2002 Federal Register, 67 FR 36967; Centralized Library: U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

[Federal Register: May 28, 2002 (Volume 67, Number 102)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Page 36967-37016]
From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]
[DOCID:fr28my02-23]

[[Page 36967]]

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Part II

Department of the Interior

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Fish and Wildlife Service

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

50 CFR Part 17

Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Designations of Critical
Habitat for Plant Species From the Island of Hawaii, HI; Proposed Rule

[[Page 36968]]

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Part 17

RIN 1018-AH02

Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Designations of
Critical Habitat for Plant Species From the Island of Hawaii, Hawaii

AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

ACTION: Proposed rule concerning designation of critical habitat.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), propose
critical habitat for 47 of the 58 plant species known historically from
the island of Hawaii that are listed under the Endangered Species Act
of 1973, as amended.
Critical habitat is not proposed for seven species as they no
longer occur on the island of Hawaii, and we are unable to identify any
habitat essential to their conservation on the island. Critical habitat
is not proposed for two species of loulu palm, Pritchardia affinis and
Pritchardia schattaueri, for which we determine that critical habitat
designation is not prudent because it would likely increase the threats
from vandalism or collection of these species on the island of Hawaii.
Critical habitat is not proposed for two species, Cyanea copelandii
ssp. copelandii and Ochrosia kilaueaensis, because they have not been
seen recently in the wild and no viable genetic material is known to
exist.
We propose critical habitat designations for 47 species within 28
critical habitat units totaling approximately 176,968 hectares (ha)
(437,285 acres (ac)) on the island of Hawaii.
If this proposal is made final, section 7 of the Act requires
Federal agencies to ensure that actions they carry out, fund, or
authorize do not destroy or adversely modify critical habitat to the
extent that the action appreciably diminishes the value of the critical
habitat for the survival and recovery of the species. Section 4 of the
Act requires us to consider economic and other relevant impacts of
specifying any particular area as critical habitat.
We solicit data and comments from the public on all aspects of this
proposal, including data on the economic and other impacts of the
designations, and the reasons why critical habitat for any of these
species is prudent or not prudent. We may revise or further refine this
rule, including critical habitat boundaries, prior to final designation
based on habitat and plant surveys, public comment on the proposed
critical habitat rule, and new scientific and commercial information.

DATES: We will accept comments until July 29, 2002. Public hearing
requests must be received by July 12, 2002.

ADDRESSES: If you wish to comment, you may submit your comments and
materials concerning this proposal by any one of the following methods:
You may submit written comments and information to the Field
Supervisor, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Office, 300
Ala Moana Blvd., Room 3-122, P.O. Box 50088, Honolulu, HI 96850-0001.
You may hand-deliver written comments to our Pacific Islands Office
at the address given above.
You may send comments by electronic mail (e-mail) to: FW1PIE--
Hawaii-- Island-- Crithab@r1.fws.gov. See the Public Comments Solicited
section in SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION below for file format and other
information about electronic filing.
You may view comments and materials received, as well as supporting
documentation used in the preparation of this proposed rule, by
appointment, during normal business hours at the above address.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Paul Henson, Field Supervisor, Pacific
Islands Office (see ADDRESSES section) (telephone 808/541-3441;
facsimile 808/541-3470).

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Background

In the Lists of Endangered and Threatened Plants (50 FR 17.12),
there are 58 plant species that, at the time of listing, were reported
from the island of Hawaii (Table 1). Twenty-seven of these species are
endemic to the island of Hawaii, while 31 species are reported from 1
or more other islands, as well as the island of Hawaii.

Table 1.--Summary of Island distribution of 58 Species from Hawaii
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Island distribution
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Species NW Hawaiian Islands,
Kauai Oahu Molokai Lanai Maui Hawaii Kahoolawe, Niihau
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Achyranthes mutica (NCN)......... H .................... .................... .................... .................... C
Adenophorus periens (pendent kihi C H C R R C
fern).
Argyroxiphium kauense (Mauna Loa ..................... .................... .................... .................... .................... C
silversword).
Asplenium fragile var. insulare ..................... .................... .................... .................... H C
(NCN).
Bonamia menziesii (NCN).......... C C H C C C
Cenchrus agrimonioides ..................... C .................... H C R NW Islands (H)
(kamanomano).
Clermontia drepanomorpha (oha ..................... .................... .................... .................... .................... C
wai).
Clermontia lindseyana (oha wai).. ..................... .................... .................... .................... C C
Clermontia peleana (oha wai)..... ..................... .................... .................... .................... H H
Clermontia pyrularia (oha wai)... ..................... .................... .................... .................... .................... C
Colubrina oppositifolia (kauila). ..................... C .................... .................... C C
Ctenitis squamigera (pauoa)...... H C C C C H
Cyanea copelandii ssp. copelandii ..................... .................... .................... .................... .................... H
(haha).

[[Page 36969]]

Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii ..................... .................... .................... .................... .................... C
(haha).
Cyanea platyphylla (haha)........ ..................... .................... .................... .................... .................... C
Cyanea shipmanii (haha).......... ..................... .................... .................... .................... .................... C
Cyanea stictophylla (haha)....... ..................... .................... .................... .................... .................... C
Cyrtandra giffardii (haiwale).... ..................... .................... .................... .................... .................... C
Cyrtandra tintinnabula (haiwale). ..................... .................... .................... .................... .................... C
Delissea undulata (NCN).......... C .................... .................... .................... H C
Diellia erecta (NCN)............. H C C H C C
Flueggea neowawraea (mehamehame). C C H .................... C C
Gouania vitifolia (NCN).......... ..................... C .................... .................... H C
Hedyotis cookiana (awiwi)........ C H H .................... .................... H
Hedyotis coriacea (kioele)....... ..................... H .................... .................... C C
Hibiscadelphus giffardianus (hau ..................... .................... .................... .................... .................... H
kuahiwi)*.
Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis (hau ..................... .................... .................... .................... .................... H
kuahiwi)*.
Hibiscus brackenridgei (mao hau H C H C C C Ka (R)
hele).
Ischaemum byrone (Hilo ischaemum) R H C .................... C C
Isodendrion hosakae (aupaka)..... ..................... .................... .................... .................... .................... C
Isodendrion pyrifolium (wahine ..................... H H H H C Ni (H)
noho kula).
Mariscus fauriei (NCN)........... ..................... .................... C H .................... C
Mariscus pennatiformis (NCN)..... H H .................... .................... C H NW (C)
Melicope zahlbruckneri (alani)... ..................... .................... .................... .................... .................... C
Neraudia ovata (NCN)............. ..................... .................... .................... .................... .................... C
Nothocestrum breviflorum (aiea).. ..................... .................... .................... .................... .................... C
Ochrosia kilaueaensis (holei).... ..................... .................... .................... .................... .................... H
Phlegmariurus mannii (wawaeiole). H .................... .................... .................... C H
Phyllostegia parviflora (NCN).... ..................... C .................... .................... H H
Phyllostegia racemosa (NCN)...... ..................... .................... .................... .................... .................... C
Phyllostegia velutina (NCN)...... ..................... .................... .................... .................... .................... C
Phyllostegia warshaueri (NCN).... ..................... .................... .................... .................... .................... C
Plantago hawaiensis (laukahi ..................... .................... .................... .................... .................... C
kuahiwi).
Plantago princeps (laukahi C C C .................... C H
kuahiwi).
Pleomele hawaiiensis (halapepe).. ..................... .................... .................... .................... .................... C
Portulaca sclerocarpa (poe)...... ..................... .................... .................... C .................... C
Pritchardia affinis (loulu)...... ..................... .................... .................... .................... .................... C
Pritchardia schattaueri (loulu).. ..................... .................... .................... .................... .................... C
Sesbania tomentosa (ohai)........ C C C H C C NW, Ka, Ni (H)
Sicyos alba (anunu).............. ..................... .................... .................... .................... .................... C
Silene hawaiiensis (NCN)......... ..................... .................... .................... .................... .................... C
Silene lanceolata (NCN).......... H C C H .................... C
Solanum incompletum (popolo ku H .................... H H H C
mai).
Spermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN).... C C C C C C
Tetramolopium arenarium (NCN).... ..................... .................... .................... .................... H C
Vigna o-wahuensis (NCN).......... ..................... H C C C C Ni (H), Ka (C)
Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. ..................... .................... .................... .................... .................... C
tomentosum (ae).
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (ae)...... C .................... C H C C
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
KEY
C (Current)--population last observed within the past 30 years
H (Historical)--wild population not seen for more than 30 years
R (Reported)--reported from undocumented observations
NW--NW Hawaiian Islands

[[Page 36970]]

Ka--Kahoolawe
Ni--Niihau
NCN--no common name
* Taxon only known in cultivation

In previously published proposals we proposed that critical habitat
was prudent for 31 (Achyranthes mutica, Adenophorus periens, Asplenium
fragile var. insulare, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides,
Clermontia lindseyana, Clermontia peleana, Colubrina oppositifolia,
Ctenitis squamigera, Delissea undulata, Diellia erecta, Flueggea
neowawraea, Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis cookiana, Hedyotis coriacea,
Hibiscus brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, Isodendrion pyrifolium,
Mariscus fauriei, Mariscus pennatiformis, Phlegmariurus mannii,
Phyllostegia parviflora, Plantago princeps, Portulaca sclerocarpa,
Sesbania tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, Solanum incompletum, Spermolepis
hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium arenarium, Vigna o-wahuensis, and
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense) of the 58 species reported from the island of
Hawaii. No change is made to the 31 proposed prudency determinations in
this proposal and they are hereby incorporated in this proposal (65 FR
66808, 65 FR 79192, 65 FR 82086, 65 FR 83158, 67 FR 3940, 67 FR 9806,
67 FR 15856, 67 FR 16492).
In this proposal, we determine that critical habitat is prudent for
23 species (Argyroxiphium kauense, Clermontia drepanomorpha, Clermontia
pyrularia, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii, Cyanea platyphylla,
Cyanea shipmanii, Cyanea stictophylla, Cyrtandra giffardii, Cyrtandra
tintinnabula, Hibiscadelphus giffardianus, Hibiscadelphus
hualalaiensis, Isodendrion hosakae, Melicope zahlbruckneri, Neraudia
ovata, Nothocestrum breviflorum, Phyllostegia racemosa, Phyllostegia
velutina, Phyllostegia warshaueri, Plantago hawaiensis, Pleomele
hawaiiensis, Sicyos alba, Silene hawaiiensis, and Zanthoxylum dipetalum
var. tomentosum), for which prudency determinations have not been made
previously, because the potential benefits of designating critical
habitat essential for the conservation of these species outweigh the
risks that may result from human activity because of critical habitat
designation.
In this proposal, we determine that critical habitat designation is
not prudent for two species, Pritchardia affinis and Pritchardia
schattaueri, because it would likely increase the threat from vandalism
or collection of these species on the island of Hawaii. In addition, we
propose that critical habitat designation is not prudent for two
species, Cyanea copelandii ssp. copelandii and Ochrosia kilaueaensis,
known only from the island of Hawaii, that have not been seen in the
wild since 1957 and 1927, respectively, and for which no viable genetic
material is known to exist.
In this proposal, we propose designation of critical habitat for 47
of the 58 species reported from the island of Hawaii: Achyranthes
mutica, Adenophorus periens, Argyroxiphium kauense, Asplenium fragile
var. insulare, Bonamia menziesii, Clermontia drepanomorpha, Clermontia
lindseyana, Clermontia peleana, Clermontia pyrularia, Colubrina
oppositifolia, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii, Cyanea platyphylla,
Cyanea shipmanii, Cyanea stictophylla, Cyrtandra giffardii, Cyrtandra
tintinnabula, Delissea undulata, Diellia erecta, Flueggea neowawraea,
Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis coriacea, Hibiscadelphus giffardianus,
Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone,
Isodendrion hosakae, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Mariscus fauriei, Melicope
zahlbruckneri, Neraudia ovata, Nothocestrum breviflorum, Phyllostegia
racemosa, Phyllostegia velutina, Phyllostegia warshaueri, Plantago
hawaiensis, Pleomele hawaiiensis, Portulaca sclerocarpa, Sesbania
tomentosa, Sicyos alba, Silene hawaiiensis, Silene lanceolata, Solanum
incompletum, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium arenarium, Vigna o-
wahuensis, Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. tomentosum, and Zanthoxylum
hawaiiense.
Critical habitat is not proposed for 4 (Pritchardia affinis,
Pritchardia schattaueri, Cyanea copelandii ssp. copelandii, and
Ochrosia kilaueaensis) of the 58 species reported from the island of
Hawaii for which we determine that designation of critical habitat is
not prudent for the reasons given above.
Critical habitat is not proposed for 7 (Cenchrus agrimonioides,
Ctenitis squamigera, Hedyotis cookiana, Mariscus pennatiformis,
Phlegmariurus mannii, Phyllostegia parviflora, and Plantago princeps)
of the 58 species on the island of Hawaii because these plants no
longer occur on the island of Hawaii and we are unable to identify any
habitat essential to their conservation on this island. However,
proposed critical habitat designations, or non-designations, for these
species will be included in other Hawaiian plants proposed critical
habitat rules (Table 2).

Table 2.--List of Proposed Rules in Which Critical Habitat Designations
or Non-Designations Will Be Proposed for Seven Species for Which We Are
Unable To Determine Habitat That Is Essential for Their Conservation on
the Island of Hawaii
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Proposed rules in which
critical habitat
Species designations or non-
designations will be made.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cenchrus agrimonioides.................... Maui; Lanai; Oahu.
Ctenitis squamigera....................... Kauai; Maui; Lanai; Molokai;
Oahu.
Hedyotis cookiana......................... Kauai; Molokai; Oahu.
Mariscus pennatiformis.................... Kauai; Maui; NW Hawaiian
Islands; Oahu.
Phyllostegia mannii....................... Kauai; Maui.
Phyllostegia parviflora................... Maui; Oahu.
Plantago princeps......................... Kauai; Maui; Molokai; Oahu.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

The Island of Hawaii

This largest island of the Hawaiian archipelago comprises 10,458
square kilometers (km) (4,038 square miles (mi)) or two-thirds of the
land area of the State of Hawaii giving rise to its common name, the
``Big Island.'' The Hawaiian Islands are volcanic islands formed over a
``hot spot,'' a fixed area of pressurized molten magma deep within the
Earth. As the Pacific Plate, a section of the Earth's surface many
miles thick, has moved to the northwest, the islands of the chain have
separated. Currently, this hot spot is centered under the southeast
part of the island of Hawaii, which is one of the most volcanic areas
on Earth. Five large shield volcanoes make up the island of Hawaii:
Mauna Kea at 4,205 meters (m) (13,796 feet (ft)), and Kohala at 1,670 m
(5,480 ft), both extinct; Hualalai at 2,521 m (8,271 ft), which is
dormant and could erupt again; and Mauna Loa, at 4,169 m (13,677 ft)
and Kilauea at 1,248 m (4,093 ft), both of which are currently active
and adding land area to the island (McDonald et al. 1983; 59 FR 10305;
United States Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) 1996a).

[[Page 36971]]

The island of Hawaii lies within the trade wind belt. Moisture
derived from the Pacific Ocean is carried to the island by north-
easterly trade winds. Heavy rains fall when the moisture in clouds
makes contact with windward mountain slopes (Wagner et al. 1999).
Considerable moisture reaches the leeward slopes of the saddle area
between Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea, but dries out rapidly as elevation
increases. The orographic effect reaches an elevation of about 2,000 to
3,000 m (6,500 to 9,850 ft) and tends to go around rather than over the
high mountains. Thus, leeward and saddle areas of Mauna Kea and Mauna
Loa tend to be dry (Service 1996a).
A rain shadow effect is created by Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa on the
leeward side of the island, removing the Kona coast from trade winds.
However, warm air generated from the island land mass rises and
condenses, resulting in convectional showers. A major source of
rainfall is provided by winter storms which develop south of the
island. Kona storms impact the island when trade winds subside during
the winter months. Areas of the saddle are protected from these storms
by Hualalai volcano and, therefore, droughts in the saddle area are
common. Fog drip, the condensation of moisture on vegetation, can be a
significant source of precipitation as well as an effective contributor
in reducing evapotranspiration losses, especially in dry areas (Service
1996a; Wagner et al. 1999).
The Kau Desert is located on the southeastern side of the island of
Hawaii and leeward to the slopes of Kilauea volcano. Lying in the
volcano's rain shadow, Kau Desert receives less than 1,200 millimeters
(mm) (47 inches (in)) of moisture per year. However, the barren
conditions are not attributed to lack of moisture but, rather, to acid
rain-forming sulphur dioxide vented from the caldera. Small seasonal
variation in temperature occurs on the island. Average daily
temperatures differ between the warmest and the coolest day only by
about 4[deg] C (7.2[deg] F). However, daily extremes are pronounced,
reflecting time of day, elevation, and weather. Wagner et al. (1999)
reported that night is winter in Hawaii. The highest recorded
temperature of 37.7[deg] C (100[deg] F) occurred at Pahala and the
lowest of -12.7[deg] C (9[deg] F) on Mauna Kea (Service 1996a; Wagner
et al. 1999).

Discussion of the Plant Taxa

Species Endemic to Hawaii

Argyroxiphium kauense (Mauna Loa silversword)
Argyroxiphium kauense, a long-lived perennial and a member of the
aster family (Asteraceae), is a primarily monocarpic (flowering and
fruiting only once and then dying, usually after several years) giant
rosette plant with leaves covered with grayish-silver hairs. It differs
from Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. sandwicense and Argyroxiphium
sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum primarily by having the vegetative
rosette of leaves elevated on an erect stem, longer and thinner leaves
which are triangular rather than flat in cross-section, and somewhat
sparser leaf pubescence (hairs) (Carr 1985; Carr 1999; Meyrat 1982).
The species is primarily monocarpic, that is, most individuals grow
and flower from a large rosette. The plant increases in rosette
diameter and stem height for a number of years, and then produces a
single, tall inflorescence (flowering part of plant) with hundreds of
capitula (heads), each containing up to 200 florets (small flowers that
are part of a dense cluster). After fruit set, the entire plant dies.
In the Upper Waiakea population, only 4 of the 86 plants in 1990 had
more than a single rosette (that is, were branched). Three of these had
two rosettes and one plant had three rosettes. At Keapohina, 30 percent
(62) of the 205 plants examined in 1984 were branched. About 71 percent
(44) of the branched silverswords had suffered browse damage to the
apical meristem (the growing point at the tip of a stem, gives rise to
stem, leaves and flowers). Branching is a common response to mechanical
(browse) damage to the apical meristem in monocarpic silverswords, but
may also be a trait with a genetic component. The majority of
individuals of the Argyroxiphium kauense are monocarpic, unbranched
plants. Adult individuals that have branched in response to browse
damage may produce small flowering stalks. Fruits collected in 1991
from inflorescences of branched individuals were not viable. Fruits
collected in 1984 from Keapohina were primarily from the small
inflorescences produced on browsed plants, and the number of fruits
that had seeds with embryos was low (Service 1996c; 58 FR 18029; Joan
Canfield, formerly with the Service, pers. comm. 1992).
Historically, Argyroxiphium kauense may have once occurred in
subalpine forests, bogs, and mountain parkland between 1,585 and 2,500
m (5,200 and 8,000 ft) elevation in a band from the southwest rift to
the northeast slope of Mauna Loa and on Hualalai. The species is
currently extant in three wild populations containing a total of fewer
than 500 individuals on private land on Kahuku Ranch and on State owned
land in the Upper Waiakea and Kapapala Forest Reserves. In addition,
the Kapapala population has been augmented with approximately 1,000
individuals and there is an outplanted population of about 1,000
individuals in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (Bryan in litt. 1974;
Carr 1985; Hawaii Natural Heritage Program (HINHP) Database 2000; Marie
Bruegmann, Service, pers. comm. 2001; Geographic Decision Systems
International (GDSI) 2000).
The habitat of this species includes moist open forest, subalpine
mesic shrubland, bogs, and weathered, old pahoehoe (smooth) or aa
(rough) lava with well developed pockets of soil in subalpine mountain
vegetation between 1,625 and 2,774 m (3,330 and 9,100 ft) elevation.
Associated native plant species include Coprosma montana (pilo),
Plantago hawaiensis (laukahi kuahiwi), Silene hawaiiensis (No Common
Name (NCN)), Asplenium fragile var. insulare (NCN), Metrosideros
polymorpha (ohia), Styphelia tameiameiae (pukiawe), Coprosma
ernodeoides (nene), Vaccinium reticulatum (ohelo ai), Dubautia
ciliolata (naenae), Geranium cuneatum (nohoanu), Carex montis-eeka
(NCN), Carex alligata (NCN), Rhynchospora chinensis (kuolohia),
Dodonaea viscosa (aalii), Gahnia gahniiformis (NCN), or Deschampsia
nubigena (hair grass) (HINHP Database 2000; Linda Pratt, U.S.
Geological Survey--Biological Resources Division, et al., pers. comm.
2001; 58 FR 18029).
The threats to this species are browsing by cattle (Bos taurus),
goats (Capra hircus), and mouflon sheep (Ovis musimon); habitat
disruption by feral pigs (Sus scrofa); insects (including fruit
parasites); drought; human disturbance; competition with non-native
plants; disease; and vulnerability to extinction from chance events
(such as volcanic activity, earthquakes, hurricanes, fires or other
natural disasters) due to the small population size and limited
distribution (J. Canfield, pers. comm. 1992; Mitchell 1981; Cuddihy and
Stone 1999; Service 1996c; 58 FR 18029; Medeiros et al. 1991).
Clermontia drepanomorpha (oha wai).
Clermontia drepanomorpha, a member of the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a terrestrial or
epiphytic (not rooted in the soil) branching tree with stalked leaves.
This species is

[[Page 36972]]

distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by similar
sepals (outermost or lowermost whorl of flower parts) and petals, the
long drooping inflorescence, and large blackish purple flowers (Lammers
1999).
No life history information is available for Clermontia
drepanomorpha at this time (Service 1998c).
Historically, Clermontia drepanomorpha was known only from the
State of Hawaii's Puu O Umi Natural Area Reserve (NAR) in the Kohala
Mountains (puu = summit, hill). Currently there is a single large
population containing approximately 200 individuals. It is located in
the Puu O Umi NAR and Kohala Forest Reserve on State and privately
owned lands. This species has also been outplanted in the State-owned
Waimanu bog in the Kohala Mountains (HINHP Database 2000; Stemmermann
and Jacobson 1987; GDSI 2000; Steve Perlman, National Tropical
Botanical Garden (NTBG) in litt. 1995; Lyman Perry, Hawaii Division of
Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW), pers. comm. 2000; L. Pratt et al., pers.
comm. 2001).
This species typically grows in Metrosideros polymorpha,
Cheirodendron trigynum (olapa), and Cibotium glaucum (hapuu) dominated
montane wet forests, sometimes epiphytically, at elevations between 808
and 1,676 m (2,650 and 5,500 ft). Associated native plant taxa include
Carex alligata, Melicope clusiifolia (alani), Styphelia tameiameiae,
Astelia menziesii (painiu), Rubus hawaiiensis (akala), Cyanea pilosa
(haha), Coprosma sp. (pilo), or native sphagnum moss (Corn 1983; HINHP
Database 2000; Service 1998c, L. Pratt et al., pers. comm., 2001).
The threats to this species are competition from non-native plant
taxa such as Rubus rosifolius (thimbleberry), habitat disturbance by
feral pigs, girdling of the stems by rats (Rattus spp.), and a risk of
extinction from naturally occurring events (such as hurricanes) due to
its narrow distribution (Service 1998c; 61 FR 53137).
Clermontia pyrularia (oha wai)
Clermontia pyrularia, a member of the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a tree with finely
toothed leaves attached to a winged stalk. This species is separated
from the other taxa in the genus that occur on the island of Hawaii by
winged leaf stalks (petioles), two-lipped flowers, green-white petals,
and a pear-shaped berry (Lammers 1991, 1999).
Clermontia pyrularia was observed in fruit and flower during
December and November. No other life history information is currently
available (Service 1996a).
Historically, Clermontia pyrularia was known only from the western
and northeastern slope of Mauna Kea, the western slope of Mauna Loa and
the saddle between the two. Currently this species is known from one
population with several individuals on the boundary of the Hilo Forest
Reserve on State-owned land. There are also two outplanted populations,
at Piha on State owned land, adjacent to the Hakalau Forest National
Wildlife Refuge (NWR) and in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (HVNP)
(Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000; Jack
Jeffrey, Hakalau NWR, and Steve Bergfeld, DOFAW, pers. comm. 1999;
Patty Moriyasu, Hawaii Center for Conservation Research and Training,
University of Hawaii (CCRT-UH), pers. comm. 2000).
The habitat for this species includes wet and mesic montane forest
dominated by Acacia koa (koa) and/or Metrosideros polymorpha, and
subalpine dry forest dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha, at
elevations between 1,628 and 2,061 m (5,340 to 6,760 ft). Associated
native plants taxa are Coprosma sp., Dryopteris wallichiana (io nui),
Rubus hawaiensis, or Hedyotis sp. (NCN) (HINHP Database 2000; L. Pratt
et al., pers. comm. 2001; 59 FR 10305).
The threats to this plant are competition with non-native plants,
particularly Passiflora mollissima (banana poka), pigs, fruit and seed
predation by Rattus sp. (black rat), scattered distribution, few
populations, and small number of individuals making this taxon highly
vulnerable to extinction caused by random naturally occurring events
and human impacts, loss of pollinators, and cattle (59 FR 10305;
Service 1996a).
Cyanea copelandii ssp. copelandii (haha).
Cyanea copelandii ssp. copelandii, a member of the bellflower
family (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a small
epiphytic shrub which roots at the nodes and grows on rocks and tree
trunks. This species is distinguished from other members of the genus
by the size, shape, and dark red hairs of the petals and by the
reclining habit. This taxon is easily distinguished by its narrow
leaves from the only other subspecies, Cyanea copelandii ssp.
haleakalaensis, which is relatively prolific on Maui (Lammers 1999).
Cyanea copelandii ssp. copelandii was observed in fruit and flower
during December. No other life history information is currently
available (Service 1996a).
Historically, Cyanea copelandii ssp. copelandii was found at two
sites on the southeastern slope of Mauna Loa, near Glenwood. It has not
been observed in the wild since 1957 (Lammers 1999).
Cyanea copelandii ssp. copelandii was found in montane wet forest,
epiphytic on mossy Cibotium spp. (hapuu) between an elevation of 658
and 881 m (2,160 and 2,890 ft). Associated native plant species
included Metrosideros polymorpha, Acacia koa, Cheirodendron trigynum,
Broussaisia arguta (kanawao), or Melicope clusiifolia (59 FR 10305, L.
Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001).
The threats to Cyanea copelandii ssp. copelandii included grazing
by feral ungulates and fruit and seed predation by rats. The loss of
pollinators may have contributed to lack of regeneration (Service
1996a).
Cyanea hamatiflora (haha).
Cyanea hamatiflora, a member of the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a palm-like tree with
tan sap and leaves without stalks. This species is composed of two
subspecies: Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii, endemic to the island of
Hawaii, and Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, endemic to East Maui.
Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii is distinguished from C. hamatiflora
ssp. hamatiflora by calyx (collective term for sepals, outermost or
lowermost whorl of flower parts) lobes that are longer and wider and by
its longer pedicels (flower stalk) (Lammers 1999).
This taxon was observed in flower during December and August. Seeds
have been collected in October and November. No other life history
information is currently available (Service 1996a).
Historically, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii was known only from
the west side of the island of Hawaii. Currently, it occurs in three
populations containing approximately 14 individuals on the State's
Honuaula Forest Reserve and South Kona Forest Reserve. It has also been
reported from Federal land on the Kona unit of Hakalau Forest National
Wildlife Refuge. There are also individuals of this taxon outplanted at
Puu Waawaa and the Kipahoehoe NAR (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Jon
Giffin, DOFAW, in litt. 2000; L. Perry, pers. comm. 2000).
The habitat of Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii is mesic montane
forest dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha

