[Federal Register: April 13, 2010 (Volume 75, Number 70)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Page 18959-19165]
From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]
[DOCID:fr13ap10-7]
[[Page 18959]]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Part II
Department of the Interior
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Fish and Wildlife Service
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
50 CFR Part 17
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Determination of
Endangered Status for 48 Species on Kauai and Designation of Critical
Habitat; Final Rule
[[Page 18960]]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Fish and Wildlife Service
50 CFR Part 17
[FWS-R1-ES-2008-0046]
[MO 92210-0-0008]
RIN 1018-AV48
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Determination of
Endangered Status for 48 Species on Kauai and Designation of Critical
Habitat
AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.
ACTION: Final rule.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), determine
endangered status for 48 species on the island of Kauai in the Hawaiian
Islands under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act). We
also designate 26,582 acres (ac) (10,757 hectares (ha)) of critical
habitat for 47 of these species. The critical habitat is located in
Kauai County, Hawaii. Critical habitat designation was determined to be
not prudent for one species, Pritchardia hardyi (a palm), which is
threatened by over collection and vandalism.
DATES: This rule becomes effective on May 13, 2010.
ADDRESSES: This final rule and economic impact analysis are available
on the Internet at http://www.regulations.gov. Comments and materials
received, as well as supporting documentation used in preparing this
final are available for public inspection, by appointment, during
normal business hours, at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific
Islands Fish and Wildlife Office, 300 Ala Moana Boulevard, Box 50088,
Honolulu, HI 96850; telephone 808-792-9400; facsimile 808-792-9581.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Loyal Mehrhoff, Field Supervisor,
Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (see ADDRESSES section). If
you use a telecommunications device for the deaf (TDD), call the
Federal Information Relay Service (FIRS) at 800-877-8339.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: This document consists of: (1) a final rule
to list 48 species as endangered; and (2) a final critical habitat
designation for 47 species.
Previous Federal Action
Thirty-one of the Kauai species in this final rule were previously
candidate species. Candidate species are those taxa for which the
Service has sufficient information on their biological status and
threats to list as endangered or threatened under the Endangered
Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act; 16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.), but for
which the development of a listing regulation has been precluded to
date by other higher priority listing activities.
The candidates addressed in this final listing rule include the
plants Astelia waialealae (painiu), Canavalia napaliensis (awikiwiki),
Chamaesyce eleanoriae (akoko), Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis
(akoko), Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi (akoko), Charpentiera densiflora
(papala), Cyanea eleeleensis (haha), Cyanea kuhihewa (also haha),
Cyrtandra oenobarba (hiiwale), Dubautia imbricata subspecies (ssp).
imbricata (naenae), Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia (also naenae),
Dubautia waialealae (naenae), Geranium kauaiense (nohoanu), Keysseria
erici (no common name (ncn)), Keysseria helenae (ncn), Labordia helleri
(kamakahala), Labordia pumila (also kamakahala), Lysimachia daphnoides
(lehua makanoe), Melicope degeneri (alani), Melicope paniculata (also
alani), Melicope puberula (alani), Myrsine mezii (kolea), Pittosporum
napaliense (hoawa), Platydesma rostrata (pilo kea lau li i),
Pritchardia hardyi (loulu), Psychotria grandiflora (kopiko), Psychotria
hobdyi (kopiko), Schiedea attenuata (ncn), and Stenogyne kealiae (ncn);
the bird, akikiki (Oreomystis bairdi); and the picture-wing fly,
Drosophila attigua (now D. sharpi, see explanation under ``Description
of the 48 Species'' below).
The candidate status of all of these species was most recently
assessed and reaffirmed in the December 10, 2008, Notice of Review of
Native Species that are Candidates or Proposed for Listing as
Threatened or Endangered (CNOR) (73 FR 75176, December 10, 2008).
On May 4, 2004, the Center for Biological Diversity petitioned the
Secretary of the Interior to list 225 species of plants and animals,
including the 31 candidate species listed above, as endangered or
threatened under the provisions of the Act. Since then, we have
published our annual findings on the May 4, 2004, petition (including
our findings on the 31 candidate species listed above) in the CNORs
dated May 11, 2005 (70 FR 24870), September 12, 2006 (71 FR 53756),
December 6, 2007 (72 FR 69033), and December 10, 2008 (73 FR 75176).
On October 11, 2007, we received a petition from Dr. Eric
VanderWerf and the American Bird Conservancy to list the akikiki and
the akekee (Loxops caeruleirostris) as endangered or threatened
species. According to the petitioners, the akikiki and akekee warrant
listing under the Act because they have small populations; occur in
small geographic ranges; are undergoing rapid population and range
declines; and face numerous imminent and significant threats including,
but not limited to, habitat loss and degradation by alien plants and
nonnative ungulates, diseases spread by alien mosquitoes, predation by
alien mammals, and catastrophic events such as hurricanes (VanderWerf
and American Bird Conservancy 2007). The petitioners also cite the
inadequacy of regulatory mechanisms as a threat, noting that as members
of the subfamily Drepanidinae (Hawaiian honeycreepers), the akikiki and
akekee are not protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (16 U.S.C.
703-712; see 71 FR 50205, August 24, 2006). The akikiki was already a
candidate species (59 FR 58982, November 15, 1994). The proposed rule
(73 FR 62592, October 21, 2008) and this final designation constitute
our response to the October 11, 2007, petition.
In addition to the 31 candidate species and the akekee, we are
listing and designating critical habitat for the following 16 species
of plants endemic to Kauai: Cyanea kolekoleensis, Cyanea dolichopoda,
Cyrtandra paliku, Diellia mannii, Doryopteris angelica, Dryopteris
crinalis var. podosorus, Dubautia kalalauensis, Dubautia kenwoodii,
Lysimachia iniki, Lysimachia pendens, Lysimachia scopulensis,
Lysimachia venosa, Myrsine knudsenii, Phyllostegia renovans,
Tetraplasandra bisattenuata, and Tetraplasandra flynnii. These 16 Kauai
plant species have been identified by the multiagency (Federal, State,
and private) Plant Extinction Prevention (PEP) program as being among
the rarest of the rare Hawaiian plant species, and in need of immediate
conservation. The goal of this program is to prevent the extinction of
native plant species with fewer than 50 individuals remaining in the
wild on the islands of Kauai, Oahu, Maui, Molokai, Lanai, and Hawaii by
establishing a network of multi-island plant propagation sites and
storage facilities, and conducting emergency monitoring and genetic
sampling of all PEP species (Hawaii Division of Forestry and Wildlife
(DOFAW) 2007; Service 2007). The Service has provided significant
funding to this program since 2002, through section 6 (Cooperation with
the States) of the Act. We believe these 16 plant species warrant
listing under the Act for the reasons discussed below (``Description of
the 48 Species'' and ``Summary of Factors Affecting the
[[Page 18961]]
Species''). Since these species occur within the same 6 ecosystems and
share common threats with the other 32 species, we have included them
here in an effort to provide them with Federal protection in an
expeditious manner.
On October 21, 2008, we published a proposed rule to list these 48
species as endangered throughout their ranges, and to designate
critical habitat for 47 of these species (73 FR 62592). The comment
period for that proposal opened on October 21, 2008, and closed on
December 22, 2008.
Background
An Ecosystem-based Approach
On the island of Kauai, as on most of the Hawaiian Islands, native
species that occur in the same habitat types (ecosystems) depend on
many of the same biological features and on the successful functioning
of that ecosystem to survive. We have therefore organized the species
addressed in this final rule by common ecosystem. Although the listing
determination for each species is analyzed separately, we have
organized the specific analysis for each species within the context of
the broader ecosystem in which it occurs to avoid redundancy. In
addition, native species that share ecosystems often face a suite of
common threat factors that require similar management actions to reduce
or eliminate those threats. Effective management of these threat
factors often requires implementation of conservation actions at the
ecosystem scale to enhance or restore critical ecological processes and
provide for long-term viability of those species in their native
environment. Thus, by taking this approach, we hope to not only
organize this final rule effectively, but also to more effectively
focus conservation management efforts on the common threats that occur
across these ecosystems, restore ecosystem function for the recovery of
each species, and provide conservation benefits for associated native
species, thereby potentially precluding the need to list other species
under the Act that occur in these shared ecosystems.
We are listing each of the 48 species endemic to the island of
Kauai addressed in this rule as an endangered species. These 48 species
(45 plants, 2 birds, and 1 picture-wing fly) are found in 6 ecosystem
types: lowland mesic, lowland wet, montane mesic, montane wet, dry
cliff, and wet cliff (Table 1). Although most of these species are
restricted to a single ecosystem, some are found in multiple
ecosystems. For each species, we identified and evaluated those factors
that threaten the species and that may be common to all of the species
at the ecosystem level. For example, the degradation of habitat by
feral ungulates is considered a threat to each species within each
ecosystem. As a result, this threat factor is considered to be a
multiple ecosystem-level threat, as each individual species within each
ecosystem faces a threat that is essentially identical in terms of the
nature of the impact, its severity, its imminence, and its scope. We
further identified and evaluated any threat factors that may be unique
to certain species, and do not apply to all species under consideration
within the same ecosystem. For example, the threat of avian malaria is
unique to the two birds in this final rule, but is not applicable to
any of the other species in this final rule. We have identified such
threat factors, which apply only to certain species within the
ecosystems addressed here as species-specific threats.
TABLE 1.--THE 48 KAUAI SPECIES AND THE ECOSYSTEMS UPON WHICH THEY DEPEND
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ecosystem Species
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lowland Mesic Plants: Canavalia napaliensis,
Chamaesyce eleanoriae,
Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi,
Charpentiera densiflora,
Doryopteris angelica, Dubautia
kenwoodii, Labordia helleri,
Pittosporum napaliense,
Platydesma rostrata, Psychotria
hobdyi, Tetraplasandra
bisattenuata
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lowland Wet Plants: Chamaesyce remyi var.
kauaiensis, Chamaesyce remyi
var. remyi, Charpentiera
densiflora, Cyanea eleeleensis,
Cyanea kolekoleensis, Cyanea
kuhihewa, Cyrtandra oenobarba,
Dubautia imbricata ssp.
imbricata, Labordia helleri,
Melicope paniculata, Melicope
puberula, Phyllostegia renovans,
Platydesma rostrata, Pritchardia
hardyi, Stenogyne kealiae,
Tetraplasandra bisattenuata,
Tetraplasandra flynii
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Montane Mesic Plants: Chamaesyce remyi var.
remyi, Diellia mannii, Labordia
helleri, Myrsine knudsenii,
Myrsine mezii, Platydesma
rostrata, Psychotria
grandiflora, Stenogyne kealiae,
Tetraplasandra flynnii Animals:
Akekee, Akikiki, Drosophila
sharpi
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Montane Wet Plants: Astelia waialealae,
Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi,
Dryopteris crinalis var.
podosorus, Dubautia
kalalauensis, Dubautia
waialealae, Geranium kauaiense,
Keysseria erici, Keysseria
helenae, Labordia helleri,
Labordia pumila, Lysimachia
daphnoides, Melicope degeneri,
Melicope puberula, Myrsine
mezii, Phyllostegia renovans,
Platydesma rostrata, Psychotria
grandiflora, Tetraplasandra
flynnii Animals: Akekee,
Akikiki, Drosophila sharpi
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dry Cliff Plants: Chamaesyce eleanoriae,
Lysimachia scopulensis, Schiedea
attenuata, Stenogyne kealiae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Wet Cliff Plants: Chamaesyce remyi var.
kauaiensis, Chamaesyce remyi
var. remyi, Cyanea dolichopoda,
Cyrtandra oenobarba, Cyrtandra
paliku, Dubautia plantaginea
ssp. magnifolia, Lysimachia
iniki, Lysimachia pendens,
Lysimachia venosa, Platydesma
rostrata, Pritchardia hardyi
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Under the Act, we are required to designate critical habitat to the
maximum extent prudent and determinable concurrently with the
publication of a final determination that a species is endangered or
threatened. In this rule, we are designating critical habitat for 47 of
the 48 Kauai species. We have determined that the designation of
critical habitat is not prudent for one species of native palm tree due
to the increased threat of collection that may result from such
designation. The designation of critical habitat for the other 47 Kauai
species is organized by common ecosystem. Although critical habitat is
identified for each species individually, we have found that the
conservation of each depends, at least in part, on the successful
functioning of the commonly shared ecosystem. Each critical habitat
unit identified in this final rule therefore contains the physical and
[[Page 18962]]
biological features essential to the conservation of each species and
those areas that are essential for the conservation of each associated
species.
Where the unit is not occupied by a particular species, we believe
it is essential for the conservation of that species because it
provides the physical and biological features necessary for the
expansion of populations in the wild. All of the areas designated
constitute critical habitat for multiple species, based upon the
species' shared habitat requirements. The identification of critical
habitat also takes into account any species-specific physical and
biological features necessary for the conservation of that species as
appropriate. For example, the presence of specific host plants for
larval development is essential for the conservation of the picture-
wing fly Drosophila sharpi, but is not a requirement shared by all
species within the same ecosystem.
This approach represents a departure from our previous approaches
to designating critical habitat for endangered and threatened species
in Hawaii, which focused on discrete areas occupied by the species at
the time of listing. Because Hawaii has 330 species listed under the
Act, the previous approach to critical habitat designations resulted in
an overlapping patchwork of critical habitat areas that could be
confusing to the public to interpret. More importantly, we have learned
that many native Hawaiian plants and animals currently occupy areas of
marginal habitat because the threats are reduced in those areas, but
these species can thrive when reintroduced into historical habitats
when threats are being effectively managed. For this reason, we believe
it is important to designate unoccupied habitat in those cases where it
is essential to the recovery of the species and a designation limited
to its present range would be inadequate to ensure the conservation of
the species (50 CFR 424.12 (e)).
We believe the approach adopted in this final rule will make
critical habitat in Hawaii a more useful conservation tool for land
managers. Focusing on the management and restoration of habitat at the
ecosystem scale and on ecosystem processes that these species require
will result in more effective conservation than a designation based
solely on the locations of the last few known individuals. In addition,
we believe this approach will aid recovery given the uncertainties of
climate change and other processes that may impact highly localized
habitat conditions and features essential to the conservation of the
species in the future. Critical habitat areas for multiple species may
also better provide for the recovery of these species by guiding our
conservation efforts as well as those of our partners, and by providing
better information to the public and other entities about important
conservation areas.
The Island of Kauai
The island of Kauai is the northernmost and oldest of the eight
major Hawaiian Islands (Foote et al. 1972, p. 3). It was formed about 6
million years ago by a single shield volcano and is 553 square miles
(sq mi) (1,430 sq kilometers (km)) in area. The island is characterized
by deeply incised canyons and steep ridges (Department of Geography
1998, p. 151). The large caldera, once the largest in the Hawaiian
Islands, now extends about 10 mi (16 km) in diameter and comprises the
elevated tableland of the Alakai Swamp (Department of Geography 1998,
p. 151). To the west of the Alakai Swamp is the deeply incised Waimea
Canyon, extending 10 mi (16 km) in length and up to 1 mi (1.6 km) in
width. Later volcanic activity on the southeastern flank of the volcano
formed the smaller Haupu caldera. Subsequent erosion and collapse of
its flank formed Haupu Ridge (Macdonald et al. 1983, p. 457).
The amount of rainfall on the Hawaiian Islands depends greatly on
topography, and the orographic (mountain-caused) effect is revealed by
the wide range in the pattern of annual rainfall, from 10 inches (in)
to 450 in (25 centimeters (cm) to 1,145 cm) (Giambelluca and Schroeder
1998, p. 59). Variations in the landscape can create microclimates,
with large changes in rainfall and wind patterns over very short
distances (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 43). Mount Waialeale, Kauai's second
highest point at 5,148 feet (ft) (1,569 meters (m)) in elevation
(Walker 1999, p. 21) is one of the wettest spots on earth, with annual
rainfall measured at more than 450 in (1,145 cm) (Department of
Geography 1998, p. 151). One of the island's most famous features is
the Na Pali Coast, where stream and wave action have cut deep valleys
and eroded the land to form precipitous cliffs as high as 3,000 ft (914
m) (Joesting 1984, p. 14).
