New England Ecological Services Field Office

NEFO Endangered Species Act Project Review and Consultation

Updated 2/26/2025

Navigation

• Overview
• Step 1 - Define the Action Area
• Step 2 - Describe the Action
• Step 3 - Generate an Official Species List and Use Available Determination Keys
• Step 4 - Addressing Northern Long-eared Bat and Tricolored Bat (Updated 12/5/2024)
• Step 5 - Coordinate with States
• Step 6 - Determine Presence of Suitable Habitat and Listed Species
• Step 7 - Determine if Critical Habitat Physical and Biological Features are Present
• Step 8 - Effects Determinations
• Step 9 - Complete Project Evaluation and Compile Your Project Review Package if Necessary
• Streamlined Consultation Guidance for Select Project Types

Overview

Welcome to the New England Field Office’s Endangered Species Act Project Review and Consultation Guide.

The Endangered Species Act (ESA, Section 7 Section 7
Section 7 Consultation The Endangered Species Act (ESA) directs all Federal agencies to work to conserve endangered and threatened species and to use their authorities to further the purposes of the Act. Section 7 of the Act, called "Interagency Cooperation," is the mechanism by which Federal agencies ensure the actions they take, including those they fund or authorize, do not jeopardize the existence of any listed species.

Learn more about Section 7 (a)(2)) requires Federal agencies to consult with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) to ensure that actions they fund, authorize, permit or otherwise carry out will not jeopardize the continued existence of any listed species, or result in the destruction or adverse modification of federally designated critical habitat.

Through this project review process, you will follow step-by-step instructions and access information that will allow you to identify threatened and endangered species, designated critical habitat, and other Federal trust resources that may be affected by your project. You will be able to assess whether your project may affect these resources, make an appropriate determination, and develop a project review package for submission to the New England Field Office.

• If upon completion of this process you determine that your project would not affect these resources, no further coordination will be required for compliance under the ESA. Federal agencies ARE NOT required to contact the Service if a proposed action will have "no effect" on listed species (e.g., if no listed species or their habitats are present in the action area action area
  All areas to be affected directly or indirectly by the federal action and not merely the immediate area involved in the action.
  
  Learn more about action area ).
• If your project may affect these resources, the project review package developed through this process will facilitate efficient review when it is submitted to our office. Federal agencies ARE REQUIRED to initiate consultation with the Service if a proposed action "may affect" one or more listed species or designated critical habitat. Pursuant to section 7(a)(4) of the ESA, Federal agencies also should contact the Service if a proposed action may affect a species the Service has proposed to list and critical habitat the Service has proposed to designate.

Before You Begin

• The step-by-step project review and consultation process is intended for use by any individual or entity requiring Service review or approval of their project within the states of NH, VT, MA, CT, and RI. 
• Please review this online process before contacting our office for assistance. If at any step during the process you need technical assistance with figuring out what to do next or how to interpret biological information, please send an email to newengland@fws.gov.
• We will continually update our website to provide new trust resources information and methods to review projects. Please refer to our website for each project review to ensure you are using current information.
• At the bottom of this page, you will find a collection of helpful s7 consultation documents.
• We respond to project review requests and requests for technical assistance as soon as possible. For projects requiring consultation, we complete informal consultation within 60 days or formal consultation within 135 days of the date when all required information has been received. Additional information may be requested if initial project review packages or biological assessments do not include all required information.
• IMPORTANT: Please do not use the "Consultation Package Builder" tool in IPaC IPaC
  Information for Planning and Consultation (IPaC) is a project planning tool that streamlines the USFWS environmental review process
  
  Learn more about IPaC except in specific situations following coordination with our office, please follow the below process to prepare a Project Review Package instead.

Project Types

1. If your project is in one of the following categories, visit Streamlined Consultation Guidance for Select Project Typesat the bottom of this page:
   • Telecommunication Tower Projects
   • Routine Highway Maintenance Projects
   • 2016 EPA NPDES Small MS4 Permit Renewals (NH and MA)
   • Trail Maintenance Projects
2. ALL other project types - follow the step-by-step project review and consultation instructions to conduct a review of the project’s potential impacts on federally listed threatened, endangered, and proposed species; federal candidate species; and federally designated critical habitat. At the end of this review process you will be able to (1) certify that you have completed required coordination with the Service under the ESA, or (2) request additional review by the Service.