[[Page 36973]]

or Acacia koa at elevations between 1,350 to 1,783 m (4,430 to 5,850
ft). Associated native plants include Myoporum sandwicense (naio),
Clermontia clermontioides (oha wai), Coprosma sp., Ilex anomala
(kawau), Hedyotis sp., Sophora chrysophylla (mamane), Cibotium spp.,
Dryopteris sp. (NCN), or Athyrium (Diplazium) sp. (NCN) ( Lammers 1999;
HINHP Database 2000, L. Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001).
The threats to Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii are competition
with non-native plants, especially Passiflora mollissima; grazing and
trampling by domestic and escaped cattle; rooting by feral pigs; and
consumption of fruits by rats and non-native birds; seed damage by an
undetermined species of caterpillar; and depressed reproductive vigor
due to the limited gene pool. The small remaining numbers of
individuals and their limited and scattered distribution make this
species vulnerable to extinction by a single natural or human-induced
event (59 FR 10305; Service 1996a).
Cyanea platyphylla (haha).
Cyanea platyphylla, a member of the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is an unbranched palm-like
shrub with stems that are covered with short, sharp, pale spines on the
upper portions, especially when juvenile. The species differs from
others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by its juvenile and adult leaves,
precocious flowering, and smaller flowers (Lammers 1999).
No life history information is available for Cyanea platyphylla at
this time (Service 1998c).
Historically, Cyanea platyphylla was found in the Kohala Mountains
near Hiilawe Falls and also the Hamakua Ditch Trail, in Honaunau, in
the Puna District near Glenwood, on Kalapana Road in Pahoa, and in Puu
Kauka; in Waiakea Forest Reserve; and in an unknown location called
``Kalanilehua.'' Currently there are a total of nine populations and
fewer than 50 individuals on State and private lands. This species is
extant in the Laupahoehoe NAR, Hilo Forest Reserve, and Punahoa
Ahupuaa. There is also an outplanted population in the Waiakea Forest
Reserve (Service 1998c; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
This species is typically found in open Metrosideros polymorpha-
Acacia koa lowland and montane wet forests at elevations between 137
and 1,082 m (450 and 3,550 ft). Associated native plant taxa include
Coprosma sp., Psychotria hawaiiensis (kopiko), Perrottetia sandwicensis
(olomea), Scaevola spp. (naupaka), Cibotium sp., Antidesma platyphyllum
(hame), Clermontia spp. (oha wai), Hedyotis sp., or Cyrtandra spp.
(haiwale) (Lammers 1999; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1998c, L. Pratt
et al., pers. comm. 2001).
The threats to this plant are habitat degradation by feral pigs;
competition with the introduced plant taxa Psidium cattleianum
(strawberry guava), Psidium guajava (guava), Passiflora ligularis
(sweet granadilla), and Rubus rosifolius; consumption of fruits by
rats; volcanic activity; risk of extinction from naturally occurring
events; and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the low numbers of
populations and individuals (Service 1998c; 61 FR 53137).
Cyanea shipmanii (haha).
Cyanea shipmanii, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae)
and a short-lived perennial, is a small unbranched or sparsely branched
shrub with leaves that are deeply divided towards the midrib. This
taxon is easily distinguishable from other members of the genus by its
small flowers, slender stems, and stalked and divided leaves (Lammers
1999).
No life history information is available for Cyanea shipmanii at
this time (Service 1996a).
Historically, Cyanea shipmanii was known only from the eastern
slopes of Mauna Kea. Currently there are a total of five populations
with 12 individuals on State land in north Hilo, Upper Waiakea Forest
Reserve; on Federal land in the Hakalau Unit of the Hakalau Forest
National Wildlife Refuge; and on private land at Papaikou, south Hilo
(Lammers 1999; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
Cyanea shipmanii is found in montane mesic forest dominated by
Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha on the windward slopes of the
island, at elevations between 1,619 and 2,027 m (5,310 and 6,650 ft).
Associated native plants include Ilex anomala, Myrsine lessertiana
(kolea), or Cheirodendron trigynum (59 FR 10305, HINHP Database 2000;
L. Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001).
This plant is threatened by pig rooting, vulnerability to
extirpation by random events, and a loss of pollinators. Small numbers
of extant individuals and localized distribution may result in a
limited gene pool and reduced reproductive vigor (59 FR 10305).
Cyanea stictophylla (haha).
Cyanea stictophylla, a member of the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a small tree or shrub
with sparsely branched stems that are occasionally equipped with sharp
outgrowths. Cyanea stictophylla is distinguished from other species in
the genus by its large, deeply lobed petals and small calyx lobes
(Lammers 1999).
Cyanea stictophylla was observed in flower during March. No other
life history information is currently available (Service 1996a).
Cyanea stictophylla is known historically from the western,
southern, southeastern, and eastern slopes of Mauna Loa. Since 1975,
the species has been found near Keauhou, Honokua, and Puu Waawaa in
five populations totaling 10 individuals on State and private lands
(Lammers 1999; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
The species is found in Acacia koa or wet Metrosideros polymorpha
forests at elevations between 1,183 and 1,942 m (3,880 and 6,370 ft).
Associated native plant species include Melicope spp. (alani), Cibotium
sp., or Urera glabra (opuhe) (HINHP Database 2000; Lammers 1999;
Service 1996a, L. Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001).
The primary reasons for decline of this species are habitat
destruction by cattle grazing and habitat degradation by feral pigs. In
addition, the small number of plants and the scattered distribution of
populations makes the species susceptible to extinction caused by
naturally occurring random events and decreased reproductive vigor
(Service 1996a).
Cyrtandra giffardii (haiwale).
Cyrtandra giffardii, a member of the African violet family
(Gesneriaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a small shrubby tree
with oppositely-arranged leaves positioned on the upper nodes of the
stem. Cyrtandra giffardii is distinguished from other closely aligned
taxa by papery textured and elliptically shaped leaves, small,
cylindrical petals, small calyx, three to five flowers per cluster, the
presence of hairs on leaves and flower clusters, and an almost round
berry shape (Wagner et al. 1999).
Cyrtandra giffardii was observed in fruit and flower during June
and November, and in flower during January and December. No other life
history information is currently available (Service 1996a).
Cyrtandra giffardii is known from the northeastern slope of Mauna
Kea south to the eastern slope of Mauna Loa. Since 1975, seven
populations have been identified with the total number of individuals
estimated at less than 500. These populations occur near Puu Makaala,
Stainback Highway, Kilau Stream in Laupahoehoe NAR, and in Hawaii
Volcanoes National Park on State, Federal, and privately owned lands
(Wagner et al. 1999; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
The habitat of Cyrtandra giffardii is wet montane forest dominated
by Cibotium sp. or Metrosideros polymorpha and Metrosideros

[[Page 36974]]

polymorpha-Acacia koa lowland wet forests between 637 and 1,676 m
(2,090 and 5,500 ft) elevation. Associated native plant species include
Hedyotis terminalis (manono), Astelia menziesiana, Diplazium
sandwicensis (hoio), Perrottetia sandwicensis, or other species of
Cyrtandra (HINHP Database 2000; L. Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001).
Major threats to Cyrtandra giffardii are habitat degradation,
rooting, and trampling by feral pigs and competition from non-native
plant species such as Andropogon virginicus (broomsedge). The species
is also susceptible to extinction due to naturally occurring random
events and decreased reproductive vigor due to small numbers of
populations and individuals (Service 1996a).
Cyrtandra tintinnabula (haiwale).
Cyrtandra tintinnabula, a member of the African violet family
(Gesneriaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a small shrub. Cyrtandra
tintinnabula can be distinguished from the other species in the genus
that occur on the island of Hawaii by its petal size and shape, calyx
size and shape, the number of flowers per cluster, and the presence of
hairs. The species differs from Cyrtandra giffardii in its shrubby
habit, larger leaves, and shorter main cluster stalks and flower stalks
(Wagner et al. 1999).
Cyrtandra tintinnabula was observed in flower during July and
August, and in fruit during December. No other life history information
is currently available (Service 1996a).
Cyrtandra tintinnabula is known from three locations on the
northeastern slopes of Mauna Kea. Since 1975, three populations have
been identified in the State's Laupahoehoe NAR. Currently, a total of
six populations with close to 25 individuals are known on State and
private lands (59 FR 10305; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
Cyrtandra tintinnabula grows in lowland wet forest dominated by
dense Acacia koa, Metrosideros polymorpha, and Cibotium spp. at
elevations between 390 and 1,430 m (1,280 and 4,690 ft). Several other
Cyrtandra or Hedyotis species are associated with Cyrtandra
tintinnabula. (Wagner et al. 1999; HINHP Database 2000; L. Pratt et
al., pers. comm. 2001).
The main threat to Cyrtandra tintinnabula is rooting and browsing
by feral pigs that directly damage and disturb its habitat and break
its weak and delicate stems. Pigs also disturb native vegetation which
increases invasion and establishment of non-native plant taxa.
Continued disturbance exacerbates the non-native plant problem and
eventually precludes the survival of native taxa. Additionally, because
much of the native habitat is lost, appropriate pollinators may be
absent as well. The loss of native pollination vectors is a probable
cause for the species' demise. Cyrtandra tintinnabula is also
vulnerable to extinction due to naturally occurring events and
decreased reproductive vigor due to small population sizes and a
limited distribution (Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305).
Hibiscadelphus giffardianus (hau kuahiwi).
Hibiscadelphus giffardianus, a member of the mallow family
(Malvaceae) and a long-lived perennial, is a small tree with whitish
bark. This species differs from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus
by its flower color, flower size, and the presence of filamentous
bracts (Bates 1999).
No life history information is available for Hibiscadelphus
giffardianus at this time.
Only one tree of Hibiscadelphus giffardianus has ever been known in
the wild, from Kipuka Puaulu (or Bird Park) in Hawaii Volcanoes
National Park (kipuka = vegetated area surrounded by bare lava flows),
which died in 1930. Individuals were cultivated by Territorial Forestry
(Hawaii's Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) prior to
statehood in 1959) from this parent tree. Approximately eleven plants
were outplanted into Kipuka Puaulu somewhere between 1951 and 1964, and
there are currently 100 outplanted plants surviving at this site in
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. This species only persists through
cultivation efforts (GDSI 2000; L. Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001;
Service 1998c).
Hibiscadelphus giffardianus grows in mixed montane mesic forest at
elevations between 1,192 and 1,277 m (3,910 and 4,190 ft). Associated
native plant taxa include Metrosideros polymorpha, Acacia koa, Sapindus
saponaria (manele), Coprosma rhynchocarpa (pilo), Pipturus albidus
(mamaki), Psychotria sp. (kopiko), Nestegis sandwicensis (olopua),
Melicope spp., Dodonaea viscosa, or Myoporum sandwicense (Service
1998c; L. Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001).
The major threats to Hibiscadelphus giffardianus are bark, flower,
and fruit feeding by black rats; leaf damage in the form of stippling
and yellowing by Sophonia rufofascia (two-spotted leafhopper) and
yellowing by the native plant bug Hyalopeplus pellucidus; competition
from the non-native grasses Ehrharta stipoides (meadow ricegrass),
Paspalum conjugatum (Hilo grass), and Paspalum dilatatum (Dallis
grass); and possible habitat modification from volcanic activity. This
species also faces a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events
or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing
cultivated individuals. Cattle were known in the area before it became
a national park and probably had a large destructive influence on the
habitat as well. However, cattle are not a threat to this species now
because they are no longer allowed to roam freely through the park
(Service 1998c; 61 FR 53137).
Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis (hau kuahiwi).
Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis, a member of the mallow family
(Malvaceae) and a long-lived perennial, is a small tree with whitish
bark. The species is distinguished from others in the genus by its
flower color, smaller flower size, and tooth-like bracts (Bates 1999).
No life history information is available for Hibiscadelphus
hualalaiensis at this time (Service 1998c).
Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis was historically known from three
populations located in the Puu Waawaa region of Hualalai. This species
only persists through cultivation efforts. There are currently two
outplanted populations on the island of Hawaii on State owned land
(HINHP Database 2000; L. Perry, pers. comm. 2000).
Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis grows in dry mesic to dry Metrosideros
forest on rocky substrate in deep soils at elevations between 509 and
1,241 m (1,670 and 4,070 ft). Associated native plant species include
Nototrichium breviflorum, Metrosideros polymorpha, Diospyros
sandwicensis, or Sophora chrysophylla (Service 1998c; L. Pratt et al.,
pers. comm. 2001).
Threats to this species include fire, flower and seed predation by
rats, competition form non-native plants, ranching activity, habitat
change due to volcanic activity, and reduced reproductive vigor due to
a small number of individuals from a single parent (Service 1998c).
Isodendrion hosakae (aupaka).
Isodendrion hosakae is a short-lived perennial member of the violet
family (Violaceae). It is a branched, upright, evergreen shrub.
Reproductively mature plants range from 8 to 82 centimeters (cm) (3 to
32 in) in height, and flowers and fruit occur on the woody stems. The
leathery leaves are lance-shaped and the stipules are persistent and
conspicuously cover the ends of the stems. The flowers are yellowish-
green to white and the fruit is a red-tinged, green, elliptical capsule
(Wagner et al. 1999).

[[Page 36975]]

The plants are often found within the crown outline of other native
shrubs suggesting that there may be a beneficial association between
Isodendrion hosakae and these other plants. Nothing is known about the
mechanisms of sexual reproduction utilized by this species. No
pollinating agents have been identified, although the white flowers
produce a sweet scent and numerous moths have been seen in the habitat
at night. Although it has been suggested that the seeds may be wind
dispersed, seedlings found underneath mature plants in windy areas may
indicate that this is not the dispersal mechanism. There are no reports
of vegetative reproduction of this species in nature. Attempts to grow
Isodendrion hosakae from cuttings using several techniques have failed.
Production of fruit and viable seed may be low. Nagata (1982) found
that the number of fruits per plant was very low and that 8 mature
fruits collected in April 1982 contained only 14 seeds. In a subsequent
germination trial, only 3 of 20 seeds germinated. However, it should be
noted that these observations may have been made before the peak of the
fruiting season. Field observations noting phenology of Isodendrion
hosakae have been made in the months of January, February, March,
April, and November. Flowers are reported in all of these months, and
fruits were seen in all of these months except January. Nagata (1982)
reported that flowering and fruiting occur from November through June.
Greenhouse-grown plants are known to have flowered in March and other
months, and to have set new leaves in January. Clearly, these data are
far too few for a reliable picture of this species' phenology (Service
1994).
The known range of this species has changed very little in the 44
years since it was first discovered in 1948 by E.Y. Hosaka on an
unspecified cinder cone in Waikoloa, South Kohala. This species was
again collected in 1980 in Waikoloa, sparking further searches by DOFAW
botanists. These searches led to the discovery of a major population at
a nearby site and a lesser colony at another site described as less
than 1.6 km (1 mile) northeast of the first site and near the second
site, all on privately owned land. Cuddihy et al. (1983) speculated
that Hosaka's original collections were made at the third site. There
are approximately 200 individuals in the largest population and 8 to 9
individuals at both of the other two sites. The number of plants at the
other two sites are sufficiently small that they may be considered
relictual or ephemeral. Only two Isodendrion hosakae plants are known
in cultivation, and there are no other germ plasm reserves (56 FR 1454;
Service 1994, HINHP Database 2000).
The existing populations of Isodendrion hosakae occur on the
western slope of Mauna Kea. The regional vegetation is cinder cones
with montane dry shrubland and elevations between 655 and 1,259 m
(2,150 and 4,130 ft). Associated native plant taxa include Dodonaea
viscosa, Styphelia tameiameiae, Wikstroemia pulcherrima (akia),
Dubautia linearis (naenae), Sophora chrysophylla, Osteomeles
anthyllidifolia (ulei), Wollastonia venosa (nehe), Bidens menziesii
(kookoolau), or Santalum ellipticum (iliahi). (HINHP Database 2000;
Service 1994; 56 FR 1454; L. Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001).
The principal threats to this species include habitat destruction
by fire; feral ungulates; cinder mining; military activity; competition
by introduced plant species, particularly Pennisetum setaceum (fountain
grass); and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or
reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of individuals in
the two remaining populations (Service 1994; HINHP Database 2000; 56 FR
1454).
Melicope zahlbruckneri (alani).
Melicope zahlbruckneri, of the citrus family (Rutaceae), is a long-
lived perennial and a medium-sized tree 10 to 12 m (33 to 40 ft) tall.
New growth is covered with yellowish brown, fine, short, curly hairs.
The opposite, stalked, elliptically oblong leaves have well defined
lateral veins. Clusters of two to five flowers top the main flowering
stalks. The fruit is squarish. Melicope zahlbruckneri is distinguished
from other species of the genus by its branching habit, large leaves,
and very large, squarish capsules (Stone et al. 1999).
No life history information is available for Melicope zahlbruckneri
at this time (Service 1998c).
Historically, Melicope zahlbruckneri was known from three
populations: Near Glenwood, in Kipuka Puaulu, and at Moaula in Kau. It
is currently known from two sites: in Kipuka Puaulu within Hawaii
Volcanoes National Park and a recently located population on State land
in Laupahoehoe. Two individuals are known from the Laupahoehoe site.
The Kipuka Puaulu population consists of approximately 30 to 45
individuals with reproducing and juvenile plants (GDSI 2000; 61 FR
53137; L. Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001; HINHP Database 2000; Service
1998c).
This species is found in Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha
dominated montane mesic forest at elevations between 692 and 1,393 m
(2,270 and 4,570 ft). Associated native plant taxa include Sapindus
saponaria, Coprosma rhynchocarpa, Zanthoxylum dipetalum (ae), Pipturus
albidus, Psychotria hawaiiensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Myoporum
sandwicense, Pisonia brunoniana (papala kepau), or Melicope spp. (61 FR
53137; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1998c; L. Pratt et al., pers. comm.
2001).
The major threats to Melicope zahlbruckneri are disease transmitted
by the two-spotted leafhopper, competition from introduced grasses
(Paspalum scrobiculatum (ricegrass), Paspalum conjugatum, and Paspalum
dilatatum), fire; habitat modification due to volcanic activity; and
potential fruit damage by rats. This species also faces a risk of
extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive
vigor due to the small number of individuals in the two remaining
populations (61 FR 53137; Service 1998c).
Neraudia ovata (NCN).
Neraudia ovata, of the nettle family (Urticaceae), is a short-lived
perennial and a sprawling or rarely erect shrub to a small tree, with
stems 1 to 3 m (3 to 10 ft) long, and branches bearing short, somewhat
erect hairs. The alternate, thin, stalked leaves have smooth margins,
are grayish on the undersurface, and have spreading, curved, nearly
translucent hairs. Male and female flowers are found on separate
plants. The fruit is an achene (a dry, one-seeded fruit that does not
open at maturity). This species is distinguished from others in this
endemic Hawaiian genus by the density, length, and posture of the hairs
on the lower leaf surface, smooth leaf margin, and the boat-shaped
calyx of the female flower (Wagner et al. 1999).
No life history information is available for this Neraudia ovata at
this time (Service 1998c).
Historically, Neraudia ovata was found from North Kona all the way
to Kau. There are currently three known locations. One population of
four individuals is known from privately owned land in Kaloko, North
Kona. Three subpopulations with a total of 11 individuals occur on land
that is under Federal jurisdiction at Pohakuloa Training Area. One
individual is known from the State's Manuka NAR. In addition, five
individuals are currently in cultivation at Pohakuloa Training Area (61
FR 53137; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Bill Stormont, DOFAW, pers.
comm. 2000).
Neraudia ovata grows in open Metrosideros polymorpha-Sophora

[[Page 36976]]

chrysophylla dominated lowland, montane dry forests, and Metrosideros-
shrub woodland at elevations of 115 m (380 ft) at Kaloko and 1,325 and
1,829 m (4,350 to 6,000 ft) at Pohakuloa Training Area. Associated
native plant taxa include Reynoldsia sandwicensis (ohe), Myoporum
sandwicense, Cocculus triloba (huehue), Myrsine lessertiana, Myrsine
lanaiensis (kolea), Capparis sandwichiana (maiapilo), Fimbristylis
hawaiiensis (NCN), or Bidens micrantha ssp. ctenophylla (kookoolau) as
well as the federally endangered Nothocestrum breviflorum (aiea) or
Pleomele hawaiiensis (halapepe), (61 FR 53137; HINHP Database 2000;
Service 1998c; L. Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001).
The major threats to Neraudia ovata are heavy browsing and habitat
modification by feral sheep (Ovis aries) and feral goats; competition
from non-native plants such as Schinus terebinthifolius
(Christmasberry), Leucaena leucocephala (koa haole), and Pennisetum
setaceum; habitat modification due to volcanic activity; residential
development; insect damage by the non-native spiraling whitefly
(Aleurodicus dispersus); and a risk of extinction from naturally
occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small
number of existing individuals in the three remaining populations (61
FR 53137; Service 1998c).
Nothocestrum breviflorum (aiea).
Nothocestrum breviflorum is a long-lived perennial of the
nightshade family (Solanaceae). It is a stout tree with a soft, sappy
wood with dark brown bark. The leaves are relatively thick and papery
in texture. The upper leaf surface is glabrous (smooth) to sparsely
whitish pubescent (downy), and the lower surface is often densely
whitish pubescent. Several to numerous flowers appear in clusters at
the tips of shortened, spur-like branches. Fruits remain enclosed by
the calyx and are orange-red, round berries about 6 to 8 mm (0.2 to 0.3
in) in diameter. This species is distinguished from other Hawaiian
members of the genus by leaf shape, number of flowers (more than three)
in the flower clusters at tips of short spur-like branches, and the
fruit remaining enclosed in the calyx (Symon 1999).
This species was observed in flower during February, and in fruit
and flower during December and January. No other life history
information is currently available (HINHP Database 2000; Service
1996a).
Nothocestrum breviflorum is historically known from the southern
Kohala mountains, the western, southern, and eastern slopes of Mauna
Loa, and the northern slopes of Hualalai. There are 10 currently known
populations totaling more than 150 individuals from State and privately
owned lands in north Kona at Kaupulehu, Puu Waawaa, Kaloko, Kealakehe,
Kahauloa; in Kau at Kamaoa-Puueo, in the Kohala Mountains at Kiholo and
Honopue. In addition, plants were cultivated at Kipuka Puaulu in Hawaii
Volcanoes National Park for ornamental purposes and there are
outplanted individuals on State owned land in Puu Waawaa (59 FR 10305;
Service 1996a HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000; L. Perry, pers. comm.
2000).
Nothocestrum breviflorum is found in lowland dry forest, montane
dry forest, and montane mesic forest dominated by Metrosideros
polymorpha, Acacia koa, and/or Diospyros sandwicensis (lama).
Individuals occur on aa lava substrates at elevations ranging from 152
to 1,948 m (500 to 6,390 ft). Associated native plant species include
Sophora chrysophylla, Reynoldsia sandwicensis, Psydrax odorata
(alahee), Myoporum sandwicense, Bidens micrantha, Dodonaea viscosa,
Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Santalum paniculatum (iliahi), S.
ellipticum, Caesalpinia kavaiensis (uhiuhi), or Erythrina sandwicensis
(wiliwili). In addition, in the Puu Waawaa area the federally
endangered Colubrina oppositifolia (kauila), Kokia drynarioides
(kokio), Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis (hau kuahiwi), Delissea undulata
(NCN), or Pleomele hawaiiensis (hala pepe) are also known from the area
where N. breviflorum occurs (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999; Symon 1999; 59 FR
10305; Service 1996a; HINHP Database 2000, Pratt et al., pers. comm.
2001).
Nothocestrum breviflorum is negatively impacted by cattle and sheep
grazing and by non-native plant taxa such as Schinus terebinthifolius,
Pennisetum setaceum, Lantana camara (lantana), and Leucaena
leucocephala. The presence of these invasive plant taxa may afford
enough fuel to support a destructive fire. Increased residential and
recreational developments have reduced available habitat. This species
is also threatened by a risk of extinction from naturally occurring
events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of
existing individuals in the three remaining populations (59 FR 10305;
HINHP Database 2000; Service 1996a).
Ochrosia kilaueaensis (holei).
Ochrosia kilaueaensis, a long-lived perennial of the dogbane family
(Apocynaceae), is a tree with milky sap that grows to about 15 to 18 m
(49 to 59 ft) tall. Elongated, egg- or lance-shaped leaf blades are
arranged three to four at a node. Conspicuous secondary veins are
almost perpendicular to the mid-vein. Numerous flowers are arranged in
clusters and subtended by main flower cluster stalks divided into two
sections, primary stalks (peduncles), and secondary branch stalks. The
calyx is deeply 5-lobed and the green-white, trumpet-shaped flowers
have five lobes fused at the base into a cylindric tube. Lance-shaped
fruits have a fleshy inner layer, a stony single seed, and may be
yellow-brown when mature. This species can be separated from other
Hawaiian taxa of the genus by the greater height of mature trees, open
flower clusters, longer flower stalks, and larger calyx and petal lobes
(Wagner et al. 1999).
No life history information is available for Ochrosia kilaueaensis
at this time (59 FR 10305).
Ochrosia kilaueaensis is known historically only from Puu Waawaa
and at Kipuka Puaulu in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. It has not been
seen in the wild since 1927 (59 FR 10305; M. Bruegmann pers. comm.
2000).
Ochrosia kilaueaensis was found in Acacia-Metrosideros-Sapindus
montane mesic forest between the elevations of 668 and 1,222 m (2,190
and 4,010 ft) (HINHP Database 2000; Wagner et al. 1999).
This species was threatened by fire, feral goats, predation of
fruits by rats, and competition with fountain grass (Service 1996a).
Phyllostegia racemosa (NCN).
Phyllostegia racemosa, a short-lived perennial of the mint family
(Lamiaceae), is a climbing vine with many-branched, square stems.
Leaves are opposite, moderately covered with short, soft hairs, dotted
with small glands, and with shallow, rounded teeth. The leaf stalks are
covered densely with short hairs. This species is distinguished from
others in this genus by its leaf shape, lack of a main stalk to the
flower clusters, and calyx teeth that are rounded and shallow (Wagner
et al. 1999).
No life history is available for this Phyllostegia racemosa at this
time (61 FR 53137).
Historically, Phyllostegia racemosa was found in the Hakalau and
Saddle Road areas of Mauna Kea and the Kulani-Keauhou and Kipuka Ahiu
areas of Mauna Loa. Currently, seven populations with a total of
approximately 10 individuals are known to occur on private and State
lands in the Kulani-Keauhou area, on Federal lands in the Hakalau Unit
of the Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge and in Hawaii Volcanoes
National Park

[[Page 36977]]

(61 FR 53137; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).
Phyllostegia racemosa is typically found epiphytically in Acacia
koa, Metrosideros polymorpha, and Cibotium sp. dominated montane mesic
or wet forests at elevations between 1,369 and 1,966 m (4,490 to 6,450
ft). Associated native plant taxa include Vaccinium calycinum (ohelo),
Rubus hawaiiensis, or Dryopteris wallichiana (61 FR 53137; Service
1998c; L. Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001).
The major threats to Phyllostegia racemosa are habitat disturbance
by feral pigs and cattle; logging; competition from non-native plant
taxa, such as Passiflora mollissima, Pennisetum clandestinum (kikuyu
grass), Anthoxanthum odoratum (sweet vernalgrass), and Paspalum
urvillei (vasey grass); habitat modification due to volcanic activity;
and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced
reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing populations and
individuals (61 FR 53137; Service 1998c; HINHP Database 2000).
Phyllostegia velutina (NCN).
Phyllostegia velutina, a short-lived perennial of the mint family
(Lamiaceae), is a climbing vine with dense, backward-pointing hairs on
the leaves and square stems. This species is distinguished from others
in this genus by its silky hairs, lack of a main stalk to the flower
clusters, and calyx teeth that are narrow and sharply pointed (Wagner
et al. 1999).
No life history information is available for this Phyllostegia
velutina at this time (61 FR 53137).
Historically, Phyllostegia velutina was found on the southern
slopes of Hualalai and the eastern, western, and southern slopes of
Mauna Loa. Phyllostegia velutina is currently known from five locations
with approximately 100 individuals; on State and privately owned lands
in the Olaa-Kilauea area, Upper Waiakea Forest Reserve, Kapapala Forest
Reserve, Kau Forest Reserve, Puu Waawaa; and from Federal lands in the
Hakalau Unit of the Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge (61 FR
53137; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1998c).
Phyllostegia velutina typically grows in Metrosideros polymorpha-
Acacia koa dominated montane mesic and wet forests at elevations
between 908 and 1,887 m (2,980 and 6,190 ft). Associated native plant
taxa include Cibotium spp., Cheirodendron trigynum, Vaccinium
calycinum, Coprosma sp., Dryopteris wallichiana, Rubus hawaiiensis,
Pipturus albidus, Athyrium microphyllum (akolea) or other native wet
forest terrestrial ferns, Myrsine lessertiana, or Ilex anomala (61 FR
53137; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1998c; L. Pratt et al., pers. comm.
2001).
Threats to Phyllostegia velutina are habitat damage by cattle,
feral pigs and sheep; prison facility expansion, road clearing, and
logging; competition from non-native plants, such as Pennisetum
clandestinum, Rubus ellipticus (yellow Himalayan raspberry), Paspalum
urvillei, and Pennisetum setaceum; fire; habitat modification due to
volcanic activity; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring
events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of
existing populations and individuals (61 FR 53137; HINHP Database 2000;
Service 1998c).
Phyllostegia warshaueri (NCN).
Phyllostegia warshaueri, a short-lived perennial of the mint family
(Lamiaceae), is either a sprawling or climbing vine with end branches
turning up, covered with upward-pointing fine, short hairs on the
square stems. This species is distinguished from others in this genus
by its long main stalk to the flower clusters, toothed leaves, and the
distribution of hairs (Wagner et al. 1999).
No life history information is available for Phyllostegia
warshaueri at this time (61 FR 53137).
Historically, Phyllostegia warshaueri was found in the Hamakua
region on the northern slopes of Mauna Kea and in the Kohala Mountains.
The only known individuals occur in 7 locations on State and privately
owned lands; 3 populations with 12 individuals in Laupahoehoe NAR near
the Waipunalei boundary; 2 populations in the Hilo Forest Reserve with
an unknown number of individuals; and 1 population with 2 individuals
in the Kohala Forest Reserve at the Ookala Trail and near the Hamakua
Ditch Trail; and 1 population on private land just outside the Kohala
Forest Reserve in Waipio Valley near Kaiwainui Stream. In addition,
individuals have been outplanted on State land in Waimanu (61 FR 53137;
HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000; Service 1998c; L. Perry, pers. comm.
2000).
Phyllostegia warshaueri grows in Metrosideros polymorpha and
Cibotium montane and lowland wet forest in which Acacia koa or
Cheirodendron trigynum may co-dominate, at elevations between 730 and
1,150 m (2,400 and 3,770 ft). Associated native plant taxa include
Antidesma platyphyllum, Psychotria hawaiiensis, Hedyotis sp., Coprosma
sp., Sadleria pallida (amau), Broussaisia arguta, Pipturus albidus,
Clermontia parviflora (oha wai), Athyrium sandwicensis (NCN),
Machaerina angustifolia (uki), Cyanea pilosa, or other Cyanea spp.
(haha) (61 FR 53137; Service 1998c; HINHP Database 2000).
The major threats to Phyllostegia warshaueri are habitat
destruction by feral pigs; competition from non-native plant taxa, such
as Rubus rosifolius, Psidium cattleianum, Setaria palmifolia (palm
grass), Juncus planifolius (NCN), or Tibouchina herbacea (glorybush);
ditch improvements and road clearing; and a risk of extinction from
naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the
small number of existing populations and individuals (61 FR 53137;
Service 1998c; HINHP Database 2000).
Plantago hawaiensis (laukahi kuahiwi).
Plantago hawaiensis is a short-lived perennial herb in the plantain
family (Plantaginaceae) with a short stem and red-brown wooly hairs.
The thick leathery basal leaves are narrowly elliptic. This species is
distinguished from other members of the genus in Hawaii by several
characters including ascending to sub-erect flowers, thick leathery
leaves, and a fruit that is longer than the calyx (Wagner et al. 1999).
No life history information is available for Plantago hawaiensis at
this time (59 FR 10305).
Historically, Plantago hawaiensis occurred on the southern slope of
Mauna Kea, northeastern, southeastern and southern slopes of Mauna Loa,
and the western slope of Hualalai. Currently, 8 populations have been
identified totaling approximately 5,000 individuals on State and
federally owned lands. One population is known from Kipuka Ainahou
Wildlife Sanctuary, two populations each are known from Upper Waiakea
Forest Reserve, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, and Puu Waawaa and one
population is known from Kapapala Forest Reserve. In addition, Plantago
hawaiensis is currently in cultivation at Hawaii Volcanoes National
Park (59 FR 10305; GDSI 2000; Warshauer 2000; HINHP Database 2000; M.
Bruegmann, pers. comm. 2000).
The habitat of Plantago hawaiensis is somewhat variable. The taxon
grows in montane wet sedge land with mixed sedges and grasses, montane
mesic forest, dry subalpine woodland, or Metrosideros and native shrub,
at elevations of 1,512 to 2,585 m (4,960 to 8,480 ft). Associated
native plant species include stunted Acacia koa and Metrosideros
polymorpha, Styphelia tameiameiae, Vaccinium reticulatum, Dodonaea
viscosa, Coprosma montana, or Coprosma ernodeoides. Plantago hawaiensis
is often found growing in

