Falcon......... Falco amurensis.
Aplomado Falcon..... Falco femoralis.
Peregrine Falcon.... Falco peregrinus.
Prairie Falcon...... Falco mexicanus.
Red-footed Falcon... Falco vespertinus.
Fieldfare................... Fieldfare........... Turdus pilaris.
Finch....................... Cassin's Finch...... Haemorhous cassinii.
House Finch......... Haemorhous
mexicanus.
Laysan Finch........ Telespiza cantans.
Nihoa Finch......... Telespiza ultima.
Purple Finch........ Haemorhous
purpureus.
Flamingo.................... American Flamingo... Phoenicopterus
ruber.
Flicker..................... Gilded Flicker...... Colaptes chrysoides.
Northern Flicker.... Colaptes auratus.
Flycatcher.................. Acadian Flycatcher.. Empidonax virescens.
Alder Flycatcher.... Empidonax alnorum.
Ash-throated Myiarchus
Flycatcher. cinerascens.
Asian Brown Muscicapa dauurica.
Flycatcher.
Brown-crested Myiarchus
Flycatcher. tyrannulus.
Buff-breasted Empidonax
Flycatcher. fulvifrons.
[[Page 75988]]
Cordilleran Empidonax
Flycatcher. occidentalis.
Crowned Slaty Empidonomus
Flycatcher. aurantioatrocristat
us.
Dark-sided Muscicapa sibirica.
Flycatcher.
Dusky Flycatcher.... Empidonax
oberholseri.
Dusky-capped Myiarchus
Flycatcher. tuberculifer.
Fork-tailed Tyrannus savana.
Flycatcher.
Gray Flycatcher..... Empidonax wrightii.
Gray-streaked Muscicapa
Flycatcher. griseisticta.
Great Crested Myiarchus crinitus.
Flycatcher.
Hammond's Flycatcher Empidonax hammondii.
La Sagra's Myiarchus sagrae.
Flycatcher.
Least Flycatcher.... Empidonax minimus.
Mugimaki Flycatcher. Ficedula mugimaki.
Narcissus Flycatcher Ficedula narcissina.
Nutting's Flycatcher Myiarchus nuttingi.
Olive-sided Contopus cooperi.
Flycatcher.
Pacific-slope Empidonax
Flycatcher. difficilis.
Pine Flycatcher..... Empidonax affinis.
Piratic Flycatcher.. Legatus leucophaius.
Puerto Rican Myiarchus
Flycatcher. antillarum.
Scissor-tailed Tyrannus forficatus.
Flycatcher.
Social Flycatcher... Myiozetetes similis.
Spotted Flycatcher.. Muscicapa striata.
Sulphur-bellied Myiodynastes
Flycatcher. luteiventris.
Taiga Flycatcher.... Ficedula albicilla.
Tufted Flycatcher... Mitrephanes
phaeocercus.
Variegated Empidonomus varius.
Flycatcher.
Vermilion Flycatcher Pyrocephalus
rubinus.
Willow Flycatcher... Empidonax traillii.
Yellow-bellied Empidonax
Flycatcher. flaviventris.
Forest-Falcon............... Collared Forest- Micrastur
Falcon. semitorquatus.
Frigatebird................. Great Frigatebird... Fregata minor.
Lesser Frigatebird.. Fregata ariel.
Magnificent Fregata magnificens.
Frigatebird.
Fruit-Dove.................. Crimson-crowned Ptilinopus
Fruit-Dove. porphyraceus.
Many-colored Fruit- Ptilinopus perousii.
Dove.
Mariana Fruit-Dove.. Ptilinopus
roseicapilla.
Fulmar...................... Northern Fulmar..... Fulmarus glacialis.
Gadwall..................... Gadwall............. Mareca strepera.
Gallinule................... Azure Gallinule..... Porphyrio
flavirostris.
Common Gallinule.... Gallinula galeata.
Purple Gallinule.... Porphyrio
martinicus.
Gannet...................... Northern Gannet..... Morus bassanus.
Garganey.................... Garganey............ Spatula querquedula.
Giant-Petrel................ Northern Giant- Macronectes halli.
Petrel.
Gnatcatcher................. Black-capped Polioptila
Gnatcatcher. nigriceps.
Black-tailed Polioptila melanura.
Gnatcatcher.
Blue-Gray Polioptila caerulea.
Gnatcatcher.
California Polioptila
Gnatcatcher. californica.
Godwit...................... Bar-tailed Godwit... Limosa lapponica.
Black-tailed Godwit. Limosa limosa.
Hudsonian Godwit.... Limosa haemastica.
Marbled Godwit...... Limosa fedoa.
Goldeneye................... Barrow's Goldeneye.. Bucephala islandica.
Common Goldeneye.... Bucephala clangula.
Golden-Plover............... American Golden- Pluvialis dominica.
Plover.
European Golden- Pluvialis apricaria.
Plover.
Pacific Golden- Pluvialis fulva.
Plover.
Goldfinch................... American Goldfinch.. Spinus tristis.
Lawrence's Goldfinch Spinus lawrencei.
Lesser Goldfinch.... Spinus psaltria.
Goose....................... Barnacle Goose...... Branta leucopsis.
Cackling Goose...... Branta hutchinsii.
Canada Goose........ Branta canadensis.
Emperor Goose....... Anser canagicus.
Greater White- Anser albifrons.
fronted Goose.
Hawaiian Goose...... Branta sandvicensis.
Lesser White-fronted Anser erythropus.
Goose.
Pink-footed Goose... Anser
brachyrhynchus.
Ross's Goose........ Anser rossii.
Snow Goose.......... Anser caerulescens.
[[Page 75989]]
Goshawk..................... Northern Goshawk.... Accipiter gentilis.
Grackle..................... Boat-tailed Grackle. Quiscalus major.
Common Grackle...... Quiscalus quiscula.
Greater Antillean Quiscalus niger.
Grackle.
Great-tailed Grackle Quiscalus mexicanus.
Grassquit................... Black-faced Melanospiza bicolor.
Grassquit.
Yellow-faced Tiaris olivaceus.
Grassquit.
Grebe....................... Clark's Grebe....... Aechmophorus
clarkii.
Eared Grebe......... Podiceps
nigricollis.
Horned Grebe........ Podiceps auritus.
Least Grebe......... Tachybaptus
dominicus.
Pied-billed Grebe... Podilymbus podiceps.
Red-necked Grebe.... Podiceps grisegena.
Western Grebe....... Aechmophorus
occidentalis.
Greenfinch.................. Oriental Greenfinch. Chloris sinica.
Greenshank.................. Common Greenshank... Tringa nebularia.
Nordmann's Tringa guttifer.
Greenshank.
Grosbeak.................... Black-headed Pheucticus
Grosbeak. melanocephalus.
Blue Grosbeak....... Passerina caerulea.
Crimson-collared Rhodothraupis
Grosbeak. celaeno.
Evening Grosbeak.... Coccothraustes
vespertinus.
Pine Grosbeak....... Pinicola enucleator.
Rose-breasted Pheucticus
Grosbeak. ludovicianus.
Yellow Grosbeak..... Pheucticus
chrysopeplus.
Guillemot................... Black Guillemot..... Cepphus grylle.
Pigeon Guillemot.... Cepphus columba.
Gull........................ Belcher's Gull...... Larus belcheri.
Black-headed Gull... Chroicocephalus
ridibundus.
Black-tailed Gull... Larus crassirostris.
Bonaparte's Gull.... Chroicocephalus
philadelphia.
California Gull..... Larus californicus.
Common Gull......... Larus canus.
Franklin's Gull..... Leucophaeus
pipixcan.
Glaucous Gull....... Larus hyperboreus.
Glaucous-winged Gull Larus glaucescens.
Gray-hooded Gull.... Chroicocephalus
cirrocephalus.
Great Black-backed Larus marinus.
Gull.
Heermann's Gull..... Larus heermanni.
Herring Gull........ Larus argentatus.
Iceland Gull........ Larus glaucoides.
Ivory Gull.......... Pagophila eburnea.
Kelp Gull........... Larus dominicanus.
Laughing Gull....... Leucophaeus
atricilla.
Lesser Black-backed Larus fuscus.
Gull.
Little Gull......... Hydrocoloeus
minutus.
Pallas's Gull....... Ichthyaetus
ichthyaetus.
Ring-billed Gull.... Larus delawarensis.
Ross's Gull......... Rhodostethia rosea.
Sabine's Gull....... Xema sabini.
Short-billed Gull... Larus
brachyrhynchus.
Slaty-backed Gull... Larus schistisagus.
Swallow-tailed Gull. Creagrus furcatus.
Western Gull........ Larus occidentalis.
Yellow-footed Gull.. Larus livens.
Yellow-legged Gull.. Larus michahellis.
Gyrfalcon................... Gyrfalcon........... Falco rusticolus.
Harrier..................... Northern Harrier.... Circus hudsonius.
Hawfinch.................... Hawfinch............ Coccothraustes
coccothraustes.
Hawk........................ Broad-winged Hawk... Buteo platypterus.
Common Black Hawk... Buteogallus
anthracinus.
Cooper's Hawk....... Accipiter cooperii.
Crane Hawk.......... Geranospiza
caerulescens.
Ferruginous Hawk.... Buteo regalis.
Gray Hawk........... Buteo plagiatus.
Great Black Hawk.... Buteogallus
urubitinga.
Harris's Hawk....... Parabuteo
unicinctus.
Hawaiian Hawk....... Buteo solitarius.
Red-shouldered Hawk. Buteo lineatus.
Red-tailed Hawk..... Buteo jamaicensis.
Roadside Hawk....... Rupornis
magnirostris.
Rough-legged Hawk... Buteo lagopus.
[[Page 75990]]
Sharp-shinned Hawk.. Accipiter striatus.
Short-tailed Hawk... Buteo brachyurus.
Swainson's Hawk..... Buteo swainsoni.
White-tailed Hawk... Geranoaetus
albicaudatus.
Zone-tailed Hawk.... Buteo albonotatus.
Hawk-Cuckoo................. Hodgson's Hawk- Hierococcyx
Cuckoo. nisicolor.
Heron....................... Gray Heron.......... Ardea cinerea.
Great Blue Heron.... Ardea herodias.
Green Heron......... Butorides virescens.
Little Blue Heron... Egretta caerulea.
Tricolored Heron.... Egretta tricolor.
Hobby....................... Eurasian Hobby...... Falco subbuteo.
Honeycreeper................ Laysan Honeycreeper. Himatione fraithii.
Red-legged Cyanerpes cyaneus.
Honeycreeper.
Hoopoe...................... Eurasian Hoopoe..... Upupa epops.
House-Martin................ Common House-Martin. Delichon urbicum.
Hummingbird................. Allen's Hummingbird. Selasphorus sasin.
Anna's Hummingbird.. Calypte anna.
Antillean Crested Orthorhyncus
Hummingbird. cristatus.
Berylline Saucerottia
Hummingbird. beryllina.
Black-chinned Archilochus
Hummingbird. alexandri.
Broad-billed Cynanthus
Hummingbird. latirostris.
Broad-tailed Selasphorus
Hummingbird. platycercus.
Buff-bellied Amazilia
Hummingbird. yucatanensis.
Bumblebee Selasphorus heloisa.
Hummingbird.
Calliope Hummingbird Selasphorus
calliope.
Cinnamon Hummingbird Amazilia rutila.
Costa's Hummingbird. Calypte costae.
Lucifer Hummingbird. Calothorax lucifer.
Rivoli's Hummingbird Eugenes fulgens.
Ruby-throated Archilochus
Hummingbird. colubris.
Rufous Hummingbird.. Selasphorus rufus.
Vervain Hummingbird. Mellisuga minima.
Violet-crowned Ramosomyia
Hummingbird. violiceps.
White-eared Basilinna leucotis.
Hummingbird.
Xantus's Hummingbird Basilinna xantusii.
Ibis........................ Glossy Ibis......... Plegadis
falcinellus.
Scarlet Ibis........ Eudocimus ruber.
White Ibis.......... Eudocimus albus.
White-faced Ibis.... Plegadis chihi.
`I`iwi...................... `I`iwi.............. Drepanis coccinea.
Imperial-Pigeon............. Pacific Imperial- Ducula pacifica.
Pigeon.
Jabiru...................... Jabiru.............. Jabiru mycteria.
Jacana...................... Northern Jacana..... Jacana spinosa.
Jackdaw..................... Eurasian Jackdaw.... Corvus monedula.
Jaeger...................... Long-tailed Jaeger.. Stercorarius
longicaudus.
Parasitic Jaeger.... Stercorarius
parasiticus.
Pomarine Jaeger..... Stercorarius
pomarinus.
Jay......................... Blue Jay............ Cyanocitta cristata.
Brown Jay........... Psilorhinus morio.
Canada Jay.......... Perisoreus
canadensis.
Green Jay........... Cyanocorax yncas.
Mexican Jay......... Aphelocoma
wollweberi.
Pinyon Jay.......... Gymnorhinus
cyanocephalus.
Steller's Jay....... Cyanocitta stelleri.
Junco....................... Dark-eyed Junco..... Junco hyemalis.
Yellow-eyed Junco... Junco phaeonotus.
K[amacr]k[amacr]wahie....... K[amacr]k[amacr]wahi Paroreomyza flammea.
e.
K[amacr]ma`o................ K[amacr]ma`o........ Myadestes
myadestinus.
Kestrel..................... American Kestrel.... Falco sparverius.
Eurasian Kestrel.... Falco tinnunculus.
Killdeer.................... Killdeer............ Charadrius
vociferus.
Kingbird.................... Cassin's Kingbird... Tyrannus vociferans.
Couch's Kingbird.... Tyrannus couchii.
Eastern Kingbird.... Tyrannus tyrannus.
Gray Kingbird....... Tyrannus
dominicensis.
Loggerhead Kingbird. Tyrannus
caudifasciatus.
Thick-billed Tyrannus
Kingbird. crassirostris.
Tropical Kingbird... Tyrannus
melancholicus.
Western Kingbird.... Tyrannus verticalis.
Kingfisher.................. Amazon Kingfisher... Chloroceryle
amazona.
[[Page 75991]]
Belted Kingfisher... Megaceryle alcyon.
Common Kingfisher... Alcedo atthis.
Green Kingfisher.... Chloroceryle
americana.
Guam Kingfisher..... Todiramphus
cinnamominus.
Mariana Kingfisher.. Todiramphus
albicilla.
Pacific Kingfisher.. Todiramphus sacer.
Ringed Kingfisher... Megaceryle torquata.
Kinglet..................... Golden-crowned Regulus satrapa.
Kinglet.
Ruby-crowned Kinglet Corthylio calendula.
Kiskadee.................... Great Kiskadee...... Pitangus
sulphuratus.
Kite........................ Black Kite.......... Milvus migrans.
Double-toothed Kite. Harpagus bidentatus.
Hook-billed Kite.... Chondrohierax
uncinatus.
Mississippi Kite.... Ictinia
mississippiensis.
Snail Kite.......... Rostrhamus
sociabilis.
Swallow-tailed Kite. Elanoides
forficatus.
White-tailed Kite... Elanus leucurus.
Kittiwake................... Black-legged Rissa tridactyla.
Kittiwake.
Red-legged Kittiwake Rissa brevirostris.
Knot........................ Great Knot.......... Calidris
tenuirostris.
Red Knot............ Calidris canutus.
Koel........................ Long-tailed Koel.... Urodynamis
taitensis.
Lapwing..................... Northern Lapwing.... Vanellus vanellus.
Lark........................ Horned Lark......... Eremophila
alpestris.
Limpkin..................... Limpkin............. Aramus guarauna.
