[Federal Register: May 28, 2002 (Volume 67, Number 102)]
[Proposed Rules]               
[Page 37157-37206]
From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]
[DOCID:fr28my02-27]                         
 
[[pp. 37157-37206]] Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Designations of 
Critical Habitat for Plant Species From the Island of Oahu, HI

[[Continued from page 37156]]

[[Page 37157]]

in 1998. Much of the area that was identified by the HPPRCC as 
inadequately surveyed has now been surveyed in some way. New location 
data for many species has been gathered. Also, the HPPRCC identified 
areas as essential based on species clusters (areas that included 
listed species as well as candidate species, and species of concern) 
while we have only delineated areas that are essential for the 
conservation of the 99 listed species at issue. As a result, the 
proposed critical habitat designations in this proposed rule include 
not only some habitat that was identified as essential in the 1998 
recommendation but also habitat that was not identified as essential in 
those recommendations.

C. Primary Constituent Elements

    In accordance with section 3(5)(A)(i) of the Act and regulations at 
50 CFR 424.12, in determining which areas to propose as critical 
habitat, we are required to base critical habitat determinations on the 
best scientific and commercial data available and to consider those 
physical and biological features (primary consistent elements) that are 
essential to the conservation of the species and that may require 
special management considerations or protection. Such requirements 
include, but are not limited to, space for individual and population 
growth, and for normal behavior; food, water, air, light, minerals, or 
other nutritional or physiological requirements; cover or shelter; 
sites for breeding, reproduction, or rearing of offspring, germination, 
or seed dispersal; and habitats that are protected from disturbance or 
are representative of the historic geographical and ecological 
distributions of a species.
    In previous proposals (65 FR 66808, 65 FR 79192, 65 FR 82086, 65 FR 
83158, 67 FR 3939, 67 FR 9806, 67 FR 15856, 67 FR 16492), we determined 
that designation of critical habitat was prudent for 45 plants 
(Adenophorus periens, Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii, 
Cenchrus agrimonioides, Centaurium sebaeoides, Colubrina oppositifolia, 
Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyperus 
trachysanthos, Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Eugenia 
koolauensis, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania 
meyenii, Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis coriacea, Hesperomannia 
arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus brackenridgei, 
Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion longifolium, Isodendrion 
pyrifolium, Lobelia niihauensis, Lysimachia filifolia, Mariscus 
pennatiformis, Marsilea villosa, Melicope pallida, Nototrichium humile, 
Peucedanum sandwicense, Phlegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia mollis, 
Phyllostegia parviflora, Plantago princeps, Platanthera holochila, 
Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea 
nuttallii, Sesbania tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, Solanum sandwicense, 
Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, and 
Vigna o-wahuensis) that are reported from Oahu as well as from Kauai, 
Niihau, Maui, Kahoolawe, Lanai, and/or Molokai.
    In this proposal, we have determined that designation of critical 
habitat is prudent for 54 plants (Abutilon sandwicense, Alsinidendron 
obovatum, Alsinidendron trinerve, Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana, 
Chamaesyce deppeana, Chamaesyce herbstii, Chamaesyce kuwaleana, 
Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea grimesiana 
ssp. obatae, Cyanea humboltiana, Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea longiflora, 
Cyanea pinnatifida, Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyanea superba, Cyanea truncata, 
Cyrtandra dentata, Cyrtandra polyantha, Cyrtandra subumbellata, 
Cyrtandra viridiflora, Delissea subcordata, Diellia falcata, Diellia 
unisora, Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii, Gardenia mannii, 
Hedyotis degeneri, Hedyotis parvula, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lepidium 
arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla, Lipochaeta tenuifolia, 
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia monostachya, Lobelia 
oahuensis, Melicope lydgatei, Melicope saint-johnii, Myrsine juddii, 
Neraudia angulata, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, 
Sanicula mariversa, Schiedea kaalae, Schiedea kealiae, Silene 
perlmanii, Stenogyne kanehoana, Tetramolopium filiforme, Tetraplasandra 
gymnocarpa, Trematalobelia singularis, Urera kaalae, Viola 
chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, and Viola oahuensis) reported only 
from Oahu.
    Ten of the 99 species (Adenophorus periens, Cyanea pinnatifida, 
Diplazium molokaiense, Hedyotis coriacea, Isodendrion pyrifolium, 
Mariscus pennatiformis, Platanthera holochila, Silene perlmanii, 
Solanum sandwicense, and Vigna o-wahuensis) no longer occur on Oahu. 
Eight of these species (Adenophorus periens, Diplazium molokaiense, 
Hedyotis coriacea, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Mariscus pennatiformis, 
Platanthera holochila, Solanum sandwicense, and Vigna o-wahuensis) 
occur on one or more other Hawaiian Islands. Cyanea pinnatifida and 
Silene perlmanii are currently extant only in propagation. Based on the 
information available at this time, we have identified the physical and 
biological features that are considered essential to the conservation 
of all ten species on Oahu. Therefore, we were able to identify the 
specific areas outside the geographic areas occupied by these species 
at the time of their listing (unoccupied habitat) that are essential 
for the conservation of Adenophorus periens, Cyanea pinnatifida, 
Diplazium molokaiense, Hedyotis coriacea, Isodendrion pyrifolium, 
Mariscus pennatiformis, Platanthera holochila, Silene perlmanii, 
Solanum sandwicense, and Vigna o-wahuensis.
    All areas proposed as critical habitat are within the historical 
range of one or more of the 99 species at issue and contain one or more 
of the physical or biological features (primary constituent elements) 
essential for the conservation of one or more of the species.
    As described in the discussions for each of the 99 species for 
which we are proposing critical habitat, we are proposing to define the 
primary constituent elements on the basis of the habitat features of 
the areas in which the plant species are reported from, as described by 
the type of plant community, associated native plant species, locale 
information (e.g., steep rocky cliffs, talus slopes, stream banks), and 
elevation. The habitat features provide the ecological components 
required by the plant. The type of plant community and associated 
native plant species indicates specific microclimate conditions, 
retention and availability of water in the soil, soil microorganism 
community, and nutrient cycling and availability. The locale provides 
information on soil type, elevation, rainfall regime, and temperature. 
Elevation indicates information on daily and seasonal temperature and 
sun intensity. Therefore, the descriptions of the physical elements of 
the locations of each of these species, including habitat type, plant 
communities associated with the species, location, and elevation, as 
described in the Supplementary Information-Discussion of the Plant Taxa 
section above, constitute the primary constituent elements for these 
species on Oahu.

D. Criteria Used To Identify Critical Habitat

    Based on the comments received during the public comment periods 
following publication of the four proposals to designate critical 
habitat for Hawaiian plants on Kauai and Niihau (65 FR 66808), Maui and 
Kahoolawe (65 FR 79192), Lanai (65 FR 82086), and Molokai (65 FR 
83158), we have reevaluated the manner in which

[[Page 37158]]

we delineated proposed critical habitat. In addition, we met with 
members of the HPPRCC, and State and Federal agencies to discuss 
criteria and methods to delineate critical habitat units for these 
Hawaiian plants.
    The lack of detailed scientific data on the life history of these 
plant species makes it impossible for us to develop a robust 
quantitative model (e.g., population viability analysis) to identify 
the optimal number, size, and location of critical habitat units to 
achieve recovery (Beissinger and Westphal 1998; Burgman et al. 2001; 
Ginzburg et al. 1990; Karieva and Wennergren 1995; Menges 1990; Murphy 
et al. 1990; Taylor 1995). At this time, and consistent with the 
listing of these species and their recovery plans, the best available 
information leads us to conclude that the current size and distribution 
of the extant populations are not sufficient to expect a reasonable 
probability of long-term survival and recovery of these plant species. 
Therefore, we used the best available information, including expert 
scientific opinion to identify potentially suitable habitat within the 
known historic range of each species.
    We considered several factors in the selection and proposal of 
specific boundaries for critical habitat for these 99 species. For each 
of these species, the overall recovery strategy outlined in the 
approved recovery plans includes the following components: (1) 
Stabilization of existing wild populations, (2) protection and 
management of habitat, (3) enhancement of existing small populations 
and reestablishment of new populations within historic range, and (4) 
research on species' biology and ecology (Service 1994, 1995a, 1995b, 
1996a, 1996b, 1996c, 1996d, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1999). Thus, the long-
term recovery of these species is dependent upon the protection of 
existing population sites and potentially suitable unoccupied habitat 
within historic range.
    The overall recovery goal stated in the recovery plans for each of 
these species includes the establishment of 8 to 10 populations with a 
minimum of 100 mature individuals per population for long-lived 
perennials, 300 mature individuals per population for short-lived 
perennials, and 500 mature individuals per population for annuals. 
There are some specific exceptions to this general recovery goal of 8 
to10 populations for multi-island species (see discussion below on 
Marsilea villosa) and for species that are believed to be very narrowly 
distributed on a single island, and the proposed critical habitat 
designations reflect this exception for these species. To be considered 
recovered, each population of a species endemic to the island of Oahu 
should occur on the island to which it is endemic, and likewise the 
populations of a multi-island species should be distributed among the 
islands of its known historic range (Service 1994, 1995a, 1995b, 1996a, 
1996b, 1996c, 1996d, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1999). A population, for the 
purposes of this discussion and as defined in the recovery plans for 
these species, is a unit in which the individuals could be regularly 
cross-pollinated, and influenced by the same small-scale events (such 
as landslides), and containing 100, 300, or 500 mature individuals, 
depending on whether the species is a long-lived perennial, short-lived 
perennial, or annual.
    Marsilea villosa, a short-lived perennial aquatic fern, was 
historically known from six populations on three different islands, 
Molokai, Oahu, and Niihau. This species is now extant only on Oahu and 
Molokai. Delisting objectives for this species include protection and 
stabilization of at least six (rather than 8 to 10) geographically 
distinct, self-sustaining populations (either three on Oahu and three 
on Molokai or three on Oahu, two on Molokai, and one on Niihau), stable 
or increasing population sizes, no active management needed, and self-
maintenance of each population through two successive floods resulting 
in sexual reproduction. Delisting objectives for Marsilea villosa do 
not include a specific number of mature individuals per population 
because of its clonal nature (it is extemely difficult to distinguish 
between individuals in clonal plant species) (Service 1996c).
    By adopting the specific recovery objectives enumerated above, the 
adverse effects of genetic inbreeding and random environmental events 
and catastrophes, such as landslides, hurricanes, or tsunamis that 
could destroy a large percentage of the species at any one time may be 
reduced (Menges 1990; Podolsky 2001). These recovery objectives were 
initially developed by the HPPRCC and are found in all of the recovery 
plans for these species. While they are expected to be further refined 
as more information on the population biology of each species becomes 
available, the justification for these objectives is found in the 
current conservation biology literature addressing the coonservation of 
rare and endangered plants and animals (Beissinger and Westphal 1998; 
Burgman et al. 2001; Falk et al. 1996; Ginzburg et al. 1990; Hendrix 
and Kyhl 2000; Karieva and Wennergren 1995; Luijten et al. 2000; Meffe 
and Carroll 1997; Menges 1990; Murphy et al. 1990; Quintana-Ascencio 
and Menges 1996; Taylor 1995; Tear et al. 1995; Wolf and Harrison 
2001). The overall goal of recovery in the short-term is a successful 
population that can carry on basic life-history processes, such as 
establishment, reproduction, and dispersal, at a level where the 
probability of extinction is low. In the long-term, the species and its 
populations should be at a reduced risk of extinction and be adaptable 
to environmental change through evolution and migration.
    The long-term objectives, as reviewed by Pavlik, range from 50 to 
2,500 individuals per population, based largely on research and 
theoretical modeling on endangered animals. Many aspects of species 
life history are typically considered to determine guidelines for 
species interim stability and recovery, including longevity, breeding 
system, growth form, fecundity, ramet (a plant that is an independent 
member of a clone) production, survivorship, seed duration, 
environmental variation, and successional stage of the habitat. 
Hawaiian species are poorly studied, and the only one of the afore-
mentioned characteristics that can be uniformly applied to all Hawaiian 
plant species is longevity (i.e., long-lived perennial, short-lived 
perennial, and annual). In general, long-lived woody perennial species 
would be expected to be viable at population levels of 50 to 250 
individuals per population, while short-lived perennial species would 
be viable at population levels of 1,500 to 2,500 individuals or more 
per population. These population numbers were refined for Hawaiian 
plant species by the HPPRCC (1994) due to the restricted distribution 
of suitable habitat typical of Hawaiian plants and the likelihood of 
smaller genetic diversity of several species that evolved from one 
single introduction. For recovery of Hawaiian plants, the HPPRCC 
recommended a general recovery guideline of 100 mature individuals per 
population for long-lived perennial species, 300 mature individuals per 
population for short-lived perennial species, and 500 mature 
individuals per population for annual species.
    The HPPRCC also recommended the conservation and establishment of 8 
to10 populations to address the numerous risks to the long-term 
survival and conservation of Hawaiian plant species. Although absent 
the detailed information inherent to the types of PVA models described 
above (Burgman et al. 2001), this approach nevertheless