[[Page 36978]]

damp cracks of pahoehoe lava (59 FR 10305; HINHP Database 2000; Service
1996a; L. Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001).
Mouflon sheep, feral pigs, and goats threaten most of the
populations. The two populations within Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
are protected from feral pigs and goats by fenced exclosures but
recently mouflon sheep have compromised the fence. Browsing by
ungulates may affect the viability of these plants, preclude the
establishment of juveniles, and damage the habitat, thereby opening
suitable sites for the establishment of non-native weeds. Decreased
reproductive ability due to the small number of individuals in most
populations, as well as their widely scattered distribution, threaten
this species. A risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/
or human activities is possible (59 FR 10305; HINHP Database 2000;
Service 1996a).
Pleomele hawaiiensis (halapepe).
Pleomele hawaiiensis, a long-lived perennial of the agave family
(Agavaceae), is a branching tree with leaves spirally clustered at the
branch tips which leave large brown leaf scars as they fall off. This
species differs from other Hawaiian species in this genus by its pale
yellow flowers, the size of the flowers, the length of the constricted
base of the flower, and the width of the leaves (Wagner et al. 1999).
No life history information is available for this Pleomele
hawaiiensis at this time (61 FR 53137).
Historically, Pleomele hawaiiensis was found ranging from the
Kohala mountains to Kau. Eight locations with a total of 300 to 400
individuals are currently known from State and private lands. Two
populations are known from State and private lands in the Kohala
mountains in Pololu Valley, three populations are known from State land
in the Puu Waawaa and Puu Anahulu area, two populations are known from
State and private lands in the Kaupulehu lava flow area, and one
population is known from private land in the Huehue area (61 FR 53137;
HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000; Service 1998c, L. Pratt et al., pers.
comm. 2001).
Pleomele hawaiiensis typically grows on open aa lava in diverse
lowland dry forests and Metrosideros-Diospyros lowland dry forest at
elevations between 152 and 969 m (500 and 3,180 ft). Associated native
plant taxa include Metrosideros polymorpha, Reynoldsia sandwicensis,
Dodonaea viscosa, Diospyros sandwicensis, Sophora chrysophylla, Psydrax
odorata, Cocculus trilobus, Myoporum sandwicense, Nestegis
sandwicensis, Bobea timonioides (ahakea), Nototrichium sandwicense
(kului), Sida fallax (ilima), Erythrina sandwicensis, Santalum
paniculatum, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, or Bidens micrantha ssp.
ctenophylla as well as the federally endangered Caesalpinia kavaiensis,
Colubrina oppositifolia, Kokia drynarioides, Nothocestrum breviflorum,
or Neraudia ovata (61 FR 53137; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1998c; L.
Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001).
The major threats to Pleomele hawaiiensis are habitat conversion
associated with residential and recreational development; seed
predation from weevils; habitat destruction by feral pigs, sheep, and
goats; fire; competition from non-native plant taxa, such as Pennisetum
setaceum, Leucaena leucocephala, Schinus terebinthifolius, or Lantana
camara; habitat change due to volcanic activity; and the lack of
reproduction in all but two populations (61 FR 53137; HINHP Database
2000; Service 1998c).
Pritchardia affinis (loulu).
Pritchardia affinis is a long-lived perennial in the palm family
(Arecaceae) that grows from 10 to 25 m (33 to 82 ft) tall. Its
orbicular and wedge-shaped, hairless leaf blades are green on the upper
surface and pale green on the lower surface, with a few yellow scales.
Pale, long, soft, tangled hairs extend along the fan-like folds of the
leaf segments to the leaf stalk. One or more hairless flower clusters
are branched and re-branched. Each flower cluster is subtended by a
main flower cluster stalk (peduncle) that has bracts at the base. Upper
flower cluster branches also are subtended by small membranous bracts
bearing a single flower. The calyx is cup-shaped and three-lobed. Three
petals are fused at the base to the stamen tube, which is comprised of
six stamens (the organ of the flower which bears the pollen-grains).
The immature fruit has a three-lobed stigma (the part of the female
reproductive structure (pistil) of a flower on which pollen is normally
deposited). The fruit is brown to black, almost round and about 2.3 cm
(0.9 in) in diameter. This taxon can be distinguished from other
species of Pritchardia by several characters including long tangled
hair on the lower blade surface and leaf stalk, stout hairless flower
clusters borne among wedge-shaped leaves, and an almost round fruit
that is smaller than fruits of other species (Read and Hodel 1999).
No life history information is available for this Pritchardia
affinis at this time (59 FR 10305).
Historically, Pritchardia affinis was known from the Kohala
Mountains and along the southern and western coasts of the island of
Hawaii. Currently, an unknown number of individuals are scattered along
the western coast of the island of Hawaii, in Kealakekua, and in Hilo
on State and private lands. Due to the use of this species as a
landscape specimen and its locations in the ``wild'' near prehistoric
and historic house lots, we are unable to determine the number of wild
individuals or the number of wild populations. All of the extant
populations may be outplanted. In addition, this palm has been
propagated by the National Tropical Botanical Garden, Volcano Rare
Plant Facility, and DOFAW (59 FR 10305; Service 1996a; M. Bruegmann,
pers. comm. 2000).
Pritchardia affinis typically grows in coastal mesic forest,
possibly near brackish water, at elevations of 0 to 610 m (0 to 2,000
ft). The trees occur in cultivated and/or developed sites, perhaps
planted by Hawaiians, or may occur naturally. Because most coastal land
had been historically cleared for cultivation, native associates are
largely unknown (59 FR 10305; Service 1996a; HINHP Database 2000; L.
Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001).
Major threats to Pritchardia affinis are development and human
activities including over collection and vandalism, rat predation of
fruits and seeds, feral pigs, and non-native plant species. Fire is a
serious threat. The small number of populations and individuals may
compromise the reproductive viability of these individuals and increase
the vulnerability of the taxon to random events. Lethal yellowing is a
disease particular to palms that represents a potential threat if the
disease ever reaches Hawaii (59 FR 10305; HINHP Database 2000; Service
1996a).
Pritchardia schattaueri (loulu).
Pritchardia schattaueri, a long-lived perennial in the palm family
(Arecaceae), is a large tree, 30 to 40 m (100 to 130 ft) tall with a
gray, longitudinally grooved trunk 30 cm (12 in) in diameter. Leaves
form a spherical crown and are sometimes persistent after death. Leaves
are fan-shaped, glossy green, with small brown scales on the lower
surface. Flowers are on two- to four-branched inflorescences with a
main stalk 1.2 to 1.75 m (3.9 to 5.7 ft) long and individual branches 1
to 1.4 m (3.2 to 4.6 ft) long. The five bracts are lance-shaped, the
lowest one 60 cm (2 ft) long, and the uppermost one 20 to 30 cm (9 to
12 in) long. The calyx is green, fading to yellow-green at the tip and
is three-toothed. Fruits are round or pear-shaped and black with brown
spots when mature. This species differs from

[[Page 36979]]

its closest relative, Pritchardia beccariana, by its slender
inflorescence branches, more deeply divided leaves, and pendulous
rather than stiff tips of the leaf blade segments (Read and Hodel
1999).
No life history information is available for Pritchardia
schattaueri at this time (61 FR 53137).
Historically, Pritchardia schattaueri was known from the South Kona
Forest Reserve on State land. Currently there is one mature individual
with and fewer than 12 immature plants on privately owned land near the
South Kona Forest Reserve. In addition, individuals have been
propagated at the Volcano Rare Plant Facility, National Tropical
Botanical Garden, Lyon Arboretum, and by DOFAW (61 FR 53137; Service
1998c; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
Pritchardia schattaueri grows in Metrosideros polymorpha-dominated
lowland mesic forest, at elevations between 600 and 800 m (1,970 to
2,600 ft). Associated native plant taxa include Nestegis sandwicensis,
Charpentiera obovata (papala), Cibotium sp., Myrsine sp. (kolea), or
Pittosporum hosmeri (hoawa) (61 FR 53137; Service 1998c; HINHP Database
2000; L. Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001).
The major threats to Pritchardia schattaueri are development and
human activities including over collection and vandalism, grazing and
trampling by cattle and feral pigs; competition from non-native plant
taxa, such as Psidium cattleianum, Psidium guajava, Pennisetum
clandestinum, Schinus terebinthifolius, or Rubus rosifolius; seed
predation by rats; residential, commercial, or agricultural
development; and habitat modification due to volcanic activity. There
is also a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or
reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing
populations and individuals, and the lack of successful regeneration.
Lethal yellowing is a disease particular to palms that represents a
potential threat if the disease ever reaches Hawaii (61 FR 53137;
Service 1998c; HINHP Database 2000).
Sicyos alba (anunu).
Sicyos alba, an annual in the gourd family (Cucurbitaceae), is a
minutely hairy, black-spotted vine. Leaves are pale, broadly heart-
shaped and shallowly to deeply three- to five-lobed. This species can
be distinguished from its nearest relative, Sicyos cucumerinus, by its
white fruit without bristles and 10 or fewer female flowers per cluster
(Telford 1999).
No life history is available for Sicyos alba at this time (61 FR
53137).
Historically, Sicyos alba was found in the Kilauea area. Currently,
this species is known from four locations with a total of approximately
30 individuals on State and Federal lands in the Puna District. One
population is known from Puu Makaala NAR, two populations from Olaa
tract in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, and one population from Olaa
Forest Reserve, (61 FR 53137; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000; L. Pratt
in litt. 2000).
Sicyos alba typically grows in Metrosideros polymorpha-Cibotium
glaucum dominated montane wet forests, at elevations between 896 and
1,576 m (2,940 and 5,170 ft). Associated native plant taxa include
Coprosma sp., Astelia menziesii (painiu), Athyrium sp., Psychotria sp.,
Cheirodendron trigynum, Pritchardia beccariana, Platydesma spathulata
(pilo kea), Broussaisia arguta, Cyrtandra lysiosepala (haiwale),
Stenogyne sp. (NCN), Perrottetia sandwicensis, Cyanea tritomantha
(aku), or Athyrium microphyllum or other ferns (61 FR 53137; Service
1998c; HINHP Database 2000; L. Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001).
The major threats to Sicyos alba are habitat damage by feral pigs;
trail clearing; competition from non-native plant taxa, such as
Passiflora mollissima, Setaria palmifolia, Psidium cattleianum, or
Rubus ellipticus; habitat modification due to volcanic activity; and a
risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced
reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing individuals (61
FR 53137; Service 1998c; HINHP Database 2000).
Silene hawaiiensis (NCN).
Silene hawaiiensis, a short-lived member of the pink family
(Caryophyllaceae), is a sprawling shrub with climbing or clambering
stems. Stems, generally, are covered with short, sticky hairs and arise
from an enlarged root. Leaves are slender, often recurved and
stalkless. Flowers are arranged in loose, elongate clusters that are
very sticky. Silene hawaiiensis can be distinguished from other species
of the genus in Hawaii by several characters: sprawling habit, presence
of sticky hairs, leaf shape, and color of the petals (green-white with
maroon-colored backs) (Wagner et al. 1999).
This species was observed in flower in September and August. No
other life history is known for this species (Service 1996a).
Historically, Silene hawaiiensis was known from the western slopes
of Mauna Kea; the summit of Hualalai; Humuula Saddle; northern,
southern, western, and northwestern slopes of Mauna Loa; and Kilauea
Crater. Currently, at least 23 populations with a total of
approximately 2,540 individuals are known from private, State, and
Federal lands in the Mauna Kea Forest Reserve, Keauhou, Pohakuloa
Training Area, and Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (59 FR 10305; GDSI
2000; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1996a).
Silene hawaiiensis typically occurs in montane and subalpine dry
shrubland on weathered lava, but is found on variously aged lava flows
and cinder substrates as well, at elevations between 896 and 3,011 m
(2,940 and 9,880 ft). Associated native plant taxa are Metrosideros
polymorpha, Sophora chrysophylla, Vaccinium reticulatum, Styphelia
tameiameiae, Rumex giganteus (pawale), or Dodonaea viscosa (59 FR
10305; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1996a, L. Pratt et al., pers. comm.
2001).
Feral goats, pigs, and sheep are detrimental to the taxon's
survival. Individuals on the lower northern slope of Mauna Loa were
observed having tender new growth browsed and new leaves stripped away,
thus compromising the viability of these individuals. Non-native plant
taxa, particularly Pennisetum setaceum, are a major threat imperiling
the survival of Silene hawaiiensis. In certain areas where new lava is
flowing from Kilauea, plants may be enveloped by molten lava rock and/
or consumed by fire. Military training may jeopardize plants on
Pohakuloa Training Area (59 FR 10305; HINHP Database 2000; Service
1996a).
Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. tomentosum (ae).
Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. tomentosum is a long-lived perennial and
a tree in the citrus family (Rutaceae). It has alternate leaves
comprised of three to seven leathery, elliptical, gland-dotted, smooth-
edged leaflets. The undersurface of the leaflets is densely covered
with fine, short hairs, and the lowest pair of leaflets is often
strongly reduced. This variety is distinguished from Zanthoxylum
dipetalum var. dipetalum by the hairs on the undersurface of the
leaflets. It is distinguished from other Hawaiian species of the genus
by its reduced lower leaflets, the presence of only one joint on some
of the leaflet stalks, and the large seeds (Stone et al. 1999).
No life history information is available for Zanthoxylum dipetalum
var. tomentosum at this time (61 FR 53137).
Only one population of Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. tomentosum has
ever been known, at Puu Waawaa on

[[Page 36980]]

Hualalai. Currently there are eight to nine individuals located on this
State owned land. In addition, two to three individuals have been
outplanted in the same location (61 FR 53137; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database
2000; Service 1998c; L. Perry, pers. comm. 2000).
Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. tomentosum grows in Metrosideros
polymorpha dominated montane mesic forest, often on aa lava, at
elevations between 872 and 1,210 m (2,860 and 3,970 ft). Associated
native plant species include Sophora chrysophylla, Diospyros
sandwicensis, Pouteria sandwicensis, Santalum paniculatum, Reynoldsia
sandwicensis, Myrsine sp., or Psychotria sp. (61 FR 53137; HINHP
Database 2000; Service 1998c; L. Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001).
Threats to Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. tomentosum include browsing,
trampling, and habitat disturbance by cattle, feral pigs, and sheep;
competition from non-native plant species, such as Pennisetum
clandestinum, Pennisetum setaceum, Lantana camara, Leucaena
leucocephala, or Grevillea robusta (silk oak); habitat modification due
to volcanic activity; and fire. In addition, Zanthoxylum dipetalum var.
tomentosum is threatened by a risk of extinction from naturally
occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small
number of existing individuals in only one population (61 FR 53137;
HINHP Database 2000; Service 1998c).

Multi-Island Species

Achyranthes mutica (NCN).
Achyranthes mutica, a member of the amaranth family (Amaranthaceae)
and a short-lived perennial, is a many-branched shrub with egg-shaped
leaves and stalkless flowers. This species is distinguished from others
in the genus by the shape and size of the sepals and by characteristics
of the spike, which is short and congested (Wagner et al. 1999).
No life history information is available for Achyranthes mutica at
this time (Service 1999).
Historically, Achyranthes mutica was known from three collections
from opposite ends of the main archipelago, Kauai and the island of
Hawaii. Currently, this species is known only from the island of
Hawaii, from the Kilohana Gulch on private land. This one population
has a total of between 20 and 50 individuals (61 FR 53108; HINHP
Database 2000; GDSI 2000).
Achyranthes mutica is found in Acacia koaia (koaia) lowland dry
forest primarily in gulches but also in remnant stands of forest at
elevations between 643 and 1,518 m (2,110 and 4,990 ft). Associated
native plant species include Dodonaea viscosa, Myoporum sandwicense,
Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Nestegis sandwicensis, Metrosideros
polymorpha, Santalum ellipticum, Erythrina sandwicensis, or Sophora
chrysophylla (Service 1999; L. Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001).
The primary threats to Achyranthes mutica on the island of Hawaii
are habitat degradation and/or destruction by cattle and feral goats,
competition with non-native plants, a risk of extinction from naturally
occurring events (such as landslides or hurricanes), and/or reduced
reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing individuals and
populations.
Adenophorus periens (pendant kihi fern).
Adenophorus periens, a member of the grammitis family
(Grammitidaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a small, pendant,
epiphytic fern. This species differs from other species in this endemic
Hawaiian genus by having hairs along the pinna (the leaflet of a
pinnate leaf (a compound leaf, having leaflets or pinnae, arranged in a
single row along each side of a common axis)) margins, by the pinnae
being at right angles to the midrib axis, by the placement of the sori
(a group or cluster of sporanges (sac containing spores), spore-bearing
structures) on the pinnae, and the degree of dissection of each pinna
(Linney 1989).
Little is known about the life history of Adenophorus periens,
which seems to grow only in closed canopy dense forest with high
humidity. Its breeding system is unknown but outbreeding is very likely
to be the predominant mode of reproduction. Spores are dispersed by
wind, possibly by water, and perhaps on the feet of birds or insects.
Spores lack a thick resistant coat which may indicate their longevity
is brief, probably measured in days at most. Due to the weak
differences between the seasons, there seems to be no evidence of
seasonality in growth or reproduction. Adenophorus periens appears to
be susceptible to volcanic emissions and/or the resultant acid
precipitation. Additional information on reproductive cycles,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is
not available (Linney 1989).
Historically, Adenophorus periens was known from Kauai, Oahu,
Lanai, East Maui, and Hilo and Waimea on the island of Hawaii.
Currently, it is known from several locations on Kauai, Molokai, and
Hawaii . On the island of Hawaii, it is found in a total of 13
populations containing an unknown number of individuals in the
Kahaualea NAR and adjoining areas and in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
on State, Federal, and privately owned lands (Lorence and Flynn 1991;
HINHP Database 2000; 59 FR 56333; GDSI 2000).
Adenophorus periens, an epiphyte usually growing on Metrosideros
polymorpha or Ilex anomala or possibly other native tree trunks, is
found in Metrosideros polymorpha-Cibotium glaucum lowland wet forest at
elevations between 338 and 1,180 m (1,110 and 3,870 ft). Associated
native plant species include Broussasia arguta, Cheirodendron trigynum,
Cyanea sp. (haha), Cyrtandra sp. (haiwale), Dicranopteris linnearis
(uluhe), Freycinetia arborea (ieie), Hedyotis terminalis, Labordia
hirtella (NCN), Machaerina angustifolia, Psychotria sp., or Psychotria
hawaiiensis (Linney 1989; 59 FR 56333; L. Pratt et al., pers. comm.
2001).
The threats to Adenophorus periens on the island of Hawaii are
habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats, competition with the non-
native plant Psidium cattleianum, and fires and fumes from volcanic
eruptions (59 FR 56333).
Asplenium fragile var. insulare (NCN).
Asplenium fragile var. insulare, a short-lived perennial and a
member of the spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae), is a fern with a short
sub-erect stem with a dull gray or brown main axis with two greenish
ridges. This Hawaiian fern species is most similar to Asplenium
macraei. The two can be distinguished by the size and shape of the
pinnae and the number of sori per pinna (Wagner and Wagner 1992).
Little life history information is available for Asplenium fragile
var. insulare. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental
requirements, and limiting factors are unknown. Researchers have
collected information on species composition, extent of cover, and age-
class structure in six sub-populations at Pohakuloa Training Area in
order to describe the populations. No gametophytes (gamete-producing
life stage) were found, and the age-class structure of the sub-
populations sampled was determined to be 100 percent reproductive
adults because all the sporophytes (spore-producing life stage) had
sori on some fronds (Service 1998a; Shaw 1992).
Asplenium fragile var. insulare was known historically from East
Maui and on the island of Hawaii below Kalaieha, Laumaia, Keanakolu and
Umikoa on Mauna Kea, Puu Waawaa on Hualalai, west Keawewai, above
Kipuka Ahiu on

[[Page 36981]]

Mauna Loa, and near Hilo. Currently, on the island of Hawaii it is
found in a total of 17 populations with more than 300 individuals.
There are 13 populations in the Pohakuloa Training Area, 1 population
in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, 2 populations just south of the
Upper Waiakea Forest Reserve and the Mauna Loa Forest Reserve, and 1
population in the Keokea section of the South Kona District on State,
Federal, and private lands (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Shaw 1992;
59 FR 49025).
On the island of Hawaii, Asplenium fragile var. insulare is found
in Metrosideros polymorpha dry montane forest, Dodonaea viscosa dry
montane shrubland, Myoporum sandwicense-Sophora chrysophylla dry
montane forest, Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa forest as well as
subalpine dry forest and shrubland between elevations of 930 and 2,710
m (3,050 and 8,890 ft). It grows almost exclusively in big, moist lava
tubes (from 3 m to 4.5 m (10 to 15 ft) in diameter), pits, deep cracks,
and lava tree molds, with at least a moderate soil or ash accumulation,
associated with mosses and liverworts. Infrequently, this fern has been
found growing on the interface between younger aa lava flows and much
older pahoehoe lava or ash deposits. Although this taxon is found in
habitats with three different moisture regimes (dry, mesic and wet),
the microhabitat for this plant is fairly consistent. The fern
generally occurs in areas that are moist and dark. Associated native
plant species include Phyllostegia ambigua (NCN), Styphelia
tameiameiae, Vaccinium reticulatum, mosses, or liverworts (Gagne and
Cuddihy 1999; Shaw 1992; Service 1998a; HINHP Database 2000; L. Pratt
et al., pers. comm. 2001).
The primary threats to Asplenium fragile var. insulare on the
island of Hawaii are feral sheep, pigs and goats; military operations
and/or fires resulting from these operations; construction due to
military activities; volcanic activity; the non-native plant Pennisetum
setaceum; bulldozing of jeep roads; filling in of lava tubes; and a
risk of extinction due to random naturally occurring events due to the
small number of existing individuals (Service 1998a; 59 FR 49025; Shaw
1992).
Bonamia menziesii (NCN).
Bonamia menziesii, a member of the morning glory family
(Convolvulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a climbing vine with
twining branches that are fuzzy when young. This species is the only
member of the genus that is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and differs
from other genera in the family by its two styles, longer stems and
petioles, and rounder leaves (Austin 1999).
Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental
requirements, limiting factors and other aspects of life history are
unknown for Bonamia menziesii (Service 1999).
Historically, Bonamia menziesii was known from Kauai, Oahu,
Molokai, West Maui, and eastern Hawaii. Currently, it is known on
Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. On the island of
Hawaii there is a single population containing six to eight naturally
occurring individuals and 10 outplanted individuals at Kaupulehu on
private land (HINHP Database 2000; L. Pratt, et al., pers. comm. 2001;
Mick Castillo, Service, pers. comm. 2000; GDSI 2000).
Bonamia menziesii is found in dry forest at elevations between 421
and 704 m (1,380 and 2,310 ft). Associated native plant species include
Diospyros sandwicensis, Erythrina sandwicensis, Xylosma hawaiiense
(maua), Myrsine lanaiensis, Metrosideros polymorpha, Santalum
paniculatum, Sapindus saponaria, Pouteria sandwicensis (alaa),
Nototrichium sandwicense, Chenopodium oahuense (aheahea), Senna
gaudichaudii (kolomona), Sophora chrysophylla, Sida fallax, Osteomeles
anthyllidifolia, Dodonaea viscosa, Canavalia hawaiiensis (awikiwiki),
Argemone glauca (pua kala), Peperomia blanda var. floribunda (alaala
wai nui), or Psilotum nudum (moa) (HINHP Database 2000; L. Pratt et
al., pers. comm. 2001).
The primary threats to Bonamia menziesii on the island of Hawaii
are habitat degradation and possible predation by wild and feral pigs,
goats, and cattle; competition with a variety of non-native plant
species, particularly Pennisetum setaceum; and fire (Service 1999).
Cenchrus agrimonioides (kamanomano).
Cenchrus agrimonioides, a member of the grass family (Poaceae), is
a short-lived perennial grass with leaf blades which are flat or folded
and have a prominent midrib. The two varieties, C. agrimonioides var.
laysanensis and C. agrimonioides var. agrimonioides, differ from each
other in that var. agrimonioides has smaller burs, shorter stems, and
narrower leaves. Cenchrus agrimonioides var. agrimonioides is only
known from the main Hawaiian Islands, while Cenchrus agrimonioides var.
laysanensis is known only from the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. This
species is distinguished from others in the genus by the cylindrical to
lance-shaped bur and the arrangement and position of the bristles
(O'Conner 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Cenchrus agrimonioides.
Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements,
and limiting factors are generally unknown; however, this species has
been observed to produce fruit all year, though the fruit does not
appear to bear viable seeds in most cases (Service 1999).
Historically, Cenchrus agrimonioides var. agrimonioides was known
from Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and an undocumented report from island of
Hawaii. Currently, var. agrimonioides is known only from Oahu and Maui.
Cenchrus agrimonioides var. laysanensis has not been seen in the
Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (Laysan, Kure Atoll, Midway Atoll) since
about 1950. The undocumented report of Cenchrus agrimonioides var.
agrimonioides on the island of Hawaii was made in 1800 (65 FR 79192;
Kapua Kawelo, U.S. Army Environmental, pers. comm. 1997; Robert Hobdy,
DOFAW, pers. comm. 1997; 61 FR 53108; Service 1999; HINHP Database
2000; O'Connor 1999).
Information on the physical and biological features that are
essential to the conservation of Cenchrus agrimonioides var.
agrimonioides on the island of Hawaii is not available.
Threats to Cenchrus agrimonioides on the island of Hawaii include
competition with non-native plant species and risk of extinction from
naturally occurring events, and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to
the small number of existing individuals (Service 1999).
Clermontia lindseyana (haha).
Clermontia lindseyana, a member of the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a small, branched tree
which is either terrestrial or epiphytic (living on the surface of
other plants). It is easily separable from the other taxa within this
genus by several characters: much larger leaves and flowers, similar
petals and sepals, leaves which are conspicuously hairy beneath, and
spreading floral lobes (Cuddihy et al. 1983; Lammers 1999, 1991).
Clermontia lindseyana was observed in fruit from June to October,
and in flower from February to August. No other life history
information is currently available (HINHP Database 2000; Service
1996a).
Currently and historically, Clermontia lindseyana is known from
Maui and on the island of Hawaii from the eastern slope of Mauna Kea
and eastern, southeastern, and southwestern slopes of Mauna Loa.
Currently, on Hawaii

[[Page 36982]]

there are a total of 17 populations containing more than 100
individuals in or near the Kau Forest Reserve and the South Kona Forest
Reserve on State land, the Kona Forest Unit of the Hakalau Forest
National Wildlife Refuge on land under Federal jurisdiction, and the
Hakalau Unit of the Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge on Federal
land (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; 59 FR 10305).
The extant populations of Clermontia lindseyana grow in slightly
open forest cover in wet and mesic Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa
forest, Metrosideros polymorpha forest, and mixed montane mesic
Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa forest at elevations between 1,314
and 2,256 m (4,310 and 7,400 ft). Associated native plant taxa include:
Styphelia tameiameiae, Cheirodendron trigynum, Rubus hawaiiensis,
Coprosma sp., Athyrium sp., or Peperomia sp. (alaala wai nui) (HINHP
Database 2000; Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001).
The threats to Clermontia lindseyana on the island of Hawaii are
trampling and grazing by cattle; trampling and browsing by goats,
rooting and trampling by pigs, competition with the non-native plants
Pennisetum clandestinum or Passiflora mollissima, and fruit consumption
by black rats (Service 1996a; Cuddihy et al. 1983).
Clermontia peleana (haha).
Clermontia peleana, a member of the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is an epiphytic shrub or
tree that grows on native trees and tree ferns. Two subspecies are
recognized, C. peleana ssp. singuliflora (greenish-white petals) and C.
peleana ssp. peleana (blackish-purple petals). This species can be
separated from other Hawaiian members of the genus by its epiphytic
growth, small triangular green calyx lobes, and single-lipped flowers
(Lammers 1999, 1991).
Clermontia peleana has been observed in flower during June and
November, and in fruit during November. No other life history
information is currently available (Service 1996a; HINHP Database
2000).
Historically, Clermontia peleana ssp. peleana was known from the
island of Hawaii, where it was found on the northeastern and
southeastern slopes of Mauna Kea and from the eastern slopes of Mauna
Loa (59 FR 10305). This subspecies was last collected by Ken Wood along
Saddle Road in 1998 but that population was not relocated during a 1999
survey. There are records of this plant in five locations but all are
believed to be dead. There were four populations in Hakalau Forest
National Wildlife Refuge, four populations in the Hilo Forest Reserve
and one scattered population in the Upper Waiakea Forest Reserve on
Federal and State lands, but this subspecies is now known only in
cultivation. Clermontia peleana ssp. singuliflora was formerly found on
the island of Hawaii on the northern slope of Mauna Kea and on East
Maui, but the taxon (ssp. singuliflora) has not been seen in either
place since the early 1900s (HINHP Database 2000; Wagner et al. 1999,
L. Perry, pers. comm. 2000).
Clermontia peleana grows in montane wet Metrosideros-Cibotium
forest at elevations between 436 and 1,728 m (1,430 and 5,670 ft).
Associated native plant species include Clermontia hawaiiensis (oha
kepau), Cheirodendron trigynum, Cyrtandra platyphylla (haiwale),
Cibotium menziesii (hapuu), C. chamissoi (hapuu), Ilex anomala,
Sadleria spp. (amau), or Coprosma pubens (pilo) (L. Pratt et al., pers.
comm. 2001).
Colubrina oppositifolia (kauila).
Colubrina oppositifolia, a member of the buckthorn family
(Rhamnaceae) and a long-lived perennial, is a tree with extremely hard,
red wood. This species is readily distinguished from the other species
in Hawaii by characters such as opposite leaf position, dull leaf
surface, and entire 2leaf margins (Wagner et al. 1999).
Colubrina oppositifolia was observed in fruit and flower during
September and June, and in flower during December and January. No other
life history information is currently available (HINHP Database 2000;
Service 1996a).
Currently and historically, Colubrina oppositifolia is known from
Oahu, Maui and the island of Hawaii. Currently, on the island of Hawaii
there are a total of eight populations containing a total of fewer than
500 individuals on State and private lands. Populations are located in
Kaupulehu, Puu Waawaa, Kapua, Manuka NAR, and Kamaoa-Puueo (59 FR
10305; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
Habitats of Colubrina oppositifolia on the island of Hawaii are
lowland dry and mesic forests dominated by Diospyros sandwicensis and/
or Metrosideros polymorpha, found at elevations between 162 and 945 m
(530 and 3,100 ft). Associated native plant species include
Nototrichium sandwicense, Bobea timoniodes, Rauvolfia sandwicensis
(hao), Erythrina sandwicensis, Sophora chrysophylla, Nestegis
sandwicensis, Peperomia sp., Psydrax odorata, Reynoldsia sandwicensis,
or Styphelia tameiameiae or the endangered species Nothocestrum
breviflorum or Pleomele hawaiiensis (HINHP Database 2000, L. Pratt et
al., pers. comm. 2001).
The threats to Colubrina oppositifolia on the island of Hawaii are
habitat destruction by feral pigs; competition with the non-native
plants Lantana camara, Pennisetum setaceum, Phymatosorus scolopendria
(bracken fern), Passiflora suberosa (huehue haole), or Schinus
terebinthifolius; the introduction of Xylosandrus compactus (black twig
borer); Adoretus sinicus (Chinese rose beetles); fire; small population
numbers; limited distributions; and disturbance by military and
unauthorized personnel such as collectors (59 FR 10305; Service 1996a).
Ctenitis squamigera (pauoa).
Ctenitis squamigera is a short-lived perennial of the spleenwort
family (Aspleniaceae). It has a rhizome (horizontal stem) 5 to 10 mm
(0.2 to 0.4 in) thick, creeping above the ground and densely covered
with scales similar to those on the lower part of the leaf stalk. The
leaf stalks are densely clothed with tan-colored scales up to 1.8 cm
(0.7 in) long and 1 mm (0.04 in) wide. The sori are tan-colored when
mature and are in a single row one-third of the distance from the
margin to the midrib of the ultimate segments. The indusium (the
membrane enclosing the sori) is whitish before wrinkling, thin,
suborbicular with a narrow sinus extending about half way, glabrous
except for a circular margin which is ciliolate (provided with minute
marginal hairs) with simple several-celled glandular and nonglandular
hairs arising directly from the margin or from the deltoid base.
Ctenitis squamigera can be readily distinguished from other Hawaiian
species of Ctenitis by the dense covering of tan-colored scales on its
frond (Degener and Degener 1957; Wagner and Wagner 1992).
Little is known about the life history of Ctenitis squamigera.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service
1998a; 59 FR 49025).
Historically, Ctenitis squamigera was recorded from the islands of
Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii. It is currently found on
Oahu, Lanai, Molokai, and Maui. It was last collected on the island of
Hawaii in 1909, at ``Kalua'', an indeterminable place name (HINHP
Database 2001; Service 1998a).
Information on the physical and biological features that are
essential to the conservation of Ctentis squamigera or the primary
threats on the island of Hawaii is not available (HINHP Database 2001;
Service 1998a).