Lizard-Cuckoo............... Puerto Rican Lizard- Coccyzus vieilloti.
Cuckoo.
Longspur.................... Chestnut-collared Calcarius ornatus.
Longspur.
Lapland Longspur.... Calcarius
lapponicus.
Smith's Longspur.... Calcarius pictus.
Thick-billed Rhynchophanes
Longspur. mccownii.
Loon........................ Arctic Loon......... Gavia arctica.
Common Loon......... Gavia immer.
Pacific Loon........ Gavia pacifica.
Red-throated Loon... Gavia stellata.
Yellow-billed Loon.. Gavia adamsii.
Magpie...................... Black-billed Magpie. Pica hudsonia.
Yellow-billed Magpie Pica nuttalli.
Mallard..................... Mallard............. Anas platyrhynchos.
Mango....................... Puerto Rican Mango.. Anthracothorax
aurulentus.
Green Mango......... Anthracothorax
viridis.
Green-breasted Mango Anthracothorax
prevostii.
Marsh-Harrier............... Eastern Marsh- Circus spilonotus.
Harrier.
Martin...................... Brown-chested Martin Progne tapera.
Caribbean Martin.... Progne dominicensis.
Cuban Martin........ Progne cryptoleuca.
Gray-breasted Martin Progne chalybea.
Purple Martin....... Progne subis.
Southern Martin..... Progne elegans.
Meadowlark.................. Chihuahuan Sturnella lilianae.
Meadowlark.
Eastern Meadowlark.. Sturnella magna.
Western Meadowlark.. Sturnella neglecta.
Merganser................... Common Merganser.... Mergus merganser.
Hooded Merganser.... Lophodytes
cucullatus.
Red-breasted Mergus serrator.
Merganser.
Merlin...................... Merlin.............. Falco columbarius.
Millerbird.................. Millerbird.......... Acrocephalus
familiaris.
Mockingbird................. Bahama Mockingbird.. Mimus gundlachii.
Blue Mockingbird.... Melanotis
caerulescens.
Northern Mockingbird Mimus polyglottos.
Moorhen..................... Eurasian Moorhen.... Gallinula chloropus.
Mountain-gem................ Amethyst-throated Lampornis
Mountain-gem. amethystinus.
Blue-throated Lampornis
Mountain-gem. clemenciae.
Murre....................... Common Murre........ Uria aalge.
Thick-billed Murre.. Uria lomvia.
Murrelet.................... Ancient Murrelet.... Synthliboramphus
antiquus.
Craveri's Murrelet.. Synthliboramphus
craveri.
Guadalupe Murrelet.. Synthliboramphus
hypoleucus.
Kittlitz's Murrelet. Brachyramphus
brevirostris.
Long-billed Murrelet Brachyramphus
perdix.
Marbled Murrelet.... Brachyramphus
marmoratus.
Scripps's Murrelet.. Synthliboramphus
scrippsi.
[[Page 75992]]
Needletail.................. White-throated Hirundapus
Needletail. caudacutus.
Nighthawk................... Antillean Nighthawk. Chordeiles
gundlachii.
Common Nighthawk.... Chordeiles minor.
Lesser Nighthawk.... Chordeiles
acutipennis.
Night-Heron................. Black-crowned Night- Nycticorax
Heron. nycticorax.
Japanese Night-Heron Gorsachius goisagi.
Malayan Night-Heron. Gorsachius
melanolophus.
Nankeen Night-Heron. Nycticorax
caledonicus.
Yellow-crowned Night- Nyctanassa violacea.
Heron.
Nightingale-Thrush.......... Black-headed Catharus mexicanus.
Nightingale-Thrush.
Orange-billed Catharus
Nightingale-Thrush. aurantiirostris.
Nightjar.................... Buff-collared Antrostomus
Nightjar. ridgwayi.
Gray Nightjar....... Caprimulgus jotaka.
Puerto Rican Antrostomus
Nightjar. noctitherus.
White-tailed Hydropsalis
Nightjar. cayennensis.
Noddy....................... Black Noddy......... Anous minutus.
Blue-gray Noddy..... Anous ceruleus.
Brown Noddy......... Anous stolidus.
Nukupu`u.................... Kauai Nukupu`u...... Hemignathus
hanapepe.
Maui Nukupu`u....... Hemignathus affinis.
O`ahu Nukupu`u...... Hemignathus lucidus.
Nutcracker.................. Clark's Nutcracker.. Nucifraga
columbiana.
Nuthatch.................... Brown-headed Sitta pusilla.
Nuthatch.
Pygmy Nuthatch...... Sitta pygmaea.
Red-breasted Sitta canadensis.
Nuthatch.
White-breasted Sitta carolinensis.
Nuthatch.
Oloma`o..................... Oloma`o............. Myadestes
lanaiensis.
`[Omacr]ma'o................ `[Omacr]ma'o........ Myadestes obscurus.
Oriole...................... Altamira Oriole..... Icterus gularis.
Audubon's Oriole.... Icterus graduacauda.
Baltimore Oriole.... Icterus galbula.
Black-backed Oriole. Icterus abeillei.
Black-vented Oriole. Icterus wagleri.
Bullock's Oriole.... Icterus bullockii.
Hooded Oriole....... Icterus cucullatus.
Orchard Oriole...... Icterus spurius.
Puerto Rican Oriole. Icterus
portoricensis.
Scott's Oriole...... Icterus parisorum.
Streak-backed Oriole Icterus pustulatus.
Osprey...................... Osprey.............. Pandion haliaetus.
`[Omacr]`[umacr]............ `[Omacr]`[umacr].... Psittirostra
psittacea.
Ovenbird.................... Ovenbird............ Seiurus aurocapilla.
Owl......................... Barn Owl............ Tyto alba.
Barred Owl.......... Strix varia.
Boreal Owl.......... Aegolius funereus.
Burrowing Owl....... Athene cunicularia.
Elf Owl............. Micrathene whitneyi.
Flammulated Owl..... Psiloscops
flammeolus.
Great Gray Owl...... Strix nebulosa.
Great Horned Owl.... Bubo virginianus.
Long-eared Owl...... Asio otus.
Mottled Owl......... Strix virgata.
Northern Hawk Owl... Surnia ulula.
Northern Saw-whet Aegolius acadicus.
Owl.
Puerto Rican Owl.... Gymnasio nudipes.
Short-eared Owl..... Asio flammeus.
Snowy Owl........... Bubo scandiacus.
Spotted Owl......... Strix occidentalis.
Stygian Owl......... Asio stygius.
Oystercatcher............... American Haematopus
Oystercatcher. palliatus.
Black Oystercatcher. Haematopus bachmani.
Eurasian Haematopus
Oystercatcher. ostralegus.
Palila...................... Palila.............. Loxioides bailleui.
Palm-Swift.................. Antillean Palm-Swift Tachornis
phoenicobia.
Parrotbill.................. Maui Parrotbill..... Pseudonestor
xanthophrys.
Parula...................... Northern Parula..... Setophaga americana.
Tropical Parula..... Setophaga pitiayumi.
Pauraque.................... Common Pauraque..... Nyctidromus
albicollis.
Pelican..................... American White Pelecanus
Pelican. erythrorhynchos.
Brown Pelican....... Pelecanus
occidentalis.
Petrel...................... Bermuda Petrel...... Pterodroma cahow.
[[Page 75993]]
Black-capped Petrel. Pterodroma hasitata.
Black-winged Petrel. Pterodroma
nigripennis.
Bonin Petrel........ Pterodroma
hypoleuca.
Bulwer's Petrel..... Bulweria bulwerii.
Cook's Petrel....... Pterodroma cookii.
Fea's Petrel........ Pterodroma feae.
Gould's Petrel...... Pterodroma
leucoptera.
Gray-faced Petrel... Pterodroma gouldi.
Hawaiian Petrel..... Pterodroma
sandwichensis.
Herald Petrel....... Pterodroma
heraldica.
Jouanin's Petrel.... Bulweria fallax.
Juan Fernandez Pterodroma externa.
Petrel.
Kermadec Petrel..... Pterodroma neglecta.
Mottled Petrel...... Pterodroma
inexpectata.
Murphy's Petrel..... Pterodroma ultima.
Parkinson's Petrel.. Procellaria
parkinsoni.
Phoenix Petrel...... Pterodroma alba.
Providence Petrel... Pterodroma solandri.
Stejneger's Petrel.. Pterodroma
longirostris.
Tahiti Petrel....... Pseudobulweria
rostrata.
Trindade Petrel..... Pterodroma
arminjoniana.
White-chinned Petrel Procellaria
aequinoctialis.
White-necked Petrel. Pterodroma
cervicalis.
Zino's Petrel....... Pterodroma madeira.
Pewee....................... Cuban Pewee......... Contopus caribaeus.
Greater Pewee....... Contopus pertinax.
Hispaniolan Pewee... Contopus
hispaniolensis.
Lesser Antillean Contopus
Pewee. latirostris.
Phainopepla................. Phainopepla......... Phainopepla nitens.
Phalarope................... Red Phalarope....... Phalaropus
fulicarius.
Red-necked Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus.
Wilson's Phalarope.. Phalaropus tricolor.
Phoebe...................... Black Phoebe........ Sayornis nigricans.
Eastern Phoebe...... Sayornis phoebe.
Say's Phoebe........ Sayornis saya.
Pigeon...................... Band-tailed Pigeon.. Patagioenas
fasciata.
Plain Pigeon........ Patagioenas
inornata.
Red-billed Pigeon... Patagioenas
flavirostris.
Scaly-naped Pigeon.. Patagioenas
squamosa.
White-crowned Pigeon Patagioenas
leucocephala.
Pintail..................... Northern Pintail.... Anas acuta.
White-cheeked Anas bahamensis.
Pintail.
Pipit....................... American Pipit...... Anthus rubescens.
Olive-backed Pipit.. Anthus hodgsoni.
Pechora Pipit....... Anthus gustavi.
Red-throated Pipit.. Anthus cervinus.
Sprague's Pipit..... Anthus spragueii.
Tree Pipit.......... Anthus trivialis.
Plover...................... Black-bellied Plover Pluvialis
squatarola.
Collared Plover..... Charadrius collaris.
Common Ringed Plover Charadrius
hiaticula.
Kentish Plover...... Charadrius
alexandrinus.
Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius.
Mountain Plover..... Charadrius montanus.
Piping Plover....... Charadrius melodus.
Semipalmated Plover. Charadrius
semipalmatus.
Snowy Plover........ Charadrius nivosus.
Wilson's Plover..... Charadrius wilsonia.
Pochard..................... Baer's Pochard...... Aythya baeri.
Common Pochard...... Aythya ferina.
Pond-Heron.................. Chinese Pond-Heron.. Ardeola bacchus.
Poorwill.................... Common Poorwill..... Phalaenoptilus
nuttallii.
Po`ouli..................... Po`ouli............. Melamprosops
phaeosoma.
Puaiohi..................... Puaiohi............. Myadestes palmeri.
Puffin...................... Atlantic Puffin..... Fratercula arctica.
Horned Puffin....... Fratercula
corniculata.
Tufted Puffin....... Fratercula cirrhata.
Pygmy-Owl................... Ferruginous Pygmy- Glaucidium
Owl. brasilianum.
Northern Pygmy-Owl.. Glaucidium gnoma.
Pyrrhuloxia................. Pyrrhuloxia......... Cardinalis sinuatus.
Quail-Dove.................. Bridled Quail-Dove.. Geotrygon mystacea.
[[Page 75994]]
Key West Quail-Dove. Geotrygon chrysia.
Ruddy Quail-Dove.... Geotrygon montana.
Quetzal..................... Eared Quetzal....... Euptilotis neoxenus.
Rail........................ Black Rail.......... Laterallus
jamaicensis.
Buff-banded Rail.... Gallirallus
philippensis.
Clapper Rail........ Rallus crepitans.
Guam Rail........... Gallirallus owstoni.
King Rail........... Rallus elegans.
Ridgway's Rail...... Rallus obsoletus.
Spotted Rail........ Pardirallus
maculatus.
Virginia Rail....... Rallus limicola.
Yellow Rail......... Coturnicops
noveboracensis.
Raven....................... Chihuahuan Raven.... Corvus cryptoleucus.
Common Raven........ Corvus corax.
Razorbill................... Razorbill........... Alca torda.
Redhead..................... Redhead............. Aythya americana.
Redpoll..................... Common Redpoll...... Acanthis flammea.
Hoary Redpoll....... Acanthis hornemanni.
Redshank.................... Common Redshank..... Tringa totanus.
Spotted Redshank.... Tringa erythropus.
Redstart.................... American Redstart... Setophaga ruticilla.
Common Redstart..... Phoenicurus
phoenicurus.
Painted Redstart.... Myioborus pictus.
Slate-throated Myioborus miniatus.
Redstart.
Redwing..................... Redwing............. Turdus iliacus.
Reef-Heron.................. Pacific Reef-Heron.. Egretta sacra.
Western Reef-Heron.. Egretta gularis.
Roadrunner.................. Greater Roadrunner.. Geococcyx
californianus.
Robin....................... American Robin...... Turdus migratorius.
European Robin...... Erithacus rubecula.
Rufous-backed Robin. Turdus
rufopalliatus.
Rufous-tailed Robin. Larvivora sibilans.
Siberian Blue Robin. Larvivora cyane.
Rock-Thrush................. Blue Rock-Thrush.... Monticola
solitarius.
Rosefinch................... Common Rosefinch.... Carpodacus
erythrinus.
Pallas's Rosefinch.. Carpodacus roseus.
Rosy-Finch.................. Asian Rosy-Finch.... Leucosticte arctoa.
Black Rosy-Finch.... Leucosticte atrata.
Brown-capped Rosy- Leucosticte
Finch. australis.
Gray-crowned Rosy- Leucosticte
Finch. tephrocotis.
Rubythroat.................. Siberian Rubythroat. Calliope calliope.
Ruff........................ Ruff................ Calidris pugnax.
Sanderling.................. Sanderling.......... Calidris alba.
Sandpiper................... Baird's Sandpiper... Calidris bairdii.
Broad-billed Calidris
Sandpiper. falcinellus.
Buff-breasted Calidris
Sandpiper. subruficollis.
Common Sandpiper.... Actitis hypoleucos.
Curlew Sandpiper.... Calidris ferruginea.
Green Sandpiper..... Tringa ochropus.
Least Sandpiper..... Calidris minutilla.
Marsh Sandpiper..... Tringa stagnatilis.
Pectoral Sandpiper.. Calidris melanotos.
Purple Sandpiper.... Calidris maritima.
Rock Sandpiper...... Calidris
ptilocnemis.
Semipalmated Calidris pusilla.
Sandpiper.
Sharp-tailed Calidris acuminata.
Sandpiper.
Solitary Sandpiper.. Tringa solitaria.
Spoon-billed Calidris pygmea.
Sandpiper.
Spotted Sandpiper... Actitis macularius.
Stilt Sandpiper..... Calidris himantopus.
Terek Sandpiper..... Xenus cinereus.
Upland Sandpiper.... Bartramia
longicauda.
Western Sandpiper... Calidris mauri.
White-rumped Calidris
Sandpiper. fuscicollis.
Wood Sandpiper...... Tringa glareola.
Sand-Plover................. Greater Sand-Plover. Charadrius
leschenaultii.
Lesser Sand-Plover.. Charadrius mongolus.
Sapsucker................... Red-breasted Sphyrapicus ruber.
Sapsucker.
Red-naped Sapsucker. Sphyrapicus
nuchalis.
Williamson's Sphyrapicus
Sapsucker. thyroideus.
Yellow-bellied Sphyrapicus varius.
Sapsucker.
[[Page 75995]]
Scaup....................... Greater Scaup....... Aythya marila.