Step 1: Define the Action Area

The action area of a proposed project is defined by regulation as “all areas to be affected directly or indirectly by the Federal action and not merely the immediate area involved in the action” (50 CFR Section 402.02). This analysis is not limited to the “footprint” of the action nor is it limited by the Federal agency’s authority. Rather, it is a biological determination of the reach of the proposed action on listed species. To determine the action area:

1. Identify the project footprint on a map.
2. Consider the range of direct and indirect impacts of the action – impacts caused by the proposed action (including other activities that would only occur because of the proposed action), are reasonably certain to occur, and may affect suitable habitat or any listed species present. These effects may occur later in time or outside the project footprint. Effects can be temporary or permanent. They can include: 
   • Ground disturbance (including access roads and staging areas)
   • Changes in water quality and quantity (both surface and underground water)
   • Stormwater run-off
   • Human presence
   • Air quality
   • Lighting effects
   • Noise disturbance
3. Draw a line around all of the affected areas. This is the action area.

Image Details

The geographic extent of these effects defines your action area and will be used in the Service’s Information for Planning and Consultation (IPaC) system in Step 3. You will need to develop a map that shows your project’s action area, project footprint, and other relevant information. An inaccurate action area could result in incorrect outcomes and incomplete compliance with the ESA.

Step 2: Describe the Action

To determine how your project may interact with listed or proposed species and their habitats, a detailed account of all project elements is necessary.  Prepare a detailed project description, including:

• Project purpose.
• Federal nexus, i.e. the federal agency involved and their role.
• Maps with enough detail to discern project boundaries and action area.  Such maps may include, but are not limited to: vicinity map with address and latitude/longitude in decimal degrees; property boundary or parcel maps; aerial and topographic maps; site plans – plan view, typical cross-sections, and engineering specifications.
• Construction methods, including equipment, materials, description of percussive activities, use of lighting (e.g., type, location), staging areas, access routes, and construction timing (time of year, time of day/night, etc.).
• Project and permitting timelines, including time of work when project activities will occur.
• Long-term operation and maintenance activities (e.g., mowing, herbicide, etc.).

Step 3: Generate an Official Species List and Use Available Determination Keys

Use the Service's Information, Planning and Consultation system (IPaC)to determine if any listed, proposed, or candidate species or designated critical habitat may be present in the action area.

1. Follow the instructions on the IPaC website to create a username or log in to your existing account, define your project action area by uploading a shapefile or using the drawing tools, and request an Official Species List. If your Official Species List includes:
   • No listed, proposed, or candidate* species or critical habitats: no further consultation is necessary and you may use your Official Species List as documentation of ESA compliance for your files.
   • Northern long-eared bat: complete the Northern Long-Eared Bat Rangewide Determination Key in IPaC if applicable for your project type (See Step 4 for more information).
   • Other listed, proposed, or candidate* species and/or critical habitat: complete the Northeast Endangered Species Determination Key in IPaC.
     • If you receive a “May Affect” determination for any species in the Northeast Endangered Species DKey, or one of the species on your Official Species List is not covered by the DKey, you will have to consult using the normal section 7 consultation process for these species by adding them to the first column of the Species Determination Tableand continuing with the Project Review process in Step 5.
2. REMINDER: Please do not use the "Consultation Package Builder" tool in IPaC except in specific situations following coordination with our office, please follow the below process to prepare a Project Review Package instead.
3. Until the proposed project is implemented, check IPaC every 90 days to ensure that species information is current (by visiting the project on your My Projects page and seeing if an Update is available for your Official Species List). If any changes to the species list occur that add an additional species, you must complete the project review process for the newly identified species.

Bald and Golden Eagles: Although bald and golden eagles are not listed species and therefore endangered species project review with our office is unnecessary for these species, they are still protected under the Federal Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act. To learn more about this Act and whether consultation or a permit through the Migratory Birds Program is necessary, visit the following site: Bald and Golden Eagle Management.

Proposed species or proposed Critical Habitat are any species or Critical Habitat areas that are proposed in the Federal Register to be listed under section 4 of the ESA. 