[[Page 36983]]

Delissea undulata (NCN).
Delissea undulata, a member of the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is an unbranched, palm-
like, woody-stemmed tree, with a dense cluster of leaves at the tips of
the stems. One or two knob-like structures often occur on the back of
the flower tube. Three subspecies, all but the last of which are
considered extinct, may be separated on the basis of leaf shape and
margin characters: D. undulata var. kauaiensis (leaf blades are oval
and flat-margined with sharp teeth) (Kauai), D. undulata var.
niihauensis (leaf blades are heart shaped and flat-margined with
shallow, rounded teeth) (Niihau), and D. undulata var. undulata (leaf
blades are elliptic to lance-shaped and wavy-margined with small,
sharply pointed teeth) (Maui, Hawaii). This species is separated from
the other closely related members of the genus by its large flowers and
berries and broad leaf bases. Delissea undulata ssp. undulata is the
only subspecies found on the island of Hawaii (Lammers 1990).
Delissea undulata var. undulata was observed in fruit and flower
during December. No other life history information is currently
available (Service 1996a; HINHP Database 2000).
Delissea undulata var. undulata was known from southwestern Maui
and western Hawaii in North and South Kona. Currently it is only known
on the island of Hawaii from a single individual in Puu Waawaa on State
land. Several individuals have been outplanted in this area (GDSI 2000;
HINHP Database 2000; L. Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001).
Delissea undulata var. undulata on the island of Hawaii occurs on
dry cinder cones and in open Sophora chrysophylla and Metrosideros
polymorpha forest at elevations between 890 to 1,747 m (2,920 to 5,730
ft). Associated native plant species include Diospyros sandwicensis,
Dodonaea viscosa, Psychotria mariniana (kopiko), P. greenwelliae
(kopiko), Santalum paniculatum, Sophora chrysophylla, or Acacia koa or
the endangered Nothocestrum breviflorum (61 FR 53124; HINHP Database
2000; L. Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001).
The threats to Delissea undulata var. undulata on the island of
Hawaii are feral sheep, goats, or pigs; cattle; small population size;
competition with the non-native plant species Passiflora mollissima,
Delairea odorata (Cape ivy), or Pennisetum clandestinum; fire; slugs;
seed predation by rats; seed predation by introduced game birds; and
extinction due to random events (Service 1996a; HINHP Database 2000).
Diellia erecta (NCN).
Diellia erecta, a member of the spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae)
and a short-lived perennial, is a fern that grows in tufts of three to
nine lance-shaped fronds which emerge from a rhizome covered with brown
to dark gray scales. This species differs from other members of the
genus in having brown or dark gray scales usually more than 2 cm (0.8
in) in length, fused or separate sori along both margins, shiny black
midribs that have a hardened surface, and veins that do not usually
encircle the sori (Degener and Greenwell 1950; Wagner 1992).
Little is known about the life history of Diellia erecta.
Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements,
and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999).
Historically, Diellia erecta was known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai,
Lanai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. Currently, it is only known from
Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii. On the island of Hawaii there are three
populations containing a total of more than 20 individuals on State
lands in the South Kona Forest Reserve and the Manuka Natural Area
Reserve (GDSI 2000; Service 1996b; Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).
Diellia erecta on the island of Hawaii is found in Metrosideros
polymorpha-Nestegis sandwicensis lowland mesic forest at elevations
between 448 and 982 m (1,470 and 3,220 ft). Associated native plant
species include Diospyros sandwicensis, Psydrax odorata, Antidesma
platyphyllum, A. pulvinatum (hame), Microlepia sp. (NCN), Nestegis
sandwicensis, Wikstroemia sandwicensis (akia), Wikstroemia
phillyreifolia (akia), or Nephrolepis spp. (kupukupu) (HINHP Database
2000, L. Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001).
The major threats to Diellia erecta on the island of Hawaii are
habitat degradation by pigs, goats, and cattle; competition with non-
native plant species, including Blechnum occidentale (NCN); random
naturally occurring events causing extinction; and/or reduced
reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing individuals (59
FR 56333; Service 1999).
Flueggea neowawraea (mehamehame).
Flueggea neowawraea, a member of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae)
and a long-lived perennial, is a large tree with white oblong pores
covering its scaly, pale brown bark. This species is the only member of
the genus found in Hawaii and can be distinguished from other species
in the genus by its large size; scaly bark; the shape, size, and color
of the leaves; flowers clustered along the branches; and the size and
shape of the fruits (Hayden 1999).
Individual trees of Flueggea neowawraea bear only male or female
flowers and must be cross-pollinated from a different tree to produce
viable seed. Little else is known about the life history of this
species. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental
requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Hayden 1999; Service
1999).
Historically, Flueggea neowawraea was known on Molokai, Oahu,
Kauai, and the island of Hawaii. Currently, it is extant on Kauai,
Oahu, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. On the island of Hawaii, there
are a total of four populations containing around 16 to 23 individuals
in Honomalino, Manuka NAR, Papa, and Huehue Ranch in North Kona on
State and private lands (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
Flueggea neowawraea on the island of Hawaii occurs in mesic
Metrosideros polymorpha forest at elevations between 424 to 820 m
(1,390 to 2,690 ft). Associated native plant species include Nestegis
sandwicensis, Psychotria hawaiiensis, Pittosporum hosmeri, Pipturus
albidus, Pisonia spp. (papala kepau), Diospyros sandwicensis, Psydrax
odorata, Antidesma platyphyllum, A. pulvinatum, or Nephrolepis spp.
(HINHP Database 2000; L. Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001).
The threats to Flueggea neowawraea on the island of Hawaii are the
black twig borer; habitat degradation by feral pigs, goats, and cattle;
competition with non-native plant species such as Schinus
terebinthifolius or Psidium cattleianum; fire; small population size;
depressed reproductive vigor; military activities; and rat predation of
the fruit (59 FR 56333; Service 1999; HINHP Database 2000).
Gouania vitifolia (NCN).
Gouania vitifolia, a member of the buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae)
and a short-lived perennial, is a climbing shrub with tendriled
flowering branches. This species differs from other members of its
genus by having flowering branches with a tendril and coarsely crenate
(wavy) to serrate-dentate (toothed) leaf margins (Wagner et al. 1999).
In winter and late spring the main vine of Gouania vitfolia
produces new young side shoots which soon die. Plants have been
observed flowering from late November to January, but flowering
probably depends on precipitation (Service 1998b).
Historically, Gouania vitfolia was known from West Maui, the Kau
District of the island of Hawaii, and Oahu. The species currently
occurs on Oahu and

[[Page 36984]]

on the island of Hawaii. On the island of Hawaii, there is a single
population within the State owned Manuka Natural Area Reserve
containing three individuals (GDSI 2000; J. Giffin in litt. 2000).
The preferred habitat of Gouania vitfolia on the island of Hawaii
is dry, rocky ridges and slopes in dry shrubland or dry to mesic
Nestegis-Metrosideros forests on old substrate kipuka (vegetated area
surrounded by bare lava flows) between 503 and 1,039 m (1,650 and 3,410
ft). Associated native plant species include Nestegis sandwicensis,
Wikstroemia sandwicensis (akia), Wikstroemia phillyreifolia,
Nephrolepis spp., or Pipturus albidus (J. Giffin in litt. 2000; Service
1998b; L. Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001).
The major threats to Gouania vitfolia on the island of Hawaii are
competition with non-native plants, habitat destruction by feral pigs,
and a threat of extinction due to randomly occurring natural events or
reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of extant
individuals (Service 1998b; 59 FR 32932).
Hedyotis cookiana (awiwi).
Hedyotis cookiana, a member of the coffee family (Rubiaceae) and a
short-lived perennial, is a small shrub with many branches and papery-
textured leaves which are fused at the base to form a sheath around the
stem. This plant is distinguished from other species in the genus by
being entirely hairless (Wagner et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Hedyotis cookiana.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1995a).
Historically, Hedyotis cookiana was known from Hawaii, Molokai,
Oahu, and Kauai. Currently, this species is only extant on the island
of Kauai. It was last collected on the island of Hawaii in 1816 at
Kealakekua (HINHP Database 2000).
Nothing is known of the preferred habitat for or species associated
with Hedyotis cookiana on the island of Hawaii (Service 1995a).
Threats to Hedyotis cookiana included modification of habitat by
feral pigs, competition with non-native plant species, extinction due
to naturally occurring events, and reduced reproductive vigor due to
small numbers of individuals (Service 1995a).
Hedyotis coriacea (kioele).
Hedyotis coriacea, a member of the coffee family (Rubiaceae) and a
short-lived perennial, is a small, erect herb with leathery, oval-
shaped leaves. Hedyotis coriacea is distinguished from other species of
the genus by its small, triangular leaf-like appendages below the
flower (calyx lobes), which do not enlarge in fruit, the combination of
fruits that are longer than wide, and flower buds that are square in
cross section (Wagner et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Hedyotis coriacea.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1997a).
Until recent rediscoveries, the latest collection of Hedyotis
coriacea was made in 1949 on the 1859 lava flow, on the island of
Hawaii. A single specimen was rediscovered in the Lihau section of the
West Maui NAR, and the species conceivably could exist elsewhere on
Maui as well. Individuals have also been rediscovered on the island of
Hawaii on the 1859 lava flow in the Pohakuloa Training Area. Currently,
there are a total of 11 populations containing approximately 150
individuals all located on land under Federal jurisdiction at Pohakuloa
Training Area (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Shaw 1992).
The habitat of Hedyotis coriacea on the island of Hawaii is
geologically young (less than 3,000 years old) Mauna Loa pahoehoe lava
with sparse Metrisuderos forest, open Metrisuderos forest with sparse
shrub understory or open Metrisuderos forest with dense shrub
understory at elevations of 1,506 to 1,780 m (4,940 to 5,840 ft).
Associated native plant species include Sophora chrysophylla, Myoporum
sandwicense, Dodonaea viscosa, Chenopodium oahuense, Styphelia
tameiameiae, Eragrostis deflexa (NCN), Festuca hawaiiensis (NCN), or
the endangered Portulaca sclerocarpa (poe) (Shaw 1997; HINHP Database
2000; L. Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001).
On the island of Hawaii, Hedyotis coriacea has been almost
extirpated by the combination of cattle, fires, invasion of non-native
plant species such as Pennisetum setaceum, and feral ungulates. Other
current threats to Hedyotis coriacea include the very small remaining
number of individuals and the limited distribution of the species which
make it susceptible to extinction caused by a single natural or human-
caused environmental disturbance, the limited gene pool which may
depress reproductive vigor, fire accidentally set by hunters or
military activities within Pohakuloa Training Area, and habitat
disturbance caused by military exercises at Pohakuloa Training Area
(Service 1997a).
Hibiscus brackenridgei (mao hau hele).
Hibiscus brackenridgei, a member of the mallow family (Malvaceae)
and a short-lived perennial, is a sprawling to erect shrub or small
tree. This species differs from other members of the genus in having
the following combination of characteristics: yellow petals, a calyx
consisting of triangular lobes with raised veins and a single midrib,
bracts attached below the calyx, and thin stipules that fall off,
leaving an elliptic scar. Two subspecies of Hibiscus brackenridgei are
recognized, brackenridgei and mokuleianus. Subspecies brackenridgei is
the only one currently or historically found on the island of Hawaii
(HINHP Database 2000; Bates 1990).
Hibiscus brackenridgei is known to flower continuously from early
February through late May, and intermittently at other times of year.
Intermittent flowering may possibly be tied to day length. Little else
is known about the life history of this plant. Pollination biology,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1999).
Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. brackenridgei was known historically
from Molokai, Lanai, West Maui, and the island of Hawaii. Currently,
Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. brackenridgei is extant on the islands of
Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii. On the island of Hawaii, Hibiscus
brackenridgei ssp. brackenridgei is known from four populations
containing a total of less than 20 individuals; one population at Puu
Anahulu, one population at Puu Huluhulu, one population near the
Kaupulehu Lava Flow, and one population outside Waimea town on State
and privately owned lands (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
Hibiscus brackenridgei on the island of Hawaii occurs in Acacia koa
lowland mesic forest at elevations between 457 and 793 (1,500 and 2,600
ft). Associated native plant species include Sida fallax or Reynoldsia
sandwicensis (HINHP Database 2000, L. Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001).
The primary threats to Hibiscus brackenridgei on the island of
Hawaii are habitat degradation and possible predation by feral pigs,
goats, sheep, cattle, or rats; competition with non-native plant
species; road construction; fire; and susceptibility to extinction
caused by randomly occurring natural events or reduced reproductive
vigor due to small population size and a

[[Page 36985]]

limited number of populations (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).
Ischaemum byrone (Hilo ischaemum).
Ischaemum byrone, a member of the grass family (Poaceae), is a
short-lived perennial species with creeping underground and erect
stems. Ischaemum byrone can be distinguished from other Hawaiian
grasses by its tough outer flower bracts, dissimilar basic flower units
which are awned, and a two-flowered, di- or trichotomously-branching
(two- or three-tiered) inflorescence (O'Connor 1999).
No life history information is available for this Ischaemum byrone
at this time (59 FR 10305).
Ischaemum byrone was historically distributed on Kauai, Oahu,
Molokai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. Currently, this species is
found on Kauai, Molokai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. On the island
of Hawaii, there are a total of five populations containing
approximately 3,000 individuals located along the eastern coast from
Hilo to Hawaii Volcanoes National Park on private, State and federally
owned lands. In addition, there are some outplanted individuals in
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (59 FR 10305; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database
2000; L. Pratt, in litt., 2000).
Ischaemum byrone on the island of Hawaii is found in coastal wet to
dry shrubland, near the ocean, among rocks or on pahoehoe lava in
cracks and holes, and elevations between sea level and 137 m (0 and 460
ft). Associated native plant taxa include Scaevola sericea (naupaka
kahakai), or Fimbristylis cymosa (mauu akiaki) (Service 1996a; 59 FR
10305; HINHP Database 2000; L. Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001).
The threats to Ischaemum byrone on Hawaii island are competition by
non-native grasses, predation by goats, and elimination and degradation
of habitat through fire and residential development (59 FR 10305;
Service 1996a).
Isodendrion pyrifolium (wahine noho kula).
Isodendrion pyrifolium, a short-live perennial of the violet family
(Violaceae), is a small, branched shrub with elliptic to lance-shaped
leaf blades. The papery-textured blade is moderately hairy beneath (at
least on the veins) and stalked. The stalk (petiole) is subtended by
oval, hairy, bract-like structures (stipules). Fragrant, bilaterally
symmetrical flowers are solitary. The flower stalk (pedicel) is white-
hairy, and subtended by two bracts. Bracts arise at the tip of the main
flower stalk (peduncle). The five sepals are lance-shaped, membranous-
edged and fringed with white hairs. Five green-yellow petals are
somewhat unequal, and lobed, the upper being the shortest and the lower
the longest. The fruit is a three-lobed, oval capsule, which splits to
release olive-colored seeds. Isodendrion pyrifolium is distinguished
from other taxa in the genus by its smaller, green-yellow flowers, and
hairy stipules and leaf veins (Wagner et al. 1999).
During periods of drought, this species will drop all but the
newest leaves. After sufficient rains, the plants produce flowers with
seeds ripening one to two months later. No other life history
information is currently available for this species (Service 1996a).
Isodendrion pyrifolium is known historically from six of the
Hawaiian Islands: Niihau, Molokai, Lanai, Oahu, Maui, and on the
western slope of Hualalai mountain on the island of Hawaii. Currently
on Hawaii island, one population is known from State land in Kealakehe
homesteads with 9 individuals. In addition, seven individuals are in
cultivation at botanical gardens (59 FR 10305; GDSI 2000; Service
1996a; HINHP Database 2000; M. Bruegmann pers. comm. 2000).
Isodendrion pyrifolium grows in dry forests at elevations between
18 to 137 m (60 to 450 ft). This species was formerly associated
predominantly with native plant taxa such as Psydrax odorata, Sida
fallax, Myoporum sandwicense, Sophora chrysophylla, or Waltheria indica
(uhaloa) (59 FR 10305; Service 1996a; Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001).
The conversion of this species' natural habitat to residential and
recreational developments is of grave concern, as is the presence of
the aggressive non-native Pennisetum setaceum. Drying stands of this
and other weedy species greatly increase the fire load and fire
potential. Competition for nutrients with non-native plant taxa such as
Leucaena leucocephala is a threat. Numbers of individuals are not
abundant enough to maintain reproductive vigor, thus making random
extirpation a possibility (Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305).
Mariscus fauriei (NCN).
Mariscus fauriei, a member of the sedge family (Cyperaceae), is a
short-lived perennial plant with somewhat enlarged underground stems
and three-angled, single or grouped aerial stems 10 to 50 cm (4 to 20
in) tall. It has leaves shorter than or the same length as the stems
and 1 to 3.5 mm (0.04 to 0.1 in) wide. This species differs from others
in the genus in Hawaii by its smaller size and its narrower, flattened,
and more spreading spikelets (Koyama 1990; 59 FR 10305).
No life history information is available for Mariscus fauriei at
this time (Service 1996b).
Historically and currently, Mariscus fauriei is found on east
Molokai and on the island of Hawaii. This species is believed to be no
longer extant on Lanai. Currently on Hawaii island, two populations
with a total of 100 to 200 plants occur at South Point and in Kaloko on
State and privately owned lands (59 FR 10305; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI
2000).
This species typically grows in Diospyros sandwicensis-Metrosideros
polymorpha-Sapindus saponaria dominated lowland dry forests, often on a
lava substrate, between elevations of 107 and 402 m (350 and 1,320 ft).
Associated native plant species include Sophora chrysophylla, Myoporum
sandwicense, Psydrax odorata, Peperomia blanda var. floribunda,
Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, or Rauvolfia sandwicensis (59 FR 10305;
HINHP Database 2000; L. Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001).
The threats to Mariscus fauriei on Hawaii island are predation and
habitat degradation by feral goats and competition from non-native
plant species such as Schinus terebinthifolius, Pennisetum setaceum,
and Leucaena leucocephala. Because there are only two currently known
populations on Hawaii island, the species is threatened by the risk of
extinction through random environmental events and through reduced
reproductive vigor (Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305).
Mariscus pennatiformis (NCN).
Mariscus pennatiformis, a short-lived perennial member of the sedge
family (Cyperaceae), has a woody root system covered with brown scales.
Mariscus pennatiformis is subdivided into two subspecies, ssp. bryanii
and ssp. pennatiformis, which are distinguished by the length and width
of the spikelets; color, length, and width of the glume; and by the
shape and length of the achenes. This species differs from other
members of the genus by its three-sided, slightly concave, smooth
stems; the length and number of spikelets; the leaf width; and the
length and diameter of stems (Koyama 1990).
Mariscus pennatiformis is known to flower from November to December
after heavy rainfall. Additional information on the life history of
this plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental
requirements, and limiting factors are generally unknown (Service
1999).
Historically, Mariscus pennatiformis was known from Kauai, Oahu,
East

[[Page 36986]]

Maui (Keanae Valley, Hana, and Nahiku), and from Laysan in the
Northwestern Hawaiian Islands and reported from the island of Hawaii.
Mariscus pennatiformis ssp. pennatiformis has not been seen on the
island of Hawaii since the middle of the last century (Wagner et al.
1999; HINHP Database 2000; 59 FR 56333; Bruegmann, in litt., 2000).
Nothing is known of the preferred habitat for or species associated
with Mariscus pennatiformis on the island of Hawaii (Service 1999).
The threats to Mariscus pennatiformis on the island of Hawaii are
unknown.
Phlegmariurus mannii (wawae iole).
Phlegmariurus mannii, a member of the clubmoss family
(Lycopodiaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a hanging plant with
clustered, delicate red stems and forked reproductive spikes. These
traits distinguish it from others in the genus in Hawaii (Holub 1991).
Little is known about the life history of Phlegmariurus mannii.
Reproductive cycles, dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service
1997a).
Historically, Phlegmariurus mannii was known from Kauai, West Maui,
and Hawaii island (Captain Cook-Kona). Currently, this species is
extant on Maui. The last collection of this species on the island of
Hawaii was in 1949 from South Kona near Papaloa (HINHP Database 2000).
Nothing is known of the preferred habitat of or species associated
with Phlegmariurus mannii on the island of Hawaii (Service 1997a).
This species was threatened by habitat degradation by feral pigs
and goats and stray domestic cattle, and by non-native plants such as
Rubus argutus (blackberry), Cyathea cooperi (Australian tree fern), or
Psidium cattleianum. (Service 1997a).
Phyllostegia parviflora (NCN).
Phyllostegia parviflora, a member of the mint family (Lamiaceae),
is a short-lived perennial herb. The leaves are egg-shaped and
wrinkled. The species is distinguished from others of the genus by the
leaf shape and length of the leaf stalk and lower corolla lip.
Phyllostegia parviflora var. glabriuscula has fewer glandular hairs in
the inflorescence, less pubescent (hairy) leaves, and usually
unbranched inflorescences, as compared to P. parviflora var.
parviflora. A recently discovered, unnamed variety of Phyllostegia
parviflora has shorter leaf stalks, spreading hairs on the leaf stalks,
and fewer gland-tipped hairs in the inflorescence (Wagner et al. 1990).
Nothing is known of the preferred habitat of or species associated
with Phyllostegia parviflora on the island of Hawaii (Service 1996a).
Historically Phyllostegia parviflora was known from three islands:
Oahu, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. This species is now known only
from two populations on Oahu. Phyllostegia parviflora has not been
observed on the island of Hawaii since the 1800s (61 FR 53108; HINHP
Database 2000; GDSI 2000).
Nothing is known of the preferred habitat of or species associated
with Phyllostegia parviflora on the island of Hawaii (Service 1999).
Threats to Phyllostegia parviflora include habitat degradation or
destruction by feral pigs, competition with non-native plant species,
risk of extinction from naturally occurring events, and/or reduced
reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals
(Service1999).
Plantago princeps (laukahi kuahiwi).
Plantago princeps, a member of the plantain family
(Plantaginaceae), is a small shrub or robust, short-lived perennial
herb. Its erect or ascending stems are hollow, about 2 to 250
centimeters (1 to 100 inches) long, and often branched with internodes
that are more or less woolly with reddish brown hairs when young. The
oblong to elliptic, thick, leathery leaves are tufted near the ends of
the stems. The leaves have smooth or minutely-toothed margins, a
pointed tip, and primary veins that converge at the base of the leaves.
Numerous stalkless flowers are densely arranged in a cluster, with each
cluster on a stalk. Each flower spreads at an angle of nearly 90
degrees to the axis of the stalk, or grows upright. The sepals are
somewhat distinct and elliptic in shape. The fruits are capsules, which
contain three or four tiny black seeds. The surface of the seed is
covered with a sticky membrane. This species differs from other native
members of the genus by its large-branched stems, flowers at nearly
right angles to the axis of the flower cluster, and fruits that break
open at a point two-thirds from the base. The four varieties (anomala,
laxiflora, longibracteata, and princeps) are distinguished by the
branching and pubescence of the stems; the size, pubescence, and
venation of the leaves; the density of the inflorescence; and the
orientation of the flowers (Wagner et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive
cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting
factors are generally unknown. However, individuals have been observed
in fruit from April through September (59 FR 56333).
Plantago princeps was historically found on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai,
Maui, and the island of Hawaii. It has not been seen on the island of
Hawaii since the 1860s (59 FR 56333; HINHP Database 2000).
Nothing is known of the preferred habitat of or species associated
with Plantago princeps on the island of Hawaii.
Threats to Plantago princeps included habitat degradation by feral
pigs and goats and competition with non-native plant species (Service
1999)
Portulaca sclerocarpa (poe).
Portulaca sclerocarpa, a short-lived perennial member of the
portulaca family (Portulacaceae), has a fleshy, tuberous taproot that
becomes woody with maturity. Leaves are narrowly oblance-shaped to
linear (strap-like), almost round in cross-section, succulent, gray-
green, and stalkless. Dense tufts of yellow-brown hairs occur in the
axil between stem and leaf. Three to six flowers occur at the end of
the stem and form a dense white or pink flower cluster. Portulaca
sclerocarpa is distinguished from other species of the genus in Hawaii
by its woody taproot, narrow leaves, petal color, seed color (dark,
reddish-brown), and thick-walled fruit (Wagner et al. 1999).
Little is known of the life history of Portulaca sclerocarpa.This
species was observed in flower in March, June, and December. The
presence of juveniles indicate that pollination and germination are
occurring (Service 1996a).
Historically, Portulaca sclerocarpa was known from the islands of
Lanai and the island of Hawaii. Populations were found on an islet off
of the south coast of Lanai, and the Kohala mountains, the northern
slopes of Hualalai, the northwestern slopes of Mauna Loa, and near
Kilauea Crater on Hawaii island. One extant population is known to
occur off the coast of Lanai on Poopoo Islet. Nineteen extant
populations with approximately 1,000 individuals are known to occur on
Federal, State, and private lands on Hawaii island. One population
occurs at Puupa on private land; two at Nohona O Hae on private land;
nine at Puu Anahulu on private, State and Federal lands (Pohakuloa
Training Area); three populations on private land at Keauhou; and four
populations on Federal land at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (59 FR
10305; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1996a).
Portulaca sclerocarpa grows on weathered Mauna Kea soils, cinder
cones, or geologically young lavas in montane dry shrubland. The
species often is found on bare cinder, near

[[Page 36987]]

steam vents, and in open Metrosideros polymorpha dominated woodlands,
at elevations between 351 and 2,274 m (1,150 to 7,460 ft). Associated
native plant taxa are Sophora chrysophylla, Wollastonia venosa, or
Dodonaea viscosa (59 FR 10305; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1996a; L.
Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001).
A major threat to Portulaca sclerocarpa is competition from non-
native grasses such as Pennisetum setaceum and Andropogon virginicus.
Although no browsing has been observed, goats, pigs and sheep trample
and disturb the habitat, damaging the understory and providing suitable
sites for non-native plant invaders. Fire is also a pervasive problem
in such dry habitat. The unknown reason for the decrease in numbers
from 4,300 in 1983 to 970 in 1994 in the Puhimau geothermal (fumarole)
area within Hawaii Volcanoes National Park is of concern. Small numbers
of populations and individuals, and their scattered distribution,
decrease reproductive viability and increase vulnerability to random
events (59 FR 10305; Service 1996a; HINHP Database 2000).
Sesbania tomentosa (ohai).
Sesbania tomentosa, a short-lived perennial and a member of the pea
family (Fabaceae), is typically a sprawling shrub but may also be a
small tree. Each compound leaf consists of 18 to 38 oblong to elliptic
leaflets which are usually sparsely to densely covered with silky
hairs. The flowers are salmon-tinged with yellow, orange-red, scarlet
or rarely, pure yellow. Sesbania tomentosa is the only endemic Hawaiian
species in the genus, differing from the naturalized Sesbania sesban
(Egyptian rattlepod) by the color of the flowers, the longer petals and
calyx, and the number of seeds per pod (Geesink et al.1999).
The pollination biology of Sesbania tomentosa is being studied by
David Hopper, a graduate student in the Department of Zoology at the
University of Hawaii at Manoa. His preliminary findings suggest that
although many insects visit Sesbania flowers, the majority of
successful pollination is accomplished by native bees of the genus
Hylaeus and that populations at Kaena Point on Oahu are probably
pollinator limited. Flowering at Kaena Point is highest during the
winter-spring rains, and gradually declines throughout the rest of the
year. Other aspects of this plant's life history are unknown (Service
1999).
Currently, Sesbania tomentosa occurs on at least six of the eight
main Hawaiian Islands (Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Kahoolawe, Maui, and the
island of Hawaii) and in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (Nihoa and
Necker). It is no longer extant on Niihau and Lanai. On the island of
Hawaii, Sesbania tomentosa is known from 11 populations with less than
500 individuals. Two populations occur at South Point on Federal
(Government Services Administration) and State lands; one population at
Hapuna Bay and another at Mahaiula Bay on State lands, and the
remaining seven populations occur on Federal land at Hawaii Volcanoes
National Park (59 FR 56333; Service 1999; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI
2000).
Sesbania tomentosa is found in open, dry Metrosideros polymorpha
forest with mixed native grasses, Scaevola sericea coastal dry
shrubland on windswept slopes, and weathered basaltic slopes between
sea level and 954 m (0 and 3,130 ft) elevation. Associated native plant
plant species include Sporobolus virginicus (akiaki), Styphelia
tameiameiae, Wollastonia integrifolia (nehe), Jacquemontia san
dwicensis (pauohiiaka), Sida fallax, Ipomoea pes-caprae (pohuehue),
Dodonaea viscosa, Fimbristylis hawaiiensis, Myoporum sandwicense, or
Waltheria indica (59 FR 56333; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1999; L.
Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001).
The primary threats to Sesbania tomentosa on the island of Hawaii
are competition with various non-native plant species such as Cynodon
dactylon (Bermuda grass), Chloris barbata (swollen finger grass),
Bothriochloa pertusa (pitted beardgrass), Cenchrus ciliaris
(buffelgrass), Portulaca pilosa (pigweed), Desmodium triflorum (tick
clover), or Lantana camara; fire; habitat degradation by feral cattle;
lack of adequate pollination; seed predation by rats, mice and,
potentially, non-native insects; and destruction by random
environmental events (e.g., fire) and by human activities (e.g., use of
off-road vehicles and development) (HINHP Database 2000; 59 FR 56333;
Service 1999).
Silene lanceolata (NCN).
Silene lanceolata, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae),
is an upright, short-lived perennial plant with stems 15 to 50 cm (6 to
20 in) long, which are woody at the base. The narrow leaves are smooth
except for a fringe of hairs near the base. Flowers are arranged in
open clusters. The flowers are white with deeply-lobed, clawed petals.
The capsule opens at the top to release reddish-brown seeds. This
species is distinguished from S. alexandri by its smaller flowers and
capsules and its stamens, which are shorter than the sepals (Wagner et
al. 1999).
No life history information is available for Silene lanceolata at
this time (57 FR 46325; Service 1996b).
The historical range of Silene lanceolata includes five Hawaiian
Islands: Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and the island of Hawaii. Silene
lanceolata is presently extant on the islands of Molokai, Oahu, and the
island of Hawaii. On the island of Hawaii, 10 populations with a total
of approximately 2,500 individuals are known from land under Federal
jurisdiction at Pohakuloa Training Area. In addition, individuals are
in cultivation at the Army's greenhouse at Pohakuloa Training Area (57
FR 46325; GDSI 2000; USAG-HI 2000b; Service 1996a).
On the island of Hawaii, this species grows on rocky tumuli or
outcrops, on aa lava, in deep ash deposits over pahoehoe lava, and in
Mauna Kea substrate in dry montane shrubland at elevations between
1,253 and 1,320 m (4,110 and 4,330 ft). Associated native plant species
include, Eragrostis sp. (lovegrass), Metrosideros polymorpha,
Chamaesyce sp. (akoko), Myoporum sandwicense, Sophora chrysophylla,
Chenopodium oahuense, Dodonaea viscosa, Styphelia tameiameiae, or
Dubautia linearis (57 FR 46325; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1996b; L.
Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001).
Habitat destruction by feral ungulates (goats, mouflon sheep, and
pigs), fires, competition by invading non-native plants such as
Pennisetum setaceum, and military activity are immediate threats to
Silene lanceolata on the island of Hawaii (57 FR 46325; Service 1996b).
Solanum incompletum (popolo ku mai).
Solanum incompletum, a short-lived perennial member of the
nightshade family (Solanaceae), is a woody shrub. Its stems and lower
leaf surfaces are covered with prominent reddish prickles or sometimes
with yellow fuzzy hairs on young plant parts and lower leaf surfaces.
The oval to elliptic leaves have prominent veins on the lower surface
and lobed leaf margins. Numerous flowers grow in loose branching
clusters with each flower on a stalk. This species differs from other
native members of the genus by being generally prickly and having
loosely clustered white flowers, curved anthers about 2 mm (0.08 in)
long, and berries 1 to 2 cm (0.4 to 0.8 in) in diameter (Symon 1999).
No life history information is available for Solanum incompletum at
this time (59 FR 56333).