Lesser Scaup........ Aythya affinis.
Scops-Owl................... Oriental Scops-Owl.. Otus sunia.
Scoter...................... Black Scoter........ Melanitta americana.
Common Scoter....... Melanitta nigra.
Stejneger's Scoter.. Melanitta stejneger.
Surf Scoter......... Melanitta
perspicillata.
White-winged Scoter. Melanitta deglandi.
Screech-Owl................. Eastern Screech-Owl. Megascops asio.
Western Screech-Owl. Megascops
kennicottii.
Whiskered Screech- Megascops
Owl. trichopsis.
Scrub-Jay................... California Scrub-Jay Aphelocoma
californica.
Florida Scrub-Jay... Aphelocoma
coerulescens.
Island Scrub-Jay.... Aphelocoma
insularis.
Woodhouse's Scrub- Aphelocoma
Jay. woodhouseii.
Sea-Eagle................... Steller's Sea-Eagle. Haliaeetus
pelagicus.
Seedeater................... Morelet's Seedeater. Sporophila
morelleti.
Shearwater.................. Audubon's Shearwater Puffinus
lherminieri.
Barolo Shearwater... Puffinus baroli.
Black-vented Puffinus
Shearwater. opisthomelas.
Bryan's Shearwater.. Puffinus bryani.
Buller's Shearwater. Ardenna bulleri.
Cape Verde Calonectris
Shearwater. edwardsii.
Christmas Shearwater Puffinus
nativitatis.
Cory's Shearwater... Calonectris
diomedea.
Flesh-footed Ardenna carneipes.
Shearwater.
Great Shearwater.... Ardenna gravis.
Manx Shearwater..... Puffinus puffinus.
Newell's Shearwater. Puffinus newelli.
Pink-footed Ardenna creatopus.
Shearwater.
Short-tailed Ardenna
Shearwater. tenuirostris.
Sooty Shearwater.... Ardenna grisea.
Streaked Shearwater. Calonectris
leucomelas.
Wedge-tailed Ardenna pacifica.
Shearwater.
Shoveler.................... Northern Shoveler... Spatula clypeata.
Shrike...................... Brown Shrike........ Lanius cristatus.
Loggerhead Shrike... Lanius ludovicianus.
Northern Shrike..... Lanius borealis.
Silky-Flycatcher............ Gray Silky- Ptiliogonys
Flycatcher. cinereus.
Siskin...................... Eurasian Siskin..... Spinus spinus.
Pine Siskin......... Spinus pinus.
Skimmer..................... Black Skimmer....... Rynchops niger.
Skua........................ Great Skua.......... Stercorarius skua.
South Polar Skua.... Stercorarius
maccormicki.
Skylark..................... Eurasian Skylark.... Alauda arvensis.
Smew........................ Smew................ Mergellus albellus.
Snipe....................... Common Snipe........ Gallinago gallinago.
Jack Snipe.......... Lymnocryptes
minimus.
Pin-tailed Snipe.... Gallinago stenura.
Solitary Snipe...... Gallinago solitaria.
Swinhoe's Snipe..... Gallinago megala.
Wilson's Snipe...... Gallinago delicata.
Solitaire................... Brown-backed Myadestes
Solitaire. occidentalis.
Townsend's Solitaire Myadestes townsendi.
Sora........................ Sora................ Porzana carolina.
Sparrow..................... American Tree Spizelloides
Sparrow. arborea.
Bachman's Sparrow... Peucaea aestivalis.
Baird's Sparrow..... Centronyx bairdii.
Bell's Sparrow...... Artemisiospiza
belli.
Black-chinned Spizella
Sparrow. atrogularis.
Black-throated Amphispiza
Sparrow. bilineata.
Botteri's Sparrow... Peucaea botterii.
Brewer's Sparrow.... Spizella breweri.
Cassin's Sparrow.... Peucaea cassinii.
Chipping Sparrow.... Spizella passerina.
Clay-colored Sparrow Spizella pallida.
Field Sparrow....... Spizella pusilla.
Five-striped Sparrow Amphispizopsis
quinquestriata.
Fox Sparrow......... Passerella iliaca.
Golden-crowned Zonotrichia
Sparrow. atricapilla.
Grasshopper Sparrow. Ammodramus
savannarum.
[[Page 75996]]
Harris's Sparrow.... Zonotrichia querula.
Henslow's Sparrow... Centronyx henslowii.
Lark Sparrow........ Chondestes
grammacus.
LeConte's Sparrow... Ammospiza leconteii.
Lincoln's Sparrow... Melospiza lincolnii.
Nelson's Sparrow.... Ammospiza nelsoni.
Olive Sparrow....... Arremonops
rufivirgatus.
Rufous-crowned Aimophila ruficeps.
Sparrow.
Rufous-winged Peucaea carpalis.
Sparrow.
Sagebrush Sparrow... Artemisiospiza
nevadensis.
Saltmarsh Sparrow... Ammospiza caudacuta.
Savannah Sparrow.... Passerculus
sandwichensis.
Seaside Sparrow..... Ammospiza maritima.
Song Sparrow........ Melospiza melodia.
Swamp Sparrow....... Melospiza georgiana.
Vesper Sparrow...... Pooecetes gramineus.
White-crowned Zonotrichia
Sparrow. leucophrys.
White-throated Zonotrichia
Sparrow. albicollis.
Worthen's Sparrow... Spizella wortheni.
Sparrowhawk................. Chinese Sparrowhawk. Accipiter soloensis.
Japanese Sparrowhawk Accipiter gularis.
Spindalis................... Puerto Rican Spindalis
Spindalis. portoricensis.
Western Spindalis... Spindalis zena.
Spoonbill................... Roseate Spoonbill... Platalea ajaja.
Starling.................... Chestnut-cheeked Agropsar
Starling. philippensis.
White-cheeked Spodiopsar
Starling. cineraceus.
Starthroat.................. Plain-capped Heliomaster
Starthroat. constantii.
Stilt....................... Black-necked Stilt.. Himantopus
mexicanus.
Black-winged Stilt.. Himantopus
himantopus.
Stint....................... Little Stint........ Calidris minuta.
Long-toed Stint..... Calidris subminuta.
Red-necked Stint.... Calidris ruficollis.
Temminck's Stint.... Calidris temminckii.
Stonechat................... Asian Stonechat..... Saxicola maurus.
Stork....................... Wood Stork.......... Mycteria americana.
Storm-Petrel................ Ashy Storm-Petrel... Hydrobates
homochroa.
Band-rumped Storm- Hydrobates castro.
Petrel.
Black Storm-Petrel.. Hydrobates melania.
Black-bellied Storm- Fregetta tropica.
Petrel.
European Storm- Hydrobates
Petrel. pelagicus.
Fork-tailed Storm- Hydrobates furcatus.
Petrel.
Leach's Storm-Petrel Hydrobates
leucorhous.
Least Storm-Petrel.. Hydrobates
microsoma.
Matsudaira's Storm- Hydrobates
Petrel. matsudairae.
Polynesian Storm- Nesofregetta
Petrel. fuliginosa.
Ringed Storm-Petrel. Hydrobates hornbyi.
Swinhoe's Storm- Hydrobates monorhis.
Petrel.
Townsend's Storm- Hydrobates
Petrel. socorroensis.
Tristram's Storm- Hydrobates
Petrel. tristrami.
Wedge-rumped Storm- Hydrobates tethys.
Petrel.
White-bellied Storm- Fregetta grallaria.
Petrel.
White-faced Storm- Pelagodroma marina.
Petrel.
Wilson's Storm- Oceanites oceanicus.
Petrel.
Surfbird.................... Surfbird............ Calidris virgata.
Swallow..................... Bahama Swallow...... Tachycineta
cyaneoviridis.
Bank Swallow........ Riparia riparia.
Barn Swallow........ Hirundo rustica.
Blue-and-white Pygochelidon
Swallow. cyanoleuca.
Cave Swallow........ Petrochelidon fulva.
Cliff Swallow....... Petrochelidon
pyrrhonota.
Mangrove Swallow.... Tachycineta
albilinea.
Northern Rough- Stelgidopteryx
winged Swallow. serripennis.
Tree Swallow........ Tachycineta bicolor.
Violet-green Swallow Tachycineta
thalassina.
Swamphen.................... Purple Swamphen..... Porphyrio porphyrio.
Swan........................ Trumpeter Swan...... Cygnus buccinator.
Tundra Swan......... Cygnus columbianus.
Whooper Swan........ Cygnus cygnus.
Swift....................... Alpine Swift........ Apus melba.
Black Swift......... Cypseloides niger.
Chimney Swift....... Chaetura pelagica.
[[Page 75997]]
Common Swift........ Apus apus.
Fork-tailed Swift... Apus pacificus.
Short-tailed Swift.. Chaetura brachyura.
Vaux's Swift........ Chaetura vauxi.
White-collared Swift Streptoprocne
zonaris.
White-throated Swift Aeronautes
saxatalis.
Swiftlet.................... Mariana Swiftlet.... Aerodramus bartschi.
White-rumped Aerodramus
Swiftlet. spodiopygius.
Tanager..................... Flame-colored Piranga bidentata.
Tanager.
Hepatic Tanager..... Piranga flava.
Puerto Rican Tanager Nesospingus
speculiferus.
Scarlet Tanager..... Piranga olivacea.
Summer Tanager...... Piranga rubra.
Western Tanager..... Piranga ludoviciana.
Tattler..................... Gray-tailed Tattler. Tringa brevipes.
Wandering Tattler... Tringa incana.
Teal........................ Baikal Teal......... Sibirionetta
formosa.
Blue-winged Teal.... Spatula discors.
Cinnamon Teal....... Spatula cyanoptera.
Green-winged Teal... Anas crecca.
Tern........................ Aleutian Tern....... Onychoprion
aleuticus.
Arctic Tern......... Sterna paradisaea.
Black Tern.......... Chlidonias niger.
Black-naped Tern.... Sterna sumatrana.
Bridled Tern........ Onychoprion
anaethetus.
Caspian Tern........ Hydroprogne caspia.
Common Tern......... Sterna hirundo.
Elegant Tern........ Thalasseus elegans.
Forster's Tern...... Sterna forsteri.
Gray-backed Tern.... Onychoprion lunatus.
Great Crested Tern.. Thalasseus bergii.
Gull-billed Tern.... Gelochelidon
nilotica.
Inca Tern........... Larosterna inca.
Large-billed Tern... Phaetusa simplex.
Least Tern.......... Sternula antillarum.
Little Tern......... Sternula albifrons.
Roseate Tern........ Sterna dougallii.
Royal Tern.......... Thalasseus maximus.
Sandwich Tern....... Thalasseus
sandvicensis.
Sooty Tern.......... Onychoprion
fuscatus.
Whiskered Tern...... Chlidonias hybrida.
White Tern.......... Gygis alba.
White-winged Tern... Chlidonias
leucopterus.
Thrasher.................... Bendire's Thrasher.. Toxostoma bendirei.
Brown Thrasher...... Toxostoma rufum.
California Thrasher. Toxostoma redivivum.
Crissal Thrasher.... Toxostoma crissale.
Curve-billed Toxostoma
Thrasher. curvirostre.
LeConte's Thrasher.. Toxostoma lecontei.
Long-billed Thrasher Toxostoma
longirostre.
Pearly-eyed Thrasher Margarops fuscatus.
Sage Thrasher....... Oreoscoptes
montanus.
Thrush...................... Aztec Thrush........ Ridgwayia pinicola.
Bicknell's Thrush... Catharus bicknelli.
Clay-colored Thrush. Turdus grayi.
Dusky Thrush........ Turdus eunomus.
Eyebrowed Thrush.... Turdus obscurus.
Gray-cheeked Thrush. Catharus minimus.
Hermit Thrush....... Catharus guttatus.
Naumann's Thrush.... Turdus naumanni.
Red-legged Thrush... Turdus plumbeus.
Swainson's Thrush... Catharus ustulatus.
Varied Thrush....... Ixoreus naevius.
White-throated Turdus assimilis.
Thrush.
Wood Thrush......... Hylocichla
mustelina.
Tiger-Heron................. Bare-throated Tiger- Tigrisoma mexicanum.
Heron.
Titmouse.................... Black-crested Baeolophus
Titmouse. atricristatus.
Bridled Titmouse.... Baeolophus
wollweberi.
Juniper Titmouse.... Baeolophus ridgwayi.
Oak Titmouse........ Baeolophus
inornatus.
Tufted Titmouse..... Baeolophus bicolor.
[[Page 75998]]
Tityra...................... Masked Tityra....... Tityra semifasciata.
Towhee...................... Abert's Towhee...... Melozone aberti.
California Towhee... Melozone crissalis.
Canyon Towhee....... Melozone fusca.
Eastern Towhee...... Pipilo
erythrophthalmus.
Green-tailed Towhee. Pipilo chlorurus.
Spotted Towhee...... Pipilo maculatus.
Trogon...................... Elegant Trogon...... Trogon elegans.
Tropicbird.................. Red-billed Phaethon aethereus.
Tropicbird.
Red-tailed Phaethon rubricauda.
Tropicbird.
White-tailed Phaethon lepturus.
Tropicbird.
Turnstone................... Black Turnstone..... Arenaria
melanocephala.
Ruddy Turnstone..... Arenaria interpres.
Turtle-Dove................. Oriental Turtle-Dove Streptopelia
orientalis.
Veery....................... Veery............... Catharus fuscescens.
Verdin...................... Verdin.............. Auriparus flaviceps.
Violetear................... Mexican Violetear... Colibri thalassinus.
Vireo....................... Bell's Vireo........ Vireo bellii.
Black-capped Vireo.. Vireo atricapilla.
Black-whiskered Vireo altiloquus.
Vireo.
Blue-headed Vireo... Vireo solitarius.
Cassin's Vireo...... Vireo cassinii.
Cuban Vireo......... Vireo gundlachii.
Gray Vireo.......... Vireo vicinior.
Hutton's Vireo...... Vireo huttoni.
Philadelphia Vireo.. Vireo
philadelphicus.
Plumbeous Vireo..... Vireo plumbeus.
Puerto Rican Vireo.. Vireo latimeri.
Red-eyed Vireo...... Vireo olivaceus.
Thick-billed Vireo.. Vireo crassirostris.
Warbling Vireo...... Vireo gilvus.
White-eyed Vireo.... Vireo griseus.
Yellow-green Vireo.. Vireo flavoviridis.
Yellow-throated Vireo flavifrons.
Vireo.
Yucatan Vireo....... Vireo magister.
Vulture..................... Black Vulture....... Coragyps atratus.
Turkey Vulture...... Cathartes aura.
Wagtail..................... Citrine Wagtail..... Motacilla citreola.
Eastern Yellow Motacilla
Wagtail. tschutschensis.
Gray Wagtail........ Motacilla cinerea.
White Wagtail....... Motacilla alba.
Warbler..................... Adelaide's Warbler.. Setophaga adelaidae.
Aguiguan Reed Acrocephalus nijoi.
Warbler.
Arctic Warbler...... Phylloscopus
borealis.
Bachman's Warbler... Vermivora bachmanii.
Bay-breasted Warbler Setophaga castanea.
Black-and-white Mniotilta varia.
Warbler.
Blackburnian Warbler Setophaga fusca.
Blackpoll Warbler... Setophaga striata.
Black-throated Blue Setophaga
Warbler. caerulescens.
Black-throated Gray Setophaga
Warbler. nigrescens.
Black-throated Green Setophaga virens.
Warbler.
Blue-winged Warbler. Vermivora
cyanoptera.
Blyth's Reed Warbler Acrocephalus
dumetorum.
Canada Warbler...... Cardellina
canadensis.