[[Page 37159]]

employs two widely recognized and scientifically accepted goals for 
promoting viable populations of listed species: (1) Creation or 
maintenance of multiple populations so that a single or series of 
catastrophic events cannot destroy the whole listed species (Luijten et 
al. 2000; Menges 1990; Quintana-Ascencio and Menges 1996); and (2) 
increasing the size of each population in the respective critical 
habitat units to a level where the threats of genetic, demographic, and 
normal environmental uncertainties are diminished (Hendrix and Kyhl 
2000; Luijten et al. 2000; Meffe and Carroll 1997; Service 1997; Tear 
et al. 1995; Wolf and Harrison 2001). In general, the larger the number 
of populations and the larger the size of each population, the lower 
the probability of extinction (Raup 1991; Meffe and Carroll 1997). This 
basic conservation principle of redundancy applies to Hawaiian plants. 
By maintaining 8 to10 viable populations in the several proposed 
critical habitat units, the threats represented by a fluctuating 
environment are alleviated and the species has a greater likelihood of 
achieving long-term survival and conservation. Conversely, loss of one 
or more of the plant populations within any critical habitat unit could 
result in an increase in the risk that the entire listed species may 
not survive and recover.
    Due to the reduced size of suitable habitat areas for these 
Hawaiian plant species, they are now more susceptible to the variations 
and weather fluctuations affecting quality and quantity of available 
habitat, as well as direct pressure from hundreds of species of non-
native plants and animals. Establishing and conserving 8 to 10 viable 
populations on one or more islands(s) within the historic range of the 
species will provide each species with a reasonable expectation of 
persistence and eventual recovery, even with the high potential that 
one or more of these populations will be eliminated by normal or random 
adverse events, such as hurricanes, fires, and alien plant invasions 
(HPPRCC 1994; Luijten et al. 2000; Mangel and Tier 1994; Pimm et al. 
1998; Stacey and Taper 1992). We conclude that designation of adequate 
suitable habitat for 8 to 10 populations as critical habitat will help 
give the species a reasonable likelihood of long-term survival and 
recovery, based on currently available information.
    In summary, the long-term survival and recovery requires the 
designation of critical habitat units on one or more of the Hawaiian 
islands with suitable habitat for 8 to 10 populations of each plant 
species, with the exceptions discussed above. Some of this habitat is 
currently not known to be occupied by these species. To recover the 
species, it will be necessary to conserve suitable habitat in these 
unoccupied units, which in turn will allow for the establishment of 
additional populations through natural recruitment or managed 
reintroductions. Establishment of these additional populations will 
increase the likelihood that the species will survive and recover in 
the face of normal and stochastic events (e.g., hurricanes, fire, and 
non-native species introductions) (Pimm et al. 1998; Stacey and Taper 
1992; Mangel and Tier 1994).
    In this proposal, we have defined the primary constituent elements 
on the basis of the habitat features of the areas in which the plants 
are reported from such as the type of plant community, the associated 
native plant species, the physical location (e.g., steep rocky cliffs, 
talus slopes, stream banks), and elevation. The areas we are proposing 
to designate as critical habitat provide some or all of the habitat 
components essential for the conservation of one or more of the 99 
plant species.
    We have delineated proposed critical habitat units in the following 
manner:
    1. We focused on designating units representative of the known 
current and historical geographic and elevational range of each 
species;
    2. Proposed critical habitat units would allow for expansion of 
existing wild populations and reestablishment of wild populations 
within historic range, as recommended by the recovery plans for each 
species; and
    3. Critical habitat boundaries were delineated in such a way that 
areas with overlapping occupied or potentially suitable unoccupied 
habitat could be depicted clearly (multi-species units).
    We began by creating rough models for each species by screen 
digitizing polygons (map units) using ArcView (ESRI), a computer GIS 
program. The polygons were created by overlaying current and historic 
plant location points onto a digital map of the island's elevation 
range and vegetation types.
    The resulting shape files (delineating historic range and 
potential, suitable habitat) were then evaluated. Elevation ranges were 
further refined and land areas identified as not suitable for a 
particular species (i.e., not containing the primary constituent 
elements) were avoided. The resulting shape files for each species then 
were considered to define all suitable habitat on the island, including 
occupied and unoccupied habitat.
    These shape files of potentially suitable habitat were further 
evaluated. Several factors were then used to delineate the proposed 
critical habitat units from these land areas. We reviewed the recovery 
objectives as described above and in recovery plans for each of the 
species to determine if the number of populations and population size 
requirements needed for full recovery would be available within the 
critical habitat units identified as containing the appropriate primary 
constituent elements for each species. If more than the area needed for 
the number of recovery populations was identified as potentially 
suitable, only those areas within the least disturbed suitable habitat 
were designated as proposed critical habitat. A population for this 
purpose is defined as a discrete aggregation of individuals located a 
sufficient distance from a neighboring aggregation such that the two 
are not affected by the same small-scale events and are not believed to 
be consistently cross-pollinated. In the absence of more specific 
information indicating the appropriate distance to assure limited 
cross-pollination, we are using a distance of 1,000 m (3,281 ft) based 
on our review of current literature on gene flow (Barret and Kohn 1991; 
Fenster and Dudash 1994; Havens 1998; Schierup and Christiansen 1996).
    Using the above criteria, we delineated the proposed critical 
habitat for each species. When species units overlapped, we combined 
units for ease of mapping. Such critical habitat units encompass a 
number of plant communities. Using satellite imagery and parcel data we 
then eliminated areas that did not contain the appropriate vegetation, 
associated native plant species, or features such as cultivated 
agriculture fields, housing developments or other areas that are 
unlikely to contribute to the conservation of one or more of the 99 
plant species. Geographic features (ridge lines, valleys, streams, 
coastlines, etc.) or man-made features (roads or obvious land use) that 
created an obvious boundary for a unit were used as unit area 
boundaries. We also used watershed delineations to dissect very large 
proposed critical habitat units in order to simplify the unit mapping 
and their descriptions.
    Within the critical habitat boundaries, adverse modification under 
section 7 generally would occur only if the primary constituent 
elements are affected. Therefore, not all activities within critical 
habitat would trigger an adverse modification conclusion. In defining 
critical habitat boundaries, we made an attempt to avoid areas, such as 
towns and other similar lands that are unlikely to contribute to the

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conservation of the 99 species. However, the minimum mapping unit that 
we used to approximate our delineation of critical habitat for these 
species did not allow us to exclude all such developed areas. In 
addition, existing features and structures within the boundaries of the 
mapped units, such as buildings, roads, aqueducts, telecommunications 
equipment, telemetry antennas, radars, missile launch sites, arboreta 
and gardens, heiau (indigenous places of worship or shrines), airports, 
other paved areas, and other rural residential areas do not contain one 
or more of the primary constituent elements and would be excluded under 
the terms of this proposed regulation. Federal actions limited to those 
areas, therefore, would not trigger a section 7 consultation, unless 
they affect the species and/or primary constituent elements in adjacent 
critical habitat.
    In summary, for most of these species we utilized the approved 
recovery plan guidance to identify appropriately sized land units 
containing suitable occupied and unoccupied habitat. These areas are 
our best estimation of the habitat necessary to provide for the 
recovery of these 99 species.