[[Page 36988]]

Historically, Solanum incompletum was known from central and
northeastern Lanai, scattered locations on Maui, and the Kohala
Mountains, Kona, Puu Waawaa, Puu Ikaaka Crater, Kanehaha, Puu Huluhulu,
and Omaokaili on the island of Hawaii. According to David Symon (1999),
the known distribution of Solanum incompletum also extended to the
islands of Kauai and Molokai. Currently, Solanum incompletum is only
known from one population of 35 individuals, recently discovered on the
Army's Pohakuloa Training Area on the island of Hawaii. In addition,
nine individuals are currently in cultivation in the greenhouse at
Pohakuloa Training Area (59 FR 56333; HINHP Database 2000; Service
1999; GDSI 2000; USAG-HI 2000b).
Solanum incompletum grows in dry to mesic forest, diverse mesic
forest, and subalpine forest between elevations of 1,192 and 2,259 m
(3,910 and 7,410 ft) and is associated with Myoporum sandwicense,
Myrsine lanaiensis, or Sophora chrysophylla (59 FR 56333; Service 1999;
L. Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001).
The primary threats to the few remaining individuals of Solanum
incompletum are habitat degradation by feral sheep and mouflon,
competition with various non-native plants, random naturally-occurring
mass mortality events, and reduced reproductive vigor due to the
extremely small number of existing plants. Solanum incompletum is
potentially threatened by military activities and fire resulting from
these activities at the Pohakuloa Training Area (59 FR 56333; Service
1999; HINHP Database 2000).
Spermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN).
Spermolepis hawaiiensis, an annual member of the parsley family
(Apiaceae), is a slender herb with few branches. Its leaves, dissected
into narrow, lance-shaped divisions, are oblong to somewhat oval in
outline and grow on stalks. Flowers are arranged in a loose, compound,
umbrella-shaped inflorescence arising from the stem, opposite the
leaves. Spermolepis hawaiiensis is the only member of the genus native
to Hawaii. It is distinguished from other native members of the family
by being a non-succulent annual with an umbrella-shaped inflorescence
(Constance and Affolter 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Spermolepis hawaiiensis.
Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements,
and limiting factors are unknown (59 FR 56333; Service 1999).
Historically, Spermolepis hawaiiensis was known from Kauai, Oahu,
Molokai, Maui, Lanai and the island of Hawaii (HINHP Database 2000).
Currently, it is extant on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and the
island of Hawaii. On the island of Hawaii, there are approximately four
known populations with between 5,000 and 10,000 individuals on land
under Federal jurisdiction at Pohakuloa Training Area and State land at
Puuanahulu (59 FR 56333; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000; Service 1999).
Spermolepis hawaiiensis is known from shady spots in Dodonaea
viscosa lowland dry shrubland, on pahoehoe lava at elevations between
1,134 and 2,140 m (3,720 and 7,020 ft). Associated native plant species
include Myoporum sandwicense, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, or Sophora
chrysophylla (59 FR 56333; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1999; L. Pratt
et al., pers. comm. 2001).
The primary threats to Spermolepis hawaiiensis on the island of
Hawaii are habitat degradation by feral goats, pigs and sheep;
competition with various non-native plants such as Melinis minutiflora
(molasses grass) and other grasses; military impacts; and habitat
destruction and extinction due to natural environmental events such as
erosion, landslides, and rock slides due to natural weathering (59 FR
56333; Service 1999).
Tetramolopium arenarium (NCN).
Tetramolopium arenarium is a short-lived perennial and an upright,
branched shrub in the sunflower family (Asteraceae). Alternate leaves
are lance-shaped, hairy, glandular, and gray-green. This species is
separated from other taxa of the genus in the Hawaiian Islands by
several characters: upright habit; number of heads per flower cluster
(5 to 11); presence and type of glands and hairs; size of male ray
flowers (1.3 to 2.2 mm (.05 to .09 in); number of bisexual disk flowers
(5 to 9) and their maroon color; and a wide, 2-to 4-nerved fruit with
white hairs at the tip. Three infra-specific taxa are recognized:
Tetramolopium arenarium ssp. arenarium var. arenarium (Maui and
Hawaii), T. arenarium ssp. arenarium var. confertum (Hawaii), and T.
arenarium ssp. laxum (Maui). These taxa are distinguished one from the
other by a combination of characters. T. arenarium ssp. arenarium var.
confertum and T. arenarium ssp. laxum have not been seen the late 1800s
(Lowrey 1999).
No life history information is available for Tetramolopium
arenarium at this time (59 FR 10305).
Tetramolopium arenarium was historically known from the islands of
Maui and Hawaii. Individuals were found on the western slope of
Haleakala, Maui, and on the Kohala mountains, the northwestern slopes
of Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa, and Hualalai, Hawaii. The taxon was considered
extinct until Tetramolopium arenarium ssp. arenarium var. arenarium was
recently rediscovered in Kipuka Kalawamauna at Pohakuloa Training Area.
Two populations with approximately 400 individuals of Tetramolopium
arenarium ssp. arenarium var. arenarium are currently extant. In
addition, five individuals are in cultivation in the greenhouse at
Pohakuloa Training Area (59 FR 10305; HINHP Database 2000; Service
1996a; GDSI 2000; USAG-HI 2000b).
The habitat of Tetramolopium arenarium on island of Hawaii is
lowland and montane dry shrublands dominated by Dodonaea viscosa, at
elevations between 1,363 and 1,762 m (4,470 and 5,780 ft). Associated
native plant taxa are Styphelia tameiameiae, Dubautia linearis,
Chamaesyce olowaluana (akoko), Sida fallax, Chenopodium oahuense or the
endangered Haplostachys haplostachya (honohono) (59 FR 10305; Service
1996a; HINHP Database 2000; L. Pratt et al., pers. comm. 2001).
Feral goats, sheep, and pigs have caused habitat destruction by
browsing, trampling, and rooting. All known populations are transected
by feral animal trails. Habitat decimation has resulted in
opportunities for invasions by non-native plant taxa, particularly
Pennisetum setaceum. The occurrence of Pennisetum setaceum increases
the probability and intensity of fire. Military activity may threaten
the species. The small number of extant individuals and the restricted
distribution of this taxon make it extremely vulnerable to random
events and/or reduction of reproductive vigor (59 FR 10305; Service
1996a; HINHP Database 2000).
Vigna o-wahuensis (NCN).
Vigna o-wahuensis, a member of the pea family (Fabaceae), is a
slender twining short-lived perennial herb with fuzzy stems. Each leaf
is made up of three leaflets which vary in shape from round to linear,
and are sparsely or moderately covered with coarse hairs. Flowers, in
clusters of one to four, have thin, translucent, pale yellow or
greenish-yellow petals. The two lowermost petals are fused and appear
distinctly beaked. The sparsely hairy calyx has asymmetrical lobes. The
fruits are long slender pods that may or may not be slightly inflated
and contain 7 to 15 gray to black seeds. This species

[[Page 36989]]

differs from others in the genus by its thin yellowish petals, sparsely
hairy calyx, and thin pods which may or may not be slightly inflated
(Geesink et al. 1999).
Information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is
unknown (Service 1999).
Historically, Vigna o-wahuensis was known from Niihau, Oahu, Maui,
Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe, and the island of Hawaii. Currently, Vigna
o-wahuensis is known from the islands of Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe,
Maui, and island of Hawaii. There are no currently known populations on
Niihau or Oahu. On the island of Hawaii, one population with 10
individuals occurs on privately owned land at Nohona O Hae (59 FR
56333; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).
On the island of Hawaii, Vigna o-wahuensis occurs in Dodonaea
viscosa lowland dry shrubland at elevations between 351 and 2,274 m
(1,150 to 7,460 ft). Associated native plant species include
Chenopodium oahuense, Dodonaea viscosa, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia,
Wikstroemia sp., (akia) or Sida fallax (59 FR 56333; HINHP Database
2000; Service 1999).
The primary threats to Vigna o-wahuensis on Hawaii island are
competition with various non-native plant species, a risk of extinction
due to random environmental events (primarily fire), and/or reduced
reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing populations and
individuals (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (ae).
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense, a long-lived perennial in the rue family
(Rutaceae), is a medium-size tree with pale to dark gray bark, and
lemon-scented leaves. Alternate leaves are composed of three small
triangular-oval to lance-shaped, toothed leaflets with surfaces usually
without hairs. Zanthoxylum hawaiiense is distinguished from other
Hawaiian members of the genus by several characters: three leaflets all
of similar size, one joint on lateral leaf stalk, and sickle-shaped
fruits with a rounded tip (Stone et al. 1999).
Additional information on the life history of this plant,
reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements,
and limiting factors are generally unknown (59 FR 10305; Service
1996a).
Historically, Zanthoxylum hawaiiense was known from the islands of
Kauai, Molokai, Lanai, the southern and southwestern slopes of
Haleakala on Maui, and the island of Hawaii. Currently, Zanthoxylum
hawaiiense is extant on Kauai, Molokai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii.
On the island of Hawaii, the four extant populations with less than 250
individuals are located on State lands and on lands under Federal
jurisdiction at Pohakuloa Training Area (59 FR 10305; HINHP Database
2000; GDSI 2000).
On the island of Hawaii, Zanthoxylum hawaiiense is found in
Metrosideros polymorpha dry forest with Dodonaea viscosa or Myoporum
sandwicense, or with Dubautia linearis in open Myoporum-Dodonaea
shrubland on rough aa lava at elevations between 1,204 and 1,756 m
(3,950 and 5,760 ft) (HINHP Database 2000; 59 FR 10305; L. Pratt et
al., pers. comm. 2001).
The threats to Zanthoxylum hawaiiense on the island of Hawaii
include browsing, grazing, and trampling by feral goats, pigs and
sheep; competition with non-native plant species; habitat degradation
and destruction by humans, including military impacts; and extinction
from naturally occurring events (primarily fire) and/or from reduced
reproductive vigor due to the small number of individuals and
populations (59 FR 10305; Service 1996a).
A summary of populations and landownership for the 58 plant species
on the island of Hawaii is given in Table 3.

Table 3.--Summary of Populations Occurring on the Island of Hawaii, and Landownership for 58 Species Reported
From the Island of Hawaii
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Landownership/Jurisdiction
Species Number of current -----------------------------------------
populations Federal State Private
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Achyranthes mutica...................... 1........................... ............ ............ X
Adenophorus periens..................... 13.......................... X\1\ X X
Argyroxiphium kauense................... 3........................... X\1\ X X
Asplenium fragile var. insulare......... 17.......................... X\1\ \2\ X X
Bonamia menziesii....................... 1........................... ............ ............ X
Cenchrus agrimonioides.................. 0...........................
Clermontia drepanomorpha................ 1........................... ............ X X
Clermontia lindseyana................... 17.......................... X\3\ X
Clermontia peleana...................... 0...........................
Clermontia pyrularia.................... 1........................... X\1\ X
Colubrina oppositifolia................. 8........................... ............ X X
Cyanea copelandii ssp. copelandii....... 0...........................
Ctenitis squamigera..................... 0...........................
Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii....... 3........................... X\3\ X
Cyanea platyphylla...................... 9........................... ............ X X
Cyanea shipmanii........................ 5........................... X\3\ X X
Cyanea stictophylla..................... 5........................... ............ X X
Cyrtandra giffardii..................... 7........................... X\1\ X X
Cyrtandra tintinnabula.................. 6........................... ............ X X
Delissea undulata....................... 1........................... ............ X
Diellia erecta.......................... 3........................... ............ X
Flueggea neowawraea..................... 4........................... ............ X X
Gouania vitifolia....................... 1........................... ............ X
Hedyotis cookiana....................... 0...........................
Hedyotis coriacea....................... 11.......................... X\2\
Hibiscadelphus giffardianus............. 1 (planted)................. X\1\
Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis............ 2 (planted)................. ............ X
Hibiscus brackenridgei.................. 4........................... ............ X X
Ischaemum byrone........................ 5........................... X\1\ X X

[[Page 36990]]

Isodendrion hosakae..................... 3........................... ............ ............ X
Isodendrion pyrifolium.................. 1........................... ............ X
Mariscus fauriei........................ 2........................... ............ X X
Mariscus pennatiformis.................. 0...........................
Melicope zahlbruckneri.................. 2........................... X\1\ X
Neraudia ovata.......................... 3........................... X\1\ \2\ X X
Nothocestrum breviflorum................ 10.......................... X\1\ \3\ X X
Ochrosia kilaueaensis................... 0...........................
Phlegmariurus mannii.................... 0...........................
Phyllostegia parviflora................. 0...........................
Phyllostegia racemosa................... 7........................... X\1\ \3\ X X
Phyllostegia velutina................... 5........................... X\3\ X X
Phyllostegia warshaueri................. 7........................... ............ X X
Plantago hawaiensis..................... 8........................... X\1\ X
Plantago princeps....................... 0...........................
Pleomele hawaiiensis.................... 8........................... X\1\ X X
Portulaca sclerocarpa................... 19.......................... X\1\ \2\ X X
Pritchardia affinis..................... unknown.....................
Pritchardia schattaueri................. 1........................... ............ ............ X
Sesbania tomentosa...................... 11.......................... X\1\ \4\ X
Sicyos alba............................. 4........................... X\1\ X
Silene hawaiiensis...................... 23.......................... X\1\ \2\ X X
Silene lanceolata....................... 10.......................... X\2\
Solanum incompletum..................... 1........................... X\2\
Spermolepis hawaiiensis................. 4........................... X\1\ \2\ X
Tetramolopium arenarium................. 2........................... X\2\
Vigna o-wahuensis....................... 1........................... ............ ............ X
Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. tomentosum... 1........................... ............ X
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense.................. 4........................... X\2\ X
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Hawaii Volcanoes National Park.
\2\ Pohakuloa Training Area.
\3\ Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge.
\4\ Government Services Administration.

Previous Federal Action

Federal action on these plants began as a result of Section 12 of
the Act, which directed the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution to
prepare a report on plants considered to be endangered, threatened, or
extinct in the United States. This report, designated as House Document
No. 94-51, was presented to Congress on January 9, 1975. In that
document, Adenophorus periens, Argyroxiphium kauense, Bonamia
menziesii, Clermontia drepanomorpha, Clermontia lindseyana, Colubrina
oppositifolia, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii (as Cyanea carlsonii),
Cyanea platyphylla (as Cyanea bryanii), Cyanea shipmanii, Flueggea
neowawraea (as Drypetes phyllanthoides), Hibiscadelphus giffardianus,
Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis, Hibiscus brackenridgei (as Hibiscus
brackenridgei var. brackenridgei, var. mokuleianus, and var. ``from
Hawaii''), Ischaemum byrone, Melicope zahlbruckneri (as Pelea
zahlbruckneri), Neraudia ovata, Nothocestrum breviflorum (as
Nothocestrum breviflorum var. breviflorum), Portulaca sclerocarpa,
Sesbania tomentosa (as Sesbania hobdyi and Sesbania tomentosa var.
tomentosa), Silene lanceolata, Solanum incompletum (as Solanum
haleakalense and Solanum incompletum var. glabratum, var. incompletum,
and var. mauiensis), Vigna o-wahuensis (as Vigna sandwicensis var.
heterophylla and var. sandwicensis), and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (as
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense var. citriodora) were considered endangered;
Cyrtandra giffardii, Diellia erecta, Silene hawaiiensis (as Silene
hawaiiensis var. hawaiiensis), Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. tomentosum,
and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (as Zanthoxylum hawaiiense var. hawaiiense
and var. velutinosum) were considered threatened; and, Asplenium
fragile var. insulare (as Asplenium fragile), Clermontia pyrularia,
Delissea undulata (as Delissea undulata var. argutidentata and var.
undulata), Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis coriacea, Isodendrion hosakae,
Isodendrion pyrifolium, Nothocestrum breviflorum (as Nothocestrum
breviflorum var. longipes), and Tetramolopium arenarium (as
Tetramolopium arenarium var. arenarium, var. confertum, and var.
dentatum) were considered to be extinct. On July 1, 1975, we published
a notice in the Federal Register (40 FR 27823) of our acceptance of the
Smithsonian report as a petition within the context of Section 4(c)(2)
(now Section 4(b)(3)) of the Act, and gave notice of our intention to
review the status of the plant taxa named therein. As a result of that
review, on June 16, 1976, we published a proposed rule in the Federal
Register (41 FR 24523) to determine endangered status pursuant to
Section 4 of the Act for approximately 1,700 vascular plant taxa,
including all of the above taxa except for Cyrtandra giffardii and
Silene hawaiiensis. The list of 1,700 plant taxa was assembled on the
basis of comments and data received by the Smithsonian Institution and
the Service in response to House Document No. 94-51 and the July 1,
1975, Federal Register publication.
General comments received in response to the 1976 proposal are
summarized in an April 26, 1978, Federal Register publication (43 FR

[[Page 36991]]

17909). In 1978, amendments to the Act required that all proposals over
2 years old be withdrawn. A 1-year grace period was given to proposals
already over 2 years old. On December 10, 1979, we published a notice
in the Federal Register (44 FR 70796) withdrawing the portion of the
June 16, 1976, proposal that had not been made final, along with four
other proposals that had expired. We published updated notices of
review for plants on December 15, 1980 (45 FR 82479), September 27,
1985 (50 FR 39525), February 21, 1990 (55 FR 6183), September 30, 1993
(58 FR 51144), and February 28, 1996 (61 FR 7596). A summary of the
status categories for these 58 plant species in the 1980 through1996
notices of review can be found in Table 4(a). We listed the 58 species
as endangered or threatened between 1991 and 1996. A summary of the
listing actions can be found in Table 4(b).

Table 4(a).--Summary of Candidacy Status for 58 Plant Species From the Island of Hawaii
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Federal Register Notice of Review
Species ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
1980 1985 1990 1993
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Achyranthes mutica.................. ................. ................. ................. .................
Adenophorus periens................. C1............... C1............... C1............... .................
Argyroxiphium kauense............... C1............... C1............... C1............... .................
Asplenium fragile var. insulare..... C1*.............. C1*.............. C1............... .................
Bonamia menziesii................... C1............... C1............... C1............... .................
Cenchrus agrimonioides.............. ................. ................. ................. .................
Clermontia drepanomorpha............ C1............... C1............... C1............... C2
Clermontia lindseyana............... C1............... C1............... C1............... .................
Clermontia peleana.................. 3C............... 3C............... C1............... .................
Clermontia pyrularia................ C1............... C1............... C1............... .................
Colubrina oppositifolia............. C1............... C1............... C1............... .................
Cyanea copelandii ssp. copelandii... ................. ................. C1............... .................
Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii... C1............... C1............... C1............... .................
Cyanea platyphylla.................. C1............... C1............... C1............... .................
Cyanea shipmanii.................... C1............... C1............... C1............... .................
Cyanea stictophylla................. C1............... C1............... C1............... .................
Cyrtandra giffardii................. C2............... C2............... C1............... .................
Cyrtandra tintinnabula.............. ................. ................. C1............... .................
Delissea undulata................... C1............... C1*.............. C1*.............. C2*
Diellia erecta...................... C1............... C1............... C1............... .................
Flueggea neowawraea................. C1............... C1............... C1............... .................
Gouania vitifolia................... C1*.............. C1*.............. C1*.............. .................
Hedyotis cookiana................... 3A............... 3A............... C1............... .................
Hedyotis coriacea................... C1............... C1............... C1............... .................
Hibiscadelphus giffardianus......... C1............... C1............... C1............... C1
Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis........ C1............... C1............... C1............... C1
Hibiscus brackenridgei.............. C1............... C1............... C1............... .................
Ischaemum byrone.................... C1............... C1............... C1............... .................
Isodendrion hosakae................. C1............... ................. ................. .................
Isodendrion pyrifolium.............. C1*.............. C1*.............. 3A............... .................
Mariscus fauriei.................... ................. ................. C1............... .................
Mariscus pennatiformis.............. ................. C1............... C1............... .................
Melicope zahlbruckneri.............. ................. C1............... C2............... C2
Neraudia ovata...................... C1............... C1............... C1............... C2
Nothocestrum breviflorum............ C1............... C1............... C1............... .................
Ochrosia kilaueaensis............... ................. C2............... C1............... .................
Phlegmariurus mannii................ C1............... C1............... C1............... .................
Phyllostegia parviflora............. ................. ................. ................. .................
Phyllostegia racemosa............... ................. ................. C2............... C2
Phyllostegia velutina............... ................. ................. C2............... C2
Phyllostegia warshaueri............. ................. ................. C2............... C2
Plantago hawaiensis................. ................. ................. C1............... .................
Plantago princeps................... C2............... C2............... C1............... .................
Pleomele hawaiiensis................ C1............... C1............... C1............... C2
Portulaca sclerocarpa............... C1............... C1............... C1............... .................
Pritchardia affinis................. ................. ................. C1............... .................
Pritchardia schattaueri............. ................. C2............... C2............... C2
Sesbania tomentosa.................. C1*.............. C1*.............. C1............... .................
Sicyos alba......................... ................. ................. C2............... C2
Silene hawaiiensis.................. C1............... C1............... C1............... .................
Silene lanceolata................... C1............... C1............... C1............... .................
Solanum incompletum................. C1*.............. C1*.............. C1............... .................
Spermolepis hawaiiensis............. ................. ................. C1............... .................
Tetramolopium arenarium............. C1*.............. C1*.............. 3A............... .................
Vigna o-wahuensis................... C1............... C1............... C1............... .................
Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. ................. ................. C2............... C2
tomentosum.
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense.............. C1............... C1............... C1............... .................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Key:
C1: Taxa for which the Service has on file enough sufficient information on biological vulnerability and
threat(s) to support proposals to list them as endangered or threatened species.

[[Page 36992]]

C1*: Taxa of known vulnerable status in the recent past that may already have become extinct.
C2: Taxa for which there is some evidence of vulnerability, but for which there are not enough data to support
listing proposals at this time.
C2*: Taxa of known vulnerable status in the recent past that may already have become extinct.
3A: Taxa for which the Service has persuasive evidence of extinction. If rediscovered, such taxa might acquire
high priority for listing.
3C: Taxa that have proven to be more abundant or widespread than previously believed and/or those that are not
subject to any identifiable threat.
Federal Register Notice of Review
1980: 45 FR 82479 1990: 55 FR 6183 1996: 61 FR 7596
1985: 50 FR 39525 1993: 58 FR 51144

Table 4(b).--Summary of Listing Actions for 58 Plant Species From the Island of Hawaii
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Proposed Rule Final Rule Prudency determination and
Federal ------------------------------------------------------------------------ proposed critical habitat
Species status -----------------------------------
Date Federal Register Date Federal Register Date Federal Register
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Achyranthes mutica............ E........... 10/02/1995...... 60 FR 51417..... 10/10/1996...... 61 FR 53108..... 11/07/2000...... 65 FR 66808.
Adenophorus periens........... E........... 09/14/1993...... 58 FR 48012..... 11/10/1994...... 59 FR 56333..... 11/07/2000, 12/ 65 FR 66808, 65
18/2000, 12/29/ FR 82086, 66 FR
2000. 83157.
Argyroxiphium kauense......... E........... 08/06/1990...... 55 FR 31860..... 04/07/1993...... 58 FR 18029..... ................ ................
Asplenium fragile var. E........... 06/24/1993...... 58 FR 34231..... 09/09/1994...... 59 FR 49025..... 12/18/2000...... 65 FR 79192.
insulare.
Bonamia menziesii............. E........... 09/14/1993...... 58 FR 48012..... 11/10/1994...... 59 FR 56333..... 11/07/2000, 12/ 65 FR 66808 65
18/2000, 12/27/ FR 79192, 65 FR
2000. 82086.
Cenchrus agrimonioides........ E........... 10/02/1995...... 60 FR 51417..... 10/10/1996...... 61 FR 53108..... 12/18/2000...... 65 FR 79192.
Clermontia drepanomorpha...... E........... 09/25/1995...... 60 FR 49377..... 10/10/1996...... 61 FR 53137..... ................ ................
Clermontia lindseyana......... E........... 12/17/1992...... 57 FR 59951..... 03/04/1994...... 59 FR 10305..... 12/18/2000...... 65 FR 79192.
Clermontia peleana............ E........... 12/17/1992...... 57 FR 59951..... 03/04/1994...... 59 FR 10305..... 12/18/2000...... 65 FR 79192.
Clermontia pyrularia.......... E........... 12/17/1992...... 57 FR 59951..... 03/04/1994...... 59 FR 10305..... ................ ................
Colubrina oppositifolia....... E........... 12/17/1992...... 57 FR 59951..... 03/04/1994...... 59 FR 10305..... 12/18/2000...... 65 FR 79192.
Ctenitis squamigera........... E........... 06/24/1993...... 58 FR 34231..... 09/09/1994...... 59 FR 49025..... 12/18/2000, 12/ 65 FR 79192, 65
27/2000, 12/29/ FR 82086, 66 FR
2000, 1/28/2002. 83157, 67 FR
3940.
Cyanea copelandii ssp E........... 12/17/1992...... 57 FR 59951..... 03/04/1994...... 59 FR 10305..... ................ ................
copelandii.
Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. E........... 12/17/1992...... 57 FR 59951..... 03/04/1994...... 59 FR 10305..... ................ ................
carlsonii.
Cyanea platyphylla............ E........... 09/25/1995...... 60 FR 49377..... 10/10/1996...... 61 FR 53137..... ................ ................
Cyanea shipmanii.............. E........... 12/17/1992...... 57 FR 59951..... 03/04/1994...... 59 FR 10305..... ................ ................
Cyanea stictophylla........... E........... 12/17/1992...... 57 FR 59951..... 03/04/1994...... 59 FR 10305..... ................ ................
Cyrtandra giffardii........... E........... 12/17/1992...... 57 FR 59951..... 03/04/1994...... 59 FR 10305..... ................ ................
Cyrtandra tintinnabula........ E........... 12/17/1992...... 57 FR 59951..... 03/04/1994...... 59 FR 10305..... ................ ................
Delissea undulata............. E........... 06/27/1994...... 59 FR 32946..... 10/10/1996...... 61 FR 53124..... 11/07/2000...... 65 FR 66808.
Diellia erecta................ E........... 09/14/1993...... 58 FR 48012..... 11/10/1994...... 59 FR 56333..... 12/18/2000, 12/ 65 FR 79192, 65
29/2000, 1/28/ FR 83158, 67 FR
2002. 3940.
Flueggea neowawraea........... E........... 09/14/1993...... 58 FR 48012..... 11/10/1994...... 59 FR 56333..... 11/07/2000, 12/ 65 FR 66808, 65
18/2000. FR 79192.
Gouania vitifolia............. E........... 12/14/1992...... 57 FR 39066..... 06/27/1994...... 59 FR 32932..... ................ ................
Hedyotis cookiana............. E........... 10/30/1991...... 56 FR 5562...... 02/25/1994...... 59 FR 09304..... 11/07/2000...... 65 FR 66808.
Hedyotis coriacea............. E........... 05/24/1991...... 56 FR 23842..... 05/15/1992...... 57 FR 20787..... 12/18/2000...... 65 FR 79192.
Hibiscadelphus giffardianus... E........... 09/25/1995...... 60 FR 4937...... 10/10/1996...... 61 FR 53137..... ................ ................
Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis.. E........... 09/25/1995...... 60 FR 49377..... 10/10/1996...... 61 FR 53137..... ................ ................
Hibiscus brackenridgei........ E........... 09/14/1993...... 58 FR 48012..... 11/10/1994...... 59 FR 56333..... 12/18/2000, 12/ 65 FR 79192, 65
27/2000, 1/28/ FR 82086, 67 FR
2002. 3940.
Ischaemum byrone.............. E........... 12/17/1992...... 57 FR 59951..... 03/04/1994...... 59 FR 10305..... 12/18/2000, 12/ 65 FR 79192, 65
29/2000, 1/28/ FR 83158, 67 FR
2002. 3940.
Isodendrion hosakae........... E........... 10/10/1989...... 54 FR 41470..... 01/14/1991...... 56 FR 1457...... ................ ................
Isodendrion pyrifolium........ E........... 12/17/1992...... 57 FR 59951..... 03/04/1994...... 59 FR 10305..... ................ ................
Mariscus fauriei.............. E........... 12/17/1992...... 57 FR 59951..... 03/04/1994...... 59 FR 10305..... 12/29/2000...... 65 FR 83158.
Mariscus pennatiformis........ E........... 09/14/1993...... 58 FR 48012..... 11/10/1994...... 59 FR 56333..... 12/18/2000, 1/28/ 65 FR 79192, 67
2002. FR 3940.
Melicope zahlbruckneri........ E........... 09/25/1995...... 60 FR 49377..... 10/10/1996...... 61 FR 53137..... ................ ................
Neraudia ovata................ E........... 09/25/1995...... 60 FR 49377..... 10/10/1996...... 61 FR 53137..... ................ ................
Nothocestrum breviflorum...... E........... 12/17/1992...... 57 FR 59951..... 03/04/1994...... 59 FR 10305..... ................ ................