The current soil classification system for the Hawaiian Islands
distinguishes soil types based on their measurable physical and
chemical properties, and environmental factors that influenced their
formation. These characteristics include fertility, climate zone,
degree of weathering, composition and arrangement of horizons (soil
layers), and the soil's developmental history. Eleven of the 12
described soil orders have been reported in Hawaii (Gavenda et al.
1998, p. 96). Hawaii's basaltic rocks decompose to clay and various
oxides and hydroxides when exposed to the weather in high rainfall
areas. Silica and other elements are leached out, leaving the iron
oxides, which are conspicuously red in color and very evident in the
eroded cliffs of Waimea Canyon. These red soils support plant life, and
have low fertility and nutrient content (Walker 1999, p. 32). The soils
in drier areas lack significant organic material and are characterized
by deposits, called caliche, of soluble salts near the soil surface.
Caliche may form concretions (solid mass or coalescence) around plant
roots and stems (Walker 1999, p. 32).
Because of its age and relative isolation, levels of floristic
diversity and endemism are higher on Kauai than on any other island in
the Hawaiian archipelago. However, the vegetation of Kauai has
undergone extreme alterations because of past and present land use.
Land with rich soils was altered by the early Hawaiians and, more
recently, converted to agricultural use (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, p. 45)
or pasture. Intentional and inadvertent introduction of alien plant and
animal species has also contributed to the reduction in range of the
native vegetation on the island of Kauai. (Throughout this rule, the
terms ``alien,'' ``feral,'' ``nonnative,'' and ``introduced'' all refer
to species that are not native to the Hawaiian Islands.) Most of the
taxa included in this rule persist on steep slopes, precipitous cliffs,
valley headwalls, and other regions where unsuitable topography has
prevented urbanization and agricultural development, or where
inaccessibility has limited encroachment by nonnative plant and animal
species.
Kauai Ecosystems
The six Kauai ecosystems that support the species addressed in this
final rule are described in the following sections..
Lowland Mesic
The lowland mesic ecosystem includes a variety of grasslands,
shrublands, and forests, generally below 3,000 ft (914 m) elevation,
that receive between 50 and 75 in (127 and 191 cm) of annual rainfall,
or in otherwise mesic substrate conditions (The Nature Conservancy
(TNC) 2006b). In the Hawaiian Islands, this ecosystem is found on
Hawaii, Maui, Molokai, Lanai, Oahu, and Kauai, on both windward and
leeward sides of the islands. On Kauai, this ecosystem is typically
found
[[Page 18963]]
on the western slopes of the island (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, p. 75; TNC
2006b). Biological diversity is high in this system (TNC 2006b), and 11
of the 48 species included in this final rule are reported from this
ecosystem (Hawaii Biodiversity and Mapping Program (HBMP) 2007; The
Nature Conservancy of Hawaii (TNCH) 2007).
Lowland Wet
The lowland wet ecological system is generally found below 3,000 ft
(914 m) elevation on the windward sides of the main Hawaiian Islands,
except Kahoolawe and Niihau (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, p. 85; TNC 2006c).
These areas include a variety of wet grasslands, shrublands, and
forests that receive greater than 75 in (191 cm) of annual
precipitation, or are found in otherwise wet substrate conditions (TNC
2006c). On Kauai, this system is best developed in wet valleys and
slopes adjacent to the summit plateau of Waialealae and Alakai (TNC
2006c). According to TNC, biological diversity is high in this system
(TNC 2006c), and 17 of the 48 species included in this final rule are
reported from this ecosystem (HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007).
Montane Mesic
A variety of natural communities (e.g., grasslands, shrublands, and
forests) are found in the montane mesic ecological system. This system
is found between 3,000 and 6,600 ft (914 and 2,012 m) elevation in
areas receiving 50 to 75 in (127 to 191 cm) of precipitation yearly
(TNC 2006e). The montane mesic system is found on the islands of
Hawaii, Maui, Molokai, and Kauai. On Kauai, this system is best
developed on the west-facing slopes. The upper elevation for the
montane mesic system on Kauai is constrained by the maximum elevation
on the island (5,243 ft (1,598 m)). Biological diversity is ranked as
moderate in the montane mesic system, according to TNC (TNC 2006e), and
12 of the 48 species included in this final rule are reported from this
ecosystem (HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007).
Montane Wet
The montane wet ecological system is composed of natural
communities (grasslands, shrublands, forests, bogs) found at elevations
between 3,000 and 6,600 ft (914 and 2,012 m) and in areas where annual
precipitation is greater than 75 in (191 cm) (TNC 2006f). The upper
elevation for the montane wet system on Kauai is constrained by the
maximum elevation on the island (5,243 ft (1,598 m)). This system is
found on all of the main Hawaiian Islands except Niihau and Kahoolawe
(TNC 2006f). On Kauai it is best developed in the summit plateau of
Waialeale and Alakai. In this system, biological diversity is moderate
to high (TNC 2006f), and 21 of the 48 species included in this final
rule are reported from this ecosystem (HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007).
Dry Cliff
The dry cliff ecological system is composed of vegetation
communities occupying steep slopes (greater than 65 degrees) in areas
that receive less than 75 in (191 cm) of rainfall annually, or in
otherwise dry substrate conditions (TNC 2006a). This system is found on
all of the main Hawaiian Islands except Niihau, and on the island of
Kauai is best developed in the leeward canyons. A variety of grasslands
and shrublands occur within this system (TNC 2006a). Biological
diversity is low to moderate in this system (TNC 2006a), and 4 of the
48 species included in this final rule are reported from this ecosystem
(HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007).
Wet Cliff
The wet cliff ecological system is generally composed of grasslands
and shrublands on near-vertical slopes (greater than 65 degrees) in
areas that receive more than 75 in (191 cm) of annual precipitation, or
that are in otherwise wet substrate conditions (TNC 2006d). This system
is found on the islands of Hawaii, Maui, Molokai, Lanai, Oahu, and
Kauai. On Kauai, this system is typically found on the windward cliffs
adjacent to Waialeale (TNC 2006d). Biological diversity is low to
moderate in this system (TNC 2006d), and 11 of the 48 species included
in this final rule are reported from this ecosystem (HBMP 2007; TNCH
2007).
Description of the 48 Species
Here we provide a brief description of each of the 48 species,
presented in alphabetical order by genus; plants are presented first,
followed by animals.
Plants
Astelia waialealae (painiu), an herb in the Asteliaceae family,
occurs in bogs and on bog hummocks (low mounds or ridges of vegetation)
dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha (ohia) in the montane wet
ecosystem at elevations between 4,000 and 5,000 ft (1,220 and 1,525 m)
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1461; TNCH 2007). Astelia waialealae was known
historically from five locations in the Alakai Swamp region of Kauai
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1461; HBMP 2007). Between October and December
1994, botanists from the National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG) and
the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) undertook a systematic
survey of bogs on the island of Kauai, revisiting all of the
historically known locations of A. waialealae, as well as 16 additional
bogs. At that time, A. waialealae was confirmed to exist in three bogs.
One bog, known as Sincock Bog 1, contained 3 Astelia clumps with 3
individuals in one, 5 in another, and possibly 10 in the third, for a
total of 18 individuals.
Sincock Bog 2 contained two clumps, with one individual in each,
and Waikoali Bog, or Circle Bog, contained two clumps with one
individual in each (Perlman and Wood 1995, pp. 9--11). In 1996 and
1997, both Sincock Bog 1 and Sincock Bog 2 were fenced, followed by
Circle bog in 1998. Regular monitoring of these bogs commenced, and
with protection from the fences, there was an increase in numbers of
clumps and individuals of A. waialealae found in all three bogs. By
2001, the numbers of clumps (and individuals) reached their peaks of 5
clumps (9 individuals) for Circle bog, 6 clumps (36 individuals) for
Sincock Bog 1, and 2 clumps (7 individuals) for Sincock Bog 2. By 2003,
numbers of individuals began dropping dramatically, with visible signs
of poor health for those remaining (USFWS Kauai monitoring database
2008). Some individuals were removed at that point for preservation in
local propagation facilities. Currently, there are 16 individuals,
possibly representing 6 genetically distinct plants (Service 2005a;
Wood 2006, pp. 8-9; USFWS Kauai monitoring database 2008; Wood 2008).
Canavalia napaliensis (awikiwiki), a climbing plant in the pea
family (Fabaceae), occurs in open sites, on talus slopes, and on gulch
bottoms in mesic forest in the lowland mesic ecosystem, at elevations
between 20 and 1,900 ft (6 and 579 m) (Wagner and Herbst 1999, p. 654;
TNCH 2007). Canavalia napaliensis was historically known from 12
locations along the northwestern coast of the island of Kauai,
extending westward from Haena to Makaha ridge (HBMP 2007). Currently,
this species is restricted to a small section of the Na Pali coast from
Haena to Kalalau Valley (S. Perlman, pers. comm. 2000; HBMP 2007), in 5
populations totaling approximately 106 to 206 individuals (HBMP 2007).
The populations are located in Hoolulu Valley (50 to 100 individuals);
Waiahuaka Valley (1 individual); Pohakuao (5 individuals); Kalalau
Valley (50 to 100 individuals); and Limahuli Valley (1 individual)
(Wagner and Herbst 1999, p. 654; HBMP 2007).
Chamaesyce eleanoriae (akoko), a small shrub in the spurge family
[[Page 18964]]
(Euphorbiaceae), is restricted to steep, north-facing, narrow ridge
crests, outcrops, and steep rocky slopes and upper portions of basalt
cliffs in the dry cliff and lowland mesic ecosystems (Lorence and
Wagner 1996, p. 68; K. Wood, NTBG 2007a; TNCH 2007). Documented
habitats include Metrosideros-Diospyros (ohia-lama) mesic forest,
Metrosideros cliff shrubland, Metrosideros mesic shrubland, and
Eragrostis variabilis (kawelu) coastal dry cliffs, at elevations
between 885 and 3,499 ft (270 and 1,036 m) (HBMP 2007). Chamaesyce
eleanoriae was historically known from 10 populations totaling fewer
than 500 individuals (K. Wood 2007a; Lorence and Wagner 1996, pp. 68-
70). Currently, three populations are known: one at the Kalalau Valley
rim between 2,950 and 3,200 ft (900 and 975 m), below and between the
two Kalalau lookouts; one at Alealau above Kalalau at 3,100 ft (945 m)
elevation; and one at Pohakuao, an isolated hanging valley northeast of
Kalalau, at elevations from 886 to 2,592 ft (270 to 790 m). As of the
last monitoring visit in 2001, these 3 populations combined totaled
fewer than 50 individuals (NTBG 2007).
Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis (akoko), a shrub in the spurge
family (Euphorbiaceae), is found in the lowland wet and wet cliff
ecosystems in Metrosideros polymorpha wet forest at elevations between
1,900 and 2,297 ft (579 and 700 m) (Koutnik 1999, pp. 613-614; HBMP
2007; TNCH 2007). Little is known about the historical range of this
species; however, two collections made on private lands at Kaholuamanao
and near Hanapepe Falls in 1916 and 1926, respectively, indicate that
its range likely extended south and west from its currently known
locations on the island of Kauai (HBMP 2007). Currently, C. remyi var.
kauaiensis is found in Lumahai Valley, Wainiha, Wailua River, the
``Blue Hole'' at the head of Wailua River in the Lihue-Koloa forest
reserve, and at Iliiliula (K. Wood, pers. comm. 2005a; HBMP 2007).
Based on surveys conducted from 2000 through 2004, the number of
individuals at Lumahai Valley dropped from 50 to only ``occasional.''
The number of individuals at Wailua River dropped from 500 to 200; the
number of individuals at the Wainiha population increased from 200 to
as many as 700; about 200 are found at ``Blue Hole''; and a population
of 20 individuals was found in Iliiliula (K. Wood, pers. comm. 2005a;
HBMP 2007). The total number of individuals is at least 920 and
possibly over 1,000 in the 5 populations.
Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi (akoko) is a vine-like shrub in the
spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) found in the lowland mesic, lowland wet,
wet cliff, montane mesic, and montane wet ecosystems in mesic to wet
Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis (ohia-uluhe) forest, at
elevations between 1,200 and 4,100 ft (366 and 1,250 m) (Wood 1998;
Koutnik 1999, pp. 613-614; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). This species is
historically known from widely distributed populations on the island of
Kauai (HBMP 2007). Currently C. remyi var. remyi is found in 10
populations totaling a little more than 350 individuals at Pohakupili,
Makaleha, Malamamaiki, Limahuli, Lumahai, Limahuli-Hanakapiai, Kalalau-
Honopu, Koaie canyon, Wahiawa drainage, and Puu Kolo (Wood 1998; K.
Wood, pers. comm. 2005a; HBMP 2007).
Charpentiera densiflora (papala) is a tree in the amaranth family
(Amaranthaceae) which occurs primarily in the lowland mesic ecosystem,
with one record from the lowland wet ecosystem (Wagner et al. 1999, p.
190; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). This species is found in moist, closed
areas, and grows along drainages and in gulches in valleys, primarily
in Diospyros-Metrosideros (lama-ohia) mixed mesic forest, at elevations
between 400 and 2,200 ft (122 and 671 m) (HBMP 2007). Historically, C.
densiflora was found along the Kalalau trail in the Hoolulu Valley,
with limited distribution in three valleys (including Hanakapiai and
Hanakoa) along the Na Pali Coast of Kauai (Sohmer 1972, p. 294).
Currently, 7 populations are known, totaling approximately 400
individuals, in Hanakapiai, Kalalau, Limahuli, Hoolulu, and Waiahuakua
valleys, and in Pohakuao, a hanging valley between Kalalau and Hanakoa
(HBMP 2007).
Cyanea dolichopoda (haha) is a shrub in the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae). It is found in Metrosideros polymorpha lowland wet
shrubland on a cliff face at approximately 2,300 ft (700 m) elevation
within the wet cliff ecosystem (Lammers and Lorence 1993, p. 432; TNCH
2007). The species was first discovered in 1990 in the ``Blue Hole''
area below Mt. Waialeale, and the plant was last seen in 1992 (Lammers
and Lorence 1993, pp. 431-432). However, additional individuals are
very likely to be found in the extremely steep habitat with additional
surveys (S. Perlman 2007).
Cyanea eleeleensis (haha) is a shrub in the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae) and is reported from the lowland wet ecosystem (Lammers
1992, p. 129; TNCH 2007). It was found growing in a shaded gulch in wet
forest, surrounded by steep, precipitous cliffs of Pali Eleele, at an
elevation of 699 ft (213 m) (HBMP 2007; Lammers 1992, p. 129). This
species was discovered in Wainiha Valley on the island of Kauai in
1977, in one population noted as ``fewer than 10'' individuals (Lammers
1992, p. 129; K. Wood, pers. comm. 2000; HBMP 2007). Collections for
genetic storage and ex situ (off site) propagation were not made at the
time of the 1977 discovery. Since its discovery in 1977, subsequent
surveys for this species have not been conducted in the original (type)
location. Although individuals of this species were not observed in
surveys conducted in August 2001 and June 2002 in areas adjacent to the
original location, much of the suitable habitat (Metrosideros lowland
wet forest) for this species on Kauai has not been surveyed. If surveys
are conducted, additional individuals are likely to be found (S.
Perlman and K. Wood, pers. comm. 2007).
Cyanea kolekoleensis (haha), a shrub in the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), occurs in wet Metrosideros polymorpha forest in the
lowland wet ecosystem at elevations of 2,125 to 2,500 ft (650 to 765 m)
(Lammers 1992, p. 130; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). First discovered in 1987
in the Wahiawa drainage, the last known C. kolekoleensis was observed
in 1992. Seeds were in storage and propagation for this species was
attempted, but none survived (M. Clark, NTBG 2007; Lyon Arboretum
2007). However, there are many areas within the ecosystem type in the
Wahiawa drainage that have not been surveyed for this species, from Mt.