E. Managed Lands

    Currently occupied or historically known sites containing one or 
more of the primary constituent elements considered essential to the 
conservation of these 99 plant species were examined to determine if 
additional special management considerations or protection are required 
above those currently provided. We reviewed all available management 
information on these plants at these sites, including published reports 
and surveys; annual performance and progress reports; management plans; 
grants; memoranda of understanding and cooperative agreements; DOFAW 
planning documents; internal letters and memos; biological assessments 
and environmental impact statements; and section 7 consultations.
    Pursuant to the definition of critical habitat in section 3 of the 
Act, the primary constituent elements as found in any area so 
designated must also require ``special management considerations or 
protections.'' Adequate special management or protection is provided by 
a legally operative plan that addresses the maintenance and improvement 
of the essential elements and provides for the long-term conservation 
of the species. We consider a plan adequate when it: (1) Provides a 
conservation benefit to the species (i.e., the plan must maintain or 
provide for an increase in the species' population or the enhancement 
or restoration of its habitat within the area covered by the plan); (2) 
provides assurances that the management plan will be implemented (i.e., 
those responsible for implementing the plan are capable of 
accomplishing the objectives, have an implementation schedule and/or 
have adequate funding for the management plan); and, (3) provides 
assurances the conservation plan will be effective (i.e., it identifies 
biological goals, has provisions for reporting progress, and is of a 
duration sufficient to implement the plan and achieves the plan's goals 
and objectives). If an area is covered by a plan that meets these 
criteria, it does not constitute critical habitat as defined by the Act 
because the primary constituent elements found there are not in need of 
special management.
    In determining and weighing the relative significance of the 
threats that would need to be addressed in management plans or 
agreements, we considered the following:
    (1) The factors that led to the listing of the species, as 
described in the final rules for listing each of the species. Effects 
of clearing and burning for agricultural purposes and of invasive non-
native plant and animal species have contributed to the decline of 
nearly all endangered and threatened plants in Hawaii (Smith 1985; 
Howarth 1985; Stone 1985; Wagner et al. 1985; Scott et al. 1986; 
Cuddihy and Stone 1990; Vitousek 1992; Service 1994, 1995a, 1995b, 
1996a, 1996b, 1996c, 1996d, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1999; Loope 1998).
    Current threats to these species include non-native grass and 
shrub-carried wildfire; browsing, digging, rooting, and trampling from 
feral ungulates (including goats, deer, and pigs); direct and indirect 
effects of non-native plant invasions, including alteration of habitat 
structure and microclimate; and disruption of pollination and gene-flow 
processes by adverse effects of mosquito-borne avian disease on forest 
bird pollinators, direct competition between native and non-native 
insect pollinators for food, and predation of native insect pollinators 
by non-native hymenopteran insects (ants). In addition, physiological 
processes such as reproduction and establishment continue to be stifled 
by fruit and flower eating pests such as non-native arthropods, 
mollusks, and rats, and photosynthesis and water transport affected by 
non-native insects, pathogens and diseases. Many of these factors 
interact with one another, thereby compounding effects. Such 
interactions include non-native plant invasions altering wildfire 
regimes, feral ungulates vectoring weeds and disturbing vegetation and 
soils thereby facilitating dispersal and establishment of non-native 
plants, and numerous non-native insects feeding on native plants, 
thereby increasing their vulnerability and exposure to pathogens and 
disease (Howarth 1985; Smith 1985; Scott et al. 1986; Cuddihy and Stone 
1990; Mack 1992; D'Antonio and Vitousek 1992; Tunison et al. 1992; 
Service 1994, 1995a, 1995b, 1996a, 1996b, 1996c, 1996d, 1997, 1998a, 
1998b, 1999; Bruegmann et al. 2001).
    (2) The recommendations from the HPPRCC in their 1998 report to us 
(``Habitat Essential to the Recovery of Hawaiian Plants''). As 
summarized in this report, recovery goals for endangered Hawaiian plant 
species cannot be achieved without the effective control of non-native 
species threats, wildfire, and land use changes.
    (3) The management actions needed for assurance of survival and 
ultimate recovery of Hawaii's endangered plants. These actions are 
described in our recovery plans for these 99 species (Service 1994, 
1995a, 1995b, 1996a, 1996b, 1996c, 1996d, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1999), in 
the 1998 HPPRCC report to us (HPPRCC 1998), and in various other 
documents and publications relating to plant conservation in Hawaii 
(Mueller-Dombois 1985; Smith 1985; Stone 1985; Cuddihy and Stone 1990; 
Stone et al. 1992). In addition to monitoring the plant populations, 
these actions include, but are not limited to: (1) Feral ungulate 
control; (2) non-native plant control; (3) rodent control; (4) 
invertebrate pest control; (5) fire management; (6) maintenance of 
genetic material of the endangered and threatened plants species; (7) 
propagation, reintroduction, and/or augmentation of existing 
populations into areas deemed essential for the recovery of these 
species; (8) ongoing management of the wild, outplanted, and augmented 
populations; and (9) habitat management and restoration in areas deemed 
essential for the recovery of these species.
    In general, taking all of the above recommended management actions 
into account, the following management actions are ranked in order of 
importance (Service 1994, 1995a, 1995b, 1996a, 1996b, 1996c, 1996d, 
1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1999). It should be noted, however, that, on a 
case-by-case basis, some of these actions may rise to a higher level of 
importance for a particular species or area, depending on the 
biological and physical requirements of the species and the

[[Page 37161]]

location(s) of the individual plants: feral ungulate control; wildfire 
management; non-native plant control; rodent control; invertebrate pest 
control; maintenance of genetic material of the endangered and 
threatened plant species; propagation, reintroduction, and/or 
augmentation of existing populations into areas deemed essential for 
the recovery of the species; ongoing management of the wild, 
outplanted, and augmented populations; maintenance of natural 
pollinators and pollinating systems, when known; habitat management and 
restoration in areas deemed essential for the recovery of the species; 
monitoring of the wild, outplanted, and augmented populations; rare 
plant surveys; and control of human activities/access.
    As shown in Table 2, the proposed critical habitat designations for 
99 species of plants are found on Federal, State, and private lands on 
the island of Oahu. Information received in response to our public 
notices, meetings, and information in our files indicated that there is 
some on-going conservation management action for these plants, as noted 
below. However, without management plans and assurances that the plans 
will be implemented, we are unable to find that the land in question 
does not require special management or protection.

Federal Lands

    The Sikes Act Improvements Act of 1997 (Sikes Act) requires each 
military installation that includes land and water suitable for the 
conservation and management of natural resources to complete, by 
November 17, 2001, an INRMP. An INRMP integrates implementation of the 
military mission of the installation with stewardship of the natural 
resources found there. Each INRMP includes an assessment of the 
ecological needs on the installation, including needs to provide for 
the conservation of listed species; a statement of goals and 
priorities; a detailed description of management actions to be 
implemented to provide for these ecological needs; and a monitoring and 
adaptive management plan. We consult with the military on the 
development and implementation of INRMPs for installations with listed 
species. We believe that bases that have completed and approved INRMPs 
that address the needs of the species generally do not meet the 
definition of critical habitat discussed above, because they require no 
additional special management or protection. Therefore, we do not 
include these areas in critical habitat designations if they meet the 
following three criteria: (1) A current INRMP must be complete and 
provide a conservation benefit to the species; (2) the plan must 
provide assurances that the conservation management strategies will be 
implemented; and (3) the plan must provide assurances that the 
conservation management strategies will be effective, by providing for 
periodic monitoring and revisions as necessary. If all of these 
criteria are met, then the lands covered under the plan would not meet 
the definition of critical habitat.

Lands Under U.S. Army Jurisdiction

    The Army has six installations under its jurisdiction on Oahu-
Dillingham Military Reservation (DMR), Kawailoa Training Area (KLOA), 
Kahuku Training Area (KTA), Makua Military Reservation (MMR), Schofield 
Barracks Military Reservation (SBMR) and Schofield Barracks East Range 
(SBER). All of these lands are administered by the Army Garrison, 
Hawaii for various types of routine military training. The Army has 
written an Integrated Natural Resources Management Plan (INRMP) for all 
of the Oahu training areas (Army 2001b), Ecosystem Management Plan 
(Army 1998), an Endangered Species Management Plan (Research 
Corporation of Hawaii (RCUH) 1998), a Wildland Fire Management Plan 
(which is finalized only for MMR at this time) (Army 2000), monthly 
summary reports (Col. W.E. Ryan III, Army, in litt. 2000-2002), and 
annual reports on the natural resources management projects performed 
under the Ecosystems Management Program for all of these installations 
(RCUH 1998, 1999, and 2000). These documents indicate that some of the 
management actions identified in these plans, including their 2001 
INRMP, have been implemented and have proven beneficial to populations 
of some species. However, current management is not sufficient to 
address the on-going threats to the listed plant species on these 
lands. In addition, there is currently no guarantee of long-term 
funding for management actions that are ongoing or future management 
actions. The Army is currently engaged in or will begin discussions 
with the Service to identify training-related impacts to the listed 
plant species at SBMR, SBER, KLOA, KTA, and DMR and develop measures 
that avoid, minimize and offset those impacts. However, more 
comprehensive management documents have not been completed at this 
time. Therefore, we can not, at this time, find that management on 
these lands under Federal jurisdiction is adequate to preclude a 
proposed designation of critical habitat.

Dillingham Military Reservation

    Four species, Cyperus trachysanthos, Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. 
mokuleianus, Nototrichium humile, and Schiedea kealiae are reported 
from the Army's Dillingham Military Reservation, though only Schiedea 
kealiae is currently known to occur on this land (Army 2001b; HINHP 
Database 2001). We believe this land is needed for the recovery of one 
or more of these four species. Currently, the Army is not implementing 
any management actions for these listed species at the Dillingham 
Military Reservation (HINHP Database 2001; Army 2001b). In addition, 
proposed management actions identified for Schiedea kealiae in the 2001 
INRMP are ``subject to available funding''. We do not believe that 
appropriate conservation management strategies have been adequately 
funded or effectively implemented. Therefore, we cannot at this time 
find that management of this land under Federal jurisdiction is 
adequate to preclude a proposed designation of critical habitat. 
However, if an INRMP or other endangered species management plan that 
addresses the maintenance and improvement of the essential elements for 
the listed plant species reported from Dillingham Military Reservation, 
and provides for their long-term conservation and assurances that it 
will is completed and implemented, we will reassess the critical 
habitat boundaries in light of these management plans. Also, we may 
exclude these military lands under section 4(b)(2) of the Act if 
benefits of exclusion outweigh the benefits of including the areas 
within critical habitat, provided the exclusion will not result in 
extinction of the species.