[[Page 36993]]

Ochrosia kilaueaensis......... E........... 12/17/1992...... 57 FR 59951..... 03/04/1994...... 59 FR 10305..... ................ ................
Phlegmariurus mannii.......... E........... 5/24/1991....... 56 FR 23842..... 5/15/1992....... 57 FR20772...... 12/18/2000, 1/28/ 65 FR 79192, 67
2002. FR 3940.
Phyllostegia parviflora....... E........... 10/02/1995...... 60 FR 51417..... 10/10/1996...... 61 FR 53108..... ................ ................
Phyllostegia racemosa......... E........... 09/25/1995...... 60 FR 49377..... 10/10/1996...... 61 FR 53137..... ................ ................
Phyllostegia velutina......... E........... 09/25/1995...... 60 FR 49377..... 10/10/1996...... 61 FR 53137..... ................ ................
Phyllostegia warshaueri....... E........... 09/25/1995...... 60 FR 49377..... 10/10/1996...... 61 FR 53137..... ................ ................
Plantago hawaiensis........... E........... 12/17/1992...... 57 FR 59951..... 03/04/1994...... 59 FR 10305..... ................ ................
Plantago princeps............. E........... 09/14/1993...... 58 FR 48012..... 11/10/1994...... 59 FR 56333..... 11/07/2000, 12/ 65 FR 66808, 65
18/2000. FR 79192.
Pleomele hawaiiensis.......... E........... 09/25/1995...... 60 FR 49377..... 10/10/1996...... 61 FR 53137..... ................ ................
Portulaca sclerocarpa......... E........... 12/17/1992...... 57 FR 59951..... 03/04/1994...... 59 FR 10305..... 12/27/2000...... 65 FR 82086.
Pritchardia affinis........... E........... 12/17/1992...... 57 FR 59951..... 03/04/1994...... 59 FR 10324..... ................ ................
Pritchardia schattaueri....... E........... 09/25/1995...... 60 FR 49377..... 10/10/1996...... 61 FR 53137..... ................ ................
Sesbania tomentosa............ E........... 09/14/1993...... 58 FR 48012..... 11/10/1994...... 59 FR 56333..... 11/07/2000, 12/ 65 FR 66808, 65
18/2000, 12/29/ FR 79192, 65 FR
2000. 83158.
Sicyos alba................... E........... 09/25/1995...... 60 FR 49377..... 10/10/1996...... 61 FR 53137..... ................ ................
Silene hawaiiensis............ T........... 12/17/1992...... 57 FR 59951..... 03/04/1994...... ................ ................ 59 FR 10305
Silene lanceolata............. E........... 09/20/1991...... 56 FR 47718..... 10/08/1992...... 57 FR 46325..... 12/29/2000, 1/28/ 65 FR 83158, 67
2002. FR 3940.
Solanum incompletum........... E........... 09/14/1993...... 58 FR 48012..... 11/10/1994...... 59 FR 56333..... ................ ................
Spermolepis hawaiiensis....... E........... 09/14/1993...... 58 FR 48012..... 11/10/1994...... 59 FR 56333..... 11/07/2000, 2/18/ 65 FR 6680, 65
2000, 12/27/ FR 79192, 65 FR
2000, 12/29/ 82086, 65 FR
2000. 83158.
Tetramolopium arenarium....... E........... 12/17/1992...... 57 FR 59951..... 03/04/1994...... 59 FR 10305..... ................ ................
Vigna o--wahuensis............ E........... 09/14/1993...... 58 FR 48012..... 11/10/1994...... 59 FR 56333..... 12/18/2000, 12/ 65 FR 79192, 65
29/2000, 1/28/ FR 83158, 67 FR
2002. 3940.
Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. E........... 09/25/1995...... 60 FR 49377..... 10/10/1996...... 61 FR 53137..... ................ ................
tomentosum.
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense........ E........... 12/17/1992...... 57 FR 59951..... 03/04/1994...... 59 FR 10305..... 11/07/2000, 12/ 65 FR 66808, 65
18/2000, 12/29/ FR 79192, 65 FR
2000. 83158.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Key: E = Endangered; T = Threatened

Critical Habitat

Section 4 (a)(3) of the Act, as amended, and implementing
regulations (50 CFR 424.12) require that, to the maximum extent prudent
and determinable, the Secretary designate critical habitat at the time
the species is determined to be endangered or threatened. Our
regulations (50 CFR 424.12(a)(1)) state that designation of critical
habitat is not prudent when one or both of the following situations
exist: (1) The species is threatened by taking or other human activity,
and identification of critical habitat can be expected to increase the
degree of threat to the species, or (2) such designation of critical
habitat would not be beneficial to the species. At the time each plant
was listed, we determined that designation of critical habitat was not
prudent because it would not benefit the plant and/or would increase
the degree of threat to the species.
The not prudent determinations for the 58 species, along with
others, were challenged in Conservation Council for Hawaii v. Babbitt,
2 F. Supp. 2d 1280 (D. Haw. 1998). On March 9, 1998, the United States
District Court for the District of Hawaii, directed us to review the
prudency determinations for 245 listed plant species in Hawaii,
including the 58 species reported from the island of Hawaii
(Achyranthes mutica, Adenophorus periens, Argyroxiphium kauense,
Asplenium fragile var. insulare, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus
agrimoiodes, Clermontia drepanomorpha, Clermontia lindseyana,
Clermontia peleana, Clermontia pyrularia, Colubrina oppositifolia,
Ctentis squamigera, Cyanea copelandii ssp. copelandii, Cyanea
hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii, Cyanea platyphylla, Cyanea shipmanii,
Cyanea stictophylla, Cyrtandra giffardii, Cyrtandra tintinnabula,
Delissea undulata, Diellia erecta, Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania
vitifolia, Hedyotis cookiana, Hedyotis coriacea, Hibiscadelphus
giffardianus, Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis, Hibiscus brackenridgei,
Ischaemum byrone, Isodendrion hosakae, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Mariscus
fauriei, Mariscus pennatiformis, Melicope zahlbruckneri, Neraudia
ovata, Nothocestrum breviflorum, Ochrosia kilaueaensis, Phlegmariurus
mannii, Phyllostegia parviflora, Phyllostegia racemosa, Phyllostegia
velutina, Phyllostegia warshaueri, Plantago hawaiensis, Plantago
princeps, Pleomele hawaiiensis, Portulaca sclerocarpa, Pritcharida
affinis, Pritcharida schattaueri, Sesbania tomentosa, Sicyos alba,
Silene hawaiiensis, Silene lanceolata, Solanum incompletum, Spermolepis
hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium arenarium, Vigna o-wahuensis, Zanthoxylum
dipetalum var. tomentosum, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense). Among other
things, the

[[Page 36994]]

court held that in most cases we did not sufficiently demonstrate that
the species are threatened by human activity or that such threats would
increase with the designation of critical habitat. The court also held
that we failed to balance any risks of designating critical habitat
against any benefits (id. at 1283-85).
Regarding our determination that designating critical habitat would
have no additional benefits to the species above and beyond those
already provided through the section 7 consultation requirement of the
Act, the court ruled that we failed to consider the specific effect of
the consultation requirement on each species (id. at 1286-88). In
addition, the court stated that we did not consider benefits outside of
the consultation requirements. In the court's view, these potential
benefits include substantive and procedural protections. The court held
that, substantively, designation establishes a ``uniform protection
plan'' prior to consultation and indicates where compliance with
section 7 of the Act is required. Procedurally, the court stated that
the designation of critical habitat educates the public and State and
local governments and affords them an opportunity to participate in the
designation (id. at 1288). The court also stated that private lands may
not be excluded from critical habitat designation even though section 7
requirements apply only to Federal agencies. In addition to the
potential benefit of informing the public, and State and local
governments of the listing and of the areas that are essential to the
species' conservation, the court found that there may be Federal
activity on private property in the future, even though no such
activity may be occurring there at the present (id. at 1285-88).
On August 10, 1998, the court ordered us to publish proposed
critical habitat designations or non-designations for at least 100
species by November 30, 2000, and to publish proposed designations or
non-designations for the remaining 145 species by April 30, 2002 (24 F.
Supp. 2d 1074).
On November 30, 1998, we published a notice in the Federal Register
requesting public comments on our reevaluation of whether designation
of critical habitat is prudent for the 245 Hawaiian plants at issue (63
FR 65805). The comment period closed on March 1, 1999, and was reopened
from March 24, 1999, to May 24, 1999 (64 FR 14209). We received more
than 100 responses from individuals, non-profit organizations, the
DOFAW, county governments, and Federal agencies (U.S. Department of
Defense-Army, Navy, Air Force). Only a few responses offered
information on the status of individual plant species or on current
management actions for one or more of the 245 Hawaiian plants. While
some of the respondents expressed support for the designation of
critical habitat for 245 Hawaiian plants, more than 80 percent opposed
the designation of critical habitat for these plants. In general, these
respondents opposed designation because they believed it will cause
economic hardship, discourage cooperative projects, polarize
relationships with hunters, or potentially increase trespass or
vandalism on private lands. In addition, commenters also cited a lack
of information on the biological and ecological needs of these plants
which, they suggested, may lead to designation based on guesswork. The
respondents who supported the designation of critical habitat cited
that designation would provide a uniform protection plan for the
Hawaiian Islands; promote funding for management of these plants;
educate the public and State government; and protect partnerships with
landowners and build trust.
On September 7, 2000, we mailed letters to over 1,200 landowners on
the island of Hawaii requesting any information considered germane to
the management of any of the 58 plants on their property, and
containing a copy of the November 30, 1998, Federal Register notice, a
map showing the general locations of the species that may be on their
property, and a handout containing general information on critical
habitat. We received 300 written responses to our landowner mailing
with varying types of information on their current land management
activities. These responses included information on the following:
control of human access, ungulate control, fencing, hunting, weeding,
rat control, scientific research, fire control, and propagation and/or
planting of native plants. A few respondents expressed support for the
designation of critical habitat. We held three open houses on the
island of Hawaii, at Yano Hall in Captain Cook, the Waimea Civic Center
in Waimea, and the State Building in Hilo, on August 1 to 3, 2000,
respectively, to meet one-on-one with local landowners and other
interested members of the public. A total of 84 people attended the
three open houses. In addition, we met with Hawaii County Division of
Forestry and Wildlife staff and discussed their management activities
on the island.
On November 7, 2000, we published the first of the court-ordered
prudency determinations and proposed critical habitat designations or
non-designations for 76 Kauai and Niihau plants (65 FR 66808). The
prudency determinations and proposed critical habitat designations for
Maui and Kahoolawe plants were published on December 18, 2000 (65 FR
79192), for Lanai plants on December 27, 2000 (65 FR 82086) and for
Molokai plants on December 29, 2000 (65 FR 83157). All of these
proposed rules had been sent to the Federal Register by or on November
30, 2000, as required by the court's order.
On October 3, 2001, we submitted a joint stipulation with Earth
Justice Legal Defense Fund requesting an extension of the court order
for the final rules to designate critical habitat for plants from Kauai
and Niihau (July 30, 2002), Maui and Kahoolawe (August 23, 2002), Lanai
(September 16, 2002), and Molokai (October 16, 2002), citing the need
to revise the proposals to incorporate or address new information and
comments received during the comment periods. The joint stipulation was
approved and ordered by the court on October 5, 2001. We published
revised critical habitat proposals on January 28, 2002 (Kauai and
Niihau, 67 FR 3940), March 4, 2002 (Lanai, 67 FR 9806), April 3, 2002
(Maui and Kahoolawe, 67 FR 15856), and April 5, 2002 (Molokai, 67 FR
16492). In those proposals we determined that critical habitat was
prudent for 31 species (Achyranthes mutica, Adenophorus periens,
Asplenium fragile var. insulare, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus
agrimonioides, Clermontia lindseyana, Clermontia peleana, Colubrina
oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Delissea undulata, Diellia erecta,
Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis cookiana, Hedyotis
coriacea, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, Isodendrion
pyrifolium, Mariscus fauriei, Mariscus pennatiformis, Phlegmariurus
mannii, Phyllostegia parviflora, Plantago princeps, Portulaca
sclerocarpa, Sesbania tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, Solanum
incompletum, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium arenarium, Vigna o-
wahuensis, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense) that are reported from the
island of Hawaii as well as on Kauai, Niihau, Maui, Kahoolawe, Lanai,
and/or Molokai.
The prudency determinations and proposed critical habitat
designations for plants from the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands were
published on May 14, 2002. Publication of this proposal for plants from
the island of Hawaii is consistent with the August 10, 1998, the court
order.

[[Page 36995]]

Critical Habitat

Critical habitat is defined in section 3 of the Act as--(i) the
specific areas within the geographic area occupied by a species, at the
time it is listed in accordance with the Act, on which are found those
physical or biological features (I) essential to the conservation of
the species and (II) that may require special management considerations
or protection; and (ii) specific areas outside the geographic area
occupied by a species at the time it is listed, upon a determination
that such areas are essential for the conservation of the species.
``Conservation'' means the use of all methods and procedures that are
necessary to bring an endangered or a threatened species to the point
at which listing under the Act is no longer necessary.
Critical habitat receives protection under section 7 of the Act
through the prohibition against destruction or adverse modification of
critical habitat with regard to actions carried out, funded, or
authorized by a Federal agency. Section 7 also requires conferences on
Federal actions that are likely to result in the destruction or adverse
modification of proposed critical habitat. Aside from the added
protection that may be provided under section 7, the Act does not
provide other forms of protection to lands designated as critical
habitat. Because consultation under section 7 of the Act does not apply
to activities on private or other non-Federal lands that do not involve
a Federal nexus, critical habitat designation would not afford any
additional regulatory protections under the Act.
Critical habitat also provides non-regulatory benefits to the
species by informing the public and private sectors of areas that are
important for species recovery and where conservation actions would be
most effective. Designation of critical habitat can help focus
conservation activities for a listed species by identifying areas that
contain the physical and biological features that are essential for the
conservation of that species, and can alert the public as well as land-
managing agencies to the importance of those areas. Critical habitat
also identifies areas that may require special management
considerations or protection, and may help provide protection to areas
where significant threats to the species have been identified to help
to avoid accidental damage to such areas.
In order to be included in a critical habitat designation, the
habitat must first be ``essential to the conservation of the species.''
Critical habitat designations identify, to the extent known and using
the best scientific and commercial data available, habitat areas that
provide at least one of the physical or biological features essential
to the conservation of the species (primary constituent elements, as
defined at 50 CFR 424.12(b)). Section 3(5)(C) of the Act states that
not all areas that can be occupied by a species should be designated as
critical habitat unless the Secretary determines that such areas are
essential to the conservation of the species. Our regulations (50 CFR
424.12(e)) also state that, ``The Secretary shall designate as critical
habitat areas outside the geographic area presently occupied by the
species only when a designation limited to its present range would be
inadequate to ensure the conservation of the species.''
Section 4(b)(2) of the Act requires that we take into consideration
the economic impact, and any other relevant impact, of specifying any
particular area as critical habitat. We may exclude areas from critical
habitat designation when the benefits of exclusion outweigh the
benefits of including the areas within critical habitat, provided the
exclusion will not result in extinction of the species.
Our Policy on Information Standards Under the Endangered Species
Act, published on July 1, 1994 (59 FR 34271), provides criteria,
establishes procedures, and provides guidance to ensure that decisions
made by the Service represent the best scientific and commercial data
available. It requires that our biologists, to the extent consistent
with the Act and with the use of the best scientific and commercial
data available, use primary and original sources of information as the
basis for recommendations to designate critical habitat. When
determining which areas are critical habitat, a primary source of
information should be the listing rule for the species. Additional
information may be obtained from a recovery plan, articles in peer-
reviewed journals, conservation plans developed by States and counties,
scientific status surveys and studies, and biological assessments or
other unpublished materials.
Section 4 of the Act requires that we designate critical habitat
based on what we know at the time of the designation. Habitat is often
dynamic, and species may move from one area to another over time.
Furthermore, we recognize that designation of critical habitat may not
include all of the habitat areas that may eventually be determined to
be necessary for the recovery of the species. For these reasons,
critical habitat designations do not signal that habitat outside the
designation is unimportant or may not be required for recovery. Areas
outside the critical habitat designation will continue to be subject to
conservation actions that may be implemented under section 7(a)(1) of
the Act and to the regulatory protections afforded by the section
7(a)(2) jeopardy standard and the section 9 prohibitions, as determined
on the basis of the best available information at the time of the
action. Federally funded or assisted projects affecting listed species
outside their designated critical habitat areas may still result in
jeopardy findings in some cases. Similarly, critical habitat
designations made on the basis of the best available information at the
time of designation will not control the direction and substance of
future recovery plans, HCPs, or other species conservation planning
efforts if new information available to these planning efforts calls
for a different outcome.
A. Prudency Redeterminations
In other proposed rules we determined that designation of critical
habitat was prudent for 31 species that are reported from the island of
Hawaii as well as from Kauai, Niihau, Maui, Kahoolawe, Lanai, and/or
Molokai. These 31 plants are: Achyranthes mutica, Adenophorus periens,
Asplenium fragile var. insulare, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus
agrimonioides, Clermontia lindseyana, Clermontia peleana, Colubrina
oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Delissea undulata, Diellia erecta,
Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis cookiana, Hedyotis
coriacea, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, Isodendrion
pyrifolium, Mariscus fauriei, Mariscus pennatiformis, Phlegmariurus
mannii, Phyllostegia parviflora, Plantago princeps, Portulaca
sclerocarpa, Sesbania tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, Solanum
incompletum, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium arenarium, Vigna o-
wahuensis, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. No change is made to these 31
proposed prudency determinations and they are hereby incorporated into
this proposal (65 FR 66808, 65 FR 79192, 65 FR 82086, 65 FR 83158, 67
FR 3940, 67 FR 9806, 67 FR 15856, 67 FR 16492).
To determine whether critical habitat would be prudent for each of
the 27 species (Argyroxiphium kauense, Clermontia drepanomorpha,
Clermontia pyrularia, Cyanea copelandii ssp. copelandii, Cyanea
hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii, Cyanea platyphylla, Cyanea shipmanii,
Cyanea stictophylla, Cyrtandra giffardii, Cyrtandra tintinnabula,
Hibiscadelphus giffardianus, Hibiscadelphus

[[Page 36996]]

hualalaiensis, Isodendrion hosakae, Melicope zahlbruckneri, Neraudia
ovata, Nothocestrum breviflorum, Ochrosia kilaueaensis, Phyllostegia
racemosa, Phyllostegia velutina, Phyllostegia warshaueri, Plantago
hawaiiensis, Pleomele hawaiiensis, Pritchardia affinis, Pritchardia
schattaueri, Sicyos alba, Silene hawaiiensis, and Zanthoxylum dipetalum
var. tomentosum) for which prudency determinations have not been made
previously, we analyzed the potential threats and benefits for each
species in accordance with the court's order. These 27 plants were
listed as endangered species under the Endangered Species Act of 1973,
as amended (Act) between 1991 and 1996. At the time each plant was
listed, we determined that designation of critical habitat was not
prudent because designation would increase the degree of threat to the
species and/or would not benefit the plant. We have examined the
evidence currently available for each of these taxa and have found
specific evidence of vandalism, disturbance, and/or the threat of
unrestricted collection for two species of Pritchardia, the native
palm. At the time of listing, we determined that designation of
critical habitat was not prudent for Pritchardia affinis and P.
schattaueri because it would increase the degree of threat from
vandalism or collecting, and would provide no benefit (59 FR 10305; 61
FR 53137). Since publication of the listing rule, we learned of
specific instances of vandalism, collection, and commercial trade
involving these two species of Pritchardia. In the 1990s, seeds of P.
schattaueri were removed from two of the three locations of this
species known at that time (Nick Agorastos, DOFAW, pers. comm. 2000; L.
Perry, pers. comm. 2000). Recently we received information on the
commercial trade in palms conducted through the internet (Grant
Canterbury, Service, in litt. 2000). Several nurseries advertise and
sell seedlings and young plants, including 13 species of Hawaiian
Pritchardia. Seven of these species are federally protected, including
P. affinis and P. schattaueri . In light of this information, we
believe that designation of critical habitat would likely increase the
threat from vandalism or collection to these two species of Pritchardia
on the island of Hawaii. First, these plants are easy to identify, and
second, they are attractive to collectors of rare palms either for
their personal use or to trade or sell for personal gain (Johnson
1996). We believe that the evidence shows that these species of palm
may be attractive to such collectors. The final listing rules for these
two species contained only general information on their distribution,
but the publication of precise maps and descriptions of critical
habitat in the Federal Register would make these species more
vulnerable to incidents of vandalism or collection, and, therefore,
contribute to the decline of these species and make recovery more
difficult (59 FR 10305; 61 FR 53137).
In addition, we believe that designation would not provide
significant benefits that would outweigh these increased risks. First,
Pritchardia affinis and P. schattaueri do not occur on Federal lands.
Pritchardia schattaueri is reported on privately owned land that is
zoned for agriculture, and two of the approximately 12 individuals have
been fenced. In addition, the privately owned land is currently farmed,
with 10 of the plants located in pasture and two located in macadamia
nut orchards, and is unlikely to be developed. Pritchardia affinis
occurs on State and privately owned lands that are zoned for
conservation and agriculture. Since there does not appear to be any
actions in the future that would involve a Federal agency, designation
of critical habitat would not provide any additional protection to
these species that they do not already have through listing alone. If
however in the future any Federal involvement did occur, such as
through the permitting process or funding by the Department of
Agriculture, the U.S. Department of the Interior, the Corps through
section 404 of the Clean Water Act, the U.S. Federal Department of
Housing and Urban Development or the Federal Highway Administration,
the actions would be subject to consultation under Section 7 of the
Act.
We acknowledge that critical habitat designation, in some
situations, may provide some value to the species, for example, by
identifying areas important for conservation and calling attention to
those areas in need of special protection. However, for these two
species, we believe that the benefits of designating critical habitat
do not outweigh the potential increased threats from vandalism or
collection. Given all of the above considerations, we propose that
designation of critical habitat for Pritchardia affinis and P.
schattaueri is not prudent.
To determine whether critical habitat would be prudent for Cyanea
copelandii ssp. copelandii and Ochrosia kilaueaensis, two species
endemic to the island of Hawaii and which are no longer extant in the
wild, we analyzed the potential threats and benefits for these species
in accordance with the court's order. These plants were listed as
endangered species under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended
(Act) in 1994. At the time C. copelandii ssp. copelandii and O.
kilaueaensis were listed, we determined that designation of critical
habitat was not prudent because designation would increase the degree
of threat to these species and/or would not benefit these plants.
Cyanea copelandii ssp. copelandii was last seen in the wild in 1957 in
the Glenwood area. Ochrosia kilaueaensis was last observed in the wild
in 1927, in an area that is now part of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park.
Neither of these two species is known to be in storage or under
propagation. Given these circumstances, we determine that designation
of critical habitat would be of no benefit to these species. If these
species are rediscovered we may revise this proposal to incorporate or
address new information as new data becomes available (See 16 U.S.C.
1532 (5) (B); 50 CFR 424.13(f)).
We have examined the evidence available for the other 23 taxa and
have not, at this time, found specific evidence of taking, vandalism,
collection or trade of these taxa or of similar species. Consequently,
while we remain concerned that these activities could potentially
threaten these 23 plant species in the future, consistent with
applicable regulations (50 CFR 424.12(a)(1)(i)) and the court's
discussion of these regulations, we do not find that any of these
species are currently threatened by taking or other human activity,
which would be exacerbated by the designation of critical habitat. In
the absence of finding that critical habitat would increase threats to
a species, if there are any benefits to critical habitat designation,
then a prudent finding is warranted. The potential benefits include (1)
triggering section 7 consultation in new areas where it would not
otherwise occur because, for example, it is or has become unoccupied or
the occupancy is in question; (2) focusing conservation activities on
the most essential areas; (3) providing educational benefits to State
or county governments or private entities; and (4) preventing people
from causing inadvertent harm to the species. In the case of these 23
species there would be some benefits to critical habitat. The primary
regulatory effect of critical habitat is the section 7 requirement that
Federal agencies refrain from taking any action that destroys or
adversely affects critical habitat. Thirteen of these 23 species are
reported from federally owned lands or

[[Page 36997]]

lands under Federal jurisdiction on the island of Hawaii (Argyroxiphium
kauense, Cyanea shipmanii, Cyrtandra giffardii, Hibiscadelphus
giffardianus, Melicope zahlbruckneri, Neraudia ovata, Nothocestrum
breviflorum, Phyllostegia racemosa, Phyllostegia velutina, Plantago
hawaiiensis, Pleomele hawaiiensis, Sicyos alba, and Silene hawaiiensis)
(see Table 3), where actions would be subject to section 7
consultation. While many of the species are located exclusively on non-
Federal lands with limited Federal activities, there could be Federal
actions affecting these lands in the future. While a critical habitat
designation for habitat currently occupied by these species would not
likely change the section 7 consultation outcome, since an action that
destroys or adversely modifies such critical habitat would also be
likely to result in jeopardy to the species, there may be instances
where section 7 consultation would be triggered only if critical
habitat were designated. There may also be some educational or
informational benefits to the designation of critical habitat.
Educational benefits include the notification of landowner(s), land
managers, and the general public of the importance of protecting the
habitat of these species and dissemination of information regarding
their essential habitat requirements. Therefore, we propose that
designation of critical habitat is prudent for 23 plant species:
Argyroxiphium kauense, Clermontia drepanomorpha, Clermontia pyrularia,
Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii, Cyanea platyphylla, Cyanea
shipmanii, Cyanea stictophylla, Cyrtandra giffardii, Cyrtandra
tintinnabula, Hibiscadelphus giffardianus, Hibiscadelphus
hualalaiensis, Isodendrion hosakae, Melicope zahlbruckneri, Neraudia
ovata, Nothocestrum breviflorum, Phyllostegia racemosa, Phyllostegia
velutina, Phyllostegia warshaueri, Plantago hawaiiensis, Pleomele
hawaiiensis, Sicyos alba, Silene hawaiiensis, and Zanthoxylum dipetalum
var. tomentosum.
B. Methods
As required by the Act (section 4(b)(2)) and regulations at 50 CFR
424.12, we used the best scientific data available to determine areas
that are essential to conserve Achyranthes mutica, Adenophorus periens,
Argyroxiphium kauense, Asplenium fragile var. insulare, Bonamia
menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Clermontia drepanomorpha, Clermontia
lindseyana, Clermontia peleana, Clermontia pyrularia, Colubrina
oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigena, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii,
Cyanea platyphylla, Cyanea shipmanii, Cyanea stictophylla, Cyrtandra
giffardii, Cyrtandra tintinnabula, Delissea undulata, Diellia erecta,
Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis cookiana, Hedyotis
coriacea, Hibiscadelphus giffardianus, Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis,
Hibiscus brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, Isodendrion hosakae,
Isodendrion pyrifolium, Mariscus fauriei, Mariscus pennatiformis,
Melicope zahlbruckneri, Neraudia ovata, Nothocestrum breviflorum,
Phlegmariurus mannii, Phyllostegia parviflora, Phyllostegia racemosa,
Phyllostegia velutina, Phyllostegia warshaueri, Plantago hawaiensis,
Plantago princeps, Pleomele hawaiiensis, Portulaca sclerocarpa,
Sesbania tomentosa, Sicyos alba, Silene hawaiiensis, Silene lanceolata,
Solanum incompletum, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium arenarium,
Vigna o-wahuensis, Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. tomentosum, and
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. This information included the known locations,
site-specific species information from the HINHP database and our own
rare plant database; species information from the CPC's rare plant
monitoring database housed at the University of Hawaii's Lyon
Arboretum; island-wide GIS coverages,(e.g. vegetation, soils, annual
rainfall, elevation contours, land ownership); the final listing rules
for these 54 species; recent biological surveys and reports; our
recovery plans for these 54 species; information received in response
to outreach materials and requests for species and management
information we sent to all landowners, land managers, and interested
parties on the island of Hawaii; discussions with botanical experts;
and recommendations from the Hawaii Pacific Plants Recovery
Coordinating Committee (HPPRCC) (see also the discussion below)
(Service 1994, 1995a, 1996a, 1996b, 1996c, 1997a, 1998a, 1998b, 1998c,
1999; HPPRCC 1998; HINHP Database 2000, CPC in litt. 1999; S. Perlman,
pers. comm. 2000, R. Hobdy, pers. comm. 2000, L. Pratt et al., pers.
comm. 2001).
In 1994, the HPPRCC initiated an effort to identify and map habitat
it believed to be important for the recovery of 282 endangered and
threatened Hawaiian plant species. The HPPRCC identified these areas on
most of the islands in the Hawaiian chain, and in 1999 we published
them in our Recovery Plan for the Multi-Island Plants (Service 1999).
The HPPRCC expects there will be subsequent efforts to further refine
the locations of important habitat areas and that new survey
information or research may also lead to additional refinement of
identifying and mapping of habitat important for the recovery of these
species.
The HPPRCC identified essential habitat areas for all listed,
proposed, and candidate plants and evaluated species of concern to
determine if essential habitat areas would provide for their habitat
needs. However, the HPPRCC's mapping of habitat is distinct from the
regulatory designation of critical habitat as defined by the Act. More
data has been collected since the recommendations made by the HPPRCC in
1998. Much of the area that was identified by the HPPRCC as
inadequately surveyed has now been surveyed in some way. New location
data for many species has been gathered. Also, the HPPRCC identified
areas as essential based on species clusters (areas that included
listed species as well as candidate species and species of concern)
while we have only delineated areas that are essential for the
conservation of the 47 listed species at issue. As a result, the
proposed critical habitat designations in this proposed rule include
not only some habitat that was identified as essential in the 1998
recommendations but also habitat that was not identified as essential
in those recommendations.
C. Primary Constituent Elements
In accordance with section 3(5)(A)(i) of the Act and regulations at
50 CFR 424.12, in determining which areas to propose as critical
habitat, we are required to base critical habitat determinations on the
best scientific and commercial data available and to consider those
physical and biological features (primary constituent elements) that
are essential to the conservation of the species and that may require
special management considerations or protection. Such requirements
include, but are not limited to, space for individual and population
growth, and for normal behavior; food, water, air, light, minerals, or
other nutritional or physiological requirements; cover or shelter;
sites for breeding, reproduction, or rearing of offspring, germination,
or seed dispersal; and habitats that are protected from disturbance or
are representative of the historic geographical and ecological
distributions of a species.
As described in the discussions for each of the 47 species
(Achyranthes mutica, Adenophorus periens, Argyroxiphium kauense,
Asplenium fragile var. Insulare, Bonamia menziesii, Clermontia
drepanomorpha, Clermontia