Kahili to Kapalaoa and the Hanapepe Valley rim, and species experts are
confident that additional individuals will be found (S. Perlman 2007).
Cyanea kuhihewa (haha), a shrub in the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), is reported from Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris
linearis wet forest at an elevation of 1,680 ft (512 m) in the lowland
wet ecosystem (Lammers 1996, pp. 238-240; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). In a
1994 survey for C. kuhihewa, seven individuals were observed, most of
which were damaged by a nonnative insect, the two-spotted leafhopper
(Sophonia rufofacia) (NTBG Provenance Report 1994). In 2001, only one
individual plant remained, which was observed dead in 2003 (Wood et al.
2002, p. 3; S. Perlman, pers. comm. 2003a). Prior to that time, seeds
and tissue were collected for genetic storage and propagation; however,
this species is no longer in storage or propagation (Wood et al. 2002,
p. 3; Bender 2006, p. 1; N. Sugii, Lyon Arboretum, pers.
[[Page 18965]]
comm. 2006; V. Pence, Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, pers. comm.
2007; D. Burney, NTBG, pers. comm. 2009). Much of the suitable habitat
(Metrosideros lowland wet forest) for this species on Kauai has not
been surveyed.
Cyrtandra oenobarba (haiwale) is a subshrub (a low-growing woody
shrub or perennial with a woody base) in the African violet family
(Gesneriaceae) that occurs in the lowland wet and wet cliff ecosystems
(Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 770-771; TNCH 2007). Cyrtandra oenobarba is
found on wet slopes, mossy areas, or in rock crevices near waterfalls
in Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis wet cliffs, forest,
and shrubland, at elevations between 1,320 and 2,800 ft (402 and 853 m)
(Wood 1998, p. 3; HBMP 2007). Historically, wide-ranging collections
were made of C. oenobarba on the island of Kauai, from the eastern side
at Kekoiki ridge, the northern coast at Haena, the south-central area
at Olokele and Hanapepe, and from the south at Haupu (NTBG Provenance
Report 1993; HBMP 2007). Currently, populations of C. oenobarba in the
Halelea Forest Reserve include east Mamalahoa (10 individuals), north
Namolokama (15 to 200 individuals), and Hanalei Valley (scattered) on
State land, and upper Lumahai Valley (50 individuals) and Wainiha (100
individuals) on private land (HBMP 2007). Populations of C. oenobarba
in the Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserve include Wailua River (40 to 50
individuals) on State land, and Iliiliula drainage (occasional) and
Wahiawa drainage (50 individuals) on private land (HBMP 2007). The 8
populations total 270 to as many as 450 individuals (NTBG Provenance
Report 1993; HBMP 2007; Wood 1998, p. 3).
Cyrtandra paliku (haiwale) is a subshrub in the African violet
family (Gesneriaceae) that occurs on seeping basalt rock faces of
north-facing cliffs dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha and
Dicranopteris linearis in the wet cliff ecosystem, at elevations
between 2,200 and 2,800 ft (670 to 850 m). Cyrtandra paliku was first
discovered in 1993 on the cliffs below Kekoiki, in the Makaleha
Mountains of Kauai, where approximately 70 individuals were found
(Wagner et al. 2001, pp. 150-151; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). The species
maintained a population of approximately 70 individuals from 1993
through 1999; however, there are currently only 10 known individuals
(S. Perlman 2006).
Diellia mannii is a fern in the asplenium family (Aspleniaceae). It
is found on a northwest-facing slope just above a gulch bottom in what
was likely Acacia koa (koa)-Metrosideros polymorpha dominated montane
mesic forest in the past, but which is now a forest dominated by the
nonnative Corynocarpus laevigatus (karakanut) in the montane mesic
ecosystem, at an elevation of 3,450 ft (1,050 m) (Aguraiuja and Wood
2003, p. 155; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). Diellia mannii was historically
known from one location in the Halemanu area of what is now Kokee State
Park, in the northwestern region of Kauai. The species was thought to
be extinct since the early 1900s, until 2002 when a single individual
was rediscovered (Aguraiuja and Wood 2003, pp. 154-155; Palmer 2003, p.
120). Currently, the species is known only from this one individual in
the southeastern branch of Nawaimaka Stream in the Halemanu Mountains
of Kokee State Park (HBMP 2007).
Doryopteris angelica is a fern in the pteris family (Pteridaceae)
found in Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland mesic forest in the
lowland mesic ecosystem at elevations between roughly 1,900 and 3,000
ft (579 and 914 m) (HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). Three populations of fewer
than 20 individuals were discovered in 1994, and currently the species
is known from approximately 29 to 54 individuals in 5 populations at
Awaawapuhi (2 to 3 individuals), Mahanaloa (3 to 6 individuals), Makaha
(10 to 20 individuals), Kuia (10 to 20 individuals), and Paaiki (4 to 5
individuals) (NTBG 1998; Wagner [W.H.] et al. 1999b, p. 147; Wood 1999,
2000, 2007a; S. Perlman 2006; HBMP 2007).
Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus, a fern in the dryopteris family
(Dryopteridaceae), is known from steep to vertical riparian basalt
walls within dark seeping drainages in Metrosideros polymorpha montane
wet forest within the montane wet ecosystem, from 4,000 to 5,100 ft
(1,200 to 1,550 m) in elevation (TNCH 2007; Wood 2007a). Historically,
this variety was known from the Kokee area, Kawaikoi, and Waialeale
(Palmer 2003, p. 139). Currently, 3 populations totaling 32 to 47
individuals are known. The Mohihi population is made up of 10 to 20
individuals, from 15 to 20 individuals comprise the south Kilohana
population, and the Waialeale population is known from 7 individuals
(Wood 2007a).
Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata (naenae), a shrub in the
sunflower family (Asteraceae), currently occurs in the lowland wet
ecosystem, although there are historical records from the montane wet
ecosystem as well (Carr 1999, p. 298; TNCH 2007). Occurrence records
show that D. imbricata ssp. imbricata has typically been found in wet
Metrosideros polymorpha forest and Metrosideros, Oreobolus (sedge),
Rhynchospora (kuolohia) bogs at elevations between approximately 2,165
and 3,640 ft (660 and 1,110 m) (HBMP 2007). Historically and currently,
D. imbricata ssp. imbricata is known only from the Wahiawa Mountains of
Kauai (St. John and Carr 1981, pp. 198, 201; Carr 1999, p. 298; HBMP
2007). There are approximately 200 individuals at Wahaiawa drainage,
approximately 1,000 individuals on both sides of the ridge between
Hanapepe and Iole, and an estimate of several hundred individuals at
Iliiliula (K. Wood, pers. comm. 2005a; HBMP 2007). These 3 populations
total approximately 1,400 individuals (K. Wood, pers. comm. 2005a; HBMP
2007).
Dubautia kalalauensis (naenae), a shrub or tree in the sunflower
family (Asteraceae), is found in the montane wet ecosystem in
Metrosideros polymorpha wet forest at elevations between 4,000 and
4,050 ft (1,205 and 1,235 m) (Baldwin and Carr 2005, p. 261; TNCH
2007). Historically, this species, as a part of the species Dubautia
laxa, was known from several locations below the rim of Kalalau Valley
in Kokee State Park in the northwestern region of Kauai. Currently, D.
kalalauensis is found in only one location along the rim of Kalalau
Valley near Puu o Kila Lookout and totals 26 individuals (Baldwin and
Carr 2005, p. 261).
Dubautia kenwoodii (naenae), a shrub in the sunflower family
(Asteraceae), is found in diverse lowland mesic forest in the lowland
mesic ecosystem at an elevation of 2,625 ft (800 m) (HBMP 2007; TNCH
2007; Wood 2007b). First described in 1998 as a new species, D.
kenwoodii is known from one individual found below the western rim of
Kalalau Valley, in the northwestern region of Kauai (Carr 1998). This
individual was not observed after Hurricane Iniki, and may possibly be
extirpated; however, more individuals may be found in future surveys
(D. Burney, NTBG, pers. comm. 2009).
Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia (naenae) is a shrub or small
tree in the sunflower family (Asteraceae) found in the wet cliff
ecosystem (Carr 1999, p. 304; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). Typical habitat
for this species includes wet cliff and wet forest and shrubland at
elevations between 1,542 and 2,395 ft (470 and 730 m) (HBMP 2007).
Historically, D. plantaginea ssp. magnifolia was known from two
populations less than 2 mi (3.2 km)
[[Page 18966]]
apart in bog habitat in the Alakai Wilderness Preserve and the Na Pali-
Kona Forest Reserve on Kauai (HBMP 2007). In 1992, the year that
Hurricane Iniki struck Kauai, the only known population at ``Blue
Hole'' at the headwaters of the Wailua River of ``a couple hundred''
individuals was greatly reduced. Currently, there are approximately 100
individuals (S. Perlman, pers. comm. 2003b).
Dubautia waialealae (naenae) is a dome or tussock-shaped shrub in
the sunflower family (Asteraceae) that occurs in bogs in the montane
wet ecosystem at elevations between 3,980 and 5,249 ft (1,213 and 1,600
m) (Carr 1999, p. 308; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). The type collection was
made on the summit of Waialeale in 1909 (Rock 1910, p. 304), but little
is known of other historical locations of D. waialealae on Kauai.
Currently, there is one large population centered on the rain-gauge
summit of Waialeale, with many subpopulations radiating about 0.6 mi (1
km) to the north and south. These subpopulations were observed in
groups of 7 to 400 individuals (Wood 2006, pp. 25-29), with a total
population of 3,000 individuals (Wood 2006, p. 9). In 1994, a single
individual of D. waialealae was reported at North Bog, 8.5 mi (14 km)
away from the population at Waialeale; however, in 2006, it was
reported that this individual had died (K. Wood 1994a; M. Bruegmann,
pers. comm. 2006b; HBMP 2007).
Geranium kauaiense (nohoanu) is a decumbent (reclining) subshrub in
the geranium family (Geraniaceae) (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 733). It
occurs in the montane wet ecosystem in Metrosideros-Rhynchospora bogs
and bog margins at elevations between 4,000 and 4,080 ft (1,219 and
1,463 m) (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 733; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007).
Historically, G. kauaiense was known from montane bogs on the island of
Kauai, ranging from North Bog to as far south as the summit of
Waialeale (HBMP 2007). Currently, there are 3 subpopulations within a
very small range (within 0.5 mi, 0.8 km) in the Halehaha Bogs of the
Alakai Wilderness Preserve totaling approximately 140 individuals, and
3 individuals at the Waialeale Summit Bog (K. Wood 1994b; S. Perlman,
pers. comm. 1999b; Wood 2006, p. 10; HBMP 2007; Wood 2008).
Keysseria erici is a herb in the sunflower family (Asteraceae) that
occurs in Metrosideros mixed bogs in the montane wet ecosystem, at
elevations between 4,000 and 5,120 ft (1,219 and 1,561 m) (Mill 1999,
pp. 329-330; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). Little is known of the historical
occurrences of K. erici. The type was collected by Forbes (1918, p.
306) from the ``Alakai swamp, Waimea drainage basin'' on Kauai.
Currently, this species is found in three to four populations totaling
several thousand individuals (HBMP 2007). The populations occur at
Namolokama, Hanakapiai-Wainiha ridge, In-between Bog, and at the
Kilohana bogs (including Rain Gauge Bog, T Bog, and Platanthera Bog)
(HBMP 2007).
Keysseria helenae is an herb in the sunflower family (Asteraceae)
and is found in Metrosideros polymorpha or mixed sedge and grass bogs
at elevations between 3,900 and 5,120 ft (1,189 and 1,561 m) in the
montane wet ecosystem (Mill 1999, p. 330; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). Little
is known of the historical occurrences of K. helenae. The type was
collected from the ``swamp near Kaholuamano'' by Forbes (1918, p. 306).
Currently, this species is found at Kauluwehi Bog in the Alakai
Wilderness Preserve, at Waialeale, and on Kahili-Kawaikini Ridge,
totaling approximately 300 individuals (K. Wood, pers. comm. 2003b;
HBMP 2007).
Labordia helleri (kamakahala) is a shrub, sometimes climbing, in
the logania family (Loganiaceae) (Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 856-857). It
occurs in Metrosideros-Acacia-Dicranopteris mesic to wet forest, at
elevations between 1,200 and 3,900 ft (366 and 1,189 m), in the lowland
mesic, lowland wet, montane mesic, and montane wet ecosystems (HBMP
2007; TNCH 2007). Historically, L. helleri was wide-ranging on Kauai.
Collections were made as far south as the Haupu Mountains, through
central Kauai to the northwestern coast (HBMP 2007). Currently, there
are 10 populations totaling 350 to 550 individuals. The largest
population extends from the Na Pali Kona Forest Reserve into Kuia
Natural Area Reserve (NAR), and contains 300 to 500 individuals at
Honopu, Awaawapuhi, Kuia drainage, and Kalalau-Milolii ridge. Other
much smaller populations occur at upper Mahanaloa (10 individuals),
Limahuli (recorded as ``occasional'' in HBMP database), Waioli (1
individual), Kaunuohua ridge (1 individual), Kohua ridge (1
individual), Koaie stream (10 individuals), Kawaiiki (3 individuals),
southeast Puu Kolo (recorded as ``localized'' in HBMP database), and
Puu Kolo-Kahuamoa (1 individual) (HBMP 2007).
Labordia pumila (kamakahala), a shrub in the logania family
(Loganiaceae), occurs in the montane wet ecosystem at elevations
between 3,478 and 5,100 ft (1,060 to 1,555 m) in Metrosideros
polymorpha mixed sedge and grass bogs (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 860; HBMP
2007; TNCH 2007). Little is known of the historical locations of L.
pumila on Kauai. The type specimen was collected by Wawra (1869, 1870)
at the summit of Waialeale. Currently, L. pumila is found in three
populations on the Alakai plateau. The largest population along the
Wainiha rim totals 500 individuals (HBMP 2007). There are also about
300 to 400 individuals at the summit of Waialeale, and occasional
individuals at Namolakama (Wood 2006, p. 10). The total number of known
individuals from all 3 populations is 800 to 900; however, one estimate
suggests that the overall population in the summit areas may be as high
as 5,000 to 6,000 individuals (Wood 2006, p. 10).
Lysimachia daphnoides (lehua makanoe), a member of the myrsine
family (Myrsinaceae), is found in Metrosideros polymorpha mixed bogs on
hummocks, at elevations between 3,960 and 4,440 ft (1,207 and 1,353 m)
in the montane wet ecosystem (Marr and Bohm 1997, p. 265; Wagner et al.
1999, p. 1,080; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). Historically, L. daphnoides was
known from the more southerly mountains of Kauai, including the Wahiawa
drainage and ridges, in what is now the Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserve
(HBMP 2007). Currently, this species is found in the Alakai Wilderness
Preserve and the Na Pali Kona Forest Reserve, in 3 populations totaling
200 to 300 individuals (HBMP 2007; Service 2005a). The population along
the Alakai swamp trail (including Charlie's Bog, Kilohana, south
Kilohana, and northwest Kilohana) totals 190 to 280 individuals; the
second population includes Sincock Bog 1 and Kauluwehi (21
individuals); and the third population occurs at Waiakoali-Mohihi and
Mohihi drainage (7 individuals) (HBMP 2007).
Lysimachia iniki is a woody shrub in the myrsine family
(Myrsinaceae) that occurs on wet, mossy, or rocky cliffs in the wet
cliff ecosystem at 2,400 ft (720 m) (Marr and Bohm 1997, pp. 270-271;
TNCH 2007). This species was first described in 1997 from material
collected in the ``Blue Hole'' at the headwaters of the Wailua River on
Kauai. At the time it was discovered it was known from 26 individuals,
and currently at least 40 individuals are known (Marr and Bohm 1997,
pp. 270-271; S. Perlman 2006, 2007).