Cape May Warbler.... Setophaga tigrina.
Cerulean Warbler.... Setophaga cerulea.
Chestnut-sided Setophaga
Warbler. pensylvanica.
Colima Warbler...... Leiothlypis
crissalis.
Connecticut Warbler. Oporornis agilis.
Crescent-chested Oreothlypis
Warbler. superciliosa.
Dusky Warbler....... Phylloscopus
fuscatus.
Elfin-woods Warbler. Setophaga angelae.
Fan-tailed Warbler.. Basileuterus
lachrymosus.
Golden-cheeked Setophaga
Warbler. chrysoparia.
Golden-crowned Basileuterus
Warbler. culicivorus.
Golden-winged Vermivora
Warbler. chrysoptera.
Grace's Warbler..... Setophaga graciae.
Hermit Warbler...... Setophaga
occidentalis.
Hooded Warbler...... Setophaga citrina.
Kamchatka Leaf Phylloscopus
Warbler. examinandus.
[[Page 75999]]
Kentucky Warbler.... Geothlypis formosa.
Kirtland's Warbler.. Setophaga
kirtlandii.
Lanceolated Warbler. Locustella
lanceolata.
Lucy's Warbler...... Leiothlypis luciae.
MacGillivray's Geothlypis tolmiei.
Warbler.
Magnolia Warbler.... Setophaga magnolia.
Middendorff's Helopsaltes
Grasshopper Warbler. ochotensis.
Mourning Warbler.... Geothlypis
philadelphia.
Nashville Warbler... Leiothlypis
ruficapilla.
Nightingale Reed Acrocephalus
Warbler. luscinius.
Olive Warbler....... Peucedramus
taeniatus.
Orange-crowned Leiothlypis celata.
Warbler.
Pagan Reed Warbler.. Acrocephalus
yamashinae.
Pallas's Grasshopper Helopsaltes
Warbler. certhiola.
Pallas's Leaf Phylloscopus
Warbler. proregulus.
Palm Warbler........ Setophaga palmarum.
Pine Warbler........ Setophaga pinus.
Prairie Warbler..... Setophaga discolor.
Prothonotary Warbler Protonotaria citrea.
Red-faced Warbler... Cardellina
rubrifrons.
River Warbler....... Locustella
fluviatilis.
Rufous-capped Basileuterus
Warbler. rufifrons.
Saipan Reed warbler. Acrocephalus hiwae.
Sedge Warbler....... Acrocephalus
schoenobaenus.
Swainson's Warbler.. Limnothlypis
swainsonii.
Tennessee Warbler... Leiothlypis
peregrina.
Thick-billed Warbler Arundinax aedon.
Townsend's Warbler.. Setophaga townsendi.
Virginia's Warbler.. Leiothlypis
virginiae.
Willow Warbler...... Phylloscopus
trochilus.
Wilson's Warbler.... Cardellina pusilla.
Wood Warbler........ Phylloscopus
sibilatrix.
Worm-eating Warbler. Helmitheros
vermivorum.
Yellow Warbler...... Setophaga petechia.
Yellow-browed Phylloscopus
Warbler. inornatus.
Yellow-rumped Setophaga coronata.
Warbler.
Yellow-throated Setophaga dominica.
Warbler.
Waterthrush................. Louisiana Parkesia motacilla.
Waterthrush.
Northern Waterthrush Parkesia
noveboracensis.
Waxwing..................... Bohemian Waxwing.... Bombycilla garrulus.
Cedar Waxwing....... Bombycilla cedrorum.
Wheatear.................... Northern Wheatear... Oenanthe oenanthe.
Pied Wheatear....... Oenanthe pleschanka.
Whimbrel.................... Whimbrel............ Numenius phaeopus.
Whip-poor-will.............. Eastern Whip-poor- Antrostomus
will. vociferus.
Mexican Whip-poor- Antrostomus
will. arizonae.
Whistling-Duck.............. Black-bellied Dendrocygna
Whistling-Duck. autumnalis.
Fulvous Whistling- Dendrocygna bicolor.
Duck.
West Indian Dendrocygna arborea.
Whistling-Duck.
Whitethroat................. Lesser Whitethroat.. Sylvia curruca.
Wigeon...................... American Wigeon..... Mareca americana.
Eurasian Wigeon..... Mareca penelope.
Willet...................... Willet.............. Tringa semipalmata.
Woodcock.................... American Woodcock... Scolopax minor.
Eurasian Woodcock... Scolopax rusticola.
Woodpecker.................. Acorn Woodpecker.... Melanerpes
formicivorus.
American Three-toed Picoides dorsalis.
Woodpecker.
Arizona Woodpecker.. Dryobates arizonae.
Black-backed Picoides arcticus.
Woodpecker.
Downy Woodpecker.... Dryobates pubescens.
Gila Woodpecker..... Melanerpes
uropygialis.
Golden-fronted Melanerpes
Woodpecker. aurifrons.
Great Spotted Dendrocopos major.
Woodpecker.
Hairy Woodpecker.... Dryobates villosus.
Ivory-billed Campephilus
Woodpecker. principalis.
Ladder-backed Dryobates scalaris.
Woodpecker.
Lewis's Woodpecker.. Melanerpes lewis.
Nuttall's Woodpecker Dryobates nuttallii.
Pileated Woodpecker. Dryocopus pileatus.
Puerto Rican Melanerpes
Woodpecker. portoricensis.
Red-bellied Melanerpes
Woodpecker. carolinus.
[[Page 76000]]
Red-cockaded Dryobates borealis.
Woodpecker.
Red-headed Melanerpes
Woodpecker. erythrocephalus.
White-headed Dryobates
Woodpecker. albolarvatus.
Wood-Pewee.................. Eastern Wood-Pewee.. Contopus virens.
Western Wood-Pewee.. Contopus sordidulus.
Wood-Rail................... Rufous-necked Wood- Aramides axillaris.
Rail.
Woodstar.................... Bahama Woodstar..... Nesophlox evelynae.
Wren........................ Bewick's Wren....... Thryomanes bewickii.
Cactus Wren......... Campylorhynchus
brunneicapillus.
Canyon Wren......... Catherpes mexicanus.
Carolina Wren....... Thryothorus
ludovicianus.
House Wren.......... Troglodytes aedon.
Marsh Wren.......... Cistothorus
palustris.
Pacific Wren........ Troglodytes
pacificus.
Rock Wren........... Salpinctes
obsoletus.
Sedge Wren.......... Cistothorus
stellaris.
Sinaloa Wren........ Thryophilus sinaloa.
Winter Wren......... Troglodytes
hiemalis.
Wrentit..................... Wrentit............. Chamaea fasciata.
Wryneck..................... Eurasian Wryneck.... Jynx torquilla.
Yellowlegs.................. Greater Yellowlegs.. Tringa melanoleuca.
Lesser Yellowlegs... Tringa flavipes.
Yellowthroat................ Common Yellowthroat. Geothlypis trichas.
Gray-crowned Geothlypis
Yellowthroat. poliocephala
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) Taxonomic listing. The table lists species in phylogenetic
sequence by scientific name, with the common (English) name following
the scientific name. To help clarify species relationships, we also
provide the higher-level taxonomic categories of Order, Family, and
Subfamily.
Table 2 to Paragraph (c)--Taxonomic Listing of Birds Protected by the
Migratory Bird Treaty Act
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Species scientific name Species common name
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(i) Order Anseriformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Family Anatidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subfamily Dendrocygninae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dendrocygna autumnalis................. Black-bellied Whistling-Duck.
Dendrocygna arborea.................... West Indian Whistling-Duck.
Dendrocygna bicolor.................... Fulvous Whistling-Duck.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) Subfamily Anserinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Anser canagicus........................ Emperor Goose.
Anser caerulescens..................... Snow Goose.
Anser rossii........................... Ross's Goose.
Anser albifrons........................ Greater White-fronted Goose.
Anser erythropus....................... Lesser White-fronted Goose.
Anser fabalis.......................... Taiga Bean-Goose.
Anser serrirostris..................... Tundra Bean-Goose.
Anser brachyrhynchus................... Pink-footed Goose.
Branta bernicla........................ Brant.
Branta leucopsis....................... Barnacle Goose.
Branta hutchinsii...................... Cackling Goose.
Branta canadensis...................... Canada Goose.
Branta sandvicensis.................... Hawaiian Goose.
Cygnus buccinator...................... Trumpeter Swan.
Cygnus columbianus..................... Tundra Swan.
Cygnus cygnus.......................... Whooper Swan.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(3) Subfamily Anatinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cairina moschata....................... Muscovy Duck.
Aix sponsa............................. Wood Duck.
Sibirionetta formosa................... Baikal Teal.
Spatula querquedula.................... Garganey.
Spatula discors........................ Blue-winged Teal.
[[Page 76001]]
Spatula cyanoptera..................... Cinnamon Teal.
Spatula clypeata....................... Northern Shoveler.
Mareca strepera........................ Gadwall.
Mareca falcata......................... Falcated Duck.
Mareca penelope........................ Eurasian Wigeon.
Mareca americana....................... American Wigeon
Anas laysanensis....................... Laysan Duck.
Anas wyvilliana........................ Hawaiian Duck.
Anas zonorhyncha....................... Eastern Spot-billed Duck.
Anas platyrhynchos..................... Mallard.
Anas diazi............................. Mexican Duck.
Anas rubripes.......................... American Black Duck.
Anas fulvigula......................... Mottled Duck.
Anas superciliosa...................... Pacific Black Duck.
Anas bahamensis........................ White-cheeked Pintail.
Anas acuta............................. Northern Pintail.
Anas crecca............................ Green-winged Teal.
Aythya valisineria..................... Canvasback.
Aythya americana....................... Redhead.
Aythya ferina.......................... Common Pochard.
Aythya baeri........................... Baer's Pochard.
Aythya collaris........................ Ring-necked Duck.
Aythya fuligula........................ Tufted Duck.
Aythya marila.......................... Greater Scaup.
Aythya affinis......................... Lesser Scaup.
Polysticta stelleri.................... Steller's Eider.
Somateria fischeri..................... Spectacled Eider.
Somateria spectabilis.................. King Eider.
Somateria mollissima................... Common Eider.
Histrionicus histrionicus.............. Harlequin Duck.
Melanitta perspicillata................ Surf Scoter.
Melanitta deglandi..................... White-winged Scoter.
Melanitta stejneger.................... Stejneger's Scoter.
Melanitta nigra........................ Common Scoter.
Melanitta americana.................... Black Scoter.
Clangula hyemalis...................... Long-tailed Duck.
Bucephala albeola...................... Bufflehead.
Bucephala clangula..................... Common Goldeneye.
Bucephala islandica.................... Barrow's Goldeneye.
Mergellus albellus..................... Smew.
Lophodytes cucullatus.................. Hooded Merganser.
Mergus merganser....................... Common Merganser.
Mergus serrator........................ Red-breasted Merganser.
Nomonyx dominicus...................... Masked Duck.
Oxyura jamaicensis..................... Ruddy Duck.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(ii) Order Phoenicopteriformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Family Phoenicopteridae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Phoenicopterus ruber................... American Flamingo.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(iii) Order Podicipediformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Family Podicipedidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tachybaptus dominicus.................. Least Grebe.
Podilymbus podiceps.................... Pied-billed Grebe.
Podiceps auritus....................... Horned Grebe.
Podiceps grisegena..................... Red-necked Grebe.
Podiceps nigricollis................... Eared Grebe.
Aechmophorus occidentalis.............. Western Grebe.
Aechmophorus clarkii................... Clark's Grebe.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(iv) Order Columbiformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Family Columbidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Patagioenas squamosa................... Scaly-naped Pigeon.
Patagioenas leucocephala............... White-crowned Pigeon.
Patagioenas flavirostris............... Red-billed Pigeon.
[[Page 76002]]
Patagioenas inornata................... Plain Pigeon.
Patagioenas fasciata................... Band-tailed Pigeon.
Streptopelia orientalis................ Oriental Turtle-Dove.
Alopecoenas stairi..................... Shy Ground Dove.
Alopecoenas xanthonurus................ White-throated Ground Dove.
Columbina inca......................... Inca Dove.
Columbina passerina.................... Common Ground Dove.
Columbina talpacoti.................... Ruddy Ground Dove.
Geotrygon montana...................... Ruddy Quail-Dove.
Geotrygon chrysia...................... Key West Quail-Dove.
Geotrygon mystacea..................... Bridled Quail-Dove.
Leptotila verreauxi.................... White-tipped Dove.
Zenaida asiatica....................... White-winged Dove.
Zenaida aurita......................... Zenaida Dove.
Zenaida macroura....................... Mourning Dove.
Ptilinopus perousii.................... Many-colored Fruit-Dove.
Ptilinopus porphyraceus................ Crimson-crowned Fruit-Dove.
Ptilinopus roseicapilla................ Mariana Fruit-Dove.
Ducula pacifica........................ Pacific Imperial-Pigeon.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(v) Order Cuculiformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Family Cuculidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Subfamily Crotophaginae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Crotophaga ani......................... Smooth-billed Ani.
Crotophaga sulcirostris................ Groove-billed Ani.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) Subfamily Neomorphinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Geococcyx californianus................ Greater Roadrunner.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(3) Subfamily Cuculinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Urodynamis taitensis................... Long-tailed Koel.
Hierococcyx nisicolor.................. Hodgson's Hawk-Cuckoo.
Cuculus canorus........................ Common Cuckoo.
Cuculus optatus........................ Oriental Cuckoo.
Clamator coromandus.................... Chestnut-winged Cuckoo.
Coccyzus melacoryphus.................. Dark-billed Cuckoo.
Coccyzus americanus.................... Yellow-billed Cuckoo.
Coccyzus minor......................... Mangrove Cuckoo.
Coccyzus erythropthalmus............... Black-billed Cuckoo.
Coccyzus vieilloti..................... Puerto Rican Lizard-Cuckoo.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(vi) Order Caprimulgiformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Family Caprimulgidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Subfamily Chordeilinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chordeiles acutipennis................. Lesser Nighthawk.
Chordeiles minor....................... Common Nighthawk.
Chordeiles gundlachii.................. Antillean Nighthawk.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) Subfamily Caprimulginae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nyctidromus albicollis................. Common Pauraque.
Phalaenoptilus nuttallii............... Common Poorwill.
Antrostomus carolinensis............... Chuck-will's-widow.
Antrostomus ridgwayi................... Buff-collared Nightjar.
Antrostomus vociferus.................. Eastern Whip-poor-will.
Antrostomus arizonae................... Mexican Whip-poor-will.
Antrostomus noctitherus................ Puerto Rican Nightjar.
Hydropsalis cayennensis................ White-tailed Nightjar.
Caprimulgus jotaka..................... Gray Nightjar.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 76003]]
(vii) Order Apodiformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(A) Family Apodidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Subfamily Cypseloidinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cypseloides niger...................... Black Swift.
Streptoprocne zonaris.................. White-collared Swift.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) Subfamily Chaeturinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chaetura pelagica...................... Chimney Swift.
Chaetura vauxi......................... Vaux's Swift.
Chaetura brachyura..................... Short-tailed Swift.
Hirundapus caudacutus.................. White-throated Needletail.
Aerodramus spodiopygius................ White-rumped Swiftlet.
Aerodramus bartschi.................... Mariana Swiftlet.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(3) Subfamily Apodinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Apus apus.............................. Common Swift.
Apus pacificus......................... Fork-tailed Swift.
Apus melba............................. Alpine Swift.
Aeronautes saxatalis................... White-throated Swift.
Tachornis phoenicobia.................. Antillean Palm-Swift.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(B) Family Trochilidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subfamily Trochilinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Colibri thalassinus.................... Mexican Violetear.