Kahuku Training Area

    Ten species, Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea 
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea longiflora, 
Eugenia koolauensis, Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens, 
Phyllostegia hirsuta, and Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, are reported from 
the Army's Kahuku Training Area though only Cyanea koolauensis, Eugenia 
koolauensis, Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens, and 
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa are currently known to occur on this land 
(HINHP Database 2001; Army 2001b). We believe this land is needed for 
the recovery of one or more of these 10 species. Currently, management 
actions for listed plants at Kahuku Training Area consists of weed 
control around known populations of Eugenia koolauensis and collection 
of

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propagules for propagation and eventual outplanting (Army 2001b). 
Proposed management actions identified for listed plant species in the 
2001 INRMP are ``subject to available funding''. We do not believe that 
there are sufficient assurances that appropriate conservation 
management strategies will be adequately funded or effectively 
implemented. Therefore, we cannot at this time find that management of 
this land under Federal jurisdiction is adequate to preclude a proposed 
designation of critical habitat. However, if an INRMP or other 
endangered species management plan that addresses the maintenance and 
improvement of the essential elements for the listed plant species 
reported from Kahuku Training Area, and provides for their long-term 
conservation and assurances that it will is completed and implemented, 
we will reassess the critical habitat boundaries in light of these 
management plans. Also, we may exclude these military lands under 
section 4(b)(2) of the Act if benefits of exclusion outweigh the 
benefits of including the areas within critical habitat, provided the 
exclusion will not result in extinction of the species.

Kawailoa Training Area

    Twenty-nine species, Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea 
acuminata, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea 
humboldtiana, Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea st.-johnii, 
Cyrtandra dentata, Cyrtandra viridiflora, Delissea subcordata, Eugenia 
koolauensis, Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens, Labordia 
cyrtandrae, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, 
Melicope lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Phlegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia 
hirsuta, Phyllostegia parviflora, Plantago princeps, Platanthera 
holochila, Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea, Tetraplasandra 
gymnocarpa, and Viola oahuensis, are reported from the Army's Kawailoa 
Training Area, and 23 of the 29 plant species (Chamaesyce rockii, 
Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea humboldtiana, Cyanea 
koolauensis, Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyrtandra dentata, Cyrtandra 
viridiflora, Eugenia koolauensis, Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia 
arborescens, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, 
Melicope lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Phlegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia 
hirsuta, Phyllostegia parviflora, Plantago princeps, Pteris lydgatei, 
Sanicula purpurea, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, and Viola oahuensis) are 
currently known to occur on this land (HINHP Database 2001; Army 
2001b). We believe this land is needed for the recovery of one or more 
of these 29 species. Currently, management for listed plant species at 
Kawailoa Training area includes monitoring to examine population 
health, the collection of propagules for ex-situ propagation, and the 
identification of threats to these populations. The populations of 
Cyanea st.-johnii and Cyrtandra viridiflora have been intensely 
monitored since 1999. The Army plans to construct a fenced exclosure 
around the Cyrtandra viridiflora population to protect the individuals 
from browsing by feral ungulates. Gardenia mannii has been actively 
monitored for threats and competition from exotic plants but no fences 
have been erected to prevent browsing from feral pigs (Army 2001b). 
Proposed management actions identified for listed plant species in the 
2001 INRMP are ``subject to available funding''. We do not believe that 
the current management measures are sufficient to address the primary 
threats to these species, nor do we believe that there are appropriate 
assurances that appropriate conservation management strategies will be 
adequately funded or effectively implemented. Therefore, we cannot at 
this time find that management of this land under Federal jurisdiction 
is adequate to preclude a proposed designation of critical habitat. 
However, if an INRMP or other endangered species management plan that 
addresses the maintenance and improvement of the essential elements for 
the listed plant species reported from Kawailoa Training Area, and 
provides for their long-term conservation and assurances that it will 
be implemented, we will reassess the critical habitat boundaries in 
light of these management plans. Also, we may exclude these military 
lands under section 4(b)(2) of the Act if benefits of exclusion 
outweigh the benefits of including the areas within critical habitat, 
provided the exclusion will not result in extinction of the species.

Makua Military Reservation

    Thirty-one species, Alectryon macrococcus, Alsinidendron obovatum, 
Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Chamaesyce celastroides var. 
keanana, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea superba, Cyrtandra dentata, 
Delissea subcordata, Diellia falcata, Dubautia herbstobatae, Euphorbia 
haeleeleana, Flueggea neowawraea, Hedyotis degeneri, Hedyotis parvula, 
Hibiscus brackenridgei, Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta tenuifolia, 
Lobelia niihauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium 
humile, Plantago princeps, Sanicula mariversa, Schiedea hookeri, 
Schiedea nuttallii, Silene lanceolata, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, 
Tetramolopium filiforme, Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, and 
Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, are reported from the Army's 
Makua Military Reservation, and all but Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. 
lepidotum are currently known to occur on this land (HINHP Database 
2001; Army 2001b). We believe this land is needed for the recovery of 
one or more of these 31 species. Currently, management for listed plant 
species at Makua Military Reservation includes monitoring to examine 
population health, the collection of propagules for ex-situ 
propagation, and the identification of threats to these populations. 
Seeds of Alectryon macroccocus, Alsinidendron obovatum, Cenchrus 
agrinomioides, Cyanea superba ssp. superba, Hedyotis degeneri, Hedyotis 
parvula, Sanicula mariversa, Silene lanceolata, and Viola chamissoniana 
ssp. chamissoniana have been collected and propagated for future 
reintroduction into protected habitat. Slug control has been initiated 
on populations of Alsinidendron obovatum and intensive rat control has 
been implemented for Euphorbia haeleeleana. Erosion barriers have been 
constructed to protect Sanicula mariversa populations. Fenced 
exclosures have been constructed around populations of Cenchrus 
agrinomioides, Cyanea superba ssp. superba, Cyrtandra dentata, Delissea 
subcordata, and Diellia falcata to protect them from browsing by feral 
ungulates. Fenced exclosures for some species are not possible due to 
unexploded ordnance hazards near individual plants, for example, of 
Flueggea neowawraea (Army 2001b). While we believe that some of these 
species specific actions may control threats in the short term, we do 
not believe that these measures are sufficient to address the primary 
threats to all of the species reported from Makua Military Reservation 
at this time. The Army has completed a programmatic section 7 
consultation with the Service for Makua Military Reservation. We issued 
a biological opinion of no jeopardy for the Army's routine training on 
June 23, 1999. Part of the Army's proposed action included the 
development and implementation of an Implementation Plan (IP) to 
outline detailed steps needed to stabilize the species impacted by Army 
training. The IP is still in the development phase and may not be 
completed for another year.

[[Page 37163]]

If the implementation plan addresses the maintenance and improvement of 
the essential elements for the listed plant species reported from Makua 
Military Reservation, and provides for their long-term conservation and 
assurances that it will be implemented, we will reassess the critical 
habitat boundaries in light of the Implementation Plan. However, we 
cannot at this time find that management of this land under Federal 
jurisdiction is adequate to preclude a proposed designation of critical 
habitat. In addition, we may exclude these military lands under section 
4(b)(2) of the Act if benefits of exclusion outweigh the benefits of 
including the areas within critical habitat, provided the exclusion 
will not result in extinction of the species.

Schofield Barracks East Range

    Seventeen species, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea 
koolauensis, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea st.johnii, Cyrtandra 
subumbellata, Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens, Isodendrion 
laurifolium, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, 
Plegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula 
pupurea, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, and Viola oahuensis, are reported 
from the Army's Schofield Barracks East Range, and all but Cyanea 
longiflora, Cyanea st.johnii, and Lobelia oahuensis are currently known 
to occur on this land (HINHP Database 2001; Army 2001b). We believe 
this land is needed for the recovery of one or more of these 17 
species. Currently, management for listed plant species at Schofield 
Barracks East Range includes monitoring of some plant populations, the 
collection of propagules for ex-situ propagation, and the 
identification of threats to the rare plant populations. Phlegmariurus 
nutans is the only species at Schofield Barracks East Range that has 
been collected for ex-situ propagation and results have been 
unsuccessful (Army 2001b). Proposed management actions identified for 
listed plant species in the 2001 INRMP are ``subject to available 
funding''. We do not believe that the current management measures are 
sufficient to address the primary threats to these species, nor do we 
believe that there are sufficient assurances that appropriate 
conservation management strategies will be adequately funded or 
effectively implemented. Therefore, we cannot at this time find that 
management of this land under Federal jurisdiction is adequate to 
preclude a proposed designation of critical habitat. However, if an 
INRMP or other endangered species management plan that addresses the 
maintenance and improvement of the essential elements for the listed 
plant species reported from Schofield Barracks East Range, and provides 
for their long-term conservation and assurances that it will be 
implemented, we will reassess the critical habitat boundaries in light 
of these management plans. Also, we may exclude these military lands 
under section 4(b)(2) of the Act if benefits of exclusion outweigh the 
benefits of including the areas within critical habitat, provided the 
exclusion will not result in extinction of the species.

Schofield Barracks Military Reservation

    Thirty-four species, Abutilon sandwicense, Alectryon macrococcus, 
Alsinidendron trinerve, Cenchrus agriminioides, Ctenitis squamigera, 
Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea grimesiana 
ssp. obatae, Cyanea superba, Delissea subcordata, Diellia falcata, 
Diplazium molokaiense, Eragrostis fosbergii, Flueggea neowawraea, 
Gardenia mannii, Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lepidium 
arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla, Lipochaeta tenuifolia, 
Lobelia niihauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium 
humile, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago princeps, 
Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea nuttalii, Solanum sandwicense, Stenogyne 
kanehoana, Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, Urera kaalae, and 
Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, are reported from the Army's 
Schofield Barracks Military Reservation and 23 of the 34 plant species 
are currently known to occur on this land (HINHP Database 2001; Army 
2001b). Eleven species, Cenchrus agriminioides, Ctenitis squamigera, 
Cyanea grimesiana ssp obatae, Cyanea superba, Diplazium molokaiense, 
Eragrostis fosbergii, Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium humile, Schiedea 
nuttalii, Solanum sandwicense, and Stenogyne kanehoana are only known 
from historical records. We believe this land is needed for the 
recovery of one or more of these 34 species. Currently, management for 
listed plant species at Schofield Barracks Military Reservation 
includes rare plant surveys and the identification and monitoring of 
threats to the rare plant species. Propagules of Alectryon macrococcus, 
Flueggea neowawraea, Gardenia mannii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Urera 
kaalae, and Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana have been collected 
and are being propagated for outplanting into protected habitat. 
Propagated individuals of Flueggea neowawraea, and Urera kaalae have 
already been outplanted into habitat that is protected by ungulate 
exclosure fences and is regularly monitored for alien plant species. 
Monitoring for many of the rare plants at Schofield Barracks Military 
Reservation is restricted due to unexploded ordnance hazards (Army 
2001b). Proposed management actions identified for listed plant species 
in the 2001 INRMP are ``subject to available funding''. We do not 
believe that the current management measures are sufficient to address 
the primary threats to these species, nor do we believe that there are 
sufficient assurances that appropriate conservation management 
strategies will be adequately funded or effectively implemented. 
Therefore, we cannot at this time find that management of this land 
under Federal jurisdiction is adequate to preclude a proposed 
designation of critical habitat. However, if an INRMP or other 
endangered species management plan that addresses the maintenance and 
improvement of the essential elements for the listed plant species 
reported from Schofield Barracks Military Reservation, and provides for 
their long-term conservation and assurances that it will be 
implemented, we will reassess the critical habitat boundaries in light 
of these management plans. Also, we may exclude these military lands 
under section 4(b)(2) of the Act if benefits of exclusion outweigh the 
benefits of including the areas within critical habitat, provided the 
exclusion will not result in extinction of the species.