Lysimachia pendens is a many-branched shrub in the myrsine family
(Myrsinaceae) and is reported from wet, mossy, or rocky cliffs in the
wet cliff ecosystem at 2,400 ft (720 m) (Marr and Bohm 1997, p. 275;
TNCH 2007). This
[[Page 18967]]
species was discovered in the ``Blue Hole'' area of Kauai in 1987 from
several small populations totaling approximately 100 individuals (Marr
and Bohm 1997, p. 275; DOFAW 2005 [Comprehensive Conservation Wildlife
Strategy]). Many plants were destroyed by two major landslides that
apparently occurred between 1997 and 2003, based on information taken
from field survey reports. Currently, the species is known from only
eight individuals (S. Perlman 2003, 2006, and 2007).
Lysimachia scopulensis, a shrub in the myrsine family
(Myrsinaceae), is found on cliffs in lowland diverse mesic forest
pockets at elevations between 2,950 and 3,200 ft (900 and 975 m) within
the dry cliff ecosystem (Wood 2007d; TNCH 2007). First discovered in
1991 in Kalalau Valley, this species is currently known from two
populations. The Kalalau population is comprised of approximately 15
individuals and the Puu Kii population is comprised of 10 to 15
individuals, for a total of 25 to 30 individuals (Marr and Bohm 1997,
pp. 283-284; Wood 2007d).
Lysimachia venosa, a shrub in the myrsine family (Myrsinaceae),
occurs in Metrosideros polymorpha dominated wet forest areas in the wet
cliff ecosystem, at elevations between 3,000 and 5,700 ft (915 and
1,740 m) (Marr and Bohm 1997, p. 284; Wood 2006, p. 11; TNCH 2007).
Lysimachia venosa was known historically from two collections in the
early 1900s from the Waialeale summit region of Kauai (Marr and Bohm
1997, p. 284; Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,085; HBMP 2007). In 1991, a
broken branch of this species was collected from the headwaters of the
Wailua River that had fallen from the cliffs above, possibly from the
summit area of Waialeale (Wood 2006, p. 11; Marr and Bohm 1997, p.
284). While no plants were found during surveys of the summit area in
2006, there is still additional habitat to be surveyed, and species
experts believe L. venosa still exists (S. Perlman 2007; Wood 2006, p.
11).
Melicope degeneri (alani) is a small shrub or tree in the rue
family (Rutaceae) that occurs in the montane wet ecosystem in
Metrosideros-Cheirodendron-Dicranopteris wet forest between the
elevations of 3,000 and 3,800 ft (914 and 1,158 m) (Stone et al. 1999,
p. 1186; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). Melicope degeneri was thought to be
extinct until it was rediscovered in Pohakuao, just beyond the
northwest corner of the Hono o Na Pali NAR, in 1993 (Wood 2000, p. 6),
and subsequently observed in upper Hanakoa in 1995 and along Koaie
Stream in 1999 (NTBG Accession Data 1999). The Pohakuao individual has
not been relocated since its discovery (Wood 2000, p. 5). Ten trees
were originally documented during the discovery of the Hanakoa
population in 1995 (Wood 2000, p. 4; Wood 2007 pp. 4-6). Since 1995, 2
of the trees have died and 3 additional individuals were located, for a
current total of 11 individuals at Hanakoa (S. Perlman 2007c; N.
Tangalin 2007a). One small mature individual of M. degeneri was found
growing in Koaie Canyon's upper drainage in 1999, and was last observed
there in September of 2006 (K. Wood, pers. comm. 2007b). A new
population of 9 individuals was found in Wainiha Valley, bringing the
total known number of M. degeneri to 22, or possibly 23, known
individuals (Wood 2008).
Melicope paniculata (alani) is a tree in the rue family (Rutaceae)
(Stone et al. 1999, p. 1,199). It occurs in the lowland wet ecosystem
in forests dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha, at elevations between
1,200 and 2,680 ft (365 and 815 m) (Stone et al. 1999, p. 1199; HBMP
2007; TNCH 2007). This species was historically reported from central
Kauai (HBMP 2007; Stone et al. 1999, p. 1199). Currently, M. paniculata
is known from 6 sites, with 5 individuals in upper Limahuli Valley, 3
individuals along the north fork of the Wailua River, 1 to 5
individuals along Koaie Stream, and 3 individuals on the ridge between
Hulua and Kapalaoa. The population in Lumahai Valley is estimated to be
approximately 100 to 200 individuals; however Bender (2006, p. 7)
estimated that there may be a total of 500 individuals (Wood 1998, p.
4; Stone et al. 1999, p. 1199; Wagner and Herbst 2003, p. 45; HBMP
2007).
Melicope puberula (alani) is a shrub or small tree in the rue
family (Rutaceae) that occurs in the lowland wet and montane wet
ecosystems in wet forest and bogs at elevations ranging between 2,080
and 4,100 ft (634 and 1,250 m) (Stone et al. 1999, p. 1202; HBMP 2007;
TNCH 2007). Historically, M. puberula was known from the Alakai Swamp
on the island of Kauai (St. John 1944b, p. 266). Currently, this
species is known from the south rim of Kalalau east to the Alakai-
Kilohana plateau area, and north into Hono o Na Pali NAR (HBMP 2007).
The Hawaii Biodiversity and Mapping Program delineated these three
areas as one population (referred to as the Kalalau-Wainiha population)
(HBMP 2007). In 1993, a single individual was observed near Hinalele
Falls in the southern portion of the Wainiha Mountain Range (HBMP
2007). The largest population occurs in the Alakai-Kilohana Plateau
area with approximately 600 individuals. About 100 individuals are
found within the Kalalau area, and approximately 200 individuals occur
within the Hono o Na Pali NAR, for a total of approximately 900
individuals (HBMP 2007).
Myrsine knudsenii (kolea) is a small tree in the myrsine family
(Myrsinaceae). Historically, the species may have been found in lowland
mesic and lowland wet ecosystems, but currently it is only known from
Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis mesic forest
at elevations between 3,200 and 3,900 ft (975 and 1,200 m) in the
montane mesic ecosystem (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 941; Wood et al. 2002,
p. 15; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). Historically, M. knudsenii was found in
Hanapepe Valley in south-central Kauai; Kawaiula Trail in western
Kauai; and Awaawapuhi, Kumuwela, Honopu, and Nualolo in the Kokee
region of the island of Kauai (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 941). Currently,
the species is known from 3 populations totaling approximately 30
individuals at Honopu, Awaawapuhi, and Nualolo (S. Perlman 2007; Wood
et al. 2001, p. 10; Wood et al. 2002, p. 15; HBMP 2007; Wood 4907
(BISH)).
Myrsine mezii (kolea), a small tree in the myrsine family
(Myrsinaceae), is found in Acacia-Metrosideros forest in the montane
mesic and montane wet ecosystems at elevations between 3,380 and 3,480
ft (1,030 and 1,060 m) (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 943; HBMP 2007; NTBG
Accession Data 9888, 2002; TNCH 2007). Myrsine mezii is known from only
two locations totaling five individuals, in the Koaie Canyon area of
western Kauai (N. Tangalin 2007b). Four trees comprise one population
at Nawaimaka, and the second known occurrence at Kawaiiki is composed
of a single tree in poor condition (N. Tangalin 2007b). The population
size has not changed in the last 10 years, and historical locations and
numbers are unknown.
Phyllostegia renovans, a subshrub in the mint family (Lamiaceae),
occurs at elevations from 2,700 to 3,700 ft (225 to 1,125 m) in
Metrosideros polymorpha wet forest in the lowland wet and montane wet
ecosystems (HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). First discovered in 1989 in the
headwaters of the Wainiha River, this species is currently known from 6
populations: approximately 30 surviving individuals reintroduced into
Limahuli Valley after the last wild individual from that area died, 23
individuals at Wainiha, 10 individuals at Kalalau Valley, 1 individual
in Lumahai Valley, 1 individual at Kapalaoa, and 1 individual at the
headwaters of Kamooloa Stream (K. Wood 1994, p. 4; Wagner 1999, p. 275;
[[Page 18968]]
HBMP 2007, D. Burney, NTBG, pers. comm. 2009).
Pittosporum napaliense (hoawa) is a small tree in the pittosporum
family (Pittosporaceae) typically found in Pandanus and lowland mesic
forest in the lowland mesic ecosystem, at elevations between 400 and
2,100 ft (122 and 640 m) (Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 1045-1047; HBMP 2007;
TNCH 2007). Historically, P. napaliense was known from northwestern
Kauai (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1047; HBMP 2007). Currently, this species
is known from 3 populations; two of which are located within the Hono o
Na Pali NAR in Waiahuakua (50 individuals) and Hoolulu valleys (100
individuals), with the third population (10 to 50 individuals) located
in upper Kalalau Valley in the Na Pali Coast State Park (HBMP 2007).
Platydesma rostrata (pilo kea lau lii) is a shrub in the rue family
(Rutaceae). It occurs in the lowland mesic, lowland wet, wet cliff,
montane mesic, and montane wet ecosystems, in forest dominated by
Acacia koa and Metrosideros polymorpha, at elevations between 2,500 and
4,000 ft (760 and 1,220 m) (Stone et al. 1999, p. 1210; HBMP 2007; TNCH
2007). Platydesma rostrata was historically known from Makaha and
Milolii ridge in the Na Pali Kona Forest Reserve, and Kaunuohua ridge
and Nualolo trail in Kokee State Park, on the island of Kauai (HBMP
2007). Currently, this species is found in the Na Pali Kona Forest
Reserve on the Awaawapuhi and Honopu trails; in Halelea Forest Reserve
at Lumahai; in Hono o Na Pali NAR at Pihea; in Kunia NAR on the Nualolo
Trail; in Mahanaloa and Kuia valleys; and in the Lihue-Koloa Forest
Reserve at Pohakupele, Hulua, Kapalaoa, and Iliiliula Valley (HBMP
2007). These small populations total approximately 100 individuals
(HBMP 2007).
Pritchardia hardyi (loulu) is a tree in the palm family (Arecaceae)
that occurs in the lowland wet and wet cliff ecosystems (Read and Hodel
1999, p. 1370; TNCH 2007). It is found in Metrosideros-Dicranopteris
wet forest and shrubland and on windswept windward ridges and headwater
drainages, at elevations between 1,800 and 3,400 ft (548 and 1036 m)
(Read and Hodel 1999, p. 1370; HBMP 2007). Historically, P. hardyi was
known from a single population totaling about 200 individuals in an
area on the southeast (windward) side of Kauai (HBMP 2007). An
additional population totaling about 100 individuals was found north of
that area (NTBG Provenance Report 040094), bringing the total number of
known individuals of P. hardyi to approximately 300.
Psychotria grandiflora (kopiko) is a small tree or shrub in the
coffee family (Rubiaceae) that occurs in the montane mesic and montane
wet ecosystems (K. Wood 2007a; TNCH 2007). It is found in Acacia-
Metrosideros mesic to wet forest between the elevations of 3,400 and
4,100 ft (1,128 and 1,250 m) (HBMP 2007). Historically, this species
was known from collections at Waimea, Kokee, and Kalalau, all from the
northwestern area of Kauai (Fosberg 1964, p. 258). Currently, 10 small
populations of P. grandiflora are found only within Kokee State Park,
and are estimated to total between 16 and 30 individuals (Arnold 2007,
pp. 1-3; HBMP 2007; S. Perlman 2007d; N. Tangalin 2007c).
Psychotria hobdyi (kopiko) is a tree in the coffee family
(Rubiaceae) that occurs in lowland Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha
mesic forest in the lowland mesic ecosystem at elevations between 1,700
and 2,700 ft (520 and 825 m) (Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 1166-1168; HBMP
2007; TNCH 2007). The first collection of P. hobdyi was made in
Mahanaloa Valley on Kauai in 1970 (St. John 1975, p. 59). Currently,
this species is known from 10 populations totaling approximately 120
individuals in the following locations: 1 population of 2 individuals
in Kawaiula Valley; 1 population of approximately 5 individuals at the
junction of Mahanaloa Valley and Kuia Valley; 3 populations totaling
approximately 47 individuals in Mahanaloa Valley; 2 populations of 17
to 22 individuals in Paaiki Valley; 2 populations of approximately 39
individuals in Poopooiki Valley; and 1 population in upper Kalalau
Valley of approximately 10 individuals (HBMP 2007).
Schiedea attenuata, a shrub in the pink family (Caryophyllaceae),
occurs on cliffs at elevations between 2,297 and 2,625 ft (700 and 900
m) in the dry cliff ecosystem (Wagner et al. 1994, pp. 187-190; TNCH
2007). Schiedea attenuata was discovered in 1991 by K. Wood during a
rappel on the cliffs in an area of precipitous slopes above the Kalalau
Valley on Kauai. Approximately 20 individuals were last observed there
in 1994 (M. Bruegmann 1994b; Wagner et al. 1994, p. 187; Wagner et al.
2005, pp. 45-47).
Stenogyne kealiae is a trailing or scandent vine in the mint family
(Lamiaceae) (Wagner and Weller 1991, p.51). It occurs in the dry cliff,
lowland wet, and montane mesic ecosystems, in Metrosideros polymorpha
forest, M. polymorpha-Acacia koa forest, and M. polymorpha-
Dicranopteris linearis shrubland, at elevations between 3,550 and 4,100
ft (1,082 and 1,250 m) (Wagner and Weller 1991, p. 51; TNCH 2007). One
population (Wainiha), however, is reported between 2,231 and 2,707 ft
(680 and 825 m) elevation (HBMP 2007). Historically, this species
occurred at Pohakupili near Kealia in the Kealia Forest Reserve on the
island of Kauai. Currently, this species occurs at Honopu, Kalalau,
Malamalamaiki, Pohakupili, and Wainiha. The 5 populations of S. kealiae
total approximately 100 to 200 individuals (HBMP 2007).
Tetraplasandra bisattenuata (ohe ohe) is a tree in the ginseng
family (Araliaceae), which occurs in lowland mesic to wet forest and
shrubland in the lowland mesic and lowland wet ecosystems at elevations
between 1,800 and 2,000 ft (550 and 610 m) (TNCH 2007; Wood 2007f, pp.
1-5). This species is known only from the Haupu and Kahili regions of
Kauai. Currently, 35 individuals are found at Mt. Haupu and 2
individuals are at Mt. Kahili (Wood 2007f, p. 1).
Tetraplasandra flynnii (ohe ohe) is a tree in the ginseng family
(Araliaceae) found in Metrosideros polymorpha (ohia) montane mesic to
wet forest in the lowland wet, montane mesic, and montane wet
ecosystems, at elevations between 2,600 and 4,000 ft (793 and 1,225 m)
(Lowry and Wood 2000, p. 42; HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007). Three individuals
of T. flynii were first discovered in 1988 near Kahuamaa Flat in Kokee
State Park, and two more individuals were found in the late 1990s at
Kapalaoa-Kamooloa (Lowry and Wood 2000, pp. 40 and 43; HBMP 2007; D.
Burney, pers. comm. 2009).
Animals
Akikiki
The Kauai creeper or akikiki (Oreomystis bairdi), is a small
Hawaiian honeycreeper found only on the island of Kauai, currently in
the montane mesic and montane wet ecosystems (TNCH 2007; E. VanderWerf,
pers. comm. 2009). The Hawaiian honeycreepers are in the subfamily
Drepanidinae of the finch family, Fringillidae (AOU 1998, p. 676). The
akikiki is most common in forests dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha
with a diverse subcanopy (Scott et al. 1986, p. 139). Based on surveys
conducted from 1968 through 1973, its distribution was thought to
encompass 21,750 ac (88 sq km) at elevations between 1,968 and 5,248 ft
(600 and 1,600 m), but a survey in 2000 indicated its distribution had
decreased to 8,896 ac (36 sq km) (Scott et al. 1986, p. 141;
[[Page 18969]]
Tweed et al. 2005, pp. 3-4). The akikiki generally forages on trunks,
branches, and twigs of live and dead trees, and occasionally forages in
subcanopy shrubs. It feeds primarily on insects, insect larvae, and
spiders gleaned and extracted from bark, lichens, and moss (Foster et
al. 2000, p. 4). Nests are made of moss, small pieces of bark, bits of
lichen, and fine plant fibers (Eddinger 1972, p. 673; Foster et al.