*Candidate species are species of fish, wildlife, or plants for which the Service has sufficient information to propose them as endangered or threatened under the ESA, but for which development of a proposed listing regulation is precluded by other higher priority listing activities. The Service encourages consideration of these species in the environmental review process by avoiding adverse impacts to these species. Until they are proposed for listing, candidate species are not legally protected pursuant to the ESA, therefore any actions undertaken to avoid impacts or provide protection for these species are optional. Candidate species' occurrence on an official species list does not convey a requirement to consider impacts to this species as you would a proposed, threatened, or endangered species. The ESA does not provide for interagency consultations on candidate species under section 7.

Step 4: Addressing Northern Long-eared Bat and Tricolored Bat (Updated 12/5/2024)

Please see the northern long-eared bat and tricolored bat species pages for more information on this update.

A. Use the Northern Long-eared Bat and Tricolored Bat Range-wide Determination Key (DKey) in IPaC (Exception: If your project is an FHWA/FTA/FRA Project – use the FHWA/FTA/FRRA DKey)

1. New IPaC Projects: In IPaC, after you have generated an Official Species List for your project, navigate to “Start Review” or “Resume Review” and select the Northern Long-eared Bat and Tricolored Bat Range-wide Determination Key from the list of available Determination Keys.
2. Existing IPaC Projects: If you previously used the Northern Long-eared Bat Rangewide Determination Key or Interim Consultation Framework for NLEB, the results are still valid unless any of the Section 7 reinitiation criteria are met. If your project is not complete and you would like to use the new DKey, please log into IPaC and navigate to “My Projects” where you will find a list of your projects. Click on the name of the project you wish to update, then click “Project Home”. Next, click “Update Species” or “Resume Review” and go to “Evaluate Determination Keys” to utilize the new Northern Long-eared Bat and Tricolored Bat Range-wide Determination Key. If the key is grayed out, you will need to open the old NLEB Rangewide DKey , click “Delete Evaluation”, and then return to the “Evaluate Determination Keys” page to select the new DKey. 
   • NOTE: If someone else in your organization was the original author of the IPaC project, please request access to the project using the “Request Access” link on the “My Projects” page.

B. What do the NLEB and TCB Range-wide DKey results mean?

1. “No Effect” or “Not Likely to Adversely Affect” determination for both NLEB and TCB
   • You may download the letter for your records and no further consultation is needed for NLEB or TCB
   • You may proceed with the project if USFWS does not contact you about the project within 15 days, unless another listed species or critical habitat appeared on your species list and consultation is not complete for that species or critical habitat.
2. “May Affect” determination for NLEB, TCB, or both species
   • Please use the normal section 7 consultation process for any species that received a May Affect determination, starting in Step 5. Please contact our office at newengland@fws.gov for technical assistance. 
3. IMPORTANT: If you have other species on your Official Species List, please utilize the Northeast Endangered Species Determination Key (found in the Determination Key list in IPaC)
   • If you receive a “May Affect” determination for any species in the Northeast Endangered Species DKey, or one of the species on your Official Species List is not covered by the DKey, you will have to consult using the normal section 7 consultation process for these species starting in Step 5. 
   • Please do not use the "Consultation Package Builder" tool in IPaC except in specific situations following coordination with our office, please follow the below process to prepare a Project Review Package instead.

Additional Information About NLEB and TCB

Examples of activities that may impact NLEB and TCB:

1. Tree cutting, trimming, or removal (≥3” DBH trees)
2. Percussive activities (e.g., blasting, pile driving, jackhammering)
3. Lighting at night
4. Constructing or operating wind turbines
5. Removal, maintenance, or modification of bridges, culverts, or other structures, including out buildings
6. Prescribed burning

Conservation measures and survey guidelines:

1. Avoid tree cutting, trimming, or removal during the bat active season
   • See Appendix L in the Current Survey Guidelines Document for a table listing states and bat activity periods for IBAT, NLEB, and TCB 
2. Conduct acoustic surveys to determine presence or absence in an area using survey guidelines
   • Range-wide Indiana Bat and Northern Long-eared Bat Survey Guidelines
3. Bat boxes
4. Other habitat enhancement (e.g., girdling); contact state wildlife agency for project-specific recommendations
5. Mitigate for likely impacts