Hawaii Army National Guard

    One plant species, Cyperus trachysanthos, occurs on HIARNG lands at 
Diamond Head Crater (HINHP Database 2001). We conducted surveys and 
prepared management plans for all HIARNG lands in Hawaii, including 
Diamond Head Crater (Service 1998c and 2001). Current management on 
HIARNG lands at Diamond Head include rare plant seed collection for 
off-site propagation, fire control, some weed control, and some habitat 
restoration. However, these actions are not sufficient to address the 
on-going threats to this species on this land. In addition, currently 
there is no guarantee that appropriate conservation management 
strategies will be adequately funded or effectively implemented. 
Therefore, we cannot, at this time, find that management on these lands 
is adequate to preclude a proposed designation of critical habitat.

[[Page 37164]]

Naval Magazine Pearl Harbor Lualualei Branch and Naval Computer and 
Telecommunication Area Master Station Pacific Transmitting Facility at 
Lualualei

    The U.S. Navy (Navy) owns or leases much of Lualualei Valley, which 
is operated as a naval magazine and transmitting facility. One species, 
Marsilea villosa, occurs on land at the Naval Computer and 
Telecommunications Area Master Station Pacific Radio Transmitting 
Facility at Lualualei and we believe this land is needed for the 
recovery of this species. Some management actions to protect and 
maintain the population are included in the 2001 INRMP but these 
actions have not been adequately funded or effectively implemented 
(HINHP Database 2001; Navy 2001a). Therefore, we cannot at this time 
find that management of this land under Federal jurisdiction is 
adequate to preclude a proposed designation of critical habitat. 
However, if an INRMP or other endangered species management plan that 
addresses the maintenance and improvement of the essential elements for 
Marsilea villosa, and provides for its long-term conservation and 
assurances that it will be implemented, we will reassess the critical 
habitat boundaries in light of these management plans. Also, we may 
exclude this military land under section 4(b)(2) of the Act if benefits 
of exclusion outweigh the benefits of including the area within 
critical habitat, provided the exclusion will not result in extinction 
of the species.
    Twenty-three species, Abutilon sandwicense, Alectryon macrococcus, 
Bonamia menziesii, Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Diellia falcata, Flueggea 
neowawraea, Hedyotis parvula, Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata, 
Lipochaeta tenuifolia, Lobelia niihauensis, Marsilea villosa, Melicope 
saint-johnii, Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium humile, Phyllostegia 
hirsuta, Plantago princeps, Sanicula mariversa, Schiedea hookeri, 
Tetramolopium filiforme, Tetramolopium lepidotum, Urera kaalae, and 
Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, are reported from the Naval 
Magazine Pearl Harbor Lualualei Branch land and we believe this land is 
needed for the recovery of one or more of these 23 species (HINHP 
Database 2001; Navy 2001b). One fenced exclosure at the Halona 
management area has been erected to protect Abutilon sandwicense from 
feral ungulates, and another exclosure at Puu Hapapa protects Abutilon 
sandwicense, Bonamia menziesii, Fleuggea neowawraea, Lipochaeta lobata 
var. leptophylla, and Nototrichium humile from browsing by feral 
ungulates. Other management actions include some monitoring of rare 
plants, surveying for rare plants and controlling some invasive plants 
in rare plant habitats (The Traverse Group 1988; Navy 1997, 2001a, 
2001b). We do not believe that these measures are sufficient to address 
the primary threats to these species on this land, nor do we believe 
that appropriate conservation management strategies have been 
adequately funded or effectively implemented. Therefore, we cannot at 
this time find that management of this land under Federal jurisdiction 
is adequate to preclude a proposed designation of critical habitat. 
However, if an INRMP or other endangered species management plan that 
addresses the maintenance and improvement of the essential elements for 
these plant species, and provides for their long-term conservation and 
assurances that it will be implemented, we will reassess the critical 
habitat boundaries in light of these management plans. Also, we may 
exclude this military land under section 4(b)(2) of the Act if benefits 
of exclusion outweigh the benefits of including the area within 
critical habitat, provided the exclusion will not result in extinction 
of the species.

Oahu Forest National Wildlife Refuge

    The Oahu Forest National Wildlife Refuge was established to protect 
and manage a portion of some of the best remaining native forest in the 
northern Koolau Mountains of Oahu. The southern portion of the refuge 
is owned by the Service, while the northern portion is private land 
leased by the Army as part of Schofield Barracks Military Reservation 
and included as an overlay refuge. Sixteen plant species (Chamaesyce 
rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea humboldtiana, 
Cyrtrandra subumbellata, Cyrtrandra viridiflora, Gardenia mannii, 
Hesperomannia arborescens, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, 
Lobelia oahuensis, Phlegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Pteris 
lydgatei, Sanicula purpurea, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, and Viola 
oahuensis) are reported from the refuge lands (HINHP Database 2001). 
The refuge was established in December 2000 and no management plan has 
been developed yet. We have included this area within the critical 
habitat proposal.

State of Hawaii Lands

    The State lands on the island of Oahu include ceded and leased 
lands, and those that are administered by the Department of Hawaiian 
Home Lands (DHHL), the Division of State Parks, and the Department of 
Land and Natural Resources (DLNR). Eighty-six plants are reported from 
State lands (Abutilon sandwicense, Alectryon macrococcus, Alsinidendron 
obovatum, Alsinidendron trinerve, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus 
agrimonioides, Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce celastroides var. 
kaenana, Chamaesyce deppeana, Chamaesyce herbstii, Chamaesyce 
kuwaleana, Chamaesyce rockii, Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis 
squamigera, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. 
grimesiana, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyanea humboldtiana, Cyanea 
koolauensis, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyanea superba, 
Cyanea truncata, Cyperus trachysanthos, Cyrtandra dentata, Cyrtandra 
polyantha, Cyrtandra subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora, Delissea 
subcordata, Diellia erecta, Diellia falcata, Diellia unisora, Dubautia 
herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii, Eugenia koolauensis, Euphorbia 
haeleeleana, Flueggea neowawraea, Gardenia mannii, Gouania meyenii, 
Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis degeneri, Hedyotis parvula, Hesperomannia 
arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus brackenridgei, 
Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae, 
Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla, Lipochaeta 
tenuifolia, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia monostachya, 
Lobelia niihauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, Lysimachia filifolia, Marsilea 
villosa, Melicope lydgatei, Melicope pallida, Myrsine juddii, Neraudia 
angulata, Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phlegmariurus 
nutans, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Phyllostegia 
parviflora, Plantago princeps, Pteris lydgatei, Sanicula mariversa, 
Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, Schiedea kealiae, 
Schiedea nuttallii, Sesbania tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, Spermolepis 
hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium filiforme, Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. 
lepidotum, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis, Urera 
kaalae, Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, and Viola oahuensi). 
DLNR lands on Oahu are made up of Forest Reserves, Game Hunting Units, 
and Natural Area Reserves (NAR). Within DLNR, DOFAW administers all of 
these lands.
    Many of DLNR's programs provide beneficial effects to endangered 
species and their habitat. Hawaii DOFAW

[[Page 37165]]

management actions on Oahu include fences that have been built to 
exclude feral ungulates from rare plant sites, propagation and 
dissemination of native tree species that help restore native plant 
assemblages around the island, participation in a cooperative watershed 
management partnership with other Federal and State agencies and 
private land owners, and administration of programs that either 
directly or indirectly benefit endangered species and their habitats.
    DOFAW has four fenced areas on Oahu for the protection of rare 
plants. An area of approximately 101 ha (250 ac) is fenced in Pahole 
Gulch within Pahole NAR for the protection of numerous endangered plant 
species and the endangered land snail Achatinella mustelina. DOFAW is 
currently seeking funding for an additional large fence within Pahole 
NAR in adjacent Kapuna Gulch. In addition, DOFAW has constructed three 
other, small rare plant exclosures for the protection of extant rare 
plant populations and reintroduction of propagated material (Marie 
Bruegmann, Service, pers. comm., 2001).
    DOFAW's Natural Area Reserves System (NARS) was established in 1970 
with the intent to preserve and maintain unique Hawaiian ecosystems and 
geological features. The island of Oahu has three NARs that encompass a 
total of 728 ha (1,799 ac). All three of these NARs harbor endangered 
species and are managed primarily to maintain the native ecosystems 
that support these species. Management plans have been developed for 
these NARs and intensive management actions that have occurred in the 
NARs include construction of feral ungulate exclosure fences around 
particularly unique plant communities and endangered species; treatment 
of endangered tree species for invasive alien insects, physical and 
chemical control of alien plant populations, rat baiting, and feral cat 
trapping (DLNR 1988a and b, 1990).
    The other DOFAW-administered program on the island that has 
indirect benefits to endangered plant species is the Hawaii Forest 
Stewardship Program (FSP). Forest Stewardship projects are designed to 
be implemented over a 1-year period where private landowners are 
provided funds to establish forestry projects over a 4-year period and 
maintain these projects over the subsequent 10 years. Projects can be 
variable in nature and use native and non-native species. A few of 
these projects that have focused on native forest habitat restoration 
in areas that harbor endangered plant species have demonstrated success 
in restoring native forest habitat suitable for the maintenance and 
recovery of endangered plant species. We believe that private 
landowners in this program have the potential to contribute to the 
recovery of endangered plant species. However, no FSP projects have 
been implemented on Oahu to date (Vickie Caraway, DOFAW, pers. comm., 
2001).
    Numerous efforts by the State of Hawaii on Oahu contribute to the 
conservation of listed plant species, including their rare plant 
management activities and administration of the NARs. However, these 
programs do not adequately address the threats to the listed plant 
species on their lands. In addition, there are no comprehensive 
management plans for the long-term conservation of endangered and 
threatened plants on these lands, no updated detailed reports on 
management actions conducted, and no assurances that management actions 
will be implemented. Therefore, we cannot, at this time, find that 
management on these State lands is adequate to preclude a proposed 
designation of critical habitat.