2000, p. 7; VanderWerf and Roberts, 2008, pp. 195-199). The akikiki was
considered common from high to low elevation in native forests in the
late 1800s (Perkins 1903, p. 54), and was described as locally abundant
on and near the Alakai Plateau in the early 1960s (Richardson and
Bowles 1964, p. 29). From 1968 to 1973, the species was estimated to
number 6,832 966 birds (Sincock et al. 1983, p. 53). In
1981, data from the Hawaii Forest Bird Survey indicated there were
approximately 1,650 450 akikiki in a 9.7 sq mi (25 sq km)
area of the southeastern Alakai, in the vicinity of Sincock's Bog
(Scott et al. 1986, p. 141). The current population of the akikiki is
estimated to be 1,312 530 birds, based on surveys
conducted in April and May 2007 (DOFAW and U.S. Geological Survey
(USGS), unpubl. data, 2007). The abundance of the akikiki has thus
declined by approximately 80 percent in the last 40 years, and its
distribution has been reduced to less than half of its former extent.
Akekee
The Kauai akepa or akekee (Loxops caeruleirostris), is a small
forest bird found only on the island of Kauai. Like the akikiki, the
akekee is also a Hawaiian honeycreeper in the subfamily Drepanidinae of
the Fringillidae family (AOU 1998, p. 677). The akekee occurs in the
montane mesic and montane wet ecosystems in forests dominated by
Metrosideros polymorpha, Acacia koa, Cheirodendron trigynum, and C.
platyphyllum (Lepson and Pratt 1997, p. 4; TNCH 2007). The akekee uses
its bill to open flower and leaf buds while foraging for arthropod prey
(insects, insect larvae, spiders), and is a specialist on the ohia tree
(M. polymorpha) (Lepson and Pratt 1997, p. 4). Nests are made of moss
and lichen, with the nest lining made of fine grasses and soft bark
strips (Eddinger 1972, p. 97; Berger 1981, p. 140; Lepson and Freed
1997, pp. 11-12). Until recently, the population of akekee appeared to
be relatively stable, even while other endemic Kauai birds demonstrated
sharp declines (Lepson and Pratt 1997, p. 14). The akekee was described
as ``quite plentiful'' (Bryan and Seale 1901, p. 136) and common ``over
a large part of the high plateau'' in the late 1800s (Perkins 1903, p.
417), and probably occurred throughout upper elevation forested regions
of the island (Perkins 1903, p. 417). Richardson and Bowles (1964, p.
30) reported that it was fairly common in higher elevation forests.
Conant et al. (1998, p. 16) reported that the akekee was common in the
area around Sincock's Bog in 1975 and observed it daily. The first
quantitative information on population size and distribution was based
on extensive surveys conducted from 1968 to 1973, which yielded an
island-wide population estimate of 5,066 840 birds, with
most individuals found in the Alakai Plateau area, west to Kokee, and
on Makaleha Mountain and in Wainiha Valley (Sincock et al. 1983, p.
53). This was followed by population estimates of 7,839
704 birds in 2000, and 5,669 1,003 birds in 2005 (Hawaii
Division of Forest and Wildlife and USGS, unpubl. data 2007). The most
recent surveys, conducted in April and May 2007, show the current
population of akekee to be 3,536 1,030 birds (Hawaii
Division of Forest and Wildlife and USGS, unpubl. data 2007),
indicating that the population has dropped to less than half its former
size within the last 7 years. The geographic range occupied by the
akekee was approximately 34 sq mi (88 sq km) in 1970 (Scott et al.
1986, p. 155), which was reported not to have changed in 2000 (Foster
et al. 2004, p. 721). However the 2007 surveys failed to find the
species in many areas where it had previously been observed, indicating
that there has likely been a range contraction, although the extent of
that contraction is not yet known.
Drosophila sharpi
In our October 21, 2008, proposed rule, we proposed to list
Drosophila attigua as endangered in accordance with the taxonomic
treatment of Hardy and Kaneshiro (1969, p. 41). Following publication
of our proposal, one of our peer reviewers, Karl Magnacca, Trinity
College, Dublin Ireland, informed us of a recent taxonomic revision in
which D. attigua was found to be identical to, and was synonymized
with, D. sharpi, a species described and published by Grimshaw in 1901
(Grimshaw 1901, p. 65; Magnacca and O'Grady 2008, p. 55). For this
reason, the synonymy of D. attigua with D. sharpi is currently accepted
by the scientific community and by the Service, and is used throughout
this rule.
Drosophila sharpi, a large species of Hawaiian picture-wing fly,
occurs in wet forest in the montane mesic and montane wet ecosystems at
elevations generally between 3,000 and 3,936 ft (914 and 1,200 m),
although the species was historically found as low as 2,460 ft (750 m).
Like most picture-wing flies, the adult flies are believed to be
generalist microbivores (microbe eaters) and feed upon a variety of
decomposing plant material. The host plants for D. sharpi are unknown,
but Montgomery (1975, p. 99) has determined that its sibling species,
D. primaeva, lays its eggs within the decomposing bark of native
Cheirodendron sp. (olapa) and Tetraplasandra sp. trees (both in the
family Araliaceae), where the hatching larvae complete development
before dropping to the soil to pupate (Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995, p.
14). For this reason, the host plants for D. sharpi are believed to be
species of native Cheirodendron and Tetraplasandra.
Drosophila sharpi was first collected by Perkins in 1895 at
``Koholuamano,'' a location that is unknown today but is believed to be
on the Alakai plateau (Grimshaw 1901, p. 65). Drosophila sharpi was
historically known from two populations on the island of Kauai: one
population south of the Alakai massif at Mt. Kahili where 19 males and
13 females were observed (Hardy and Kaneshiro 1969, p. 41; Kaneshiro
and Kaneshiro 1995, p. 13; HBMP 2007), and a second population on the
western end of the Alakai Swamp in the Na Pali Kona Forest Reserve at
Pihea (K. Kaneshiro, pers. comm. 2007). We have no information
regarding any observations of this species at Mt. Kahili since 1969.
The species was also collected at two other locations: at Mohihi Stream
located within the Alakai Wilderness Preserve in 1963, and at the Kokee
Stream within Kokee State Park in 1991 (Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995,
p. 14). Observations of D. sharpi at the Pihea site have been somewhat
sporadic, as the species has been observed there only three times, once
each in 1986, 1987, and most recently in 1991, despite numerous surveys
(HBMP 2007; K. Kaneshiro, pers. comm. 2007; K. Magnacca, Trinity
College, pers. comm. 2007).
Summary of Comments and Recommendations
On October 21, 2008, we published a proposed rule to list these 48
Kauai species as endangered throughout their ranges, and to designate
critical habitat for 47 of these species (73 FR 62592). The comment
period for that proposal opened on October 21, 2008, and closed on
December 22, 2008. During the comment period, we received 21 comment
letters. We did not receive any
[[Page 18970]]
requests for public hearings. Nine comments were from peer reviewers,
four were from State of Hawaii agencies, two were from Federal
agencies, and six were from nongovernmental organizations or
individuals. Due to the nature of the proposed rule, we received
combined comments from the public on both the listing action and the
critical habitat; we have therefore addressed these issues in a single
comment section.
Eight of the comment letters supported the listing and designation
of critical habitat for the Kauai species. Of the other 13 comments, 12
provided information or declined to oppose or support the listings and
critical habitat designation, and 1 opposed the listing of the picture-
wing fly. One commenter requested that we exclude 2,795 ac (1,131 ha)
(representing portions of 6 different critical habitat units) based on
the benefits of ongoing conservation activities on private land. We
reviewed all comments received for substantive issues and new
information regarding the proposed listing and critical habitat
designation for the Kauai species. We have fully considered all
substantive comments in this final rule.
Peer Review
In accordance with our policy published on July 1, 1994 (59 FR
34270), we solicited expert opinions from 24 knowledgeable individuals
with scientific expertise on the 48 Kauai species and their habitats,
including familiarity with the species, the geographic region in which
the species occurs, and conservation biology principles. We received
responses from nine peer reviewers; eight comments generally supported
our methodology and conclusions; five comments supported the listing
and designation of critical habitat for the Kauai species; three
comments provided new information on one or more of the 48 species; and
one comment did not support the listing and designation of critical
habitat for the picture-wing fly. We summarize the peer reviewers'
comments below, and we took them into consideration in developing this
final rule.
We have categorized the peer review comments and our responses by:
(1) Those that are general in nature; (2) those related to threats and
the proposed listing of the species, and (3) those related to the
proposed designation of critical habitat.
General Peer Reviewer Comments
(1) Comment: One peer reviewer suggested that we publish
diacritical marks for the Hawaiian language in the published rule.
Our response: In this final rule we omitted diacritical marks
because we cannot ensure that they will be printed properly. We
recognize the importance of using the marks to accurately portray the
pronunciation and meaning of Hawaiian words and regret not being able
to use them. In a previous proposed rule (66 FR 30372, June 6, 2001) we
attempted to use Hawaiian language diacritical marks, but there were
numerous conversion errors and the marks were not printed correctly. In
our published correction to that proposal (66 FR 46428, September 5,
2001) we stated that we would either ensure that the marks are used
correctly or eliminate their use altogether. Current printing
constraints have forced us to choose the latter option.
(2) Comment: One peer reviewer commented that the Federal Register
was a bit obscure for the general public and that the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service should publish notices of upcoming Federal Register
documents in the local newspapers.
Our response: The publication of our rules and notices related to
listing and critical habitat in the Federal Register is required by
section 4(b)(5)(A)(i) of the Act and the Administrative Procedure Act
(5 U.S.C. Subchapter II); however section 4(b)(5)(D) of the Act
requires that we publish a summary of the proposed regulation in a
newspaper of general circulation in each area of the United States in
which the species is believed to occur. Our practice is to publish this
newspaper notice within 20 days of publication of the proposed rule.
This allows for publication of the newspaper notice before the 45-day
time limit for requesting public hearings has expired and provides
ample time for readers to provide comment. In accordance with this
practice, we published notices of this proposed regulation in the
following local newspapers: Honolulu Advertiser (Oahu) (October 27,
2008), Garden Island (Kauai) (October 31, 2008), and Star Bulletin
(Oahu) (November 5, 2008).
(3) Comment: One peer reviewer was uncertain whether ``tribal
lands'' as referred to in the ``Government-to-Government Relationship
with Tribes'' section of the proposed rule were the same as native
Hawaiian lands.
Our response: The President's Memorandum of April 29, 1994,
Government-to-Government Relations with Native American Tribal
Governments, and the Department of Interior's Manual at 512 DM 2, set
forth our responsibility to communicate meaningfully with federally
recognized Native American tribes on a government-to-government basis
and identify potential effects on trust resources of federally
recognized tribes. Federally recognized tribe means an Indian or Alaska
Native tribe or community that is acknowledged as an Indian tribe under
the Federally Recognized Indian Tribe List Act of 1994, 25 U.S.C. 479a.
In the list published annually by the Secretary, there are no federally
recognized tribes in the State of Hawaii (73 FR 18553, April 4, 2008).
Therefore, while we value information on the effects of this rule on
the interests of Native Hawaiians, Native Hawaiian lands are not tribal
lands for purposes of the requirements of the President's Memorandum or
the Department Manual.
Peer Review Comments on Threats and Listing the Kauai Species
(4) Comment: One peer reviewer stated that if Factor A (the present
or threatened destruction, modification, or curtailment of habitat or
range) is identified as a primary threat attributable to pigs, goats,
or deer in Table 2, which summarizes the primary threats identified for
each of the 48 Kauai species, predation by ungulates under Factor C
(disease or predation) should also be identified as a primary threat
attributable to those animals.
Our response: We have persuasive evidence that feral ungulates
substantially modify or destroy habitat; however, we can only
occasionally infer that they consume parts of or entire plants or
animals based on indications of their presence. A study conducted in
the 1980s on the feeding habits of feral pigs on Maui found that their
rooting was related to foraging for earthworms. In that study, rooting
depths averaged 8 in (20 cm), greatly disrupting the leaf litter and
topsoil layers, which contributed to erosion and changes in ground
topography (Diong 1982, pp. 150, 164-165). While foraging for
earthworms, feral pigs may uproot and dislodge plants, contributing to
habitat degradation of understory vegetation (Factor A), but they may
not feed directly on plants that are disturbed by their activity. Where
we have direct confirmation or evidence of predation by feral ungulates
on a particular species, it has been identified as a threat under
Factor C in Table 2.
Peer Reviewer Comments-Akekee and Akikiki
(5) Comment: One reviewer commented that the use of puaiohi
(Myadestes palmeri) as a surrogate
[[Page 18971]]
species is somewhat inappropriate, and that the Maui creeper
(Paroreomyza montana), the Hawaii akepa (Loxops coccineus coccineus),
or both would represent better surrogate species.
Our response: We believe the puaiohi, an endangered bird that
inhabits the same areas on Kauai as the akikiki and akekee, is an
appropriate surrogate species for akikiki and akekee when considering
threats of predation by rats and owls (see below). The puaiohi nests
primarily on cliff faces and utilizes habitat along stream margins more
so than the akikiki and akekee. However, the puaiohi is exposed to
predation pressures from introduced mammalian and avian predators in a
manner similar to that expected for akikiki and akekee, since they
occur in the same habitat areas on Kauai. Although we do not have
direct evidence of rat predation on the akekee or akikiki from nest
studies, we believe it is reasonable to assume that birds nesting in
the same area as the puaiohi would likely be exposed to similar impacts
from rat predation.
(6) Comment: One commenter noted that both bird species would
benefit from ungulate removal throughout their habitat, which would
reduce threats presented by the spread of invasive plants and avian
disease transmitted by mosquitoes.
Our response: Feral ungulates (pigs, goats, black-tailed deer) on
Kauai present a significant threat to the six ecosystems addressed in
our proposed rule and their associated native species, including the
akikiki and akekee. The presence of nonnative feral ungulates is
considered to be a primary factor in the alteration and degradation of
native vegetation and habitats throughout the Hawaiian Islands. Each of
our recovery plans for species that occur in ecosystems similar to the
six identified in this final rule recommend ungulate control, fencing,
or both as a priority tasks necessary to conserve native Hawaiian plant
and animal species.
(7) Comment: One reviewer commented that although rats and cats are
important predators for some Hawaiian bird species, there is no data to
suggest that either are major threats to the akikiki or akekee.
Our response: Rats and cats have been identified as significant
predator threats to other Hawaiian forest bird species (also see our
response to comment 28). Although we do not have direct evidence of rat
and cat predation on the akikiki and akekee, we believe these predators
are a potential threat to both birds on Kauai for the reasons stated in
our October 2008 proposal. We have modified our discussion of rat and
cat predation threats on the akikiki and akekee in this final rule. The
biology of the akikiki has been little studied and predation on adults
and nests has not been documented, but several introduced mammals known
to be major predators on Hawaiian forest birds are present in the
Alakai swamp on Kauai, where akikiki occur (Tweed et al. 2006, p. 759).
Black rats (Rattus rattus), Polynesian rats (R. exulans), Norway rats
(R. norvegicus), feral cats (Felis catus), the native short-eared owl
(pueo, Asio flammeus sandwichensis), and the introduced barn owl (Tyto
alba), are known to prey on forest passerines (Snetsinger et al. 1994,
p. 47). Long-term protection of many Hawaiian birds, including the
akikiki and akekee, likely will require large-scale management actions
to control nonnative predators, including rats and feral cats.
(8) Comment: One peer reviewer commented that the nonnative
yellow-jacket wasp (Vespula pensylvanica) is a threat to the akikiki
and akekee, as it presents significant competition for arthropod food
(e.g., insects, insect larvae, and spiders).