Step 5: Coordinate with States

We recommend that you contact your state Natural Heritage or Endangered Species Program for additional information about listed species that may occur in your action area (i.e. proximity to bat roosts and hibernacula, species resource needs, etc.):

1. Connecticut
   • Connecticut DEEP Bureau of Natural Resources
   • Requests for Natural Diversity Data Base State Listed Species Reviews
2. Massachusetts
   • Massachusetts Natural Heritage and Endangered Species Program
   • MA Endangered Species Act (MESA) Regulatory Review
3. New Hampshire
   • New Hampshire Natural Heritage Bureau
   • New Hampshire Natural Heritage Bureau Data Request
4. Rhode Island
   • Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management
   • Rhode Island Natural Heritage Survey
5. Vermont
   • Vermont Fish and Wildlife Department
   • Vermont Development Review

Step 6: Determine Presence of Suitable Habitat and Listed Species

Your Official Species List from IPaC indicates the possible presence of a species at your project location, the next step is to assess whether suitable habitat is present.

Using species information provided by IPaC or Species Profile pages, the information about listed species provided by your state agency, and any other reliable sources of information (e.g., habitat assessments), identify whether your action area contains suitable habitat for each species on your Official Species List.

Habitat assessments and species surveys may be recommended for some species. If you have questions regarding habitat assessments or species surveys, please contact the New England Field Office for technical assistance.

A. Is suitable habitat for listed species present in your action area?

• If you can confirm that there is no suitable habitat within the action area, answer “suitable habitat not present” in the species summary table for the appropriate species, and document what source(s) of information you consulted and why you reached that conclusion in the notes/documentation column of the species conclusions table. Add this documentation to your project review package.
• If there may be suitable habitat for a listed/proposed/candidate species or if you are uncertain about whether the habitat types may support any listed/proposed/candidate species, we may recommend a detailed habitat assessment. Please contact the New England Field Office for technical assistance in determining if a habitat assessment is necessary. If suitable habitat may be present for the bog turtle, a Phase 1 Habitat Survey may be needed, please contact our office for guidelines and a list of approved surveyors.
• For each species, complete the Suitable Habitat column in the Species Determination Table with your answer (suitable habitat present, suitable habitat not present, or don’t know) and include why you reached that conclusion in the Notes/Information column of the species conclusions table. Add the habitat assessment to the project review package.

B. Is the species present in your action area?

If suitable habitat for a species is present within the action area, determine if the species is present and fill out the "Species/PBF Presence" column of your Species Determination Table. You may determine presence through use of available information or by conducting a species survey. Alternatively, you can assume potential species presence based on the presence of suitable habitat. Please coordinate with us to determine whether or not a survey is necessary and to obtain survey guidelines, appropriate survey windows, information about whether or not an ESA Section 10(a)(1)(A) permit will be required, and a list of qualified surveyors for mussels, bats and bog turtles.

• If surveys indicate species are absent from the action area, add "species not present" to the Species Determination Table. Add the survey report to the project review package.
• If surveys document that a species is present, add "species present" to the species summary table for the appropriate species. Add the survey report to the project review package.
• If surveys are not conducted, either assume that a species is present and conclude “species present” or use available information to conclude “species not present” and indicate why in the Notes/Information Column.

Step 7: Determine if Critical Habitat Physical and Biological Features are Present

Critical habitats are legally designated areas with physical or biological features (PBFs) essential to the conservation of listed species and that may need special management or protection.  Federal agencies must ensure their actions don’t appreciably diminish the value of critical habitat for listed species.  Designated critical habitat has a legal status and definition and isn’t synonymous with “suitable habitat.” Your IPaC-generated species list will also tell you if designated critical habitat is present in the action area. Descriptions of PBFs can be found in species Recovery Plans and/or federal register documents. If designated critical habitat is present, determine if the essential PBFs are present. Complete the relevant section of the Species Determination Table.