Partnership (Federal-State-Private) Lands

Koolau Mountains Watershed Partnership

    Thirty-five species (Bonamia menziesii, Chamaesyce deppeana, 
Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea grimesiana 
ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea humboldtiana, Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea st.-
johnii, Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra dentata, Cyrtandra polyantha, 
Cyrtandra subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora, Diellia erecta, Eugenia 
koolauensis, Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens, Isodendrion 
longifolium, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia 
monostachya, Lobelia oahuensis, Lysimachia filifolia, Melicope 
lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Phlegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia hirsuta, 
Phyllostegia parviflora, Plantago princeps, Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula 
purpurea, Schiedea kaalae, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia 
singularis, and Viola oahuensis) are reported from the Koolau Mountains 
Watershed Management lands owned by State, Federal, and private 
entities on Oahu (GDSI Database 2001; HINHP Database 2001). In an 
effort to better protect native biological resources, landowners and 
other interested parties established a voluntary partnership to 
cooperatively manage some of the lands within the Koolau Mountains. The 
partnership cooperative agreement, signed in 1999, indicates the shared 
interest in the joint management of threats shared by the landowners 
involved. The partnership is completing a natural resources management 
plan that will include, feral animal and alien plant control measures, 
collaborative research projects, and habitat protection and restoration 
(Craig Rowland, Service, pers. comm., 2001). Because no management plan 
is developed yet, management has been implemented only in small areas, 
and there is no long-term commitment of funding, we cannot, at this 
time, find that management on these lands is adequate to preclude a 
proposed designation of critical habitat.

Opaeula Watershed Protection Project

    The partners in this effort are Kamehameha Schools, the Army, 
DOFAW, and the Service. The project, located on land owned by 
Kamehameha Schools in the Koolau Mountains, entails construction of an 
ungulate exclusion fence and removal of ungulates from within the 61 ha 
(150 ac) enclosure. The wet summit crest shrubland and forest within 
the enclosure contains four of the 99 species: Chamaesyce rockii, 
Cyrtandra viridiflora, Myrsine juddii, and Viola oahuensis (C. Rowland, 
pers. comm., 2002). Because there is no management plan and no long-
term commitment of funding, we cannot, at this time, find that 
management on this land is adequate to preclude a proposed designation 
of critical habitat.

Waianae Mountains Feral Goat Management Group

    The Waianae Mountains Feral Goat Management Group is a voluntary 
group composed of 12 Federal, State, and county agencies and private 
organizations with the mission of ``* * * working together 
cooperatively to manage feral goats for the protection of Hawaiian 
plants, animals, watersheds, and ecosystems.'' The group has developed 
short-term goals and has ongoing projects regarding feral goat control 
in the Waianae Mountains, but has no detailed plan and no long-term 
funding, or jurisdiction other than on the lands of each participating 
agency or organization. In addition, the group is only addressing one 
of the many threats to endangered plants in the Waianae Mountains. 
Therefore, we cannot, at this time, find that management on these lands 
is adequate to preclude a proposed designation of critical habitat.

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Private Lands

Honouliuli Preserve

    The Honouliuli Preserve is a 1,494 ha (3,692 ac) preserve managed 
by TNCH through a long-term lease with the landowner, the Estate of 
James Campbell. Several rare native plant communities and endangered 
animals, along with 25 plant species (Abutilon sandwicense, Alectryon 
macrococcus, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Chamaescye herbstii, Cyanea 
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, Delissea 
subcordata, Diellia falcata, Diellia unisora, Flueggea neowawraea, 
Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata var. 
leptophylla, Melicope saint-johnii, Neraudia angulata, Phyllostegia 
hirsuta, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Phyllostegia mollis, Phyllostegia 
parviflora, Plantago princeps, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, 
Stenogyne kanehoana, Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, and Urera 
kaalae). TNCH has developed a management plan for the preserve that 
includes ungulate control, rodent control, weed control, fire control, 
and reintroduction of endangered and other rare plant species (TNCH 
1997). Some of the management actions identified have been implemented 
and have proven beneficial to populations of some species, and a new 
plan is currently being developed to incorporate more rare plant 
management and reintroduction actions (TNCH, in litt. 2000; Trae 
Menard, TNCH, pers. comm., 2001). However, these actions do not 
adequately address the on-going threats to the listed plant species on 
this land. In addition, there is currently no guarantee of long-term 
funding for ongoing or future management actions. Therefore, we cannot, 
at this time, find that management on these private lands is adequate 
to preclude a proposed designation of critical habitat.

Ihiihilauakea Preserve

    TNCH also manages the Ihiihilauakea Preserve on Oahu, through a 
conservation agreement with the City and County of Hawaii. This 
preserve harbors one endangered species, Marsilea villosa. There is an 
existing management plan for the site (TNCH 1990), and a new site 
restoration plan is being developed that will involve turning the 
preserve over to a local community group for volunteer management. TNCH 
has conducted periodic weed control efforts at this site, but there is 
no long-term commitment of funds for adequate management (T. Menard, 
pers. comm., 2001). Therefore, for these reasons we cannot, at this 
time, find that management on these lands is adequate to preclude a 
proposed designation of critical habitat.
    If we receive information during the public comment period that any 
of the lands within the proposed designations are actively managed to 
promote the conservation and recovery of the 99 listed species at issue 
in this proposed designation, in accordance with long term conservation 
management plans or agreements, and there are assurances that the 
proposed management actions will be implemented and effective, we can 
consider this information when making a final determination of critical 
habitat.
    In addition, we are aware that other private landowners and the 
State of Hawaii are considering the development of land management 
plans or agreements that may promote the conservation and recovery of 
endangered and threatened plant species on the island of Oahu. We 
support these efforts and provide technical assistance whenever 
possible. We are also soliciting comments on whether future development 
and approval of conservation measures (e.g., Habitat Conservation 
Plans, Conservation Agreements, Safe Harbor Agreements) should trigger 
revision of designated critical habitat to exclude such lands and, if 
so, by what mechanism.
    The proposed critical habitat units described below constitute our 
best assessment of the physical and biological features needed for the 
conservation of the 99 plant species, and the special management needs 
of these species, and are based on the best scientific and commercial 
information available and described above. We put forward this proposal 
acknowledging that we may have incomplete information regarding many of 
the primary biological and physical requirements for these species. 
However, both the Act and the relevant court order requires us to 
proceed with designation at this time based on the best information 
available. As new information accrues, we may reevaluate which areas 
warrant critical habitat designation. We anticipate that comments 
received through the public review process and from any public 
hearings, if requested, will provide us with additional information to 
use in our decision making process and in assessing the potential 
impacts of designating critical habitat for one or more of these 
species.
    The approximate areas of proposed critical habitat by landownership 
or jurisdiction are shown in Table 4.

               Table 4.--Approximate Proposed Critical Habitat Area by Unit and Land Ownership or Jurisdiction, Honolulu County, Oahu \1\.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
           Unit name                      State/local                      Private                       Federal                        Total
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oahu A.........................  5,778 ha (14,278 ac).........  1,901 ha (4,698 ac).........  824 ha (2,036 ac)...........  8,503 ha (21,013 ac)
                                 .............................  ............................  ............................  ............................
Oahu B.........................  34 ha (83 ac)................  ............................  ............................  34 ha (83 ac)
                                 .............................  ............................  ............................  ............................
Oahu C.........................  14 ha (35 ac)................  ............................  ............................  14 ha (35 ac)
Oahu D.........................  110 ha (271 ac)..............  ............................  ............................  110 ha (271 ac)
Oahu E.........................  38 ha (94 ac)................  ............................  ............................  38 ha (94 ac)
Oahu F.........................  44 ha (109 ac)...............  ............................  37 ha (91 ac)...............  81 ha (200 ac)
Oahu G.........................  .............................  ............................  16 ha (40 ac)...............  16 ha (40 ac)
Oahu H.........................  .............................  ............................  28 ha (68 ac)...............  28 ha (68 ac)
Oahu I.........................  1,138 ha (2,813 ac)..........  3,056 ha (7,552 ac).........  914 ha (2,258 ac)...........  5,109 ha (12,623 ac)
                                 .............................  ............................  ............................  ............................
Oahu J.........................  .............................  ............................  10 ha (25 ac)...............  10 ha (25 ac)
Oahu K.........................  .............................  ............................  7 ha (18 ac)................  7 ha (18 ac)
Oahu L.........................  7,938 ha (19,617 ac).........  21,170 ha (52,313 ac).......  960 ha (2,371 ac)...........  30,068 ha (74,301 ac)
Oahu M.........................  <1 ha (<1 ac)................  99 ha (245 ac)..............  ............................  100 ha (246 ac)
Oahu N.........................  5 ha (12 ac).................  ............................  ............................  5 ha (12 ac)
Oahu O.........................  184 ha (455 ac)..............  247 ha (611 ac).............  ............................  431 ha (1,066 ac)
Oahu P.........................  2 ha (3 ac)..................  ............................  ............................  2 ha (3 ac)

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Oahu Q.........................  1 ha (3 ac)..................  ............................  ............................  1 ha (3 ac)
Oahu R.........................  6 ha (15 ac).................  ............................  ............................  6 ha (15 ac)
Oahu S.........................  4 ha (12 ac).................  ............................  ............................  4 ha (12 ac)
Oahu T.........................  4 ha (9 ac)..................  ............................  ............................  4 ha (9 ac)
Oahu U.........................  27 ha (67 ac)................  ............................  ............................  27 ha (67 ac)
Oahu V.........................  4 ha (10 ac).................  ............................  ............................  4 ha (10 ac)
Oahu W.........................  339 ha (839 ac)..............  <1 ha (<1 ac)...............  ............................  340 ha (840 ac)
Oahu X1........................  117 ha (290 ac)..............  ............................  ............................  117 ha (290 ac)
Oahu X2........................  8 ha (21 ac).................  ............................  ............................  8 ha (21 ac)
                                --------------------------------
Total..........................  15,797 ha (39,037 ac)........  26,474 ha (65,420 ac).......  2,796 ha (6,907 ac).........  45,067 ha (111,364 ac)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Area differences due to digital mapping discrepancies between TMK data (GDSI 2000) and USGS coastline, or differences due to rounding.