[[Page 36998]]

lindseyana, Clermontia peleana, Clermontia pyrularia, Colubrina
oppositifolia, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii, Cyanea platyphylla,
Cyanea shipmanii, Cyanea stictophylla, Cyrtandra giffardii, Cyrtandra
tintinnabula, Delissea undulata, Diellia erecta, Flueggea neowawraea,
Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis coriacea, Hibiscadelphus giffardianus,
Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone,
Isodendrion hosakae, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Mariscus fauriei, Melicope
zahlbruckneri, Neraudia ovata, Nothocestrum breviflorum, Phyllostegia
racemosa, Phyllostegia velutina, Phyllostegia warshaueri, Plantago
hawaiensis, Pleomele hawaiiensis, Portulaca sclerocarpa, Sesbania
tomentosa, Sicyos alba, Silene hawaiiensis, Silene lanceolata, Solanum
incompletum, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium arenarium, Vigna o-
wahuensis, Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. tomentosum, and Zanthoxylum
hawaiiense) for which we are proposing critical habitat, we are
proposing to define the primary constituent elements on the basis of
the habitat features of the areas in which the plant species are
reported from, as described by the type of plant community, associated
native plant species, locale information (e.g., steep rocky cliffs,
talus slopes, stream banks), and elevation. The habitat features
provide the ecological components required by the plant. The type of
plant community and associated native plant species indicates specific
microclimate conditions, retention and availability of water in the
soil, soil microorganism community, and nutrient cycling and
availability. The locale indicates information on soil type, elevation,
rainfall regime, and temperature. Elevation indicates information on
daily and seasonal temperature and sun intensity. Therefore, the
descriptions of the physical elements of the locations of each of these
species, including habitat type, plant communities associated with the
species, location, and elevation, as described in the Supplementary
Information: Discussion of the Plant Taxa section above, constitute the
primary constituent elements for these species on the island of Hawaii.
We are unable to identify the primary constituent elements for
Cenchrus agrimonioides, Ctenitis squamigera, Hedyotis cookiana,
Mariscus pennatiformis, Phlegmariurus mannii, Phyllostegia parviflora,
and Plantago princeps, which no longer occur on the island of Hawaii,
because information on these features for these species on the island
is not available at this time. Therefore, we are not able to identify
the specific areas outside the geographic areas occupied by these
species at the time of their listing (unoccupied habitat) that are
essential for the conservation of Cenchrus agrimonioides, Ctenitis
squamigera, Hedyotis cookiana, Mariscus pennatiformis, Phlegmariurus
mannii, Phyllostegia parviflora, and Plantago princeps on the island of
Hawaii.
All areas proposed as critical habitat are within the historical
range of one or more of the 47 species at issue and contain one or more
of the physical or biological features (primary constituent elements)
essential for the conservation of one or more of the species.
D. Criteria Used to Identify Critical Habitat
The lack of detailed scientific data on the life history of these
plant species makes it impossible for us to develop a robust
quantitative model (e.g., population viability analysis) to identify
the optimal number, size, and location of critical habitat units to
achieve recovery (Beissinger and Westphal 1998; Burgman et al. 2001;
Ginzburg et al. 1990; Karieva and Wennergren 1995; Menges 1990; Murphy
et al. 1990; Taylor 1995). At this time, and consistent with the
listing of these species and their recovery plans, the best available
information leads us to conclude that the current size and distribution
of the extant populations are not sufficient to expect a reasonable
probability of long-term survival and recovery of these plant species.
Therefore, we used the best available information, including expert
scientific opinion to identify potentially suitable habitat within the
known historic range of each species.
We considered several factors in the selection and proposal of
specific boundaries for critical habitat for these 47 species. For each
of these species, the overall recovery strategy outlined in the
approved recovery plans includes the following components: (1)
Stabilization of existing wild populations, (2) protection and
management of habitat, (3) enhancement of existing small populations
and reestablishment of new populations within historic range, and (4)
research on species' biology and ecology ((Service 1994, 1995a, 1996a,
1996b, 1996c, 1997a, 1998a, 1998b, 1998c, 1999). Thus, the long-term
recovery of these species is dependent upon the protection of existing
population sites and potentially suitable unoccupied habitat within
historic range.
The overall recovery goal stated in the recovery plans for each of
these species includes the establishment of 8 to 10 populations with a
minimum of 100 mature individuals per population for long-lived
perennials, 300 mature individuals per population for short-lived
perennials, and 500 mature individuals per population for annuals.
There are some specific exceptions to this general recovery goal of 8
to 10 populations for species that are believed to have occurred
historically as one, large, scattered population (see discussion below
on Argyroxiphium kauense), and the proposed critical habitat
designations reflect this exception for these species. To be considered
recovered each population of a species endemic to the island of Hawaii
should occur on the island to which it is endemic, and likewise the
populations of a multi-island species should be distributed among the
islands of its known historic range (Service 1994, 1995a, 1996a, 1996b,
1996c, 1997a, 1998a, 1998b, 1998c, 1999). A population, for the
purposes of this discussion and as defined in the recovery plans for
these species, is defined as a unit containing 100, 300, or 500 mature
individuals, depending on whether the species is a long-lived
perennial, short-lived perennial, or annual, in which the individuals
could be regularly cross-pollinated and are influenced by the same
small-scale events (such as landslides).
For Argyroxiphium kauense, the recovery objective is more than
100,000 individuals spread over the historic range of the species
because the best available information indicates this number of
individuals is necessary to preserve the majority of the existing
genetic diversity and to protect against extinction due to catastrophic
events, especially lava flows (Service 1996c). Argyroxiphium kauense is
monocarpic (only flowering once before dying), requires years to
decades to mature, and must be cross-pollinated from a genetically
different plant to produce viable seeds (Powell 1992, Carr et al.
1986). All of these characteristics indicate the need for more
individuals in order to maintain a genetically diverse, viable
population (Falk et al. 1996).
By adopting the specific recovery objectives enumerated above, the
adverse effects of genetic inbreeding and random environmental events
and catastrophes, such as landslides, hurricanes or tsunamis, that
could destroy a large percentage of the species at any one time may be
reduced (Menges 1990, Podolsky 2001). These recovery objectives were
initially

[[Page 36999]]

developed by the HPPRCC and are found in all of the recovery plans for
these species. While they are expected to be further refined as more
information on the population biology of each species becomes
available, the justification for these objectives is found in the
current conservation biology literature addressing the conservation of
rare and endangered plants and animals (Beissinger and Westphal 1998;
Burgman et al. 2001; Falk et al. 1996; Ginzburg et al. 1990; Hendrix
and Kyhl 2000; Karieva and Wennergren 1995; Luijten et al. 2000; Meffe
and Carroll 1997; Podolsky 2001; Menges 1990; Murphy et al. 1990;
Quintana-Ascencio and Menges 1996; Taylor 1995; Tear et al. 1995; Wolf
and Harrison 2001). The overall goal of recovery in the short-term is a
successful population that can carry on basic life-history processes,
such as establishment, reproduction, and dispersal, at a level where
the probability of extinction is low. In the long-term, the species and
its populations should be at a reduced risk of extinction and be
adaptable to environmental change through evolution and migration.
The long-term objectives, as reviewed by Pavlik (1996), require
from 50 to 2,500 individuals per population, based largely on research
and theoretical modeling on endangered animals, since much less
research has been done on endangered plants. Many aspects of species
life history are typically considered to determine guidelines for
species interim stability and recovery, including longevity, breeding
system, growth form, fecundity, ramet (a plant that is an independent
member of a clone) production, survivorship, seed duration,
environmental variation, and successional stage of the habitat.
Hawaiian species are poorly studied, and the only one of the afore-
mentioned characteristics that can be uniformly applied to all Hawaiian
plant species is longevity (i.e., long-lived perennial, short-lived
perennial, and annual). In general, long-lived woody perennial species
would be expected to be viable at population levels of 50 to 250
individuals per population, while short-lived perennial species would
be viable at population levels of 1,500 to 2,500 individuals or more
per population. These population numbers were refined for Hawaiian
plant species by the HPPRCC (1994) due to the restricted distribution
of suitable habitat typical of Hawaiian plants and the likelihood of
smaller genetic diversity of several species that evolved from one
single introduction. For recovery of Hawaiian plants, the HPPRCC
recommended a general recovery guideline of 100 mature individuals per
population for long-lived perennial species, 300 mature individuals per
population for short-lived perennial species, and 500 mature
individuals per population for annual species.
The HPPRCC also recommended the conservation and establishment of 8
to 10 populations to address the numerous risks to the long-term
survival and conservation of Hawaiian plant species. Although absent
the detailed information inherent to the types of PVA models described
above (Burgman et al. 2001), this approach nevertheless employs two
widely recognized and scientifically accepted goals for promoting
viable populations of listed species: (1) Creation or maintenance of
multiple populations so that a single or series of catastrophic events
cannot destroy the whole listed species (Luijten et al. 2000; Menges
1990; Quintana-Ascencio and Menges 1996); and (2) increasing the size
of each population in the respective critical habitat units to a level
where the threats of genetic, demographic, and normal environmental
uncertainties are diminished (Hendrix and Kyhl 2000; Luijten et al.
2000; Meffe and Carroll 1997; Podolsky 2000; Service 1997; Tear et al.
1995; Wolf and Harrison 2001). In general, the larger the number of
populations and the larger the size of each population, the lower the
probability of extinction (Raup 1991; Meffe and Carroll 1997). This
basic conservation principle of redundancy applies to Hawaiian plants.
By maintaining 8 to 10 viable populations in the several proposed
critical habitat units, the threats represented by a fluctuating
environment are alleviated and the species has a greater likelihood of
achieving long-term survival and conservation. Conversely, loss of one
or more of the plant populations within any critical habitat unit could
result in an increase in the risk that the entire listed species may
not survive and recover.
Due to the reduced size of suitable habitat areas for these
Hawaiian plant species, they are now more susceptible to the variations
and weather fluctuations affecting quality and quantity of available
habitat, as well as direct pressure from hundreds of species of non-
native plants and animals. Establishing and conserving 8 to 10 viable
populations on one or more island(s) within the historic range of the
species will provide each species with a reasonable expectation of
persistence and eventual recovery, even with the high potential that
one or more of these populations will be eliminated by normal or random
adverse events, such as hurricanes, fires, and alien plant invasions
(HPPRCC 1994; Luijten et al. 2000; Mangel and Tier 1994; Pimm et al.
1998; Stacey and Taper 1992). We conclude that designation of adequate
suitable habitat for 8 to 10 populations as critical habitat will help
give the species a reasonable likelihood of long-term survival and
recovery, based on currently available information.
In summary, the long-term survival and recovery requires the
designation of critical habitat units on one or more of the Hawaiian
islands with suitable habitat for 8 to 10 populations of each plant
species. For Agyroxiphium kauense, however, the recovery goal is more
than 100,000 individuals spread over the historical range of the
species. Some of the habitat is currently not known to be occupied by
these 47 species. To recover the species, it will be necessary to
conserve suitable habitat in these unoccupied units, which in turn will
allow for the establishment of additional populations through natural
recruitment or managed reintroductions. Establishment of these
additional populations will increase the likelihood that the species
will survive and recover in the face of normal and stochastic events
(e.g., hurricanes; fire; and non-native species introductions, such as
the predation of Argyroxiphium kauense by mouflon sheep) (Pimm et al.
1998; Stacey and Taper 1992; Mangel and Tier 1994; Joan Canfield, pers.
comm. 1992).
In this proposal, we have defined the primary constituent elements
on the basis of the habitat features of the areas in which the plant
species are reported from such as the type of plant community, the
associated native plant species, the physical location (e.g., steep
rocky cliffs, talus slopes, stream banks), and elevation. The areas we
are proposing to designate as critical habitat provide some or all of
the habitat components essential for the conservation of the 47 plant
species.
We used the following considerations in delineating proposed
critical habitat units. We:
1. Focused on designating units representative of the known current
and historical geographic and elevational range of each species;
2. Proposed critical habitat units would allow for expansion of
existing wild populations and reestablishment of wild populations
within historic range, as recommended by the recovery plans for each
species; and
3. Delineated critical habitat boundaries in such a way that areas
with overlapping occupied or potentially suitable unoccupied habitat

[[Page 37000]]

could be depicted clearly (multi-species units).
We began by creating rough units for each species by screen
digitizing polygons (map units) using ArcView (ESRI), a computer GIS
program. The polygons were created by overlaying current and historic
plant location points onto a digital map of the island's elevation
contours and vegetation types (initially described in Jacobi (1989)).
The resulting shape files (delineating historic elevational range
and potential, suitable habitat) were then evaluated. Elevation ranges
were further refined and land areas identified as not suitable for a
particular species (i.e., not containing the primary constituent
elements) were avoided. The resulting shape files for each species then
were considered to define all suitable habitat on the island, including
occupied and unoccupied habitat.
These shape files of suitable habitat were further evaluated.
Several factors were then used to delineate the proposed critical
habitat units from these land areas. We reviewed the recovery
objectives as described above and in recovery plans for each of the
species to determine if the number of populations and population size
requirements needed for conservation would be available within the
critical habitat units identified as containing the appropriate primary
constituent elements for each species. For multi-island species
multiple populations of each taxon were identified on islands where
they now occur or occurred historically. Because of the need to propose
critical habitat on an island-by-island basis for multi-island species
we evaluated the historical distribution of each multi-island species
throughout Hawaii, based on the best available information available to
us at this time. We expect to refine proposed areas for these multi-
island species once all the proposed rules for the Hawaiian Islands are
published. This refinement will be based on an evaluation on what is
essential to the species on these islands throughout its historical
distribution. Of the areas identified as potentially suitable habitat,
only those areas within the least disturbed suitable habitat and that
were determined as essential to the species were proposed as critical
habitat.
A population for this purpose is defined as a discrete aggregation
of individuals located a sufficient distance from a neighboring
aggregation such that the two are not affected by the same small-scale
events and are not believed to be consistently cross-pollinated. In the
absence of more specific information indicating the appropriate
distance to assure limited cross-pollination, we are using a distance
of 1,000 m (3,281 ft) based on our review of current literature on gene
flow (Barret and Kohn 1991; Fenster and Dudash 1994; Havens 1998; M.H.
Schierup and F.B. Christiansen 1996).
Using the above criteria we delineated the proposed critical
habitat for each species. When species units overlapped, we combined
units for ease of mapping. Such critical habitat units encompass a
number of plant communities. Using satellite imagery and parcel data we
then eliminated areas that did not contain the appropriate vegetation,
associated native plant species, or features such as cultivated
agriculture fields, housing developments or other areas that are
unlikely to contribute to the conservation of one or more of the 47
plant species. Geographic features (ridge lines, valleys, streams,
coastlines, etc.) or man-made features (roads or obvious land use) that
created an obvious boundary for a unit, were used as unit area
boundaries. We also used watershed delineations to dissect very large
proposed critical habitat units in order to simplify the unit mapping
and their descriptions.
Section 7 consultation is necessary and adverse modification
generally could occur only if the primary constituent elements are
affected within the critical habitat boundaries. Therefore, not all
activities within critical habitat would trigger an adverse
modification conclusion. In defining critical habitat boundaries, we
made an effort to avoid developed areas, such as towns and other
similar lands, that are unlikely to contribute to the conservation of
the 47 species. However, the minimum mapping unit that we used to
approximate our delineation of critical habitat for these species did
not allow us to exclude all such developed areas. In addition, existing
man-made features and structures within the boundaries of the mapped
unit, such as buildings, roads, aqueducts, telecommunications
equipment, telemetry antennas, radars, missile launch sites, arboreta
and gardens, heiau (indigenous places of worship or shrines), airports,
other paved areas, and other rural residential landscaped areas do not
contain one or more of the primary constituent elements and would be
excluded under the terms of this proposed regulation. Federal actions
limited to those areas, therefore would not trigger a section 7
consultation, unless they affect the species and/or primary constituent
elements in adjacent critical habitat.
In summary, for the Hawaii Island species we utilized the approved
recovery plan guidance to identify appropriately sized land units
containing suitable occupied and unoccupied habitat. Based on the best
available information, we believe these areas constitute the habitat
necessary on the island of Hawaii to provide for the conservation of
these 47 species.
E. Managed Lands
Currently occupied or historically known sites containing one or
more of the primary constituent elements considered essential to the
conservation of these 47 plant species were examined to determine if
additional special management considerations or protection are required
above those currently provided. We reviewed all available management
information on these plants at these sites, including published reports
and surveys; annual performance and progress reports; management plans;
grants; memoranda of understanding and cooperative agreements; DOFAW
planning documents; internal letters and memos; biological assessments
and environmental impact statements; and section 7 consultations.
Additionally, each public (i.e., county, State, or Federal government
holdings) and private landowner on Hawaii island with a known
occurrence of one of the 47 species was contacted by mail. We reviewed
all information received in response to our landowner mailing and open
houses held at three locations (Captain Cook, Waimea, and Hilo) on the
island of Hawaii on August 1, 2, and 3, 2000, respectively. When
clarification was required on the information provided to us, we
followed up with a telephone contact. Because of the large amount of
land on Hawaii island under State of Hawaii jurisdiction, we met with
staff from the island of Hawaii's DOFAW office to discuss their current
management for the plants on their lands.
Pursuant to the definition of critical habitat in section 3 of the
Act, the primary constituent elements as found in any area so
designated must also require ``special management considerations or
protections.'' Adequate special management or protection is provided by
a legally operative plan that addresses the maintenance and improvement
of the essential elements and provides for the long-term conservation
of the species. We consider a plan adequate when it: (1) Provides a
conservation benefit to the species (i.e., the plan must maintain or
provide for an increase in the species' population or the enhancement
or restoration of its habitat within the area covered by the plan); (2)
provides

[[Page 37001]]

assurances that the management plan will be implemented (i.e., those
responsible for implementing the plan are capable of accomplishing the
objectives, have an implementation schedule and/or have adequate
funding for the management plan); and (3) provides assurances the
conservation plan will be effective (i.e., it identifies biological
goals, has provisions for reporting progress, and is of a duration
sufficient to implement the plan and achieves the plan's goals and
objectives). If an area is covered by a plan that meets these criteria,
it does not constitute critical habitat as defined by the Act because
the primary constituent elements found there are not in need of special
management.
In determining and weighing the relative significance of the
threats that would need to be addressed in management plans or
agreements, we considered the following:
(1) The factors that led to the listing of the species, as
described in the final rules for listing each of the species. Effects
of clearing and burning for agricultural purposes and of invasive non-
native plant and animal species have contributed to the decline of
nearly all endangered and threatened plants in Hawaii (Smith 1985;
Howarth 1985, Stone 1985; Wagner et al. 1985; Scott et al. 1986;
Cuddihy and Stone 1999; Vitousek 1992; Service 1994, 1995a, 1996a,
1996b, 1996c, 1997a, 1998a, 1998b, 1998c, 1999; Loope 1998). The
degradation and destruction of habitat, and consumption of listed
plants by wildfire has also played a direct role in the decline of over
half of these species. Logging and clearing are still threats to the
habitats that support these species, but to a much lesser degree than
prior to listing.
Current threats to these species include non-native grass and
shrub-carried wildfire; browsing, digging, rooting, and trampling from
feral ungulates (including cattle, goats, sheep, and pigs); direct and
indirect effects of non-native plant invasions, including alteration of
habitat structure and microclimate; and disruption of pollination and
gene-flow processes by adverse effects of mosquito-borne avian disease
on forest bird pollinators, direct competition between native and non-
native insect pollinators for food, and predation of native insect
pollinators by non-native hymenopteran insects (ants). In addition,
physiological processes such as reproduction and establishment continue
to be stifled by fruit and flower eating pests such as non-native
arthropods, mollusks, and rats, and photosynthesis and water transport
affected by non-native insects, pathogens and diseases. Many of these
factors interact with one another, thereby compounding effects. Such
interactions include non-native plant invasions altering wildfire
regimes, feral ungulates vectoring weeds and disturbing vegetation and
soils thereby facilitating dispersal and establishment of non-native
plants, and numerous non-native insects feeding on native plants,
thereby increasing their vulnerability and exposure to pathogens and
disease (Cuddihy and Stone 1999; Mack 1992; Scott et al. 1986; Howarth
1985, Smith 1985; D'Antonio and Vitousek 1992, Tunison et al. 1992;
Service 1994, 1995a, 1996a, 1996b, 1996c, 1997a, 1998a, 1998b, 1998c,
1999, Bruegmann et al. 2001).
(2) The recommendations from the HPPRCC in their 1998 report to the
Service (``Habitat Essential to the Recovery of Hawaiian Plants''). As
summarized in this report, recovery goals for endangered Hawaiian plant
species cannot be achieved without the effective control of non-native
species threats, wildfire, and land use changes.
(3) The management actions needed for assurance of survival and
ultimate recovery of Hawaii's endangered plants. These actions are
described in our recovery plans for these 47 species (Service 1994,
1995a, 1996a, 1996b, 1996c, 1997a, 1998a, 1998b, 1998c, 1999), in the
1998 HPPRCC report to us (HPPRCC 1998), and in various other documents
and publications relating to plant conservation in Hawaii (Mueller-
Dombois 1985; Smith 1985; Stone 1985; Cuddihy and Stone 1999; Stone et
al. 1992). In addition to monitoring the plant populations, these
actions include, but are not limited to: (1) Feral ungulate control;
(2) nonnative plant control; (3) rodent control; (4) invertebrate pest
control; (5) fire management; (6) maintenance of genetic material of
the endangered and threatened plants species; (7) propagation,
reintroduction, and/or augmentation of existing populations into areas
deemed essential for the recovery of these species; (8) ongoing
management of the wild, outplanted, and augmented populations; and (9)
habitat management and restoration in areas deemed essential for the
recovery of these species.
In general, taking all of the above recommended management actions
into account, the following management actions are ranked in order of
importance (Service 1994, 1995a, 1996a, 1996b, 1996c, 1997a, 1998a,
1998b, 1998c, 1999). It should be noted, however, that, on a case-by-
case basis, some of these actions may rise to a higher level of
importance for a particular species or area, depending on the
biological and physical requirements of the species and the location(s)
of the individual plants: Feral ungulate control; wildfire management;
non-native plant control; rodent control; invertebrate pest control;
maintenance of genetic material of the endangered and threatened plant
species; propagation, reintroduction, and/or augmentation of existing
populations into areas deemed essential for the recovery of the
species; ongoing management of the wild, outplanted, and augmented
populations; maintenance of natural pollinators and pollinating
systems, when known; habitat management and restoration in areas deemed
essential for the recovery of the species; monitoring of the wild,
outplanted, and augmented populations; rare plant surveys; and control
of human activities/access.
As shown in Table 3, the proposed critical habitat designations for
47 species of plants are found on Federal, State, and private lands on
the island of Hawaii. Information received in response to our public
notices, letters to landowners, open houses, and meetings, and
information in our files indicated that on-going conservation
management action for these plants is variable, see below. Some
landowners reported that they are not conducting conservation
management actions on their lands while others provided information on
various activities such as fencing, weeding, ungulate control, hunting,
control of human access, scientific research, fire control, and
propagation and/or planting of native plants. Without management plans
and assurances that the plans will be implemented, we are unable to
find that the land in question does not require special management or
protection.

Federal Lands

Pohakuloa Training Area

The Sikes Act Improvements Act of 1997 (Sikes Act) required each
military installation that includes land and water suitable for the
conservation and management of natural resources to complete, by
November 17, 2001, an Integrated Natural Resources Management Plan
(INRMP). An INRMP integrates implementation of the military mission of
the installation with stewardship of the natural resources found there.
Each INRMP includes an assessment of the ecological needs on the
installation, including needs to provide for the conservation of listed
species; a statement of goals and priorities; a detailed description of
management actions to be implemented

[[Page 37002]]

to provide for these ecological needs; and a monitoring and adaptive
management plan. We consult with the military on the development and
implementation of INRMPs for installations with listed species. We
believe that bases that have completed and approved INRMPs that address
the needs of the species generally do not meet the definition of
critical habitat discussed above, because they require no additional
special management or protection. Therefore, we do not include these
areas in critical habitat designations if they meet the following three
criteria: (1) A current INRMP must be complete and provide a
conservation benefit to the species; (2) the plan must provide
assurances that the conservation management strategies will be
implemented; and (3) the plan must provide assurances that the
conservation management strategies will be effective, by providing for
periodic monitoring and revisions as necessary. If all of these
criteria are met, then the lands covered under the plan would not meet
the definition of critical habitat.
The Pohakuloa Training Area is on State-owned land that is leased
and administered by the United States Army Garrison, Hawaii (Army) for
live-fire training. Ten plant species (Asplenium fragile var. insulare,
Hedyotis coriacea, Neraudia ovata, Portulaca sclerocarpa, Silene
hawaiiensis, Silene lanceolata, Solanum incompletum, Spermolepis
hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium arenarium, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense) are
reported from Pohakuloa Training Area (RCUH 1997; HINHP Database 2000).
The Army has written an INRMP, an Ecosystem Management Plan, an
Endangered Species Management Plan, a Fire Management Plan, and annual
reports on the natural resources management projects performed under
the Ecosystems Management Program at Pohakuloa Training Area (Tamimi
1998; Evans 1998; Evans 1999; Schnell 1998; Schnell 1999; Sherry 1999;
RCUH 1997; RCUH 1998; USAG-HI 2000). These documents and records of
telephone conversations with Pohakuloa Training Area environmental
staff indicate that some of the management actions identified in these
plans have been implemented and have proven beneficial to populations
of some species (Lena Schnell, and Scott Henderson, Pohakuloa Training
Area, pers. comms. 2001). However, current management is not sufficient
to address many of the factors inhibiting the long-term conservation of
any of these ten species and thus provide conservation benefits to the
species. In addition, there is no guarantee of long-term funding for
on-going or future management actions. The U.S. Army is currently
engaged in discussions with the Service to identify training-related
impacts to the ten listed species at Pohakuloa Training Area and
develop measures that avoid, minimize and offset those impacts.
However, a more comprehensive management document has not been
completed at this time. Therefore, we can not at this time find that
management on this land under Federal jurisdiction is adequate to
preclude a proposed designation of critical habitat.

Hawaii Volcanoes National Park

Nineteen species (Adenophorus periens, Argyroxiphium kauense,
Asplenium fragile var. insulare, Clermontia pyrularia, Cyrtandra
giffardii, Hibiscadelphus giffardianus, Ischaemum byrone, Melicope
zahlbruckneri, Neraudia ovata, Nothocestrum breviflorum, Phyllostegia
racemosa, Plantago hawaiensis, Pleomele hawaiiensis, Portulaca
sclerocarpa, Sesbania tomentosa, Sicyos alba, Silene hawaiiensis,
Spermolepis hawaiiensis, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense) are reported from
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (HVNP) was established by Congress
in 1916 as the Hawaii Volcanoes Section of Hawaii National Park. In
1961, an Act of Congress established Hawaii Volcanoes as an independent
unit of the National Park System to preserve for visitor enjoyment and
scientific study the HVNP's outstanding scenic, geological, and
biological resources. Hawaii Volcanoes National Park encompasses
diverse environments that range from sea level to the summit of Mauna
Loa at 4,169 m (13,677 ft) and includes the active Kilauea volcano
(National Park Service 2001).
Management programs, objectives, and their progress are documented
in the 1974 Natural Resources Management Plan final environmental
statement (National Park Service 1974) and Draft 2000 Resource
Management Plan (National Park Service 2000) for HVNP. Although HVNP's
1974 plan outlines the management issues and strategies used to
protect, restore, and enhance the rare and native plants and their
habitats within the park, it does not adequately address the
conservation needs of the 19 plant species reported from the Park. We
are aware that specific units within the HVNP are managed for feral
ungulate control. Some units are currently free of, or at sufficiently
low numbers of, feral ungulates that no additional special management
of these units is necessary for several of the 19 plant species for
which browsing, rooting and digging by feral ungulates have been
identified as the primary threats. However, sufficient information
regarding species status is not available. Therefore, we have retained
this area within the critical habitat proposal.

Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge, Hakalau Unit

Five species (Clermontia lindseyana, Clermontia peleana, Cyanea
shipmanii, Phyllostegia racemosa, and Phyllostegia velutina) are
reported from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Hakalau Unit of
Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database
2000; Service 2000b).
Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1985 for
the conservation of endangered forest birds and their rainforest
habitat. Refuge management efforts are focused on fencing out and
removing feral cattle and pigs, controlling weeds such as Passiflora
mollissima, Rubus argutus (prickly Florida blackberry), and Ulex
europaeus (gorse), and planting native plant species to restore native
habitat. Endangered and common Hawaiian native plants are propagated
and outplanted within fenced areas. Plant and animal populations are
monitored and non-native plants controlled. Volunteers play an
important role by planting trees and removing weeds. Management
programs, objectives, and progress are documented in the Refuge's
Management Plan (Service 1989). This plan details the management issues
and strategies used to protect, restore, and enhance the rare and
native plants and their habitats within Refuge boundaries (Service
1989). Specific proposed actions to control feral cattle and pigs
include: Fencing, one-way gates, cattle driving, public hunting, staff
hunting with dogs, aerial hunting, contract hunting with dogs, and
trapping. Some monitoring actions to determine the status and
distribution of ungulates, measure the effectiveness of management and
control techniques, and evaluate recovery of the native biota have been
implemented (Service 1996d).
Specific actions for control of non-native plants are outlined in
the Draft Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge Alien Species
Management Plan (Service 2000a). Objectives include: Fencing and
removal of ungulates from Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge to
stimulate recovery of native vegetation and slow or prevent the
establishment of non-native plants; preventing or reducing the
introduction and spread of non-native plants by staff,

[[Page 37003]]

visitors, or other persons working or visiting Hakalau Forest National
Wildlife Refuge; developing a monitoring program to identify new
introductions of non-native plant species; mapping distributions of
established invasive non-native plant species and developing a
prioritized list of species for control; controlling targeted species
of non-native plants using herbicide or manual methods; monitoring non-
native plant control efforts to determine their effectiveness and
monitoring response of vegetation to non-native plant control efforts;
and controlling non-native birds that disperse invasive plants (Service
2000a).
Specific actions for threatened and endangered plant recovery
include: Collecting seed and tissue material for propagation,
reforestation, and outplanting. The number and location of outplanted
common, threatened and endangered plant species is detailed in the
Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge Greenhouse FY 2000 annual
report (Service 2000b). Actions outlined in the 1995 reforestation
management plan include: Reforesting heavily grazed areas by planting
seedlings of canopy tree species such as Acacia koa, Metrosideros
polymorpha, and Sophora chrysophylla; reforesting heavily grazed areas
and more lightly impacted areas with native understory plant species
including rare and endangered species; and facilitating natural
regeneration within areas less impacted by grazing using techniques
such as soil scarification and herbicide treatments (Service 1995b).
Specific actions for wildland fire management are outlined in the
1997 Wildland Fire Management Strategy. These actions include:
Providing an initial attack fire suppression capability; conducting
prescribed fire activities in support of refuge habitat management
programs; establishing appropriate fire related agreements/contracts;
monitoring results of wild land and prescribed fires; updating fire
management and associated plans, call-out lists, and mobilization
guidelines; continuing to develop a cadre of ``red-carded''
firefighters for wild land fire, trained and equipped to accomplish the
fire management program; and maintaining the refuge fire cache and fire
equipment in a ready state (Service 1997b).
The plans listed above and the actions that have been implemented
to manage endangered species habitats demonstrate the long-term
commitment of the Refuge to ecosystem management within designated
management units. Specifically, some factors causing the decline of
Clermontia lindseyana, Cyanea shipmanii, Phyllostegia racemosa, and
Phyllostegia velutina have been controlled within the following feral
ungulate management units: Middle Honohina unit, Shipman unit, Upper
Malua Unit, Upper Honohina unit, Middle Papaikou unit, and Pua Akala
unit. However, we have not excluded the Refuge lands from this proposed
designation.

Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge, Kona Forest Unit

Two species (Clermontia lindseyana and Nothocestrum breviflorum)
are reported from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Kona Forest Unit
of Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database
2000).
The Kona Forest Unit of Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge was
established in 1997 to protect endangered forest birds and their
habitat. Although the Service conducts some conservation management
actions on this land, we have not yet begun implementing many of the
actions outlined in our Conceptual Management Plan (Service 1997c) or
in our Wildland Fire Management Plan (Service 2000c). Therefore, we
have not proposed to exclude the Refuge from the designation.

State of Hawaii Lands

The State lands on the island of Hawaii include ceded and leased
lands, and those that are administered by the Department of Hawaiian
Home Lands (DHHL), the Department of Public Safety (DPS), and the
Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR). Forty-two plants are
reported from State lands (Adenophorus periens, Achyranthes mutica,
Argyroxiphium kauense, Asplenium fragile var. insulare, Bonamia
menziesii, Clermontia drepanomorpha, Clermontia lindseyana, Clermontia
peleana, Clermontia pyrularia, Colubrina oppositifolia, Cyanea
hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii, Cyanea platyphylla, Cyanea shipmanii,
Cyanea stictophylla, Cyrtandra giffardii, Cyrtandra tintinnabula,
Delissea undulata, Diellia erecta, Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania
vitifolia, Hedyotis coriacea, Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Mariscus
fauriei, Melicope zahlbruckneri, Neraudia ovata, Nothocestrum
breviflorum, Phyllostegia racemosa, Phyllostegia velutina, Phyllostegia
warshaueri, Plantago hawaiensis, Pleomele hawaiiensis, Portulaca
sclerocarpa, Sesbania tomentosa, Sicyos alba, Silene hawaiiensis,
Silene lanceolata, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium arenarium,
and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense). DLNR lands are made up of Forest Reserves,
Wildlife Sanctuaries, Natural Area Reserves, State Recreation Areas,
and a Research Reserve. Within DLNR the Division of Forestry and
Wildlife administers all of these lands. State Recreation Areas are
administered by the Division of State Parks. DLNR also manages the DHHL
lands on the island of Hawaii. The Department of Public Safety lands
are at Kulani Correctional Facility and are managed by that facility in
cooperation with the Olaa-Kilauea Management Partnership. The State
conducts some conservation management actions on these lands and
provides access to others who are conducting such activities.
Many of DLNR's programs provide beneficial effects to endangered
species and their habitat. Hawaii DOFAW management actions include
fences that have been built to exclude feral ungulates from several
one-acre rare plant sites, propagation and dissemination of native tree
species that help restore native plant assemblages around the island,
participation in a cooperative ecosystem management partnership with
other Federal and State agencies and a private landowner, and
administration of programs that either directly or indirectly benefit
endangered species and their habitats. Twelve one-acre rare dry forest
plant management units were established during the 1980s to protect dry
forest plants from browsing and wildfire. These units were fenced to
exclude feral ungulates and maintained in a fuel-free condition that
has kept frequent wildfires from consuming the enclosed rare plants.
These sites have provided a seed source for endangered species
restoration efforts elsewhere on the island (Vickie Caraway, DOFAW,
pers. comm. 2001).
The Division of Forestry and Wildlife's Natural Area Reserves
System (NARS) was established in 1970 with the intent to preserve and
maintain unique Hawaiian ecosystems and geological features. The island
of Hawaii has eight NARS that encompass a total of 33,407 ha (82,550
ac). Six of these NARS harbor endangered species and are managed
primarily to maintain the native ecosystems that support these species.
Some management actions that have occurred in many of the NARS include
construction of feral ungulate exclosure fences around particularly
unique plant communities, such as within older kipuka (vegetated area
surrounded by bare lava flows), and other habitats that support
populations of endangered species; treatment of endangered tree species
for invasive

[[Page 37004]]

non-native insects; physical and chemical control of non-native plant
populations; rat baiting; and, feral cat trapping. Such sites include
the Lama and Olopua units in Manuka NAR which support Pleomele
hawaiiensis and Colubrina oppositifolia, and Flueggea neowawaraea and
Gouania vitifolia, respectively; the Aku unit in the Puu Makaala NAR
that supports Sicyos alba; Laupahoehoe NAR that supports Cyrtandra
tintinnabula, and the Puu o Umi NAR that supports a habitat ranked by
the Hawaii Natural Heritage Program as a globally imperiled ecosystem,
and other rare species (HINHP Database 2000; Hawaii DLNR 1982; Hawaii
DLNR 1989a; Hawaii DLNR 1989b; Hawaii Heritage Program 1989).
Numerous efforts by the State of Hawaii on the island of Hawaii
contribute to the conservation of listed plant species, including their
rare plant management activities, administration of the NARS and Hawaii
Forest Stewardship Program (FSP) programs. However these programs do
not adequately address the ongoing threats to these listed plant
species on their lands. In addition, there are no comprehensive
management plans for the long-term conservation of endangered and
threatened plants on these lands; no updated detailed reports on
management actions conducted, and no assurances that management actions
will be implemented in the long term or that long term funding is
secure. Therefore, we cannot, at this time, find that management on
these State lands is adequate to preclude a proposed designation of
critical habitat.

Partnership (Federal-State-Private) Lands

Olaa Kilauea Management Area

Nine species (Asplenium fragile var. insulare, Clermontia
lindseyana, Cyanea shipmanii, Cyanea stictophylla, Cyrtandra giffardii,
Phyllostegia racemosa, Phyllostegia velutina, Plantago hawaiensis, and
Sicyos alba) are reported from the Olaa Kilauea Partnership lands owned
by State, private and Federal entities on Hawaii island (GDSI 2000;
HINHP Database 2000; Hawaii DLNR et al. 1999).
In an effort to protect native biological resources, landowners and
other interested parties established a partnership to cooperatively
manage the Olaa-Kilauea Management Area. This 12,950 ha (32,000 ac)
management area includes lands owned or controlled by the Hawaii
Department of Public Safety (Kulani Correctional Facility), the Hawaii
Department of Land and Natural Resource (Puu Makaala Natural Area
Reserve), the National Park Service (Olaa tract of Hawaii Volcanoes
National Park), and privately owned lands in Kilauea Forest. The
partnership cooperative agreement signed in 1994 includes the
commitment to jointly develop a natural resources management plan that
includes, but is not limited to, feral animal and non-native plant
control measures, collaborative research projects, and habitat
protection and restoration. A group of landowners and managers of these
project lands as well as representatives from the Service, USGS-BRD and
the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) developed a five year management plan
(Hawaii DLNR et al. 1999).
The overall objective of management in the project area is the
protection and recovery of native ecosystems to the point that they are
self-sustaining, native-dominated communities with secure populations
of native plant, invertebrate, and forest bird species. Management
efforts are aimed at controlling feral pigs and non-native plants. As
objectives for feral pig and non-native plant control are achieved and
large, pig-free areas become available for more intensive management
control for other predators, (i.e. black rats (which eat the fruit and/
or seeds of some plants species)) restoration of rare plant species
will be implemented (Hawaii DLNR et al. 1999).
Specific management actions to address feral ungulates include the
construction of fences surrounding management units; staff hunting,
trapping and snaring; and monitoring transects to detect ingress and
determine efficiency of the feral animal control program within the
management areas (Hawaii DLNR et al. 1999).
Specific management actions to address non-native plants include
mapping the distribution of priority non-native plants; development of
a control strategy; herbicide or manual control; follow-up monitoring
to determine the effectiveness of control efforts; and, long-term
monitoring of non-native plants within and outside fenced areas (Hawaii
DLNR et al. 1999).
Specific management for rare plant inventory, monitoring and
recovery actions include additional surveys and mapping the
distribution of individual plants and populations; intensive monitoring
to assess potential threats; evaluation of forest stand structure and
reproduction; and, monitoring following management actions such as
fencing and pig control. Propagation and outplanting programs are being
considered for some rare plant species that appear to be inadequately
reproducing in the wild or for those with inadequate genetic
representation in the wild (i.e., few individuals). As rare plants are
located, representative genetic material is collected and maintained at
the Volcano Mid-Elevation Rare Plant Facility. In some instances spot
fencing is erected for interim protection from ungulates (Hawaii DLNR
et al. 1999).
However these actions do not adequately address the ongoing threats
to the listed plant species on this land. In addition, there is no
legally operative plan that addresses the maintenance and improvement
of the essential elements and provides for the long term maintenance of
the species. Therefore, we cannot, at this time, find that management
on these lands is adequate to preclude a proposed designation of
critical habitat.

Private Lands

Kaupulehu mauka (toward the mountain, inland)

This 2 ha (5 ac) parcel in the District of North Kona is owned by
the National Tropical Botanical Garden and is managed expressly for the
benefit of endangered plants and their habitat. Currently, there are
three endangered plant species that naturally occur within this parcel,
Colubrina oppositifolia, Nothocestrum breviflorum, and Pleomele
hawaiiensis. The primary factors inhibiting the recovery of these
species in this area was limited seedling growth of these dry forest
trees due to altered microclimate conditions by the non-native plant
Pennisetum setaceum (fountain grass), wildfire, seed predation by rats
and mice, and occasional browsing of seedlings and saplings by feral
sheep and goats. A cattle fence was erected in 1950 and the cattle
removed, however there are local accounts of feral sheep and goats
using this area off-and-on until the fence was improved with hogwire
and barbed wire in 1996. In 1996 the North Kona Dry Forest Working
Group was organized to address recovery of dry forest ecosystems in the
region and the group focused on this 2 ha (5 ac) parcel as its pilot
project. The group has since removed all of the Pennisetum setaceum and
thus reduced the wildfire hazard to this area. Rodent populations have
also been controlled within this unit and numerous native understory
species have been planted. The North Kona Dry Forest Working Group is
committed to long-term management of this parcel for the benefit of
Hawaiian dry forest ecosystems. However, no legally operative plan has
been prepared for the

[[Page 37005]]

site. In addition, this group operates with year-to-year funding and
there is no assurance that funding will be available for long-term
maintenance of the on-going management activities. Therefore, we cannot
at this time, find that management on this land is adequate to preclude
a proposed designation of critical habitat (Hawaii Forest Association,
in litt. 1998; M. Bruegmann, pers. comm. 1999).

Kaupulehu makai (toward the ocean)

This 28 ha (70 ac) management unit in the District of North Kona is
part of a larger parcel owned by the Kamehameha Schools Bishop Estate.
Four endangered plant species naturally occur within this dry forest
management unit, Bonamia menziesii, Colubrina oppositifolia,
Nothocestrum breviflorum, and Pleomele hawaiiensis. The primary factors
inhibiting the recovery of these species in this area was the limited
seedling growth of these dry forest trees due to altered microclimate
conditions by non-native Pennisetum setaceum, wildfire, seed predation
by rats and mice, and occasional browsing of seedlings and saplings by
feral sheep and goats. A sheep and goat fence was erected in 1999 by
the North Kona Dry Forest Working as part of an effort to expand dry
forest restoration efforts to larger areas within the region. The group
is in the process of removing Pennisetum setaceum from this site to
eliminate the wildfire hazard to this area and enhance forest
restoration efforts. Rodent populations are also being controlled
within this unit and numerous native understory species have been
planted. The North Kona Dry Forest Working Group is committed to long-
term management of this parcel for the benefit of Hawaiian dry forest
ecosystems and no management activities beyond those planned and
currently occurring at the site appear to be needed to provide for the
conservation of the four listed plant species. However, no legally
operative plan has been prepared for the site. In addition, this group
operates with year-to-year funding and there is no assurance that
funding will be available for long-term maintenance of the on-going
management activities. Therefore, we cannot at this time, find that
management of this land is adequate to preclude a proposed designation
of critical habitat (Hawaii Forest Industry Association in litt. 1998).
If we receive information during the public comment period that any
of the lands within the proposed designations are actively managed to
promote the conservation and recovery of the 47 listed species at issue
in this proposed designation, in accordance with long term conservation
management plans or agreements, and there are assurances that the
proposed management actions will be implemented and effective, the
Service can consider this information when making a final determination
of critical habitat.
In addition, we are aware that other private landowners and the
State of Hawaii are considering the development of land management
plans or agreements that may promote the conservation and recovery of
endangered and threatened plant species on the island of Hawaii. We
support these efforts and provide technical assistance whenever
possible. We are soliciting comments on whether future development and
approval of conservation measures (e.g., Habitat Conservation Plans,
Conservation Agreements, Safe Harbor Agreements) should trigger
revision of designated critical habitat to exclude such lands and, if
so, by what mechanism.
The proposed critical habitat units described below constitute our
best assessment of the physical and biological features needed for the
conservation of the 47 plant species (Achyranthes mutica, Adenophorus
periens, Argyroxiphium kauense, Asplenium fragile var. insulare,
Bonamia menziesii, Clermontia drepanomorpha, Clermontia lindseyana,
Clermontia peleana, Clermontia pyrularia, Colubrina oppositifolia,
Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii, Cyanea platyphylla, Cyanea
shipmanii, Cyanea stictophylla, Cyrtandra giffardii, Cyrtandra
tintinnabula, Delissea undulata, Diellia erecta, Flueggea neowawraea,
Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis coriacea, Hibiscadelphus giffardianus,
Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone,
Isodendrion hosakae, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Mariscus fauriei, Melicope
zahlbruckneri, Neraudia ovata, Nothocestrum breviflorum, Phyllostegia
racemosa, Phyllostegia velutina, Phyllostegia warshaueri, Plantago
hawaiensis, Pleomele hawaiiensis, Portulaca sclerocarpa, Sesbania
tomentosa, Sicyos alba, Silene hawaiiensis, Silene lanceolata, Solanum
incompletum, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium arenarium, Vigna o-
wahuensis, Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. tomentosum, and Zanthoxylum
hawaiiense) and the special management needs of these species, and are
based on the best scientific and commercial information available and
described above. We put forward this proposal acknowledging that we
have incomplete information regarding many of the primary biological
and physical requirements for these species. However, both the Act and
the relevant court order requires us to proceed with designation at
this time based on the best information available. As new information
accrues, we may reevaluate which areas warrant critical habitat
designation. We anticipate that comments received through the public
review process and from any public hearings, if requested, will provide
us with additional information to use in our decision making process
and in assessing the potential impacts of designating critical habitat
for one or more of these species.
The approximate areas of proposed critical habitat by landownership
or jurisdiction are shown in Table 5.

Table 5.--Approximate Proposed Critical Habitat Area by Unit and Land Ownership or Jurisdiction, Hawaii County, Hawaii.\1\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unit name State/Local Private Federal Total
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hawaii A1...................... 518 ha (1,280 ac)............ 202 ha (498 ac)............. ............................ 719 ha \1\ (1,777 ac)
Hawaii A2...................... 1,779 ha (4,395 ac).......... 907 ha (2,240 ac)........... ............................ 2,685 ha \1\ (6,635 ac)
Hawaii B....................... 5,738 ha (14,178 ac)......... 2,462 ha (6,084 ac)......... ............................ 8,200 ha (20,263 ac) \1\
Hawaii C....................... 38 ha (94 ac)................ <1 ha (<1 ac)............... ............................ 38 ha (94 ac)
Hawaii D1...................... ............................. 55 ha (136 ac).............. ............................ 55 ha (136 ac)
Hawaii D2...................... ............................. 43 ha (107 ac).............. ............................ 43 ha (107 ac)
Hawaii D3...................... ............................. 257 ha (636 ac)............. ............................ 257 ha (636 ac)
Hawaii D4...................... ............................. 14 ha (34 ac)............... ............................ 14 ha (34 ac)
Hawaii D5...................... ............................. 1 ha (4ac).................. ............................ 1 ha (4 ac)
Hawaii D6...................... ............................. 36 ha (89 ac)............... ............................ 36 ha (89 ac)

[[Page 37006]]

Hawaii D7...................... ............................. 112 ha (278 ac)............. ............................ 112 ha (278 ac)
Hawaii D8...................... ............................. 8 ha (21 ac)................ ............................ 8 ha (21 ac)
Hawaii E....................... 1,565 ha (3,866 ac).......... 52 ha (128 ac).............. 1,375 ha (3,399 ac)......... 2,992 ha (7,393 ac)
Hawaii F....................... 4,639 ha (11,464 ac)......... 946 ha (2,338 ac)........... 8,321 ha (20,561 ac)........ 13,906 ha (34,363 ac)
Hawaii G....................... 22,274 ha (55,040 ac)........ 6,378 ha (15,760 ac)........ 3,634 ha (8,980 ac)......... 32,286 ha (79,781 ac) \1\
Hawaii H....................... 46 ha (113 ac)............... 1,406 ha (3,476 ac)......... 3,870 ha (9,563 ac)......... 5,322 ha (13,151 ac) \1\
Hawaii I....................... ............................. 8 ha (20 ac)................ 514 ha (1,269 ac)........... 522 ha (1,290 ac) \1\
Hawaii J....................... 4,304 ha (10,636 ac)......... 499 ha (1,233 ac)........... 262 ha (647 ac)............. 5,065 ha (12,516 ac)
Hawaii K....................... 8,742 ha (21,601 ac)......... 6,552 ha (16,191 ac)........ ............................ 15,294 ha (37,792 ac)
Hawaii L....................... <1 ha (<1 ac)................ ............................ 38,504 ha (95,145 ac)....... 38,505 ha (95,148 ac) \1\
Hawaii M1...................... 19 ha (46 ac)................ ............................ ............................ 19 ha (46 ac)
Hawaii M2...................... 133 ha (328 ac).............. ............................ ............................ 133 ha (328 ac)
Hawaii M3...................... 112 ha (277 ac).............. 29 ha (72 ac)............... ............................ 141 ha (349 ac)
Hawaii M4...................... 141 ha (347 ac).............. ............................ ............................ 141 ha (347 ac)
Hawaii M5...................... ............................. ............................ 533 ha (1,316 ac)........... 533 ha (1,316 ac)
Hawaii N1...................... 35 ha (87 ac)................ ............................ ............................ 35 ha (87 ac)
Hawaii N2...................... 439 ha (1,084 ac)............ ............................ 2 ha (6 ac)................. 441 ha (1,091 ac) \1\
Hawaii O....................... 179 ha (441 ac).............. 36 ha (90 ac)............... ............................ 215 ha (531 ac)
Hawaii P....................... 12 ha (31 ac)................ 534 ha (1,320 ac)........... ............................ 547 ha \1\ (1,351 ac)
Hawaii Q....................... 3,148 ha (7,778 ac).......... 401 ha (992 ac)............. ............................ 3,549 ha (8,770 ac)
Hawaii R....................... 336 ha (830 ac).............. 51 ha (126 ac).............. ............................ 387 ha (955 ac) \1\
Hawaii S....................... 351 ha (868 ac).............. 32 ha (79 ac)............... ............................ 383 ha (947 ac)
Hawaii T....................... 1,094 ha (2,704 ac).......... 395 ha (977 ac)............. ............................ 1,489 ha (3,681 ac)
Hawaii U....................... ............................. ............................ 615 ha (1,520 ac)........... 615 ha (1,520 ac)
Hawaii V....................... ............................. 951 ha (2,351 ac)........... ............................ 951 ha (2,351 ac)
Hawaii W....................... ............................. 1,479 ha (3,654 ac)......... ............................ 1,479 ha (3,654 ac)
Hawaii X....................... 138 ha (340 ac).............. ............................ ............................ 138 ha (340 ac)
Hawaii Y1...................... 4 ha (11 ac)................. 208 ha (513 ac)............. ............................ 212 ha (524 ac)
Hawaii Y2...................... 195 ha (482 ac).............. 139 ha (344 ac)............. ............................ 334 ha (826 ac)
Hawaii Z....................... 8,317 ha (20,552 ac)......... 2,421 ha (5,983 ac)......... ............................ 10,738 ha (26,535 ac)
Hawaii AA...................... 26,198 ha (64,736 ac)........ 2,107 ha (5,206 ac)......... 79 ha (196 ac).............. 28,384 ha (70,138 ac)
Hawaii BB...................... 43 ha (106 ac)............... ............................ ............................ 43 ha (106 ac)
--------------------------------
Total......................... 90,534 ha (223,715 ac)....... 28,725 ha (70,980 ac)....... 57,709 ha (142,601 ac)...... 176,968 ha (437,285 ac)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Area differences due to digital mapping discrepancies between TMK data (GDSI 2000) and USGS coastline, or differences due to rounding.

Proposed critical habitat for 47 species includes lands under
private, State, and Federal jurisdiction (owned and leased lands), with
Federal lands including lands managed by the Department of Defense,
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Government Services Administration, and
the National Park Service. Lands proposed as critical habitat have been
divided into 28 units (Hawaii A1 through Hawaii BB) on the island of
Hawaii. A brief description of each unit is presented below.

Descriptions of Critical Habitat Units

Hawaii A

The proposed unit Hawaii A (subunits A1 and A2) provides occupied
habitat for two species: Nothocestrum breviflorum and Pleomele
hawaiiensis. It is proposed for designation because it contains the
physical and biological features that are considered essential for
their conservation on the island of Hawaii, and provides habitat to
support 1 or more of the 8 to 10 populations for each species and 100
mature individuals per population for Nothocestrum breviflorum and
Pleomele hawaiiensis, throughout their known historical range
considered by the recovery plans to be necessary for the conservation
of each species (see the discussion of conservation requirements in
Section D, and in the table for Hawaii A).
This unit cluster contains a total of 3,404 ha (8,412 ac) on State
and private lands. Unit A1 is in the Pololu and Honokane Nui watersheds
and unit A2 is bordered on the west by the Honokane Iki watershed and
on the east by the Waimanu watershed and contains portions of the
Honokea, Honopue, Kailikaula, Kaimu, Kalele, Kolealiilii, Kukui,
Nakooko, Ohiahuea, Pae, Paopao South, Punalulu, Waiaalala, Waiapuka,
Waikaloa, Waimaile, and Waipahi watersheds. It contains a portion of
the Kohala forest Reserve. The natural features found in this unit are:
Unit A1, Kupenau summit and Pololu Stream; unit A2, Kamoloumi Stream,
Kolealiilii Stream, Ohiahuea Stream, Oniu Stream, Paohia Gulch, Waipani
Stream, and Waiapuka Stream.

Key to Table for Hawaii A-BB

1. This unit is needed to meet the recovery plan objectives of 8
to 10 viable populations (self perpetuating and sustaining for at
least 5 years) with 100 to 500 mature, reproducing individuals per
species throughout its historical range as specified in the recovery
plans.
2. Island endemic.
3. Multi-island species with current locations on other islands.
4. Multi-island species with no current locations on other
islands.
5. Current locations do not necessarily represent viable
populations with the required number of mature individuals.
6. Several current locations may be affected by one naturally
occurring, catastrophic event.
7. Species with variable habitat requirements, usually over wide
areas. Wide ranging species require more space per individual over
more land area to provide needed primary constituent elements to
maintain healthy population size.

[[Page 37007]]

8. Not all currently occupied habitat was determined to be
essential to the recovery of the species.
9. Life history, long-lived perennial--100 mature, reproducing
individuals needed per population.
10. Life history, short-lived perennial--300 mature, reproducing
individuals needed per population.
11. Life history, annual--500 mature, reproducing individuals
needed per population.
12. Narrow endemic, the species probably never naturally
occurred in more than a single or a few populations.
13. Species has extremely restricted, specific habitat
requirements.
14. Hybridization is possible so distinct populations of related
species should not overlap, requiring more land area.
[Dagger] Not all suitable habitat is designated, only those
areas essential for the conservation of the species.

BILLING CODE 4310-55-P

[[Page 37008]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28MY02.000

Hawaii B

The proposed unit Hawaii B provides occupied habitat for three
species: Achyranthes mutica, Clermontia drepanomorpha, and Phyllostegia
warshaueri. It is proposed for designation because it contains the
physical and biological features that are considered essential for
their conservation on the island of Hawaii, and provides habitat to
support 1 or

[[Page 37009]]

more of the 8 to 10 populations for each species and 300 mature
individuals per population for Achyranthes mutica, Clermontia
drepanomorpha, and Phyllostegia warshaueri, throughout their known
historical range considered by the recovery plans to be necessary for
the conservation of each species (see the discussion of conservation
requirements in Section D, and in the table for Hawaii B).
This unit contains a total of 8,200 ha (20,263 ac) on State and
privately owned lands. It is in portions of the Haloa, Honokane Nui,
Honopue, Kaimu, Kawaihae, Lamimaumau, Nakooko, Ohiahuea, Waikaloa,
Waikoloa/Waiulaula, Wailoa/Waipio, and Waimanu watersheds. It contains
a portion of the Kohala Forest Reserve. Natural features found in this
unit are Eke (summit), Kaholopoohina (summit), Kaiholena (summit),
Kaunu o Kaleioohie (summit), Kilohana Gulch, Kohala Mountains (summit),
Makalii (summit), Momoualoa Gulch, Opaeloa (summit), Puu Ahia, Puu Iki,
Puu Kamoa, Puu Kawaiwai, Puu Laelae, Puu Lanikepu, Puu Loa (summit),
Puu Makela, Puu Mala, Puu Ohu, Puu Palailai, Puu Pohoulaula, Puu o Umi,
and Waiaka Gulch.

[[Page 37010]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28MY02.001

[[Page 37011]]

Hawaii C

The proposed unit Hawaii C provides occupied habitat for one
species: Sesbania tomentosa. It is proposed for designation because it
contains the physical and biological features that are considered
essential for its conservation on the island of Hawaii, and provides
habitat to support 1 or more of the 8 to 10 populations for each
species and 300 mature individuals per population throughout its known
historical range considered by the recovery plans to be necessary for
the conservation of this species (see the discussion of conservation
requirements in Section D, and in the table for Hawaii C).
This unit contains a total of 38 ha (94 ac) on State and privately
owned lands. The unit is in the Pohakuloa watershed and contains a
portion of the Hapuna Beach State Recreation Area. This unit is north
of Wailaea Bay and south of Hapuna Bay and adjacent to Kanekanaka
Point.

[[Page 37012]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28MY02.002

[[Page 37013]]

Hawaii D

The proposed unit Hawaii D (subunits D1 through D8) provides
occupied habitat for three species: Isodendrion hosakae, Portulaca
sclerocarpa, and Vigna o-wahuensis. It is proposed for designation
because it contains the physical and biological features that are
considered essential for their conservation on the island of Hawaii,
and provides habitat to support 1 or more of the 8 to 10 populations
for each species and 300 mature individuals per population for all
three species, throughout their known historical range considered by
the recovery plans to be necessary for the conservation of each
species.
This unit also provides unoccupied habitat for the above three
species: Isodendrion hosakae, Portulaca sclerocarpa, and Vigna o-
wahuensis. Designation of this unit is essential to the conservation of
these species because it contains the physical and biological features
that are considered essential for their conservation on the island of
Hawaii, and provides habitat to support 1 or more additional
populations necessary to meet the recovery objectives of 8 to 10
populations for each species and 300 mature individuals per population
for Isodendrion hosakae, Portulaca sclerocarpa, and Vigna o-wahuensis,
throughout their known historical range (see the discussion of
conservation requirements in Section D, and in the table for Hawaii D).
This unit cluster contains a total of 526 ha (1,305 ac) on
privately owned land. The units consist of puu (hills, summits, cinder
cones) in the areas between the Kamakahala watershed in the west and
Waipunahoe watershed in the east (with portions of Waikoloa/Waiulaula
and Waiulili). Natural features for this unit are: Unit D1 contains Puu
Pa; unit D2 contains Holoholoku summit; unit D3 contains Puu Io, Puu
Kaliali, Puu Kekuakahea, and Puu Makahalau; unit D4 contains Heihei
summit; unit D5 contains Nohona o Haeiki summit; unit D6 contains
Nohona o Hae summit; unit D7 contains two unnamed puu; and unit D8
contains Puu Papapa.

[[Page 37014]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28MY02.003

[[Page 37015]]

Hawaii E

The proposed unit Hawaii E provides occupied habitat for three
species: Clermontia lindseyana, Clermontia pyrularia, and Phyllostegia
racemosa. It is proposed for designation because it contains the
physical and biological features that are considered essential for
their conservation on the island of Hawaii, and provides habitat to
support 1 or more of the 8 to 10 populations for each species and 300
mature individuals per population for Clermontia lindseyana, Clermontia
pyrularia, and Phyllostegia racemosa, throughout their known historical
range considered by the recovery plans to be necessary for the
conservation of each species (see the discussion of conservation
requirements in Section D, and in the table for Hawaii E).
This unit contains a total of 2,992 ha (7,393 ac) on State,
Federal, and private lands. It is bounded on the north by Kaawali
watershed and on the south by Umauma watershed and contains portions of
the Haakoa, Kaiwilahilahi, and Waikaumalu watersheds. This unit
contains portions of the Hakalau Forest NWR and the Hilo Forest
Reserve. Natural features found in this unit are Nauhi Gulch and Puu
Lahohinu.

[[Page 37016]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28MY02.004

[[Continued on page 37017]]