Our response: The nonnative yellow-jacket wasp may impact the
akikiki and akekee through competition for the same native insect food
resources, although we have no direct evidence in this regard. Both the
akikiki and akekee feed primarily on insects, insect larvae, and
spiders (Lepson and Pratt 1997, p. 4; Foster et al. 2000, p. 4). Each
yellow-jacket wasp colony in Hawaii can produce over a half-million
foragers that consume tens of millions of arthropods, including native
insects, larvae, and spiders (Gambino and Loope 1992, p. 19).
Controlling or eliminating negative effects associated with resource
competition with yellow-jacket wasps is identified as a recovery action
in our Revised Recovery Plan for Hawaiian Forest Birds (USFWS 2006, p.
4-4, 4-85). The akikiki is one of the bird species included in this
recovery plan, although it was only a candidate for listing at the time
the plan was written. Although the akekee is not specifically covered
by the plan, the recovery actions identified in the Revised Recovery
Plan for Hawaiian Forest Birds should benefit all native forest bird
species in the Hawaiian Islands since all of these birds face similar
threats, regardless of whether they were listed at the time the
recovery plan was published. The control of yellow-jacket wasps is one
of those broad recovery actions that will benefit native forest bird
species beyond those specifically addressed in the recovery plan.
(9) Comment: One peer reviewer commented that stream margins,
rather than pig wallows, may support higher levels of Culex mosquitoes,
which are a disease vector for avian pox and malaria.
Our response: In Hawaii, the mechanisms of avian disease
transmission include movements of mosquitoes infected with avian
disease from lower to higher elevations, as well as mosquitoes breeding
in pig wallows and along stream margins at higher elevations.
Mosquitoes that breed in forest bird habitats may become infected by
biting infected birds, continuing the disease transmission cycle. The
relative contribution of mosquitoes breeding in pig wallows versus
along stream margins with regard to mosquito vector prevalence on Kauai
is unknown. Investigating this uncertainty and developing effective
management actions will be identified as a priority task during the
recovery planning process.
Peer Reviewer Comments-Drosophila sharpi (D. attigua in the proposal)
(10) Comment: One peer reviewer commented that the proposed rule
does not present independent data or assumptions with which to evaluate
risks to Drosophila sharpi, nor credible scientific evidence that the
species is or is not endangered.
Our response: We disagree. Since 1963, a multidisciplinary team of
biologists has been researching Drosophila as part of the University of
Hawaii-affiliated Hawaiian Drosophila Project. Over 500 scientific
papers have been published as a result of this program, and over 500
species of Drosophila have been taxonomically described. The
information we relied on to prepare this rule included peer reviewed
publications, unpublished literature, and other communications from
research and field studies covering a period of over 40 years of
Hawaiian Drosophila research. This final rule is also based on new
information that was obtained in response to the publication of the
proposed rule. Systematic surveys for the picture-wing fly species and
host plants would assist with understanding population trends and
status. However, as required by section 4(b)(1)(A) of the Act, we have
relied on the best scientific and commercial data available on habitat
threats and trends in distribution for the species in making our
determination in this final rule.
(11) Comment: One peer reviewer stated that surrogate species for
Drosophila sharpi were not made explicit.
Our response: We have clarified in this final rule that our
conclusions regarding adult feeding habits, egg laying and larval host
plant preferences,
[[Page 18972]]
and direct threats are drawn from similar, related species including
the 12 Hawaiian picture-wing flies listed in 2006 as endangered or
threatened (71 FR 26835, May 9, 2006).
(12) Comment: One peer reviewer commented that biocontrol agents
are inappropriately implied to be threats to Drosophila sharpi, that
there is even evidence to the contrary, and that the listing of D.
sharpi would delay permitting for new biocontrol agents.
Our response: In the Application of the Adverse Modification
Standard section of the proposed rule, we stated that importing
nonnative species for research, agriculture, and aquaculture, and
releasing biological control agents, may adversely affect critical
habitat. Under Factor C (Disease or Predation), we also stated that
parasites have been purposefully imported and released in Hawaii since
1865 for biological control of pests. Between 1890 and 2004, 387
nonnative species were introduced, sometimes with the specific intent
of reducing populations of native Hawaiian insects (Funasaki et al.
1988, pp. 109-110, 143; Lai 1988, pp. 180, 186; Staples and Cowie 2001,
pp. 41, 54-57). Nonnative arthropods present a serious threat to
Hawaii's native Drosophila, both through direct predation or parasitism
as well as competition for food and space (Howarth and Medeiros 1989,
pp. 82-83; Howarth and Ramsay 1991, pp. 80-83; Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro
1995, pp. 41-45; Staples and Cowie 2001, pp. 41, 54-57). We are aware
that compliance with regulations that apply to the introduction of
biological control agents may seem complicated to some because of
combined Federal and State jurisdiction. However, absent a high level
of assurance that only safe and effective biological control agents are
introduced, nontarget impacts and host switching could occur
(Simberloff and Stiling 1996, pp. 185, 190). We acknowledge the
importance of biocontrol as a way to control some nonnative species in
Hawaii, particularly nonnative invasive plants that threaten rare
native plants through competition for space, light, water, and
nutrients, and by degrading and destroying native habitat. We are
committed to working closely with the State and other Federal agencies
to ensure that potential biocontrol measures are implemented in a
manner consistent with the conservation needs of these species.
Peer Review Comments on Critical Habitat Designation
(13) Comment: One peer reviewer commented that Table CDLVI (Table
of Protected Species within Each Critical Habitat Unit for Kauai) was
confusing, and that the table caption should explain the differences
between the columns.
Our response: We agree. We have clarified the table's column
headings as requested.
(14) Comment: One peer reviewer commented that the designation of
critical habitat does not preclude management of ungulates for hunting
in those areas.
Our response: We agree. Critical habitat designation does not
create a wilderness area, preserve, or wildlife refuge. It does not
require nor preclude activities associated with conservation management
such as ungulate control and fencing. Game bird and mammal hunting is a
recreational and cultural activity in Hawaii that is regulated by the
Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources on State and private
lands (Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources 2002). Critical
habitat does not give the Federal government authority to control or
otherwise manage feral animals on non-Federal land. These land
management options continue to be landowner decisions, and absent
Federal involvement, are not affected by the designation of critical
habitat. However, the designation of critical habitat does impose a
responsibility on Federal agencies to consult with us under section 7
of the Act on actions they carry out, fund, or authorize that might
destroy or adversely modify critical habitat. This requirement applies
to funding provided by the Service to the State through the Federal Aid
in Wildlife Restoration Program (Pittman-Robertson Program). It is
well-known that game mammals affect listed plant and animal species in
Hawaii. We believe it is important to develop and implement management
programs that provide for the recovery of listed species and
acknowledge the importance of continued ungulate hunting in game
management areas. We welcome opportunities to work closely with the
State and other partners to ensure that game management programs are
implemented in a manner consistent with both of these needs.
(15) Comment: One peer reviewer commented that Lowland Wet section
6 may be within the montane, rather than the lowland, ecosystem.
Our response: We followed TNC's Ecoregional Assessment of the
Hawaiian High Islands (2006) and ecosystem maps (TNCH 2007) to define
ecosystem boundaries in this rule. Following that approach, the
proposed Lowland Wet section 6 falls within the lowland wet ecosystem.
This ecosystem type occurs below 3,000 ft (1,000 m); contains wet
grassland, shrubland, and forest; receives greater than 75 in (191 cm)
annual precipitation; and has wet substrate conditions.
Peer Reviewer Comments-Plants
(16) Comment: One peer reviewer commented that Hanakoa Valley
should be included in Lowland Mesic section 3, since Charpentiera
densiflora occurs along the Kalalau trail in that area.
Our response: Although individual Charpentiera densiflora plants
may occur in the Hanakoa Valley, the reviewer did not present
scientific data that we could evaluate to determine whether this area
includes the physical and biological features essential to the
conservation of the species. Based on our field observations, trail
areas are typically disturbed by recreational activity and dominated by
nonnative plants.
(17) Comment: One reviewer stated that species' previous range is
not sufficiently understood, and that historical and paleoecological
information indicates that many rare plant species on Kauai had much
larger ranges, often in a wide array of habitats. This reviewer
acknowledged that the areas proposed as critical habitat were good
choices, and recommended that the Service focus funding and protection
efforts on the proposed areas rather than proposing additional areas as
critical habitat.
Our response: More research is needed to better understand the
species' historical range. In our proposed rule, we presented the
criteria used to identify critical habitat boundaries (73 FR 62622,
October 21, 2008), which were based on the best scientific and
commercial data available, including current and historical species'
location information. Surveying historical habitat and adjacent,
potentially suitable habitat will be a high priority during the
recovery implementation process for these species. We acknowledge that
critical habitat designated at a particular point in time may not
include all of the areas that may later be determined to be necessary
for the recovery of the species, as new information becomes available.
For this reason, a critical habitat designation does not signal that
habitat outside the designated area is unimportant or may not promote
the recovery of the species.
Peer Reviewer Comments-Akekee and Akikiki
(18) Comment: New survey data for the akikiki and akekee is
currently being analyzed by the U.S. Geological Survey-
[[Page 18973]]
Biological Resources Discipline (USGS-BRD).
Our response: We are aware that recent survey data has been
analyzed by the USGS-BRD and is undergoing agency review for
publication (Camp et al. in press). Information from Camp et al. (in
press) that was provided during the public comment period indicated
that montane mesic habitat proposed as critical habitat for the akekee,
several plants, and Drosophila sharpi is also occupied by the akikiki
and contains the physical and biological features essential to its
conservation that may require special management considerations or
protection. Based on this new information, we have added 2,976 ac
(1,204 ha) of additional montane mesic habitat as critical habitat for
the akikiki (Oreomystis bairdi Unit 1-Montane Mesic, Unit 2-Montane
Mesic, and Unit 3-Montane Mesic). Since this area was already being
proposed as critical habitat for other species in the montane mesic
ecosystem, adding the akikiki does not change the configuration or
amount of critical habitat designated in these units.
(19) Comment: Appropriate habitat for the akikiki and akekee
(outside of previously surveyed areas) should be surveyed for
occurrences.
Our response: There is a broader distribution for akekee than
akikiki, and there have been some detections of individual akekee
beyond the boundaries of the critical habitat proposed in October 2008
(Camp et al. in press, p. 136). However, Camp et al. did not present
scientific data with which we could evaluate whether these additional
areas include the physical and biological features essential to the
conservation of the species and are in need of special management. In
our Revised Recovery Plan for Hawaiian Forest Birds (USFWS 2006, pp. 4-
7, 4-118), we state that surveys of potentially suitable habitat for
the akikiki and akekee are a priority recovery action for these forest
birds. In accordance with section 4(b)(2) of the Act, we may also
revise designated critical habitat based on new information, if
appropriate.
(20) Comment: The proposed critical habitat may not be sufficient
for the long-term survival of the species, especially given the impact
of global climate change.
Our response: The impact of climate change on the distribution of
the akikiki and akekee is a potential concern, but the specific effects
of climate change are difficult to predict with confidence. Benning et
al. (2002, pp. 14248-14249) analyzed the possible contraction of
habitat for Hawaii's forest birds, using Hawaii, Maui, and Kauai as
models. Based on their study, they predict that over the next 100
years, the high elevation forest areas that currently serve as a refuge
for the birds from mosquito-borne malaria may decrease in size by as
much as 85 percent. The authors predict that preventing avian malaria
will become the main conservation focus for Hawaiian forest birds,
including the akikiki and akekee. Atkinson et al. (2009, pp. 58-59)
states that without question, the one factor that prevented widespread
and rapid extinction of virtually all of Hawaii's endemic and highly
susceptible honeycreepers after the introduction of avian malaria and
pox was the presence of significant altitudinal gradients on Kauai,
Maui, and Hawaii, where susceptible native birds could maintain high
populations in relatively disease-free refugia. They also concluded
that following a projected 2 degree Celsius ([deg]C) temperature rise
resulting from global warming, the Alakai Wilderness Preserve on Kauai
would experience an 85 percent loss of forested habitat where
transmission is currently highly seasonal to conditions where
transmission could occur throughout the year. As new information
becomes available, we may revise the critical habitat designation to
address climate change if we determine that additional areas are
essential to the conservation of the akikiki and akekee.
(21) Comment: The units should be expanded so as to be contiguous.
Our response: At this time, we believe that the areas designated as
critical habitat in this final rule are sufficient to provide for the
conservation of the akikiki and akekee. We did not include all
historical habitat or all areas adjacent to occupied habitat. The peer
reviewer did not present scientific data, which would be needed to
evaluate whether these additional areas are occupied and contain the
physical and biological features essential to the conservation of the
species or whether the areas need special management considerations or
protection, or if unoccupied, are essential to the conservation of the
species. We could not conclude from the available data whether or not
the previously occupied areas currently support, or even could support
in the future, the physical and biological features essential for the
conservation of the species.
(22) Comment: Additional studies are needed regarding breeding,
survival, and habitat needs of the akikiki and akekee.
Our response: We agree. These studies are identified as priority
recovery actions for forest birds in the Revised Recovery Plan for
Hawaiian Forest Birds (USFWS 2006, pp. 4-96, 4-118), although for the
purposes of designating critical habitat we have to rely on the best
scientific data available in accordance with section 4(b)(2) of the
Act.
(23) Comment: Two commenters suggested that critical habitat
include all areas where the akikiki and akekee are known to occur,
which would extend into areas delineated for the recovery of these
species, and that critical habitat for the akikiki should include the
montane mesic ecosystem as well as the montane wet ecosystem, although
the literature indicates that the akikiki presently is more restricted
in distribution than the akekee.
Our response: See our responses to comments 18 and 19 above.
(24) Comment: One peer reviewer was concerned that the area of
designated critical habitat might not be large enough to provide an
adequate mosquito buffer to the habitat areas currently occupied by the
akikiki and akekee should disease be determined to be the primary
factor in population decline. One peer reviewer stated that it may be
useful to expand critical habitat for akekee to minimize the number of
smaller isolated habitat patches, thus providing larger tracts of
contiguous native forest that are optimal for species persistence and
less likely to provide corridors for intrusion of avian disease-
carrying mosquitoes and invasion by nonnative plants. The commenter
suggested we expand critical habitat Unit 2 so that it abuts Units 1
and 5, expand Unit 5 so that it abuts Unit 4, and expand Unit 3 so that
it abuts Unit 4.
Our response: Larger tracts of contiguous forest habitat may slow
upslope movements of disease-carrying mosquitoes into areas occupied by
akikiki and akekee by reducing the nonforest-forest boundary along
which mosquitoes travel or are transported by prevailing winds.
Contiguous forest conditions potentially reduce the availability of a
transmission vector for avian disease (Reiter and LaPointe 2007, pp.
865-867). On Kauai, the mechanisms for avian disease transmission
appear to differ in some respects from transmission on other high
Hawaiian Islands. Avian disease transmission vectors on Kauai likely
include windblown movements of mosquitoes from lower into higher
elevations, as well as mosquitoes that breed in pig wallows and along
stream margins (Baker 1975, pp. 75-76; LaPointe 2008, pp. 605-607).
Since the avian disease mechanisms are not completely understood on
Kauai, the benefits that would result from
[[Page 18974]]
expanding critical habitat to establish larger buffer areas to reduce
avian disease transmission are uncertain. Investigating this
uncertainty will be a priority during the recovery implementation
process (USFWS 2006, pp. 4-62, 4-68-82).
Peer Reviewer Comments-Drosophila sharpi (D. attigua in the proposal)
(25) Comment: One peer reviewer commented that Lowland Wet section
6, south of the Alakai massif, should be designated as critical habitat
for the Hawaiian picture wing fly, since the type specimens for
Drosophila sharpi were collected at Mt. Kahili.