    Proposed critical habitat includes habitat for 99 species under 
private, State, and Federal jurisdiction (owned and leased lands), with 
Federal lands including lands managed by the Department of Defense and 
the Service. Lands proposed as critical habitat have been divided into 
25 units (Oahu A through Oahu X) on the island of Oahu. A brief 
description of each unit is presented below.

Descriptions of Critical Habitat Units

Oahu A

    The proposed unit Oahu A provides occupied habitat for 58 species: 
Abutilon sandwicense, Alectryon macrococcus, Alsinidendron obovatum, 
Alsinidendron trinerve, Bonamia menzeisii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, 
Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana, Chamaesyce 
herbstii, Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea 
acuminata, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea 
superba, Cyperus trachysanthos, Cyrtandra dentata, Delissea subcordata, 
Diellia falcata, Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii, Eugenia 
koolauensis, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Fluggea neowawraea, Gardenia 
mannii, Gouania meyenii, Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis degeneri, Hedyotis 
parvula, Hesperomannia arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus 
brackenridgei, Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion longifolium, 
Labordia cyrtandrae, Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata var. 
leptophylla, Lipochaeta tenuifolia, Lobelia niihauensis, Melicope 
pallida, Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum 
sandwicense, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, 
Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago princeps, Sanicula mariversa, Schiedea 
hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, Schiedea kealiae, Schiedea nuttallii, 
Sesbania tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, 
Tetramolopium filiforme, Urera kaalae, and Viola chamissoniana ssp. 
chamissoniana. It is proposed for designation because it contains the 
physical and biological features that are considered essential for 
their conservation on Oahu and provides habitat to support one or more 
of the 8 to 10 populations and 100 mature individuals per population 
for Alectryon macrococcus, Colubrina oppositifolia, Flueggea 
neowawraea, Hesperomannia arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, 
Melicope pallida, Schiedea nuttallii, and Vigna o-wahuensis; or 300 
mature individuals per population for Abutilon sandwicense, 
Alsinidendron obovatum, Alsinidendron trinerve, Bonamia menzeisii, 
Cenchrus agrimonioides, Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce celastroides 
var. kaenana, Chamaesyce herbstii, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea 
acuminata, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea 
superba, Cyperus trachysanthos, Cyrtandra dentata, Delissea subcordata, 
Diellia falcata, Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii, Eugenia 
koolauensis, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Gardenia mannii, Gouania meyenii, 
Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis degeneri, Hedyotis parvula, Hibiscus 
brackenridgei, Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion longifolium, 
Labordia cyrtandrae, Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata var. 
leptophylla, Lipochaeta tenuifolia, Lobelia niihauensis, Neraudia 
angulata, Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia 
hirsuta, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago 
princeps, Sanicula mariversa, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, 
Schiedea kealiae, Sesbania tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, Tetramolopium 
filiforme, Urera kaalae, and Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana; or 
500 mature individuals per population for Spermolepis hawaiiensis, 
throughout their known historical range considered by the recovery 
plans to be necessary for the conservation of each species. This unit 
also provides unoccupied habitat for seven species: Diplazium 
molokaiense, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Mariscus pennatiformis, Solanum 
sandwicense, Stenogyne kaneohoana, Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. 
lepidotum, and Vigna o-wahuense. Designation of this unit is essential 
to the conservation of these species because it contains the physical 
and biological features that are considered essential for their 
conservation on Oahu, and provides habitat to support one or more 
additional populations necessary to meet the recovery objectives for 
these species of 8 to 10 populations and 100 mature individuals per 
population for Vigna o-wahuense, or 300 mature individuals per 
population for Diplazium molokaiense, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Mariscus 
pennatiformis, Solanum sandwicense, Stenogyne kaneohoana, and 
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, throughout their known 
historical range (see the discussion of conservation requirements in 
Section D, and in the table for Oahu A).
    This unit contains a total of 8,503 ha (21,013 ac) on State 
(Kuaokala Game Management Area, Kaena Point Natural Area Reserve and 
State Park, Kaala Natural Area Reserve, Waianae Kai Forest Reserve, 
Makua Keauu Forest Reserve, Mokuleia Forest Reserve, and Pahole Natural 
Area Reserve), Federal (Makua Military Reservation, Schofield Barracks 
Military Reservation, and Dillingham Military Reservation), and private 
lands. The natural features found in this unit are Kaneana Cave, Manini 
Pali, Alei Pali, Kauhao Pali, Mahoe Pali, Peacock Flat, Kamaileunu

[[Page 37168]]

Ridge, Kaala, Kamaile Heiau summit, Kaupakuhale summit, Puu Pueo, Puu 
Iki, Puu Pane, Kamaohanui summit, Puu Kamaileunu, Puu Kawiwi, Puu 
Kepauala, Puu Keaau, Alau Gulch, Haili Gulch, Uluhulu Gulch, and Nihoa 
Gulch.
    The following key should be used for critical habitat units Oahu A 
through Oahu X tables:
    Key:
    1. This unit is needed to meet the recovery plan objectives of 8 to 
10 viable populations (self perpetuating and sustaining for at least 5 
years) with 100 to 500 mature, reproducing individuals per species 
throughout its historical range as specified in the recovery plans.
    2. Island endemic.
    3. Multi-island species with current locations on other islands.
    4. Multi-island species with no current locations on other islands.
    5. Current locations do not necessarily represent viable 
populations with the required number of mature individuals.
    6. Several current locations may be affected by one naturally 
occurring, catastrophic event.
    7. Species with variable habitat requirements, usually over wide 
areas. Wide ranging species require more space per individual over more 
land area to provide needed primary constituent elements to maintain 
healthy population size.
    8. Not all currently occupied habitat was determined to be 
essential to the recovery of the species.
    9. Life history, long-lived perennial-100 mature, reproducing 
individuals per population.
    10. Life history, short-lived perennial-300 mature, reproducing 
individuals per population.
    11. Life history, annual-500 mature, reproducing individuals per 
population.
    12. Narrow endemic, the species probably never naturally occurred 
in more than a single or a few populations.
    13. Species has extremely restricted, specific habitat 
requirements.
    14. Hybridization is possible so distinct populations of related 
species should not overlap, requiring more land area.

BILLING CODE 4310-55-P

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Oahu B

    The proposed unit Oahu B provides occupied habitat for three 
species: Bonamia menzeisii, Euphorbia haeleeleana, and Nototrichium 
humile. It is proposed for designation because it contains the physical 
and biological features that are considered essential for their 
conservation on Oahu, and provides habitat to support one or more of 
the 8 to 10 populations and 300 mature individuals per population for 
these species throughout their known historical range considered by the 
recovery plans to be necessary for the conservation of each species. 
This unit also provides unoccupied habitat for four species: Gouania 
vitifolia, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium, and Neraudia 
angulata. Designation of this unit is essential to the conservation of 
these species because it contains the physical and biological features 
that are considered essential for their conservation on Oahu, and 
provides habitat to support one or more additional populations 
necessary to meet the recovery objectives for these species of 8 to 10 
populations and 300 mature individuals per population throughout their 
known historical range (see the discussion of conservation requirements 
in Section D, and in the table for Oahu B).
    This unit contains a total of 34 ha (83 ac) on State lands 
(Kuaokala Forest Reserve and Kaena Point State Park). The natural 
features found in this unit are the cliffs below Kuaokala Ridge.

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Oahu C

    The proposed unit Oahu C provides occupied habitat for one species: 
Bonamia menzeisii. It is proposed for designation because it contains 
the physical and biological features that are considered essential for 
its conservation on Oahu, and provides habitat to support one or more 
of the 8 to 10 populations and 300 mature individuals per population 
for Bonamia menzeisii, throughout its known historical range considered 
by the recovery plan to be necessary for the conservation of this 
species (see the discussion of conservation requirements in Section D, 
and in the table for Oahu C).
    This unit contains a total of 14 ha (35 ac) on State lands 
(Kuaokala Forest Reserve and Kuaokala Game Management Area).

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Oahu D

    The proposed unit Oahu D provides occupied habitat for five 
species: Bonamia menzeisii, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Neraudia angulata, 
Nototrichium humile, and Schiedea hookeri. It is proposed for 
designation because it contains the physical and biological features 
that are considered

[[Page 37181]]

essential for their conservation on Oahu, and provides habitat to 
support one or more of the 8 to 10 populations and 300 mature 
individuals per population for these species throughout their known 
historical range considered by the recovery plans to be necessary for 
the conservation of each species. This unit also provides unoccupied 
habitat for four species: Chamesyce celastroides var. kaenana, Hibiscus 
brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium, and Gouania vitifolia. 
Designation of this unit is essential to the conservation of these 
species because it contains the physical and biological features that 
are considered essential for their conservation on Oahu, and provides 
habitat to support one or more additional populations necessary to meet 
the recovery objectives for these species of 8 to 10 populations and 
300 mature individuals per population for these species throughout 
their known historical range (see the discussion of conservation 
requirements in Section D, and in the table for Oahu D).
    This unit contains a total of 110 ha (271 ac) on State (Kuaokala 
Forest Reserve and Kaena Point State Park) and Federal (Makua Military 
Reservation) lands. The natural features found in this unit are 
Kaluakauila Stream and Punapohaku Stream.

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Oahu E

    The proposed unit Oahu E provides occupied habitat for one species: 
Chamaesyce kuwaleana. It is proposed for designation because it 
contains the physical and biological features that are considered 
essential for its conservation on Oahu, and provides habitat to support 
one or more of the 8 to 10 populations and 300 mature individuals per 
population, throughout its known historical range considered by the 
recovery plan to be necessary for the conservation of the species (see 
the discussion of conservation requirements in Section D, and in the 
table for Oahu E).
    This unit contains a total of 38 ha (94 ac) on State land. The 
natural features found in this unit are Mauna Kuwale and Paheehee 
Ridge.