Anthracothorax prevostii............... Green-breasted Mango.
Anthracothorax aurulentus.............. Puerto Rican Mango.
Anthracothorax viridis................. Green Mango.
Eulampis jugularis..................... Purple-throated Carib.
Eulampis holosericeus.................. Green-throated Carib.
Eugenes fulgens........................ Rivoli's Hummingbird.
Heliomaster constantii................. Plain-capped Starthroat.
Lampornis amethystinus................. Amethyst-throated Mountain-gem.
Lampornis clemenciae................... Blue-throated Mountain-gem.
Calothorax lucifer..................... Lucifer Hummingbird.
Archilochus colubris................... Ruby-throated Hummingbird.
Archilochus alexandri.................. Black-chinned Hummingbird.
Mellisuga minima....................... Vervain Hummingbird.
Nesophlox evelynae..................... Bahama Woodstar.
Calypte anna........................... Anna's Hummingbird.
Calypte costae......................... Costa's Hummingbird.
Selasphorus calliope................... Calliope Hummingbird.
Selasphorus rufus...................... Rufous Hummingbird.
Selasphorus sasin...................... Allen's Hummingbird.
Selasphorus platycercus................ Broad-tailed Hummingbird.
Selasphorus heloisa.................... Bumblebee Hummingbird.
Riccordia maugaeus..................... Puerto Rican Emerald.
Cynanthus latirostris.................. Broad-billed Hummingbird.
Basilinna leucotis..................... White-eared Hummingbird.
Basilinna xantusii..................... Xantus's Hummingbird.
Orthorhyncus cristatus................. Antillean Crested Hummingbird.
Ramosomyia violiceps................... Violet-crowned Hummingbird.
Saucerottia beryllina.................. Berylline Hummingbird.
Amazilia rutila........................ Cinnamon Hummingbird.
Amazilia yucatanensis.................. Buff-bellied Hummingbird.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(viii) Order Gruiformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(A) Family Rallidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gallirallus philippensis............... Buff-banded Rail.
Gallirallus owstoni.................... Guam Rail.
Neocrex erythrops...................... Paint-billed Crake.
Pardirallus maculatus.................. Spotted Rail.
Aramides axillaris..................... Rufous-necked Wood-Rail.
Rallus obsoletus....................... Ridgway's Rail.
[[Page 76004]]
Rallus elegans......................... King Rail.
Rallus crepitans....................... Clapper Rail.
Rallus limicola........................ Virginia Rail.
Crex crex.............................. Corn Crake.
Porzana carolina....................... Sora.
Gallinula galeata...................... Common Gallinule.
Gallinula chloropus.................... Eurasian Moorhen.
Fulica atra............................ Eurasian Coot.
Fulica alai............................ Hawaiian Coot.
Fulica americana....................... American Coot.
Porphyrio martinicus................... Purple Gallinule.
Porphyrio flavirostris................. Azure Gallinule.
Porphyrio porphyrio.................... Purple Swamphen.
Porzana tabuensis...................... Spotless Crake.
Coturnicops noveboracensis............. Yellow Rail.
Hapalocrex flaviventer................. Yellow-breasted Crake.
Laterallus jamaicensis................. Black Rail.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(B) Family Aramidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Aramus guarauna........................ Limpkin.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(C) Family Gruidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subfamily Gruinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Antigone canadensis.................... Sandhill Crane.
Grus grus.............................. Common Crane.
Grus monacha........................... Hooded Crane.
Grus americana......................... Whooping Crane.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(ix) Order Charadriiformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(A) Family Recurvirostridae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Himantopus himantopus.................. Black-winged Stilt.
Himantopus mexicanus................... Black-necked Stilt.
Recurvirostra americana................ American Avocet.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(B) Family Haematopodidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Haematopus ostralegus.................. Eurasian Oystercatcher.
Haematopus palliatus................... American Oystercatcher.
Haematopus bachmani.................... Black Oystercatcher.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(C) Family Charadriidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Subfamily Vanellinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vanellus vanellus...................... Northern Lapwing.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) Subfamily Charadriinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pluvialis squatarola................... Black-bellied Plover.
Pluvialis apricaria.................... European Golden-Plover.
Pluvialis dominica..................... American Golden-Plover.
Pluvialis fulva........................ Pacific Golden-Plover.
Charadrius morinellus.................. Eurasian Dotterel.
Charadrius vociferus................... Killdeer.
Charadrius hiaticula................... Common Ringed Plover.
Charadrius semipalmatus................ Semipalmated Plover.
Charadrius melodus..................... Piping Plover.
Charadrius dubius...................... Little Ringed Plover.
Charadrius mongolus.................... Lesser Sand-Plover.
Charadrius leschenaultii............... Greater Sand-Plover.
Charadrius wilsonia.................... Wilson's Plover.
Charadrius collaris.................... Collared Plover.
Charadrius alexandrinus................ Kentish Plover.
Charadrius montanus.................... Mountain Plover.
Charadrius nivosus..................... Snowy Plover.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 76005]]
(D) Family Jacanidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Jacana spinosa......................... Northern Jacana.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(E) Family Scolopacidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Subfamily Numeniinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bartramia longicauda................... Upland Sandpiper.
Numenius tahitiensis................... Bristle-thighed Curlew.
Numenius phaeopus...................... Whimbrel.
Numenius minutus....................... Little Curlew.
Numenius borealis...................... Eskimo Curlew.
Numenius americanus.................... Long-billed Curlew.
Numenius madagascariensis.............. Far Eastern Curlew.
Numenius arquata....................... Eurasian Curlew.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) Subfamily Limosinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Limosa lapponica....................... Bar-tailed Godwit.
Limosa limosa.......................... Black-tailed Godwit.
Limosa haemastica...................... Hudsonian Godwit.
Limosa fedoa........................... Marbled Godwit.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(3) Subfamily Arenariinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Arenaria interpres..................... Ruddy Turnstone.
Arenaria melanocephala................. Black Turnstone.
Calidris tenuirostris.................. Great Knot.
Calidris canutus....................... Red Knot.
Calidris virgata....................... Surfbird.
Calidris pugnax........................ Ruff.
Calidris falcinellus................... Broad-billed Sandpiper.
Calidris acuminata..................... Sharp-tailed Sandpiper.
Calidris himantopus.................... Stilt Sandpiper.
Calidris ferruginea.................... Curlew Sandpiper.
Calidris temminckii.................... Temminck's Stint.
Calidris subminuta..................... Long-toed Stint.
Calidris pygmea........................ Spoon-billed Sandpiper.
Calidris ruficollis.................... Red-necked Stint.
Calidris alba.......................... Sanderling.
Calidris alpina........................ Dunlin.
Calidris ptilocnemis................... Rock Sandpiper.
Calidris maritima...................... Purple Sandpiper.
Calidris bairdii....................... Baird's Sandpiper.
Calidris minuta........................ Little Stint.
Calidris minutilla..................... Least Sandpiper.
Calidris fuscicollis................... White-rumped Sandpiper.
Calidris subruficollis................. Buff-breasted Sandpiper.
Calidris melanotos..................... Pectoral Sandpiper.
Calidris pusilla....................... Semipalmated Sandpiper.
Calidris mauri......................... Western Sandpiper.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(4) Subfamily Scolopacinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Limnodromus griseus.................... Short-billed Dowitcher.
Limnodromus scolopaceus................ Long-billed Dowitcher.
Lymnocryptes minimus................... Jack Snipe.
Scolopax rusticola..................... Eurasian Woodcock.
Scolopax minor......................... American Woodcock.
Gallinago solitaria.................... Solitary Snipe.
Gallinago stenura...................... Pin-tailed Snipe.
Gallinago megala....................... Swinhoe's Snipe.
Gallinago gallinago.................... Common Snipe.
Gallinago delicata..................... Wilson's Snipe.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(5) Subfamily Tringinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Xenus cinereus......................... Terek Sandpiper.
Actitis hypoleucos..................... Common Sandpiper.
Actitis macularius..................... Spotted Sandpiper.
Tringa ochropus........................ Green Sandpiper.
[[Page 76006]]
Tringa solitaria....................... Solitary Sandpiper.
Tringa brevipes........................ Gray-tailed Tattler.
Tringa incana.......................... Wandering Tattler.
Tringa flavipes........................ Lesser Yellowlegs.
Tringa semipalmata..................... Willet.
Tringa erythropus...................... Spotted Redshank.
Tringa nebularia....................... Common Greenshank.
Tringa guttifer........................ Nordmann's Greenshank.
Tringa melanoleuca..................... Greater Yellowlegs.
Tringa totanus......................... Common Redshank.
Tringa glareola........................ Wood Sandpiper.
Tringa stagnatilis..................... Marsh Sandpiper.
Phalaropus tricolor.................... Wilson's Phalarope.
Phalaropus lobatus..................... Red-necked Phalarope.
Phalaropus fulicarius.................. Red Phalarope.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(F) Family Stercorariidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Stercorarius skua...................... Great Skua.
Stercorarius maccormicki............... South Polar Skua.
Stercorarius pomarinus................. Pomarine Jaeger.
Stercorarius parasiticus............... Parasitic Jaeger.
Stercorarius longicaudus............... Long-tailed Jaeger.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(G) Family Alcidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alle alle.............................. Dovekie.
Uria aalge............................. Common Murre.
Uria lomvia............................ Thick-billed Murre.
Alca torda............................. Razorbill.
Cepphus grylle......................... Black Guillemot.
Cepphus columba........................ Pigeon Guillemot.
Brachyramphus perdix................... Long-billed Murrelet.
Brachyramphus marmoratus............... Marbled Murrelet.
Brachyramphus brevirostris............. Kittlitz's Murrelet.
Synthliboramphus scrippsi.............. Scripps's Murrelet.
Synthliboramphus hypoleucus............ Guadalupe Murrelet.
Synthliboramphus craveri............... Craveri's Murrelet.
Synthliboramphus antiquus.............. Ancient Murrelet.
Ptychoramphus aleuticus................ Cassin's Auklet.
Aethia psittacula...................... Parakeet Auklet.
Aethia pusilla......................... Least Auklet.
Aethia pygmaea......................... Whiskered Auklet.
Aethia cristatella..................... Crested Auklet.
Cerorhinca monocerata.................. Rhinoceros Auklet.
Fratercula arctica..................... Atlantic Puffin.
Fratercula corniculata................. Horned Puffin.
Fratercula cirrhata.................... Tufted Puffin.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(H) Family Laridae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Subfamily Larinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Creagrus furcatus...................... Swallow-tailed Gull.
Rissa tridactyla....................... Black-legged Kittiwake.
Rissa brevirostris..................... Red-legged Kittiwake.
Pagophila eburnea...................... Ivory Gull.
Xema sabini............................ Sabine's Gull.
Chroicocephalus philadelphia........... Bonaparte's Gull.
Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus.......... Gray-hooded Gull.
Chroicocephalus ridibundus............. Black-headed Gull.
Hydrocoloeus minutus................... Little Gull.
Rhodostethia rosea..................... Ross's Gull.
Leucophaeus atricilla.................. Laughing Gull.
Leucophaeus pipixcan................... Franklin's Gull.
Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus................ Pallas's Gull.
Larus belcheri......................... Belcher's Gull.
Larus crassirostris.................... Black-tailed Gull.
Larus heermanni........................ Heermann's Gull.
Larus canus............................ Common Gull.
Larus brachyrhynchus................... Short-billed Gull.
[[Page 76007]]
Larus delawarensis..................... Ring-billed Gull.
Larus occidentalis..................... Western Gull.
Larus livens........................... Yellow-footed Gull.
Larus californicus..................... California Gull.
Larus argentatus....................... Herring Gull.
Larus michahellis...................... Yellow-legged Gull.
Larus glaucoides....................... Iceland Gull.
Larus fuscus........................... Lesser Black-backed Gull.
Larus schistisagus..................... Slaty-backed Gull.
Larus glaucescens...................... Glaucous-winged Gull.
Larus hyperboreus...................... Glaucous Gull.
Larus marinus.......................... Great Black-backed Gull.
Larus dominicanus...................... Kelp Gull.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) Subfamily Sterninae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Anous stolidus......................... Brown Noddy.
Anous minutus.......................... Black Noddy.
Anous ceruleus......................... Blue-gray Noddy.
Gygis alba............................. White Tern.
Onychoprion fuscatus................... Sooty Tern.
Onychoprion lunatus.................... Gray-backed Tern.
Onychoprion anaethetus................. Bridled Tern.
Onychoprion aleuticus.................. Aleutian Tern.
Sternula albifrons..................... Little Tern.
Sternula antillarum.................... Least Tern.
Phaetusa simplex....................... Large-billed Tern.
Gelochelidon nilotica.................. Gull-billed Tern.
Hydroprogne caspia..................... Caspian Tern.
Larosterna inca........................ Inca Tern.
Chlidonias niger....................... Black Tern.
Chlidonias leucopterus................. White-winged Tern.
Chlidonias hybrida..................... Whiskered Tern.
Sterna dougallii....................... Roseate Tern.
Sterna sumatrana....................... Black-naped Tern.
Sterna hirundo......................... Common Tern.
Sterna paradisaea...................... Arctic Tern.
Sterna forsteri........................ Forster's Tern.
Thalasseus maximus..................... Royal Tern.
Thalasseus bergii...................... Great Crested Tern.
Thalasseus sandvicensis................ Sandwich Tern.
Thalasseus elegans..................... Elegant Tern.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(3) Subfamily Rynchopinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rynchops niger......................... Black Skimmer.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(x) Order Phaethontiformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Family Phaethontidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Phaethon lepturus...................... White-tailed Tropicbird.
Phaethon aethereus..................... Red-billed Tropicbird.
Phaethon rubricauda.................... Red-tailed Tropicbird.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(xi) Order Gaviiformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Family Gaviidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gavia stellata......................... Red-throated Loon.
Gavia arctica.......................... Arctic Loon.
Gavia pacifica......................... Pacific Loon.
Gavia immer............................ Common Loon.
Gavia adamsii.......................... Yellow-billed Loon.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(xii) Order Procellariiformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(A) Family Diomedeidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Thalassarche chlororhynchos............ Yellow-nosed Albatross.
Thalassarche cauta..................... White-capped Albatross.
Thalassarche eremita................... Chatham Albatross.
[[Page 76008]]
Thalassarche salvini................... Salvin's Albatross.
Thalassarche melanophris............... Black-browed Albatross.
Phoebetria palpebrata.................. Light-mantled Albatross.
Diomedea exulans....................... Wandering Albatross.
Phoebastria immutabilis................ Laysan Albatross.
Phoebastria nigripes................... Black-footed Albatross.
Phoebastria albatrus................... Short-tailed Albatross.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(B) Family Oceanitidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oceanites oceanicus.................... Wilson's Storm-Petrel.
Pelagodroma marina..................... White-faced Storm-Petrel.
Fregetta grallaria..................... White-bellied Storm-Petrel.
Fregetta tropica....................... Black-bellied Storm-Petrel.
Nesofregetta fuliginosa................ Polynesian Storm-Petrel.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(C) Family Hydrobatidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hydrobates pelagicus................... European Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates furcatus.................... Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates hornbyi..................... Ringed Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates monorhis.................... Swinhoe's Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates leucorhous.................. Leach's Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates socorroensis................ Townsend's Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates homochroa................... Ashy Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates castro...................... Band-rumped Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates tethys...................... Wedge-rumped Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates melania..................... Black Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates matsudairae................. Matsudaira's Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates tristrami................... Tristram's Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates microsoma................... Least Storm-Petrel.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(D) Family Procellariidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Macronectes halli...................... Northern Giant-Petrel.