Our response: Information from our files indicates that
historically Drosophila sharpi was known from two areas on Kauai, and
was first collected at Kahili, east of the Alakai massif. Although new
information provided by one peer reviewer indicates the 1968 type
collections were made at Mt. Kahili, south of the Alakai massif, we
have no information with which we can evaluate whether these additional
areas contain the physical and biological features essential to the
conservation of D. sharpi that require special management
considerations or protection. Although these areas may contain species
of Cheirodendron and Tetraplasandra, the purported larval host plants,
we were unable to conclude from the available data whether the
previously occupied areas south of the Alakai massif support or could
support the physical and biological features essential for the
conservation of D. sharpi. Surveying historical habitat sites and
adjacent potentially suitable habitat for extant populations of D.
sharpi and its host plants will be a high priority during the recovery
planning process. We may consider revising the critical habitat
designation at that time if new information becomes available
indicating that these areas are essential to the recovery of this
species.
(26) Comment: One peer reviewer stated that if the Hawaiian
picture-wing fly, Drosophila sharpi, uses Cheirodendron spp. (olapa) as
a food source, the abundance and distribution of this plant should be
noted, and that Cheirodendron spp. has not been specifically identified
as a host plant for D. sharpi.
Our response: In the proposed rule we stated that the adult flies
are generalist microbivores (microbe eaters) and feed upon a variety of
decomposing plant material. Although the larval host plants for D.
sharpi are not specifically known, they are most likely to be
Cheirodendron and Tetraplasandra species, based on host plant
preferences for Drosophila primaeva, a sibling species to D. sharpi
(Montgomery 1975, p. 99; Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995, p. 14).
Cheirodendron spp., and to a lesser extent Tetraplasandra ssp., are
known to be widespread components of the native Metrosideros (ohia)
forest, especially the lowland wet, montane mesic, and montane wet
communities (Anderson et al. 1992, pp. 308-309; Gagne and Cuddihy,
1999, pp. 88, 90, 91, 98, 102-107), where D. sharpi occurs. Our
analysis of criteria used to identify critical habitat boundaries
included island-wide GIS coverage (e.g., Gap Analysis Program (GAP)
vegetation data (2005)), which reflects the spatial distribution of
native plants such as Cheirodendron and Tetraplasandra. We are unaware
of any scientific or commercial data on the abundance and distribution
of these plant species on Kauai, but agree that further research is
needed to determine the specific larval host species of Drosophila
sharpi.
Public Comments-Akekee and Akikiki
(27) Comment: Two commenters suggested that a distinction be made
between the threat of predation on the akikiki and akekee by the native
owl, pueo, and the introduced barn owl.
Our response: While the threat of predation on Hawaiian forest
birds by the pueo and the introduced barn owl has been documented by
several authors (Snetsinger et al. 1994, p. 47; Snetsinger et al. 2005,
pp. 79-80; Mounce 2008, pp. 19-21), there are no direct observations or
studies specifically related to the akikiki or the akekee. Snetsinger
et al. (1994, p. 4) reported a higher incidence of bird remains in pueo
pellets than in barn owl pellets, but suggested that this may be
attributed to prey availability rather than prey preference. On Kauai,
Snetsinger et al. (2005, pp. 79-80) concluded that 10 percent of
puaiohi nest failures may be due to predation by pueo, based on pueo
presence near predated nests. On Maui, Mounce (2008, p. 19) reported
two observations of depredation by pueo on two Maui forest birds, the
Maui parrotbill (Pseudonestor xanthophrys) and apapane (Himatione
sanguinea). The author suggested that in Hanawi Natural Area Reserve,
pueo may shift habitat during honeycreeper breeding seasons in response
to this more abundant and easily captured food, and therefore, may be
more of a threat to native birds than previously thought. Such a shift
is speculative at this point.
The pueo is a native predator of forest birds in Hawaii, whereas
the native Hawaiian forest birds have not coevolved with the introduced
barn owl. However, as stated above, we have no direct evidence of
predation specific to akikiki or akekee by either the pueo or the barn
owl, so it is not possible to compare the potential levels of predation
between these two predators.
(28) Comment: Two commenters stated that predation by feral cats
is a threat to the akikiki and akekee, including areas outside of the
Alakai Preserve, and that emphasis should be placed on developing
effective methods to control predation, with funding and support for
active management.
Our response: We do not have direct evidence of feral cat predation
on the akikiki and akekee, but believe they are a potential threat for
the reasons stated in our October 2008 proposal. The long-term
protection of many Hawaiian birds, including the akikiki and akekee,
will likely require large-scale control of nonnative predators,
including feral cats. This management need is identified as a high
priority in the Revised Recovery Plan for Hawaiian Forest Birds (USFWS
2006, pp. 2-161, 4-3, 4-52). See also our response to comment 7 for
additional discussion of this issue.
(29) Comment: One commenter stated that the best scientific
evidence indicates that the akikiki and the akekee each should be
included in both the montane wet and montane mesic ecosystems; that
critical habitat should be designated for each of them in both
ecosystems; and the boundaries of some units do not make biological
sense for the two bird species and do not appear to agree with
descriptions of where the primary constituent elements occur. The
commenter also stated that the recovery area identified for the akikiki
in the Revised Recovery Plan for Hawaiian Forest Birds is considerably
larger than the area proposed as critical habitat, and questioned why
critical habitat was not designated in other areas where the akikiki or
akekee may occur.
Our response: We agree that the habitat requirements of the akikiki
and akekee are very similar, and critical habitat for the two bird
species should be the same; in this final rule, we have designated
critical habitat for the akikiki and akekee in both the montane wet and
montane mesic ecosystems (See also our responses to comments 18, 19 and
21, above).
Under section 3(5)(A) of the Act, critical habitat can be
designated in areas that were occupied at the time of listing and
contain the physical and biological features essential to the species'
conservation, and which may require special management considerations;
or in areas that were unoccupied at the time of listing but have been
determined to be essential to
[[Page 18975]]
the conservation of the species. To delineate critical habitat for the
akikiki and akekee, we focused on the physical and biological features
essential to the conservation of those species, which we consider to be
the primary constituent elements laid out in the appropriate quantity
and spatial arrangement for the conservation of the species. We relied
on information and data obtained from several sources, including peer
reviewers and other qualified individuals familiar with these species
and ecosystems, to derive the final critical habitat designation for
the akikiki and akekee. We also considered the recovery area
recommended for the akikiki in the Revised Recovery Plan for Hawaiian
Forest Birds (USFWS 2006). The akikiki was a candidate species at the
time of the plan's publication; the akekee was not addressed in the
plan.
The Revised Recovery Plan for Hawaiian Forest Birds states that the
primary strategy for the recovery of the akikiki is the protection and
management of remaining forest on Kauai, especially high elevation
montane wet forest above 3,000 to 3,500 ft (900 to 1,060 m) in the
Alakai Wilderness Preserve and surrounding State and private lands
(USFWS 2006, p. 3-16). Although much of the designated critical habitat
overlaps with the recovery area recommended in the Revised Recovery
Plan for Hawaiian Forest Birds, we did not find that all of the
recommended recovery area met our definition of critical habitat in
terms of providing the physical and biological features essential for
the conservation of the species in the appropriate quantity and spatial
arrangement. For example, some of the recovery area identified for the
akikiki in the recovery plan has a number of residential cabins and
other forms of development, resulting in a fair amount of human
activity. We determined that while the birds may use this area on
occasion, it is unlikely to be utilized by the species to the extent
that the features there may be considered essential to the conservation
of the species. An additional area, Laau Ridge, was not included
because this area is too small and isolated to support viable
populations of the birds, as acknowledged in the recovery plan (USFWS
2006, p. 3-16), although another small isolated area, Namolokama Ridge,
was designated as critical habitat since it supports several of the
plant species.. Some of the recommended recovery area was below the
elevation limit that defines the montane wet and montane mesic
ecosystems, and hence would harbor mosquito populations that threaten
the two bird species with avian malaria; we are not designating such
areas as critical habitat for the akikiki and akekee.
Section 3(5)(C) of the Act specifies ``Except in those
circumstances determined by the Secretary, critical habitat shall not
include the entire geographical area which can be occupied by the
threatened or endangered species.'' The critical habitat designation
includes remaining forest areas above the 3,000 ft (914 m) elevation,
focusing on the Alakai Wilderness Preserve, as recommended in the
Revised Recovery Plan for Hawaiian Forest Birds. Although there is
limited information available regarding the habitat needs of the
akikiki, as acknowledged in the recovery plan (USFWS 2006, p. 3-16),
after considering the best available scientific information we have
designated critical habitat for the akikiki and the akekee based on
providing these species with the physical and biological features
essential to their conservation, in the appropriate quantity and
spatial arrangement needed for their conservation. However, the Act
provides for the revision of this critical habitat designation, if new
information should become available indicating that such revision may
be appropriate.
Public Comments-Listing and Climate Change
(30) Comment: One commenter suggested that any predictions about
climate change and its impacts on these species would not meet the
listing standard under section 4 of the Act, nor the definition of an
endangered species under section 3 of the Act.
Our response: Section 4 of the Act requires that we determine
whether any species is an endangered or threatened species based on any
of the following factors: (A) The present or threatened destruction,
modification, or curtailment of its habitat or range; (B)
overutilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or
educational purposes; (C) disease or predation; (D) the inadequacy of
existing regulatory mechanisms; or (E) other natural or manmade factors
affecting its continued existence. Climate change may lead to changes
in the intensity of threats under any of these factors for a species.
As with any threat, we evaluate each climate-induced factor for
specific effects and determine the magnitude and immediacy of the
threat to a species before proposing to list it under the Act. In this
final rule, we acknowledge that climate change may be a significant
threat to native species on Kauai, that we are not capable of
determining the specific effects of probable climate change on these 48
species at this time, and conclude that at present we are unable to
determine the magnitude of this threat with confidence. Although
climate change may potentially present a threat in the future, we are
not listing any of these 48 species as endangered based on the threat
of climate change alone.
Federal Agency Comments
(31) Comment: The U.S. Navy, on behalf of the National Aeronautics
and Space Administration, requested that we exclude the portions of
Kokee Sites D and E that overlap with the proposed critical habitat.
They characterized the areas as fenced and developed, and commented
that these areas would be unlikely to support any of the 47 species for
which critical habitat is proposed.
Our response: We have modified units Lowland Mesic Section 1 and
Montane Mesic Section 1 (Kokee Sites D and E) to exclude areas lacking
the physical and biological features (primary constituent elements)
essential to the conservation of the species, in response to the above
comment. Manmade features and structures within the boundaries of the
areas mapped as critical habitat, such as buildings, roads, existing
fences, telecommunications equipment towers and associated structures
and equipment, communication facilities and regularly maintained
associated rights-of-way, radars, telemetry antennas, paved areas, and
other landscaped areas, existing on the effective date of this final
rule do not contain one or more of the primary constituent elements
described for any of the 47 proposed species. Accordingly, the text of
the rule clarifies that these types of areas are not included in the
critical habitat designation, even if they appear to occur within the
boundary of a mapped critical habitat unit.
Comments from the State of Hawaii
(32) The State of Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources-
Land and Engineering Division and State Water Commission's Stream
Protection and Management Branch reviewed the proposed rule. Neither
agency expressed support or concerns with regard to the proposed
listing or designation of critical habitat for the species included in
this rule.
Other Public Comments
(33) Comment: One commenter stated that because we are designating
critical habitat in unoccupied areas, the rule would establish a
prohibition against the adverse modification of critical habitat under
section 9 of the Act where one would otherwise not exist.
[[Page 18976]]
Our response: Except as provided in sections 6(g)(2) and 10 of the
Act, with respect to any endangered species of fish or wildlife listed
under section 4 of the Act, it is unlawful for any person subject to
the jurisdiction of the United States to:
(A) Import or export any such species from the United States;
(B) Take any such species within the United States or the
territorial sea of the United States;
(C) Take any such species upon the high seas;
(D) Possess, sell, deliver, carry, transport, or ship, by any means
whatsoever, any such species taken in violation of (B) and (C) above;
(E) Deliver, receive, carry, transport, or ship in interstate or
foreign commerce, by any means whatsoever and in the course of a
commercial activity, any such species;
(F) Sell or offer for sale in interstate or foreign commerce any
such species; or
(G) Violate any regulation pertaining to such species or to any
threatened species of fish or wildlife listed under authority provided
under the Act.
The Act does not establish a section 9 prohibition against the
adverse modification of critical habitat.
(34) Comment: One landowner opposed the designation of critical
habitat on private lands within Wainiha Valley. They believe the
designation will negatively impact the rights of private landowners,
and serve as a disincentive for landowners to participate in voluntary
conservation efforts. They stated that the designation of additional
critical habitat is unnecessary in light of the ongoing conservation
management activities benefiting endangered species in the valley. They
also stated that critical habitat designation would result in little if
any additional benefit to the species, and that any limited regulatory,
educational, or recovery benefits that might arise from the designation
would be outweighed by the benefits of encouraging voluntary
conservation efforts by other private landowners.
Our response: We agree that developing and maintaining public and
private partnerships for species conservation is important. The
conservation agreement between this landowner and The Nature
Conservancy has established the third largest private nature preserve
of over 7,000 ac (2,833 ha) in Wainiha Valley. Based on the nature of
the agreement and the ongoing conservation actions being implemented,
we are excluding some of the subject property within Montane Wet
Section 1 from the final critical habitat designation under section
4(b)(2) of the Act. The private landowner is proactively managing this
area in a way that provides conservation benefits for 18 of the 44
plant species, the akikiki and akekee, Drosophila sharpi, and several
other listed species. The excluded area is not already designated as
critical habitat for other species, and we believe that there is a
higher likelihood that beneficial conservation activities will continue
by not including this area in the critical habitat designation. The
rationale for concluding that the benefits of exclusion outweigh the
benefits of including this area as critical habitat is discussed in
detail in the ``Exclusions Under Section 4(b)(2) of the Act'' section
below. However, we considered but did not exclude other proposed lands
owned by this private landowner that are already designated as critical
habitat for other species, since we could not conclude that the
benefits of excluding these areas would outweigh the benefits of
designating them as critical habitat. Designating critical habitat in
areas that are already designated as critical habitat for other species
will likely not impose any appreciable difference in regulatory
requirements under section 7 of the Act for ongoing or future
management activities that may be undertaken on these areas. The
essential physical and biological features (primary constituent
elements) defined in previous critical habitat designations, and
special management considerations or protection needed for those
species, are similar to those for the species addressed in this final
rule.
(35) Comment: One commenter suggested that the impact of listing
and critical habitat designation would primarily impact sportsmen who
hunt game in those units.
Our response: A critical habitat designation does not create a
wilderness area, preserve, or wildlife refuge, nor does it
automatically close an area to human access or use. Its federal
regulatory effect applies only to activities where there is some
Federal involvement. Land uses such as logging, grazing, and recreation
that may require Federal permits would require compliance with the
Act's section 7(a)(2) requirement that Federal action in issuing the
permit not destroy or adversely modify critical habitat. Critical
habitat designations do not constitute land management plans, and the
designation of critical habitat does not require a private or State
landowner to fence the designated areas or remove game mammals. It is
well understood that feral ungulates are responsible for the decline of
native vegetation in Hawaii (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, pp. 40, 63-67) and
that they present a primary threat to the native species in each of the
ecosystems described in this final rule, including the 48 species
addressed in this final rule. The Service recognizes that the
populations of many game mammal species directly or indirectly affect
the distribution and abundance of many listed endangered plant and
animal species to varying degrees. We are also aware that game mammal
hunting is a highly valued activity to a portion of the present-day
Hawaiian culture, and that hunting is an important tool to manage wild
game populations. We support hunting as a recreational activity and
hunting programs within the State of Hawaii. We will continue to work
in partnership with the State in this regard, as Federal law requires
that hunting programs that receive federal funding be designed and
implemented in a manner compatible with endangered species
conservation.
(36) Comment: Two commenters stated that it appears that critical
habitat was designated with a priority given to plants rather than the
akikiki and akekee, and one commenter stated that Laau ridge between
the Alakai Wilderness Preserve and Namolokama should be included as
critical habitat for both birds.