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Oahu F

    The proposed unit Oahu F provides occupied habitat for one species: 
Chamaesyce kuwaleana. It is proposed for designation because it 
contains the physical and biological features that are considered 
essential for its conservation on Oahu, and provides habitat to support 
one or more of the 8 to 10 populations and 300 mature individuals per 
population, throughout its known historical range considered by the 
recovery plan to be necessary for the conservation of the species. This 
unit also provides unoccupied habitat for one species: Isodendrion 
pyrifolium. Designation of this unit is essential to the conservation 
of this species because it contains the physical and biological 
features that are considered essential for its conservation on Oahu, 
and provides habitat to support one or more additional populations 
necessary to meet the recovery objectives for this species of 8 to 10 
populations and 300 mature individuals throughout its known historical 
range (see the discussion of conservation requirements in Section D, 
and in the table for Oahu F).
    This unit contains a total of 81 ha (200 ac) on State (Waianae Kai 
Forest Reserve) and Federal (Lualualei Naval Magazine) lands. The 
natural feature found in this unit is Kauaopuu.

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Oahu G

    The proposed unit Oahu G provides occupied habitat for two species: 
Tetramolopium filiforme and Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana. It 
is proposed for designation because it contains the physical and 
biological features that are considered essential for their 
conservation on Oahu, and provides habitat to support one or more of 
the 8 to 10 populations and 300 mature individuals per population for 
these species throughout their known historical range considered by the 
recovery plans to be necessary for the conservation of each species 
(see the discussion of conservation requirements in Section D, and in 
the table for Oahu G).
    This unit contains a total of 16 ha (40 ac) on Federal land 
(Lualualei Naval Magazine and Schofield Barracks Military Reservation). 
The natural feature found in this unit is Puu Ku Makalii.

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Oahu H

    The proposed unit Oahu H provides occupied habitat for one species: 
Chamaesyce kuwaleana. It is proposed for designation because it 
contains the physical and biological features that are considered 
essential for its conservation on Oahu, and provides habitat to support 
one or more of the 8 to 10 populations and 300 mature individuals per 
population, throughout its known historical range considered by the 
recovery plan to be necessary for the conservation of the species (see 
the discussion of conservation requirements in Section D, and in the 
table for Oahu H).
    This unit contains a total of 28 ha (68 ac) on Federal land 
(Lualualei Naval Magazine). The natural feature found in this unit is 
Puu Kailio.

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Oahu I

    The proposed unit Oahu I provides occupied habitat for 32 species: 
Abutilon sandwicense, Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia menzeisii, 
Cenchrus agrimonioides, Chamaesyce herbstii, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. 
obatae, Cyrtandra dentata, Delissea subcordata, Diellia falcata, 
Diellia unisora, Fluggea neowawraea, Gardenia mannii, Hedyotis parvula, 
Hesperomannia arbuscula, Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata var. 
leptophylla, Lobelia niihauensis, Melicope saint-johnii, Neraudia 
angulata, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Phyllostegia 
mollis, Phyllostegia parviflora, Plantago princeps, Sanicula mariversa, 
Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, Schiedea nuttallii, Stenogyne 
kanehoana, Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, Urera kaalae, and 
Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana. It is proposed for designation 
because it contains the physical and biological features that are 
considered essential for their conservation on Oahu, and provides 
habitat to support one or more of the 8 to 10 populations and 100 
mature individuals per population for Alectryon macrococcus, Flueggea 
neowawraea, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Melicope saint-johnii, and 
Schiedea nuttallii; or 300 mature individuals per population for 
Abutilon sandwicense, Bonamia menzeisii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, 
Chamaesyce herbstii, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyrtandra dentata, 
Delissea subcordata, Diellia falcata, Diellia unisora, Gardenia mannii, 
Hedyotis parvula, Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata var. 
leptophylla, Lobelia niihauensis, Neraudia angulata, Phyllostegia 
hirsuta, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Phyllostegia mollis, Phyllostegia 
parviflora, Plantago princeps, Sanicula mariversa, Schiedea hookeri, 
Schiedea kaalae, Stenogyne kanehoana, Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. 
lepidotum, Urera kaalae, and Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, 
throughout their known historical range considered by the recovery 
plans to be necessary for the conservation of each species. This unit 
also provides unoccupied habitat for 10 species: Alsinidendron 
obovatum, Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Cyanea pinnatifida, Gouania meyenii, 
Hedyotis coriacea, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isondendrion pyrifolium, 
Melicope pallida, Silene perlmanii, and Solanum sandwicense. 
Designation of this unit is essential to the conservation of these 
species because it contains the physical and biological features that 
are considered essential for their conservation on Oahu, and provides 
habitat to support one or more additional populations necessary to meet 
the recovery objectives for these species of 8 to 10 populations and 
100 mature individuals per population for Melicope pallida; or 300 
mature individuals per population for Alsinidendron obovatum, 
Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Cyanea pinnatifida, Gouania meyenii, Hedyotis 
coriacea, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isondendrion pyrifolium, Silene 
perlmanii, and Solanum sandwicense, throughout their known historical 
range (see the discussion of conservation requirements in Section D, 
and in the table for Oahu I).
    This unit contains a total of 5,109 ha (12,623 ac) on State 
(Nanakuli Forest Reserve), Federal (Lualualei Naval Magazine and 
Schofield Barracks Military Reservation), City and County of Honolulu, 
and private (Honouliuli Preserve) lands. The natural features found in 
this unit are Pohakea Pass, Akupu, Palehua, Palikea Ridge, Maunauna 
summit, Palikea summit, Mauna Kapu, Puu Heleakala, Puu Kaua, Puu 
Hapapa, Puu Kuua, Puu Kanehoa, Puu Manawahua, Puu Poulihale, and Puu 
Moopuna.

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Oahu J

    The proposed unit Oahu J provides occupied habitat for one species: 
Marsilea villosa. It is proposed for designation because it contains 
the physical and biological features that are considered essential for 
its conservation on Oahu, and provides habitat to support one or more 
of the 6 populations throughout its known historical range considered 
by the recovery plan to be necessary for the conservation of the 
species (see the discussion of conservation requirements in Section D, 
and in the table for Oahu J).
    This unit contains a total of 10 ha (25 ac) on Federal land 
(Lualualei Naval Magazine).

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Oahu K

    The proposed unit Oahu K provides occupied habitat for one species: 
Marsilea villosa. It is proposed for designation because it contains 
the physical and biological features that are considered essential for 
its conservation on Oahu, and provides habitat to support one or more 
of the 6 populations throughout its known historical range considered 
by the recovery plan to be necessary for the conservation of the 
species (see the discussion of conservation requirements in Section D, 
and in the table for Oahu K).
    This unit contains a total of 7 ha (18 ac) on Federal land 
(Lualualei Naval Magazine).

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Oahu L

    The proposed unit Oahu L provides occupied habitat for 35 species: 
Bonamia menzeisii, Chamaesyce deppeana, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea 
acuminata, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea 
humbotiana, Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyanea truncata, 
Cyrtandra dentata, Cyrtandra polyantha, Cyrtandra subumbellata, 
Cyrtandra viridiflora, Diellia erecta, Eugenia koolauensis, Gardenia 
mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens, Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia 
cyrtandrae, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia monostachya, 
Lysimachia filifolia, Melicope lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Phlegmariurus 
nutans, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia parviflora, Plantago 
princeps, Pteris lydgatei, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea kaalae, 
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, Trematalobelia singularis, and Viola 
oahuensiis. It is proposed for designation because it contains the 
physical and biological features that are considered essential for 
their conservation on Oahu, and provides habitat to support one or more 
of the 8 to 10 populations and 100 mature individuals per population 
for Hesperomannia arborescens, Melicope lydgatei, and Tetraplasandra 
gymnocarpa; or 300 mature individuals per population for Bonamia 
menzeisii, Chamaesyce deppeana, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea acuminata, 
Cyanea crispa, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea humbotiana, 
Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra 
dentata, Cyrtandra polyantha, Cyrtandra subumbellata, Cyrtandra 
viridiflora, Diellia erecta, Eugenia koolauensis, Gardenia mannii, 
Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. 
koolauensis, Lobelia monostachya, Lysimachia filifolia, Myrsine juddii, 
Phlegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia parviflora, 
Plantago princeps, Pteris lydgatei, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea kaalae, 
Trematalobelia singularis, and Viola oahuensiis, throughout their known 
historical range considered by the recovery plans to be necessary for 
the conservation of each species. This unit also provides unoccupied 
habitat for 10 species: Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce celastroides 
var. kaenana, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea superba, Delissea subcordata, 
Hedyotis coriacea, Isodendrion laurifolium, Lobelia oahuensis, 
Platanthera holochila, and Solanum sandwicense. Designation of this 
unit is essential to the conservation of these species because it 
contains the physical and biological features that are considered 
essential for their conservation on Oahu, and provides habitat to 
support one or more additional populations necessary to meet the 
recovery objectives for these species of 8 to 10 populations and 300 
mature individuals per population for these species throughout their 
known historical range (see the discussion of conservation requirements 
in Section D, and in the table for Oahu L).
    This unit contains a total of 30,068 ha (74,301 ac) on State 
(Pupukea-Paumalu Forest Reserve, Hauula Forest Reserve, Sacred Falls 
State Park, Kaipapau Forest Reserve, Kahana Valley State Park, Ewa 
Forest Reserve, Waiahole Forest Reserve, Kaneohe Forest Reserve, Keaiwa 
Heiau State Recreation Area, Honolulu Watershed Forest Reserve, 
Kuliouou Forest Reserve, and Waahila Ridge State Park), Federal (Fort 
Shafter, Oahu Forest National Wildlife Refuge, Schofield Barracks 
Military Reservation, Kawailoa Training Area, and Kahuku Training 
Area), City and County of Honolulu, and private lands. The natural 
features found in this unit are Nuuanu Pali, Kaau Crater, Waipuhia 
Falls, Sacred Falls, Manoa Falls, Pauoa Flats, Waahila Ridge, 
Kulepiamoa Ridge, Mauumae Ridge, Kaumala Ridge, Wiliwilinui Ridge, 
Waiakeakua Stream, Naniuapo Stream, Waaloa Stream, Luaalaea Stream, 
Konahuanui summit, Mount Kawela, Kainawaaunui summit, Nanaikaalaea 
summit, Napuumaia summit, Puu Kaaumakua, Palikea summit, Puu Kainapuaa, 
Puu Kamana, Puu Kapu, Puu Kawipoo, Puu Keahia Kahoe, Puu Lanihuli, Puu 
Lanipo, Puu Nukohe, Puu o Kona, Puu Pauao, Puu Peahinaia, Puu Pia, Puu 
Uau, Puu Kahuauli, Eleao summit, Ulimakoli summit, Mount Olympus, and 
Laulaupoe Gulch.

BILLING CODE 4310-55-P

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