Fulmarus glacialis..................... Northern Fulmar.
Pterodroma gouldi...................... Gray-faced Petrel.
Pterodroma solandri.................... Providence Petrel.
Pterodroma neglecta.................... Kermadec Petrel.
Pterodroma arminjoniana................ Trindade Petrel.
Pterodroma heraldica................... Herald Petrel.
Pterodroma ultima...................... Murphy's Petrel.
Pterodroma inexpectata................. Mottled Petrel.
Pterodroma cahow....................... Bermuda Petrel.
Pterodroma hasitata.................... Black-capped Petrel.
Pterodroma externa..................... Juan Fernandez Petrel.
Pterodroma sandwichensis............... Hawaiian Petrel.
Pterodroma cervicalis.................. White-necked Petrel.
Pterodroma hypoleuca................... Bonin Petrel.
Pterodroma nigripennis................. Black-winged Petrel.
Pterodroma feae........................ Fea's Petrel.
Pterodroma madeira..................... Zino's Petrel.
Pterodroma cookii...................... Cook's Petrel.
Pterodroma leucoptera.................. Gould's Petrel.
Pterodroma longirostris................ Stejneger's Petrel.
Pterodroma alba........................ Phoenix Petrel.
Pseudobulweria rostrata................ Tahiti Petrel.
Bulweria bulwerii...................... Bulwer's Petrel.
Bulweria fallax........................ Jouanin's Petrel.
Procellaria aequinoctialis............. White-chinned Petrel.
Procellaria parkinsoni................. Parkinson's Petrel.
Calonectris leucomelas................. Streaked Shearwater.
Calonectris diomedea................... Cory's Shearwater.
Calonectris edwardsii.................. Cape Verde Shearwater.
Ardenna pacifica....................... Wedge-tailed Shearwater.
Ardenna bulleri........................ Buller's Shearwater.
Ardenna tenuirostris................... Short-tailed Shearwater.
Ardenna grisea......................... Sooty Shearwater.
Ardenna gravis......................... Great Shearwater.
Ardenna creatopus...................... Pink-footed Shearwater.
Ardenna carneipes...................... Flesh-footed Shearwater.
[[Page 76009]]
Puffinus nativitatis................... Christmas Shearwater.
Puffinus puffinus...................... Manx Shearwater.
Puffinus newelli....................... Newell's Shearwater.
Puffinus bryani........................ Bryan's Shearwater.
Puffinus opisthomelas.................. Black-vented Shearwater.
Puffinus lherminieri................... Audubon's Shearwater.
Puffinus baroli........................ Barolo Shearwater.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(xiii) Order Ciconiiformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Family Ciconiidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Jabiru mycteria........................ Jabiru.
Mycteria americana..................... Wood Stork.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(xiv) Order Suliformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(A) Family Fregatidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fregata ariel.......................... Lesser Frigatebird.
Fregata magnificens.................... Magnificent Frigatebird.
Fregata minor.......................... Great Frigatebird.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(B) Family Sulidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sula dactylatra........................ Masked Booby.
Sula granti............................ Nazca Booby.
Sula nebouxii.......................... Blue-footed Booby.
Sula leucogaster....................... Brown Booby.
Sula sula.............................. Red-footed Booby.
Papasula abbotti....................... Abbott's Booby.
Morus bassanus......................... Northern Gannet.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(C) Family Anhingidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Anhinga anhinga........................ Anhinga.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(D) Family Phalacrocoracidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Microcarbo melanoleucos................ Little Pied Cormorant.
Urile penicillatus..................... Brandt's Cormorant.
Urile urile............................ Red-faced Cormorant.
Urile pelagicus........................ Pelagic Cormorant.
Phalacrocorax carbo.................... Great Cormorant.
Nannopterum auritum.................... Double-crested Cormorant.
Nannopterum brasilianum................ Neotropic Cormorant.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(xv) Order Pelecaniformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(A) Family Pelecanidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pelecanus erythrorhynchos.............. American White Pelican.
Pelecanus occidentalis................. Brown Pelican.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(B) Family Ardeidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Botaurus lentiginosus.................. American Bittern.
Ixobrychus sinensis.................... Yellow Bittern.
Ixobrychus exilis...................... Least Bittern.
Ixobrychus eurhythmus.................. Schrenck's Bittern.
Ixobrychus flavicollis................. Black Bittern.
Tigrisoma mexicanum.................... Bare-throated Tiger-Heron.
Ardea herodias......................... Great Blue Heron.
Ardea cinerea.......................... Gray Heron.
Ardea alba............................. Great Egret.
Ardea intermedia....................... Intermediate Egret.
Egretta eulophotes..................... Chinese Egret.
Egretta garzetta....................... Little Egret.
Egretta sacra.......................... Pacific Reef-Heron.
Egretta gularis........................ Western Reef-Heron.
Egretta thula.......................... Snowy Egret.
Egretta caerulea....................... Little Blue Heron.
[[Page 76010]]
Egretta tricolor....................... Tricolored Heron.
Egretta rufescens...................... Reddish Egret.
Bubulcus ibis.......................... Cattle Egret.
Ardeola bacchus........................ Chinese Pond-Heron.
Butorides virescens.................... Green Heron.
Nycticorax nycticorax.................. Black-crowned Night-Heron.
Nycticorax caledonicus................. Nankeen Night-Heron.
Nyctanassa violacea.................... Yellow-crowned Night-Heron.
Gorsachius goisagi..................... Japanese Night-Heron.
Gorsachius melanolophus................ Malayan Night-Heron.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(C) Family Threskiornithidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Subfamily Threskiornithinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Eudocimus albus........................ White Ibis.
Eudocimus ruber........................ Scarlet Ibis.
Plegadis falcinellus................... Glossy Ibis.
Plegadis chihi......................... White-faced Ibis.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) Subfamily Plataleinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Platalea ajaja......................... Roseate Spoonbill.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(xvi) Order Carthartiformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Family Cathartidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gymnogyps californianus................ California Condor.
Coragyps atratus....................... Black Vulture.
Cathartes aura......................... Turkey Vulture.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(xvii) Order Accipitriformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(A) Family Pandionidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pandion haliaetus...................... Osprey.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(B) Family Accipitridae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Subfamily Elaninae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Elanus leucurus........................ White-tailed Kite.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) Subfamily Gypaetinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chondrohierax uncinatus................ Hook-billed Kite.
Elanoides forficatus................... Swallow-tailed Kite.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(3) Subfamily Accipitrinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Aquila chrysaetos...................... Golden Eagle.
Harpagus bidentatus.................... Double-toothed Kite.
Circus hudsonius....................... Northern Harrier.
Circus spilonotus...................... Eastern Marsh-Harrier.
Accipiter soloensis.................... Chinese Sparrowhawk.
Accipiter gularis...................... Japanese Sparrowhawk.
Accipiter striatus..................... Sharp-shinned Hawk.
Accipiter cooperii..................... Cooper's Hawk.
Accipiter gentilis..................... Northern Goshawk.
Milvus migrans......................... Black Kite.
Haliaeetus leucocephalus............... Bald Eagle.
Haliaeetus albicilla................... White-tailed Eagle.
Haliaeetus pelagicus................... Steller's Sea-Eagle.
Ictinia mississippiensis............... Mississippi Kite.
Butastur indicus....................... Gray-faced Buzzard.
Geranospiza caerulescens............... Crane Hawk.
Rostrhamus sociabilis.................. Snail Kite.
Buteogallus anthracinus................ Common Black Hawk.
Buteogallus urubitinga................. Great Black Hawk.
Rupornis magnirostris.................. Roadside Hawk.
Parabuteo unicinctus................... Harris's Hawk.
[[Page 76011]]
Geranoaetus albicaudatus............... White-tailed Hawk.
Buteo plagiatus........................ Gray Hawk.
Buteo lineatus......................... Red-shouldered Hawk.
Buteo platypterus...................... Broad-winged Hawk.
Buteo solitarius....................... Hawaiian Hawk.
Buteo brachyurus....................... Short-tailed Hawk.
Buteo swainsoni........................ Swainson's Hawk.
Buteo albonotatus...................... Zone-tailed Hawk.
Buteo jamaicensis...................... Red-tailed Hawk.
Buteo lagopus.......................... Rough-legged Hawk.
Buteo regalis.......................... Ferruginous Hawk.
Buteo rufinus.......................... Long-legged Buzzard.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(xviii) Order Strigiformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(A) Family Tytonidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tyto alba.............................. Barn Owl.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(B) Family Strigidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Otus sunia............................. Oriental Scops-Owl.
Psiloscops flammeolus.................. Flammulated Owl.
Gymnasio nudipes....................... Puerto Rican Owl.
Megascops trichopsis................... Whiskered Screech-Owl.
Megascops kennicottii.................. Western Screech-Owl.
Megascops asio......................... Eastern Screech-Owl.
Bubo virginianus....................... Great Horned Owl.
Bubo scandiacus........................ Snowy Owl.
Surnia ulula........................... Northern Hawk Owl.
Glaucidium gnoma....................... Northern Pygmy-Owl.
Glaucidium brasilianum................. Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl.
Micrathene whitneyi.................... Elf Owl.
Athene cunicularia..................... Burrowing Owl.
Strix occidentalis..................... Spotted Owl.
Strix varia............................ Barred Owl.
Strix virgata.......................... Mottled Owl.
Strix nebulosa......................... Great Gray Owl.
Asio otus.............................. Long-eared Owl.
Asio stygius........................... Stygian Owl.
Asio flammeus.......................... Short-eared Owl.
Aegolius funereus...................... Boreal Owl.
Aegolius acadicus...................... Northern Saw-whet Owl.
Ninox japonica......................... Northern Boobook.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(xix) Order Trogoniformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Family Trogonidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subfamily Trogoninae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Trogon elegans......................... Elegant Trogon.
Euptilotis neoxenus.................... Eared Quetzal.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(xx) Order Upupiformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Family Upupidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Upupa epops............................ Eurasian Hoopoe.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(xxi) Order Coraciiformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Family Alcedinidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Subfamily Alcedininae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alcedo atthis.......................... Common Kingfisher.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) Subfamily Halcyoninae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Todiramphus sacer...................... Pacific Kingfisher.
Todiramphus cinnamominus............... Guam Kingfisher.
[[Page 76012]]
Todiramphus albicilla.................. Mariana Kingfisher.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(3) Subfamily Cerylinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Megaceryle torquata.................... Ringed Kingfisher.
Megaceryle alcyon...................... Belted Kingfisher.
Chloroceryle amazona................... Amazon Kingfisher.
Chloroceryle americana................. Green Kingfisher.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(xxii) Order Piciformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Family Picidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Subfamily Jynginae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Jynx torquilla......................... Eurasian Wryneck.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) Subfamily Picinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Melanerpes lewis....................... Lewis's Woodpecker.
Melanerpes portoricensis............... Puerto Rican Woodpecker.
Melanerpes erythrocephalus............. Red-headed Woodpecker.
Melanerpes formicivorus................ Acorn Woodpecker.
Melanerpes uropygialis................. Gila Woodpecker.
Melanerpes aurifrons................... Golden-fronted Woodpecker.
Melanerpes carolinus................... Red-bellied Woodpecker.
Sphyrapicus thyroideus................. Williamson's Sapsucker.
Sphyrapicus varius..................... Yellow-bellied Sapsucker.
Sphyrapicus nuchalis................... Red-naped Sapsucker.
Sphyrapicus ruber...................... Red-breasted Sapsucker.
Picoides dorsalis...................... American Three-toed Woodpecker.
Picoides arcticus...................... Black-backed Woodpecker.
Dendrocopos major...................... Great Spotted Woodpecker.
Dryobates pubescens.................... Downy Woodpecker.
Dryobates nuttallii.................... Nuttall's Woodpecker.
Dryobates scalaris..................... Ladder-backed Woodpecker.
Dryobates borealis..................... Red-cockaded Woodpecker.
Dryobates villosus..................... Hairy Woodpecker.
Dryobates albolarvatus................. White-headed Woodpecker.
Dryobates arizonae..................... Arizona Woodpecker.
Colaptes auratus....................... Northern Flicker.
Colaptes chrysoides.................... Gilded Flicker.
Dryocopus pileatus..................... Pileated Woodpecker.
Campephilus principalis................ Ivory-billed Woodpecker.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(xxiii) Order Falconiformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Family Falconidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Subfamily Herpetotherinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Micrastur semitorquatus................ Collared Forest-Falcon.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) Subfamily Falconinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Caracara plancus....................... Crested Caracara.
Falco tinnunculus...................... Eurasian Kestrel.
Falco sparverius....................... American Kestrel.
Falco vespertinus...................... Red-footed Falcon.
Falco amurensis........................ Amur Falcon.
Falco columbarius...................... Merlin.
Falco subbuteo......................... Eurasian Hobby.
Falco femoralis........................ Aplomado Falcon.
Falco rusticolus....................... Gyrfalcon.
Falco peregrinus....................... Peregrine Falcon.
Falco mexicanus........................ Prairie Falcon.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(xxiv) Order Passeriformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(A) Family Tityridae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tityra semifasciata.................... Masked Tityra.
[[Page 76013]]
Pachyramphus major..................... Gray-collared Becard.
Pachyramphus aglaiae................... Rose-throated Becard.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(B) Family Tyrannidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Subfamily Elaeniinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Camptostoma imberbe.................... Northern Beardless-Tyrannulet.
Myiopagis viridicata................... Greenish Elaenia.
Elaenia martinica...................... Caribbean Elaenia.
Elaenia albiceps....................... White-crested Elaenia.
Elaenia parvirostris................... Small-billed Elaenia.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) Subfamily Tyranninae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Myiarchus tuberculifer................. Dusky-capped Flycatcher.
Myiarchus cinerascens.................. Ash-throated Flycatcher.
Myiarchus nuttingi..................... Nutting's Flycatcher.
Myiarchus crinitus..................... Great Crested Flycatcher.
Myiarchus tyrannulus................... Brown-crested Flycatcher.
Myiarchus sagrae....................... La Sagra's Flycatcher.
Myiarchus antillarum................... Puerto Rican Flycatcher.
Pitangus sulphuratus................... Great Kiskadee.
Myiozetetes similis.................... Social Flycatcher.
Myiodynastes luteiventris.............. Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher.
Legatus leucophaius.................... Piratic Flycatcher.
Empidonomus varius..................... Variegated Flycatcher.
Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus...... Crowned Slaty Flycatcher.
Tyrannus melancholicus................. Tropical Kingbird.
Tyrannus couchii....................... Couch's Kingbird.
Tyrannus vociferans.................... Cassin's Kingbird.
Tyrannus crassirostris................. Thick-billed Kingbird.
Tyrannus verticalis.................... Western Kingbird.
Tyrannus tyrannus...................... Eastern Kingbird.
Tyrannus dominicensis.................. Gray Kingbird.
Tyrannus caudifasciatus................ Loggerhead Kingbird.
Tyrannus forficatus.................... Scissor-tailed Flycatcher.
Tyrannus savana........................ Fork-tailed Flycatcher.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(3) Subfamily Fluvicolinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mitrephanes phaeocercus................ Tufted Flycatcher.
Contopus cooperi....................... Olive-sided Flycatcher.
Contopus pertinax...................... Greater Pewee.
Contopus sordidulus.................... Western Wood-Pewee.
Contopus virens........................ Eastern Wood-Pewee.
Contopus caribaeus..................... Cuban Pewee.
Contopus hispaniolensis................ Hispaniolan Pewee.
Contopus latirostris................... Lesser Antillean Pewee.
Empidonax flaviventris................. Yellow-bellied Flycatcher
Empidonax virescens.................... Acadian Flycatcher.