Step 8: Effects Determinations

A. Consider Potential Effects

Potential Effects to Listed Species/Critical Habitat: The next step in the project review process is to examine the potential ways in which your project and its associated activities may impact each listed species and/or designated critical habitat on your Official Species List. Effects may be direct (e.g. potential to injure, crush, disturb, kill any life stage) or indirect (e.g. changes to suitable habitat, impacts to food or water resources, etc.). Using the information you have gathered about the action area, project description, suitable habitat for species on your Official Species List, and presence of species/critical habitat, thoroughly consider the following:

• Time of year – will project activities occur when a species is active, hibernating, breeding, migrating, or foraging?
• What is the expected duration of the project, or specific activities? (e.g. tree clearing, construction, etc.)
• Will effects be temporary or permanent? (e.g. permanent change in habitat type or construction of permanent structures vs. noise and human presence during construction). If a project will occur when a species is not present in the action area, could there still be effects to habitat that may impact the species when it returns (e.g. migratory birds, nesting habitat that is only used seasonally)?
• If designated Critical Habitat for a species is on your Official Species List, are there any potential ways in which the project could adversely impact essential physical and biological features that may be present within the action area?
• Have you drawn your action area correctly to encompass all potential effects from a project (e.g. downstream of a project that may impact water resources, etc.)?

Conservation Measures/BMPs: Once you have examined the potential effects from project activities, you can consider whether there are existing aspects of the project design that already contribute to avoiding and minimizing potential adverse effects. You may also consider whether or not there are additional conservation measures or BMPs (e.g. time of year restrictions, avoiding suitable habitat) that could be implemented to avoid or minimizes potential effects to listed species and/or Critical Habitat. If you need suggestions for conservation measures or BMPs, please contact our office.

B. Make an Effects Determination (Federal Agencies Only*)

The Federal agency providing a permit, funding, grant, authorization, loan, etc., associated with the proposed project is ultimately responsible for making a section 7 determination for each species on the species list after evaluating the potential for effects. If you are consulting on behalf of a Federal agency as a designated non-federal representative (should have written authorization) or carrying out an activity, coordinate with the Federal agency to make an assessment of impacts to federally listed threatened and endangered species from proposed project activities. Please complete the Species Determination Table with any conservation measures or BMPs identified while considering potential effects and make an effects determination for each species and/or designated critical habitat.

Section 7 Effects Determinations include:

• No effect: possible conclusions that may lead to this determination include situations where a species is not present or no suitable habitat is present.
• May affect, not likely to adversely affect (NLAA): possible conclusions that may lead to this determination include situations where suitable habitat is present but the species is not present, where suitable or potential habitat is present and the species may be present or is confirmed present, but the project is extremely unlikely to impact the species, when critical habitat is present, but the project would cause extremely minor impacts, or when the effects of the project on the species are only beneficial.
• May affect, is likely to adversely affect (LAA): adverse effects to a listed species, its habitat, or designated critical habitat may occur as a direct or indirect result of the proposed action or its interrelated or interdependent actions. Please contact our office for further guidance.

 *If you are a consultant or individual WITHOUT Federal agency involvement (any action authorized, permitted, funded, or carried out), project review with the New England Field Office pursuant to section 7 of the ESA is not required but other provisions in the ESA still apply. For instance, no person is authorized to "take" (kill, injure, harm, harass, etc.) listed species without appropriate authorization from the Service. Therefore, we provide technical assistance to individuals and State or local agencies to assist with project planning to avoid the potential for "take," or when appropriate, to provide assistance with their application for a take permit pursuant to section 10 of the ESA. For more information on incidental take permits and associated Habitat Conservation Plans (HCPs), please review the Service'sHCP page for information. Please contact the New England Field Office with any questions or requests for technical assistance.

Step 9: Complete Project Evaluation and Compile Your Project Review Package If Necessary

Please be sure to follow all preceding steps before requesting ESA consultation. If your determinations are:

• No effect - If the ESA section 7 determinations for all species (except the northern long-eared bat*) and critical habitat is “no effect”, no further consultation with this office is required. If you need documentation of ESA compliance for your files, please use your Official Species List and complete Species Determination Table as documentation. You should not submit a project review package.
• May affect not likely to adversely affect (NLAA) - If the ESA section 7 determination for any species or critical habitat is "may affect not likely to adversely affect" (and you have not already received a concurrence letter through a Determination Key in IPaC for those species), you should submit a project review package to this office for informal review.
  • Please prepare a review request letter using ourProject Review Request Letter Template.  In this letter, you will document the project description, describe the habitat within your action area, identify whether suitable habitat may or may not be present, examine potential effects from project actions, document your reasons for the determinations you have made for each species, and request our concurrence with your determinations.
  • In addition to the letter, please include other relevant project review package items listed in the table below.
• May affect likely to adversely affect (LAA) - If your ESA section 7 determination for any species or critical habitat is “may affect likely to adversely affect” or you are unsure of whether or not adverse effects are likely to occur, please contact us before submitting your project package, as we may be able to recommend potential conservation measures to avoid adverse effects or your project may require a more in-depth BA/BE and formal consultation.

If the ESA section 7 determination for any listed species or critical habitat is "may affect", either NLAA or LAA, the Federal agency should submit a Project Review Package to the New England Field Office to initiate consultation. We will respond after we receive a complete project review package, which includes:

Project Review Package Submission Guidelines:

• Format and size: consolidate documents into a single PDF if possible, smaller than 25MB. If a single email would be larger than 25MB, let us know and we will arrange for you to submit your document using our File Transfer program.
• Subject Line: indicate the name of your project, location, and Project Code (found on Official Species List).
• Receipt Confirmation: All Project Review Submissions will receive a return receipt to inform you that your project has been successfully submitted to this office.
• Keep Records: Maintain a complete copy of the project review package in your files as part of your official record of ESA compliance.
• Email the Project Review Package to the following email address: newengland@fws.gov

If you have questions or comments concerning this process or are stuck at any step, please reach out to a consulting biologist if you know who you will be working with, or send an email to newengland@fws.gov.
 

Streamlined Consultation Guidance for Select Project Types

Telecommunication Tower Projects

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife has determined that individual project review for certain types of activities associated with telecommunication towers is not required. We are not aware of adverse impacts to listed or proposed species from maintenance or co-location on existing communication towers in New England; therefore, there is no need to contact this office for technical assistance or a Section 7 Section 7
Section 7 Consultation The Endangered Species Act (ESA) directs all Federal agencies to work to conserve endangered and threatened species and to use their authorities to further the purposes of the Act. Section 7 of the Act, called "Interagency Cooperation," is the mechanism by which Federal agencies ensure the actions they take, including those they fund or authorize, do not jeopardize the existence of any listed species.

Learn more about Section 7 consultation for these activities. 

For telecommunication tower projects that do not meet the letter criteria, please follow the general Project Review Process by starting at Step 1. For recommendations on new telecommunication tower siting, construction, operation, and decommissioning, please also refer to the Service's Revised Recommended Best Practices for Communication Towers.

Please review the instructions and criteria in our Communication Tower Streamlined Consultation Letter to determine if the letter applies to your project.

Routine Highway Maintenance Projects

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has determined that individual project review for certain types of activities associated with routine highway maintenance and upgrade activities is not required. For highway maintenance projects that do not meet the letter criteria, please follow the general Project Review Process by starting at Step 1.

Please review the instructions and criteria in our Routine Highway Maintenance Projects Streamlined Consultation Letter to determine if the letter applies to your project.

2016 EPA NPDES Small MS4 Permit Renewal Projects in MA and NH

If you are submitting an MS4 Notice of Intent in Massachusetts or New Hampshire, your project may be eligible to use a consultation letter developed by USFWS for projects that meet specific conditions. If your project is not eligible to use these letters, please follow our step-by-step consultation guidance by starting at Step 1. 

Please visit the following links to determine your eligibility and download a letter:

• Appendix C: Endangered Species Guidance
• USFWS Consultation Letter for Certifying under Criterion B (MA)
• USFWS Consultation Letter for Certifying under Criterion B (NH)

Trail Maintenance Projects

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has determined that individual project review for certain types of activities associated with frequently conducted trail maintenance activities is not required. Eligibility depends on proposed activities and what species are on your official species list. For trail maintenance projects that do not meet the letter criteria, please follow the general Project Review Process by starting at Step 1.

Please review the instructions and criteria in our Trail Maintenance Projects Streamlined Consultation Letter to determine if the letter applies to your project.