Empidonax alnorum...................... Alder Flycatcher.
Empidonax traillii..................... Willow Flycatcher.
Empidonax minimus...................... Least Flycatcher.
Empidonax hammondii.................... Hammond's Flycatcher.
Empidonax wrightii..................... Gray Flycatcher.
Empidonax oberholseri.................. Dusky Flycatcher.
Empidonax affinis...................... Pine Flycatcher.
Empidonax difficilis................... Pacific-slope Flycatcher.
Empidonax occidentalis................. Cordilleran Flycatcher.
Empidonax fulvifrons................... Buff-breasted Flycatcher.
Sayornis nigricans..................... Black Phoebe.
Sayornis phoebe........................ Eastern Phoebe.
Sayornis saya.......................... Say's Phoebe.
Pyrocephalus rubinus................... Vermilion Flycatcher.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(C) Family Vireonidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vireo atricapilla...................... Black-capped Vireo.
Vireo griseus.......................... White-eyed Vireo.
Vireo crassirostris.................... Thick-billed Vireo.
[[Page 76014]]
Vireo gundlachii....................... Cuban Vireo.
Vireo latimeri......................... Puerto Rican Vireo.
Vireo bellii........................... Bell's Vireo.
Vireo vicinior......................... Gray Vireo.
Vireo huttoni.......................... Hutton's Vireo.
Vireo flavifrons....................... Yellow-throated Vireo.
Vireo cassinii......................... Cassin's Vireo.
Vireo solitarius....................... Blue-headed Vireo.
Vireo plumbeus......................... Plumbeous Vireo.
Vireo philadelphicus................... Philadelphia Vireo.
Vireo gilvus........................... Warbling Vireo.
Vireo olivaceus........................ Red-eyed Vireo.
Vireo flavoviridis..................... Yellow-green Vireo.
Vireo altiloquus....................... Black-whiskered Vireo.
Vireo magister......................... Yucatan Vireo.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(D) Family Laniidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lanius cristatus....................... Brown Shrike.
Lanius ludovicianus.................... Loggerhead Shrike.
Lanius borealis........................ Northern Shrike.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(E) Family Corvidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Perisoreus canadensis.................. Canada Jay.
Psilorhinus morio...................... Brown Jay.
Cyanocorax yncas....................... Green Jay.
Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus.............. Pinyon Jay.
Cyanocitta stelleri.................... Steller's Jay.
Cyanocitta cristata.................... Blue Jay.
Aphelocoma coerulescens................ Florida Scrub-Jay.
Aphelocoma insularis................... Island Scrub-Jay.
Aphelocoma californica................. California Scrub-Jay.
Aphelocoma woodhouseii................. Woodhouse's Scrub-Jay.
Aphelocoma wollweberi.................. Mexican Jay.
Nucifraga columbiana................... Clark's Nutcracker.
Pica hudsonia.......................... Black-billed Magpie.
Pica nuttalli.......................... Yellow-billed Magpie.
Corvus monedula........................ Eurasian Jackdaw.
Corvus kubaryi......................... Mariana Crow.
Corvus brachyrhynchos.................. American Crow.
Corvus leucognaphalus.................. White-necked Crow.
Corvus imparatus....................... Tamaulipas Crow.
Corvus ossifragus...................... Fish Crow.
Corvus hawaiiensis..................... Hawaiian Crow.
Corvus cryptoleucus.................... Chihuahuan Raven.
Corvus corax........................... Common Raven.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(F) Family Remizidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Auriparus flaviceps.................... Verdin.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(G) Family Paridae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Poecile carolinensis................... Carolina Chickadee.
Poecile atricapillus................... Black-capped Chickadee.
Poecile gambeli........................ Mountain Chickadee.
Poecile sclateri....................... Mexican Chickadee.
Poecile rufescens...................... Chestnut-backed Chickadee.
Poecile hudsonicus..................... Boreal Chickadee.
Poecile cinctus........................ Gray-headed Chickadee.
Baeolophus wollweberi.................. Bridled Titmouse.
Baeolophus inornatus................... Oak Titmouse.
Baeolophus ridgwayi.................... Juniper Titmouse.
Baeolophus bicolor..................... Tufted Titmouse.
Baeolophus atricristatus............... Black-crested Titmouse.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(H) Family Alaudidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alauda arvensis........................ Eurasian Skylark.
Eremophila alpestris................... Horned Lark.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 76015]]
(I) Family Acrocephalidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Arundinax aedon........................ Thick-billed Warbler.
Acrocephalus luscinius................. Nightingale Reed Warbler.
Acrocephalus hiwae..................... Saipan Reed Warbler.
Acrocephalus nijoi..................... Aguiguan Reed Warbler.
Acrocephalus yamashinae................ Pagan Reed Warbler.
Acrocephalus familiaris................ Millerbird.
Acrocephalus schoenobaenus............. Sedge Warbler.
Acrocephalus dumetorum................. Blyth's Reed Warbler.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(J) Family Locustellidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Helopsaltes certhiola.................. Pallas's Grasshopper Warbler.
Helopsaltes ochotensis................. Middendorff's Grasshopper
Warbler.
Locustella lanceolata.................. Lanceolated Warbler.
Locustella fluviatilis................. River Warbler.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(K) Family Hirundinidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subfamily Hirundininae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Riparia riparia........................ Bank Swallow.
Tachycineta bicolor.................... Tree Swallow.
Tachycineta cyaneoviridis.............. Bahama Swallow.
Tachycineta thalassina................. Violet-green Swallow.
Tachycineta albilinea.................. Mangrove Swallow.
Pygochelidon cyanoleuca................ Blue-and-white Swallow.
Stelgidopteryx serripennis............. Northern Rough-winged Swallow.
Progne tapera.......................... Brown-chested Martin.
Progne subis........................... Purple Martin.
Progne elegans......................... Southern Martin.
Progne chalybea........................ Gray-breasted Martin.
Progne cryptoleuca..................... Cuban Martin.
Progne dominicensis.................... Caribbean Martin.
Hirundo rustica........................ Barn Swallow.
Delichon urbicum....................... Common House-Martin.
Petrochelidon pyrrhonota............... Cliff Swallow.
Petrochelidon fulva.................... Cave Swallow.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(L) Family Aegithalidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Psaltriparus minimus................... Bushtit.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(M) Family Phylloscopidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Phylloscopus trochilus................. Willow Warbler.
Phylloscopus collybita................. Common Chiffchaff.
Phylloscopus sibilatrix................ Wood Warbler.
Phylloscopus fuscatus.................. Dusky Warbler.
Phylloscopus proregulus................ Pallas's Leaf Warbler.
Phylloscopus inornatus................. Yellow-browed Warbler.
Phylloscopus borealis.................. Arctic Warbler.
Phylloscopus examinandus............... Kamchatka Leaf Warbler.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(N) Family Sylviidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sylvia curruca......................... Lesser Whitethroat.
Chamaea fasciata....................... Wrentit.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(O) Family Regulidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Corthylio calendula.................... Ruby-crowned Kinglet.
Regulus satrapa........................ Golden-crowned Kinglet.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(P) Family Bombycillidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bombycilla garrulus.................... Bohemian Waxwing.
Bombycilla cedrorum.................... Cedar Waxwing.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 76016]]
(Q) Family Ptiliogonatidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ptiliogonys cinereus................... Gray Silky-flycatcher.
Phainopepla nitens..................... Phainopepla.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(R) Family Sittidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subfamily Sittinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sitta canadensis....................... Red-breasted Nuthatch.
Sitta carolinensis..................... White-breasted Nuthatch.
Sitta pygmaea.......................... Pygmy Nuthatch.
Sitta pusilla.......................... Brown-headed Nuthatch.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(S) Family Certhiidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subfamily Certhiinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Certhia americana...................... Brown Creeper.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(T) Family Polioptilidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Polioptila caerulea.................... Blue-Gray Gnatcatcher.
Polioptila melanura.................... Black-tailed Gnatcatcher.
Polioptila californica................. California Gnatcatcher.
Polioptila nigriceps................... Black-capped Gnatcatcher.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(U) Family Troglodytidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Salpinctes obsoletus................... Rock Wren.
Catherpes mexicanus.................... Canyon Wren.
Thryophilus sinaloa.................... Sinaloa Wren.
Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus........ Cactus Wren.
Thryomanes bewickii.................... Bewick's Wren.
Thryothorus ludovicianus............... Carolina Wren.
Troglodytes aedon...................... House Wren.
Troglodytes pacificus.................. Pacific Wren.
Troglodytes hiemalis................... Winter Wren.
Cistothorus stellaris.................. Sedge Wren.
Cistothorus palustris.................. Marsh Wren.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(V) Family Mimidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Melanotis caerulescens................. Blue Mockingbird.
Melanoptila glabrirostris.............. Black Catbird.
Dumetella carolinensis................. Gray Catbird.
Margarops fuscatus..................... Pearly-eyed Thrasher.
Toxostoma curvirostre.................. Curve-billed Thrasher.
Toxostoma rufum........................ Brown Thrasher.
Toxostoma longirostre.................. Long-billed Thrasher.
Toxostoma bendirei..................... Bendire's Thrasher.
Toxostoma redivivum.................... California Thrasher.
Toxostoma lecontei..................... LeConte's Thrasher.
Toxostoma crissale..................... Crissal Thrasher.
Oreoscoptes montanus................... Sage Thrasher.
Mimus gundlachii....................... Bahama Mockingbird.
Mimus polyglottos...................... Northern Mockingbird.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(W) Family Sturnidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Agropsar philippensis.................. Chestnut-cheeked Starling.
Spodiopsar cineraceus.................. White-cheeked Starling.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(X) Family Cinclidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cinclus mexicanus...................... American Dipper.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(Y) Family Turdidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sialia sialis.......................... Eastern Bluebird.
Sialia mexicana........................ Western Bluebird.
Sialia currucoides..................... Mountain Bluebird.
[[Page 76017]]
Myadestes townsendi.................... Townsend's Solitaire.
Myadestes occidentalis................. Brown-backed Solitaire.
Myadestes myadestinus.................. K[amacr]ma[ograve].
Myadestes lanaiensis................... `Oloma`o.
Myadestes obscurus..................... `Oma`o.
Myadestes palmeri...................... Puaiohi.
Catharus aurantiirostris............... Orange-billed Nightingale-
Thrush.
Catharus mexicanus..................... Black-headed Nightingale-
Thrush.
Catharus fuscescens.................... Veery.
Catharus minimus....................... Gray-cheeked Thrush.
Catharus bicknelli..................... Bicknell's Thrush.
Catharus ustulatus..................... Swainson's Thrush.
Catharus guttatus...................... Hermit Thrush.
Hylocichla mustelina................... Wood Thrush.
Turdus obscurus........................ Eyebrowed Thrush.
Turdus eunomus......................... Dusky Thrush.
Turdus naumanni........................ Naumann's Thrush.
Turdus pilaris......................... Fieldfare.
Turdus iliacus......................... Redwing.
Turdus grayi........................... Clay-colored Thrush.
Turdus assimilis....................... White-throated Thrush.
Turdus rufopalliatus................... Rufous-backed Robin.
Turdus migratorius..................... American Robin.
Turdus plumbeus........................ Red-legged Thrush.
Ixoreus naevius........................ Varied Thrush.
Ridgwayia pinicola..................... Aztec Thrush.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(Z) Family Muscicapidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Muscicapa griseisticta................. Gray-streaked Flycatcher.
Muscicapa dauurica..................... Asian Brown Flycatcher.
Muscicapa striata...................... Spotted Flycatcher.
Muscicapa sibirica..................... Dark-sided Flycatcher.
Erithacus rubecula..................... European Robin.
Larvivora cyane........................ Siberian Blue Robin.
Larvivora sibilans..................... Rufous-tailed Robin.
Cyanecula svecica...................... Bluethroat.
Calliope calliope...................... Siberian Rubythroat.
Tarsiger cyanurus...................... Red-flanked Bluetail.
Ficedula narcissina.................... Narcissus Flycatcher.
Ficedula mugimaki...................... Mugimaki Flycatcher.
Ficedula albicilla..................... Taiga Flycatcher.
Phoenicurus phoenicurus................ Common Redstart.
Saxicola maurus........................ Asian Stonechat.
Oenanthe oenanthe...................... Northern Wheatear.
Oenanthe pleschanka.................... Pied Wheatear.
Monticola solitarius................... Blue Rock-Thrush.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(AA) Family Peucedramidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Peucedramus taeniatus.................. Olive Warbler.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(BB) Family Prunellidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Prunella montanella.................... Siberian Accentor.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(CC) Family Motacillidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Motacilla tschutschensis............... Eastern Yellow Wagtail.
Motacilla citreola..................... Citrine Wagtail.
Motacilla cinerea...................... Gray Wagtail.
Motacilla alba......................... White Wagtail.
Anthus trivialis....................... Tree Pipit.
Anthus hodgsoni........................ Olive-backed Pipit.
Anthus gustavi......................... Pechora Pipit.
Anthus cervinus........................ Red-throated Pipit
Anthus rubescens....................... American Pipit.
Anthus spragueii....................... Sprague's Pipit.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 76018]]
(DD) Family Fringillidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Subfamily Fringillinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fringilla coelebs...................... Common Chaffinch.
Fringilla montifringilla............... Brambling.
(2) Subfamily Euphoniinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chlorophonia musica.................... Antillean Euphonia.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(3) Subfamily Carduelinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Coccothraustes vespertinus............. Evening Grosbeak.
Coccothraustes coccothraustes.......... Hawfinch.
Carpodacus erythrinus.................. Common Rosefinch.
Carpodacus roseus...................... Pallas's Rosefinch.
Melamprosops phaeosoma................. Po`ouli.
Oreomystis bairdi...................... `Akikik`i.
Paroreomyza maculata................... O`ahu `Alauahio.
Paroreomyza flammea.................... K[amacr]k[amacr]wahie.
Paroreomyza montana.................... Maui [Agrave]lauahio.
Loxioides bailleui..................... Palila.
Telespiza cantans...................... Laysan Finch.
Telespiza ultima....................... Nihoa Finch.
Palmeria dolei......................... `Akohekohe.
Himatione fraithii..................... Laysan Honeycreeper.
Himatione sanguinea.................... `Apapane.
Drepanis coccinea...................... `Iiwi.
Psittirostra psittacea................. `O`[umacr].
Pseudonestor xanthophrys............... Maui Parrotbill.
Hemignathus hanapepe................... Kauai Nukupu`u.
Hemignathus lucidus.................... O`ahu Nukupu`u.
Hemignathus affinis.................... Maui Nukupu`u.
Hemignathus wilsoni.................... Akiapolaau.
Akialoa stejnegeri..................... Kauai `Akialoa.
Akialoa ellisiana...................... O`hu `Akialoa.
Akialoa lanaiensis..................... Maui Nui `Akialoa.
Magumma parva.......................... `Anianiau
Chlorodrepanis virens.................. Hawaii `Amakihi.
Chlorodrepanis flava................... O`ahu `Amakihi.
Chlorodrepanis stejnegeri.............. Kaua`i `Amakihi
Loxops mana............................ Hawaii Creeper.
Loxops caeruleirostris................. `Akeke`e.
Loxops wolstenholmei................... O`ahu `Akepa.
Loxops ochraceus....................... Maui `Akepa.
Loxops coccineus....................... Hawaii `Akepa.
Pinicola enucleator.................... Pine Grosbeak.
Pyrrhula pyrrhula...................... Eurasian Bullfinch.
Leucosticte arctoa..................... Asian Rosy-Finch.
Leucosticte tephrocotis................ Gray-crowned Rosy-Finch.
Leucosticte atrata..................... Black Rosy-Finch.
Leucosticte australis.................. Brown-capped Rosy-Finch.
Haemorhous mexicanus................... House Finch.
Haemorhous purpureus................... Purple Finch
Haemorhous cassinii.................... Cassin's Finch.
Chloris sinica......................... Oriental Greenfinch.
Acanthis flammea....................... Common Redpoll.
Acanthis hornemanni.................... Hoary Redpoll.
Loxia curvirostra...................... Red Crossbill.
Loxia sinesciuris...................... Cassia Crossbill.
Loxia leucoptera....................... White-winged Crossbill.
Spinus spinus.......................... Eurasian Siskin.
Spinus pinus........................... Pine Siskin.
Spinus psaltria........................ Lesser Goldfinch.
Spinus lawrencei....................... Lawrence's Goldfinch.
Spinus tristis......................... American Goldfinch.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(EE) Family Calcariidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Calcarius lapponicus................... Lapland Longspur.
Calcarius ornatus...................... Chestnut-collared Longspur.
[[Page 76019]]
Calcarius pictus....................... Smith's Longspur.
Rhynchophanes mccownii................. Thick-billed Longspur.
Plectrophenax nivalis.................. Snow Bunting.
Plectrophenax hyperboreus.............. McKay's Bunting.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(FF) Family Emberizidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Emberiza leucocephalos................. Pine Bunting.
Emberiza chrysophrys................... Yellow-browed Bunting.
Emberiza pusilla....................... Little Bunting.
Emberiza rustica....................... Rustic Bunting.
Emberiza elegans....................... Yellow-throated Bunting.
Emberiza aureola....................... Yellow-breasted Bunting.
Emberiza variabilis.................... Gray Bunting.
Emberiza pallasi....................... Pallas's Bunting.
Emberiza schoeniclus................... Reed Bunting.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(GG) Family Passerellidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Peucaea carpalis....................... Rufous-winged Sparrow.
Peucaea botterii....................... Botteri's Sparrow.
Peucaea cassinii....................... Cassin's Sparrow.
Peucaea aestivalis..................... Bachman's Sparrow.
Ammodramus savannarum.................. Grasshopper Sparrow.
Arremonops rufivirgatus................ Olive Sparrow.
Amphispizopsis quinquestriata.......... Five-striped Sparrow.
Amphispiza bilineata................... Black-throated Sparrow.
Chondestes grammacus................... Lark Sparrow.
Calamospiza melanocorys................ Lark Bunting.
Spizella passerina..................... Chipping Sparrow.
Spizella pallida....................... Clay-colored Sparrow.
Spizella atrogularis................... Black-chinned Sparrow.
Spizella pusilla....................... Field Sparrow.
Spizella breweri....................... Brewer's Sparrow.
Spizella wortheni...................... Worthen's Sparrow.
Passerella iliaca...................... Fox Sparrow.
Spizelloides arborea................... American Tree Sparrow.
Junco hyemalis......................... Dark-eyed Junco.
Junco phaeonotus....................... Yellow-eyed Junco.
Zonotrichia leucophrys................. White-crowned Sparrow.
Zonotrichia atricapilla................ Golden-crowned Sparrow.
Zonotrichia querula.................... Harris's Sparrow
Zonotrichia albicollis................. White-throated Sparrow
Artemisiospiza nevadensis.............. Sagebrush Sparrow
Artemisiospiza belli................... Bell's Sparrow.
Pooecetes gramineus.................... Vesper Sparrow.
Ammospiza leconteii.................... LeConte's Sparrow
Ammospiza maritima..................... Seaside Sparrow.
Ammospiza nelsoni...................... Nelson's Sparrow.
Ammospiza caudacuta.................... Saltmarsh Sparrow.
Centronyx bairdii...................... Baird's Sparrow.
Centronyx henslowii.................... Henslow's Sparrow.
Passerculus sandwichensis.............. Savannah Sparrow.
Melospiza melodia...................... Song Sparrow.
Melospiza lincolnii.................... Lincoln's Sparrow.
Melospiza georgiana.................... Swamp Sparrow.
Melozone fusca......................... Canyon Towhee.
Melozone aberti........................ Abert's Towhee.
Melozone crissalis..................... California Towhee.
Aimophila ruficeps..................... Rufous-crowned Sparrow.
Pipilo chlorurus....................... Green-tailed Towhee.
Pipilo maculatus....................... Spotted Towhee.
Pipilo erythrophthalmus................ Eastern Towhee.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(HH) Family Nesospingidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nesospingus speculiferus............... Puerto Rican Tanager.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(II) Family Spindalidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Spindalis zena......................... Western Spindalis.
[[Page 76020]]
Spindalis portoricensis................ Puerto Rican Spindalis.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(JJ) Family Icteridae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Icteria virens......................... Yellow-breasted Chat.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Subfamily Xanthocephalinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus.......... Yellow-headed Blackbird.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) Subfamily Dolichonychinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dolichonyx oryzivorus.................. Bobolink.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(3) Subfamily Sturnellinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sturnella lilianae..................... Chihuahuan Meadowlark.
Sturnella magna........................ Eastern Meadowlark.
Sturnella neglecta..................... Western Meadowlark.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(4) Subfamily Icterinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Icterus portoricensis.................. Puerto Rican Oriole.
Icterus wagleri........................ Black-vented Oriole.
Icterus spurius........................ Orchard Oriole.
Icterus cucullatus..................... Hooded Oriole.
Icterus pustulatus..................... Streak-backed Oriole.
Icterus bullockii...................... Bullock's Oriole.
Icterus gularis........................ Altamira Oriole.
Icterus graduacauda.................... Audubon's Oriole.
Icterus galbula........................ Baltimore Oriole.
Icterus abeillei....................... Black-backed Oriole.
Icterus parisorum...................... Scott's Oriole.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(5) Subfamily Agelaiinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Agelaius phoeniceus.................... Red-winged Blackbird.
Agelaius tricolor...................... Tricolored Blackbird.
Agelaius humeralis..................... Tawny-shouldered Blackbird.
Agelaius xanthomus..................... Yellow-shouldered Blackbird.
Molothrus bonariensis.................. Shiny Cowbird.
Molothrus aeneus....................... Bronzed Cowbird.
Molothrus ater......................... Brown-headed Cowbird.
Euphagus carolinus..................... Rusty Blackbird.
Euphagus cyanocephalus................. Brewer's Blackbird.
Quiscalus quiscula..................... Common Grackle.
Quiscalus major........................ Boat-tailed Grackle.
Quiscalus mexicanus.................... Great-tailed Grackle.
Quiscalus niger........................ Greater Antillean Grackle.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(KK) Family Parulidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Seiurus aurocapilla.................... Ovenbird.
Helmitheros vermivorum................. Worm-eating Warbler.
Parkesia motacilla..................... Louisiana Waterthrush.
Parkesia noveboracensis................ Northern Waterthrush.
Vermivora bachmanii.................... Bachman's Warbler.
Vermivora chrysoptera.................. Golden-winged Warbler.
Vermivora cyanoptera................... Blue-winged Warbler.
Mniotilta varia........................ Black-and-white Warbler.
Protonotaria citrea.................... Prothonotary Warbler.
Limnothlypis swainsonii................ Swainson's Warbler.
Oreothlypis superciliosa............... Crescent-chested Warbler.
Leiothlypis peregrina.................. Tennessee Warbler.
Leiothlypis celata..................... Orange-crowned Warbler.
Leiothlypis crissalis.................. Colima Warbler.
Leiothlypis luciae..................... Lucy's Warbler.
Leiothlypis ruficapilla................ Nashville Warbler.
Leiothlypis virginiae.................. Virginia's Warbler.
Oporornis agilis....................... Connecticut Warbler.
Geothlypis poliocephala................ Gray-crowned Yellowthroat.
Geothlypis tolmiei..................... MacGillivray's Warbler.
Geothlypis philadelphia................ Mourning Warbler.
[[Page 76021]]
Geothlypis formosa..................... Kentucky Warbler.
Geothlypis trichas..................... Common Yellowthroat.
Setophaga angelae...................... Elfin-woods Warbler.
Setophaga citrina...................... Hooded Warbler.
Setophaga ruticilla.................... American Redstart.
Setophaga kirtlandii................... Kirtland's Warbler.
Setophaga tigrina...................... Cape May Warbler.
Setophaga cerulea...................... Cerulean Warbler.
Setophaga americana.................... Northern Parula.
Setophaga pitiayumi.................... Tropical Parula.
Setophaga magnolia..................... Magnolia Warbler.
Setophaga castanea..................... Bay-breasted Warbler.
Setophaga fusca........................ Blackburnian Warbler.
Setophaga petechia..................... Yellow Warbler.
Setophaga pensylvanica................. Chestnut-sided Warbler.
Setophaga striata...................... Blackpoll Warbler.
Setophaga caerulescens................. Black-throated Blue Warbler.
Setophaga palmarum..................... Palm Warbler.
Setophaga pinus........................ Pine Warbler.
Setophaga coronata..................... Yellow-rumped Warbler.
Setophaga dominica..................... Yellow-throated Warbler.
Setophaga discolor..................... Prairie Warbler.
Setophaga adelaidae.................... Adelaide's Warbler.
Setophaga graciae...................... Grace's Warbler.
Setophaga nigrescens................... Black-throated Gray Warbler.
Setophaga townsendi.................... Townsend's Warbler.
Setophaga occidentalis................. Hermit Warbler.
Setophaga chrysoparia.................. Golden-cheeked Warbler.
Setophaga virens....................... Black-throated Green Warbler.
Basileuterus lachrymosus............... Fan-tailed Warbler.
Basileuterus rufifrons................. Rufous-capped Warbler.
Basileuterus culicivorus............... Golden-crowned Warbler.
Cardellina canadensis.................. Canada Warbler.
Cardellina pusilla..................... Wilson's Warbler.
Cardellina rubrifrons.................. Red-faced Warbler.
Myioborus pictus....................... Painted Redstart.
Myioborus miniatus..................... Slate-throated Redstart.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(LL) Family Cardinalidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Piranga flava.......................... Hepatic Tanager.
Piranga rubra.......................... Summer Tanager.
Piranga olivacea....................... Scarlet Tanager.
Piranga ludoviciana.................... Western Tanager.
Piranga bidentata...................... Flame-colored Tanager.
Rhodothraupis celaeno.................. Crimson-collared Grosbeak.
Cardinalis cardinalis.................. Northern Cardinal.
Cardinalis sinuatus.................... Pyrrhuloxia.
Pheucticus chrysopeplus................ Yellow Grosbeak.
Pheucticus ludovicianus................ Rose-breasted Grosbeak.
Pheucticus melanocephalus.............. Black-headed Grosbeak.
Cyanocompsa parellina.................. Blue Bunting.
Passerina caerulea..................... Blue Grosbeak.
Passerina amoena....................... Lazuli Bunting.
Passerina cyanea....................... Indigo Bunting.
Passerina versicolor................... Varied Bunting.
Passerina ciris........................ Painted Bunting.
Spiza americana........................ Dickcissel.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(MM) Family Thraupidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Subfamily Dacninae..................................................
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cyanerpes cyaneus...................... Red-legged Honeycreeper.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) Subfamily Coerebinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Coereba flaveola....................... Bananaquit.
Tiaris olivaceus....................... Yellow-faced Grassquit.
Melopyrrha portoricensis............... Puerto Rican Bullfinch.
Melanospiza bicolor.................... Black-faced Grassquit.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 76022]]
(3) Subfamily Sporophilinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sporophila morelleti................... Morelet's Seedeater.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
PART 17--ENDANGERED AND THREATENED WILDLIFE AND PLANTS
0
3. The authority citation for part 17 continues to read as follows:
Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361-1407; 1531-1544; and 4201-4245, unless
otherwise noted.
0
4. Amend Sec. 17.11, in paragraph (h), the List of Endangered and
Threatened Wildlife, under BIRDS, by:
0
a. Revising the entries for ``Caracara, crested, (Audubon's) [FL
DPS]'', ``Crane, Mississippi sandhill'', ``Nightjar, Puerto Rican'',
and ``Pigeon, Puerto Rican plain'';
0
b. Removing the entries for ``Rail, California clapper'' and ``Rail,
light-footed clapper'';
0
c. Adding, in alphabetical order, entries for ``Rail, California
Ridgway's'' and ``Rail, light-footed Ridgway's''; and
0
d. Revising the entries for ``Sparrow, Cape Sable seaside'', ``Tern,
California least'', and ``Towhee, Inyo California''.
The revisions and additions read as follows:
Sec. 17.11 Endangered and threatened wildlife.
* * * * *
(h) * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Listing citations
Common name Scientific name Where listed Status and applicable
rules
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
BIRDS
* * * * * * *
Caracara, crested, (Audubon's) Caracara plancus U.S.A. (FL)............... T 52 FR 25229, 7/6/
[FL DPS]. audubonii. 1987.
* * * * * * *
Crane, Mississippi sandhill.... Antigone Wherever found............ E 38 FR 14678, 6/4/
canadensis pulla. 1973; 50 CFR
17.95(b).\CH\
* * * * * * *
Nightjar, Puerto Rican......... Antrostomus Wherever found............ E 38 FR 14678, 6/4/
noctitherus. 1973.
* * * * * * *
Pigeon, Puerto Rican plain..... Patagioenas Wherever found............ E 35 FR 16047, 10/
inornata wetmorei. 13/1970.
* * * * * * *
Rail, California Ridgway's..... Rallus obsoletus Wherever found............ E 35 FR 16047, 10/
obsoletus. 13/1970.
* * * * * * *
Rail, light-footed Ridgway's... Rallus obsoletus U.S.A. only............... E 34 FR 5034, 3/8/
levipes. 1969;
35 FR 16047, 10/
13/1970.
* * * * * * *
Sparrow, Cape Sable seaside.... Ammospiza maritima Wherever found............ E 32 FR 4001, 3/11/
mirabilis. 1967;
50 CFR
17.95(b).\CH\
* * * * * * *
Tern, California least......... Sternula Wherever found............ E 35 FR 16047, 10/
antillarum browni. 13/1970;
35 FR 8491, 6/2/
1970.
* * * * * * *
Towhee, Inyo California........ Melozone crissalis Wherever found............ T 52 FR 28780, 8/3/
eremophilus. 1987;
50 CFR
17.95(b).\CH\
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0
5. Amend Sec. 17.95, in paragraph (b), by
0
a. Revising the headings for ``Mississippi Sandhill Crane (Grus
canadensis pulla)'' and ``Cape Sable Seaside Sparrow (Ammodramus
maritimus mirabilis)''; and
0
b. Removing the heading ``Inyo Brown Towhee (Pipilo fuscus
eremophilus)'' and adding in its place a heading for ``Inyo California
Towhee (Melozone crissalis eremophilus)''.
The revisions and addition read as follows:
Sec. 17.95 Critical habitat--fish and wildlife.
(b) * * *
MISSISSIPPI SANDHILL CRANE (Antigone canadensis pulla)
* * * * *
CAPE SABLE SEASIDE SPARROW (Ammospiza maritima mirabilis)
* * * * *
[[Page 76023]]
INYO CALIFORNIA TOWHEE (Melozone crissalis eremophilus)
* * * * *
PART 21--MIGRATORY BIRD PERMITS
0
6. The authority citation for part 21 continues to read as follows:
Authority: 16 U.S.C. 703-712.
Sec. 21.123 [Amended]
0
7. Amend Sec. 21.123, in the introductory text of paragraph (a), by
removing the words ``(Phalacrocorax auritus)'' and adding in their
place the words ``(Nannopterum auritum)''.
Shannon A. Estenoz,
Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks.
[FR Doc. 2022-26733 Filed 12-9-22; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4333-15-P