Our response: As explained in the Criteria Used to Identify
Critical Habitat Boundaries section of the proposed rule, we proposed
critical habitat on lands occupied by the species that contain the
physical and biological features essential to the conservation of each
species that may require special management considerations or
protection. We also proposed critical habitat on lands that were not
occupied by the species, but were determined to be essential to their
conservation. Based on the best scientific data available, we believe
this final rule adequately reflects the areas essential for the
conservation of the 47 species for which we are designating critical
habitat, including the akikiki and akekee. Although Laau ridge may
potentially be important to the recovery of the akikiki and akekee, the
reviewer did not present scientific data with which we could evaluate
whether this area is essential to their conservation. We have no
information indicating that Laau ridge is occupied by either akikiki or
akekee. The last confirmed observation of the akikiki on Laau ridge
that we are aware of was in 1969 (Service 1983, pp. 53, 66).
(37) Comment: Two commenters stated that the Hawaiian honeycreepers
should be included in the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) (16 U.S.C.
703-712) to gain protections under that
[[Page 18977]]
statute. One commenter suggested that the MBTA specifically and
arbitrarily excludes Hawaiian honeycreepers, and that the inadequacy of
existing regulatory mechanisms (Factor D) presents a threat to the
akikiki and akekee because they are not protected under the MBTA. The
commenter states that these species should be protected under the MBTA
since they are members of the avian family Fringillidae, which is
covered by the statute.
Our response: A species qualifies for protection under the MBTA if
it meets one or more criteria, including whether it belongs to a family
or group of species named in the Canadian convention of 1961, as
amended in 1996; the Mexican convention of 1936, as amended in 1972;
the annex to the Japanese convention of 1972, as amended; or the
Russian convention of 1976. The proposed rule (71 FR 50194, August 24,
2006) to revise the List of Migratory Birds that receive protections
under the MBTA states that the MBTA does not apply to native species
that belong to families or groups represented in the United States that
are not expressly mentioned in the Canadian, Mexican, or Russian
treaties. Although the Hawaiian honeycreepers, including akikiki and
akekee are in the family Fringillidae, and fringillids are covered by
the MBTA, the proposed rule to revise the List of Migratory Birds
specifically names the subfamily Drepanidinae (the Hawaiian
honeycreepers) as one of those groups that do not receive protections
under the MBTA (71 FR 50205). However, regulatory actions under the
MBTA are beyond the scope of this final rule.
Summary of Changes from Proposed Rule
We fully considered comments from the public and peer reviewers on
the proposed rule to develop this final listing and critical habitat
designation for the 48 species from Kauai. This final rule incorporates
the following substantive changes to our proposed listing and
designation, based on the comments that we received.
(1) At the time we proposed Drosophila attigua as endangered, we
followed the taxonomic treatment of Hardy and Kaneshiro (1969, p. 41).
Subsequently, a peer reviewer informed us of a recent taxonomic
revision in which D. attigua was determined to be identical to, and
synonymized with, D. sharpi, a species described by Grimshaw in 1901
(Grimshaw 1901, p. 65; Magnacca and O'Grady 2008, p. 55). Since the
synonymy of D. attigua with D. sharpi is currently accepted by the
scientific community, we are listing this picture-wing fly species as
endangered in the final rule under the name D. sharpi rather than D.
attigua. We are also designating critical habitat for D. sharpi in this
final rule. This name change does not affect the boundaries of the
proposed designation of critical habitat.
(2) We designated an additional 2,936 ac (1,204 ha) of montane
mesic habitat as critical habitat for the akikiki (Oreomystis bairdi
Units 1-3 Montane Mesic) based on information received during the
public comment period indicating that these areas are occupied by this
species and contain the physical and biological features essential to
its conservation that may require special management considerations or
protection (see our response to comment 18 above). The addition of this
area does not increase the total amount of critical habitat we are
designating in this final rule, since these areas were already proposed
as critical habitat for the akekee, Drosophila sharpi, and several
plant species.
(3) We designated an additional 5,013 ac (2,029 ha) of lowland wet
habitat as critical habitat for the plant Tetraplasandra flynii (Kauai
10-Tetraplasandra flynii-b, Kauai 11-Tetraplasandra flynii-d, Kauai 21-
Tetraplasandra flynii-g). These areas were not proposed as critical
habitat for T. flynii in our proposed rule, but information we received
during the public comment period indicates these areas are occupied by
the species and contain the physical and biological features essential
to its conservation that may require special management considerations
or protection. The addition of this area does not increase the total
amount of critical habitat we are designating in this final rule, since
the areas were already proposed as critical habitat for several other
plant species.
(4) We excluded 1,052 ac (426 ha) owned by Alexander and Baldwin,
Inc., from this final critical habitat designation. We proposed this
area as critical habitat for 18 plants, akekee, akikiki, and Drosophila
attigua within several units (as described in the proposed rule: Kauai
18-Montane Wet for 18 plants; Drosophila attigua-Unit 5-Montane Wet;
Oreomystis bairdi-Unit 1-Montane Wet; and Loxops caeruleirostris-Unit
4-Montane Wet). The ``Exclusions Under Section 4(b)(2) of the Act''
section of this final rule presents a detailed explanation of our
analysis of this area.
This exclusion additionally resulted in a change to some of the
critical habitat unit numbers. As Kauai 18-Montane Wet as described in
the proposed rule was excluded, that left the critical habitat unit
numbered Kauai 18 ``vacant'' in the final rule, with the end result
that the unit Kauai 19-Wet Cliff from the proposed rule is now Kauai
18-Wet Cliff in this final rule. The effects of this change are also
seen in various maps and tables throughout this final rule, as all new
critical habitat units have been renumbered from the proposed rule,
starting with Unit 18, through Unit 25.
(5) In accordance with Terrell et al. (2005, p. 818), we changed
the scientific name for Hedyotis to Kadua. This change is reflected in
Table 3-Ecosystem-level Primary Constituent Elements (PCEs) for Each
Species and in the Regulation Promulgation section of this rule.
(6) We revised certain unit boundaries for plants (Kauai 11-Lowland
Mesic and Kauai 11-Montane Mesic in Sec. 17.99(a)(1)); akekee (Loxops
caeruleirostris-Unit 1-Montane Mesic in Sec. 17.95(b)); and the
picture-wing fly (Drosophila sharpi-Unit 1-Montane Mesic in
Sec. 17.95(i)) based on comments received from the U.S. Navy (see our
response to comment 31 above).
(7) We corrected the upper elevation limit of the ecosystem-level
PCEs for the Montane Mesic and Montane Wet Ecosystems (See Table 3).
The upper limit is now 5,243 ft (1,598 m) instead of 6,600 ft (2,000
m), as 5,243 ft (1,598 m) represents the maximum elevation on Kauai.
(8) We corrected the species-specific PCE for Lysmiachia daphnoides
in Table 4 and elsewhere in the final rule; this PCE now clarifies that
the species utilizes not bogs, but more specifically hummocks in bogs.
(9) We have corrected the species-specific PCE for Drosophila
sharpi to reflect the fact that this picture-wing fly uses both
Cheirodendron sp. and Tetraplasandra sp. as larval host plants; the
genus Tetraplasandra was not included as a species-specific PCE in the
proposed rule.
(10) We made some corrections to Table CDLIX (Table Of Protected
Species Within Each Critical Habitat Unit For Kauai) in the Regulation
Promulgation section of this rule to accurately reflect which units are
occupied or unoccupied by the species.
Summary of Factors Affecting the Species
Section 4 of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1533) and our implementing
regulations (50 CFR part 424) set forth the procedures for adding
species to the Federal Lists of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and
Plants. A species may be
[[Page 18978]]
determined to be an endangered or threatened species due to one or more
of the five factors described in section 4(a)(1) of the Act: (A) The
present or threatened destruction, modification, or curtailment of its
habitat or range; (B) overutilization for commercial, recreational,
scientific, or educational purposes; (C) disease or predation; (D) the
inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms; and (E) other natural or
manmade factors affecting its continued existence. Listing actions may
be warranted based on any of the above threat factors, singly or in
combination. The threats to each of the individual 48 species are
summarized in Table 2, and discussed in detail below. Factor D is not
included in the table because we have no information on primary threats
to the species that would fall under this category.
[[Page 18979]]
TABLE 2.--SUMMARY OF PRIMARY THREATS IDENTIFIED FOR EACH OF THE 48 KAUAI SPECIES
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Factor A Factor B Factor C Factor E
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Species Ecosystem Predation by Other species-
Nonnative plants Pigs Goats Deer Fire Hurricanes Landslides or Climate Change Illegal Predation by Predation by nonnative specific
Flooding collection ungulates rats invertebrates threats
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Astelia waialealae MW (hummocks in X X X X X X LN, NR
bogs)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Canavalia napaliensis LM X X X X X X X X ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chamaesyce eleanoriae LM, DC X X X L X X X LN
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chamaesyce remyi var. LW, WC X X X L X X ...............
kauaiensis
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi LM, LW,MM, MW, X X X X X L X X X X ...............
WC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Charpentiera densiflora LM, LW X X X X L, F X X X X ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cyanea dolichopoda WC X X L X X NW
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cyanea eleeleensis LW X X X L X X X X NW
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cyanea kolekoleensis LW X X X F X X X X NW
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cyanea kuhihewa LW X X X L X X X X NW
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cyrtandra oenobarba LW, WC X X X X L, F X X X X ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cyrtandra paliku WC X X L X LN
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Diellia mannii MM X X X X X L X X LN
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Doryopteris angelica LM X X X X X X X X LN
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dryopteris crinalis var. MW X X X X LN
podosorus
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dubautia imbricata ssp. LW X X X X X ...............
imbricata
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dubautia kalalauensis MW X X X X X LN
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dubautia kenwoodii LM X X X X FR X X NW
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dubautia plantaginea ssp. WC X X X L X X ...............
magnifolia
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 18980]]
Dubautia waialealae MW (bogs only) X X X X X X ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Geranium kauaiense MW (bogs only) X X X X X ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Keysseria erici MW (bogs only) X X X X X ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Keysseria helenae MW (bogs only) X X X X X ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Labordia helleri LM, LW,MM, MW X X X X X X X X ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Labordia pumila MW (bogs only) X X X X X ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lysimachia daphnoides MW (hummocks in X X X X X ...............
bogs)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lysimachia iniki WC X X L X LN
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lysimachia pendens WC X X X L X X LN
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lysimachia scopulensis DC X X X X L X X LN
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lysimachia venosa WC X X L X NW
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Melicope degeneri MW X X X X X X X LN, NR
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Melicope paniculata LW X X X X L X X X ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Melicope puberula LW, MW X X X X X X X ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Myrsine knudsenii MM X X X X X X X X LN
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Myrsine mezii MM, MW X X X X L X X LN
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Phyllostegia renovans LW, MW X X X X L X X X LN
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pittosporum napaliense LM X X X X X X ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 18981]]
Platydesma rostrata LM, LW, MMMW, WC X X X X X L X X X X ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pritchardia hardyi LW, WC X X X X X X X X ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Psychotria grandiflora MM, MW X X X X X X X X LN, NR
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Psychotria hobdyi LM X X X X X X X X X X ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Schiedea attenuata DC X X X X L X X LN
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Stenogyne kealiae LW, MM, DC X X X X X X L X X X ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tetraplasandra bisattenuata LM, LW X X X X X X LN
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tetraplasandra flynnii LW, MM, MW X X X X X X LN
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Animals
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Akekee MM, MW X X X X X X AD, pPCO
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Akikiki MM, MW X X X X X X AD, pPCO
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Picture-wing fly, Drosophila MM, MW X X X X X X X X X CTF
sharpi
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LM = Lowland Mesic
LW = Lowland Wet
MM = Montane Mesic
MW = Montane Wet
DC = Dry Cliff
WC = Wet Cliff
L = Landslides
F = Flooding
LN = Limited numbers <= 50 wild individuals
NR = No reproduction
FR = Falling rocks
NW = Not extant in wild
AD = Avian diseases
pPCO = Potential predation by feral cats, nonnative owls
CTF = Competition with nonnative tipulid flies
Factor A - Habitat Modification
Factor B - Overutilization
Factor C - Disease or Predation
Factor E - Other
[[Page 18982]]
A. The Present or Threatened Destruction, Modification, or Curtailment
of Its Habitat or Range
The Hawaiian Islands are located over 2,000 mi (3,200 km) from the
nearest continent. This isolation has allowed the few plants and
animals that arrived in the Hawaiian Islands to evolve into many varied
and highly endemic species (species that occur nowhere else in the
world). The only native terrestrial mammal on the Hawaiian Islands is a
flying mammal, the Hawaiian hoary bat (Lasirus cinereus semotus). The
native plants and animals of the Hawaiian Islands have therefore
evolved in the absence of any mammalian predators, browsers, or
grazers; many of the native species have lost defenses against threats
such as mammalian predation and competition with aggressive, weedy
plant species that are typical of mainland environments (Loope 1992, p.
11; Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 3-6, 45). For example, Carlquist (in
Carlquist and Cole 1974, p. 29) states that ``Hawaiian plants are
notably nonpoisonous, free from armament, and free from many
characteristics thought to be deterrents to herbivores (oils, resins,
stinging hairs, coarse texture).'' In addition, species restricted to
highly specialized locations or food sources (e.g., some Hawaiian
forest birds and picture-wing flies) are particularly vulnerable to
changes (from nonnative species, hurricanes, fire, and climate change)
in their habitat (Carlquist and Cole 1974, pp. 28-29; Loope 1992, pp.
3-6; Stone 1992, pp. 88-95).
Habitat destruction and modification by introduced ungulates
Introduced mammals have greatly impacted the native vegetation, as
well as the native fauna, of the Hawaiian Islands. The first
introductions of nonnative mammals began with pigs, dogs, and rats that
arrived with the Polynesians around 400 A.D. (Kirch 1982, pp. 3-4).
Nonnative species impacts to native species and ecosystems of Hawaii
accelerated following the arrival of Captain James Cook in 1778. The
Cook expedition and subsequent explorers intentionally introduced a
European race of pigs or boars and other livestock, such as goats, to
serve as food sources for seagoing explorers (USGS 1998, p. 752). The
mild climate of the islands, combined with the lack of competitors or
predators led to the successful establishment of large populations of
these introduced mammals to the detriment of native Hawaiian species
and ecosystems. Over the 200 years following the introduction of these
animals, the numbers of introduced ungulates has increased, and the
adverse impacts on native vegetation have become increasingly apparent
(Mueller-Dombois et al. 1981, p. 310).
Beyond the direct effects of trampling and consuming native plants,
feral ungulates (hoofed mammals) contribute significantly to increased
erosion on the islands, and their behavior (i.e., rooting, moving
across large expanses) facilitates the spread and establishment of
competing, invasive, nonnative plant species. The presence of
introduced nonnative mammals is one of the primary factors underlying
the alteration and degradation of native vegetation and habitats on the
island of Kauai. Each of the six ecosystems and the associated native
species therein are threatened by the destruction or degradation of
habitat due to nonnative ungulates, including pigs (Sus scrofa), goats
(Capra hircus), and black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus).
Pigs have been described as the most pervasive and disruptive
nonnative influence on the unique native forests of the Hawaiian
Islands, and are widely recognized as one of the greatest current
threats to forest ecosystems in Hawaii (Aplet et al. 1991, p. 56;
Anderson and Stone 1993, p. 195; Loope 1999, p. 56). European pigs
introduced to Hawaii by Captain James Cook in 1778 hybridized with
domesticated Polynesian pigs, became feral, and invaded forested areas,
especially wet and mesic forests and dry areas at high elevations.
These animals are currently present on Kauai, Niihau, Oahu, Molokai,
Maui, and Hawaii. These introduced pigs are extremely destructive and
have both direct and indirect impacts on native plant communities.
While rooting in the earth in search of invertebrates and plant
material, pigs directly impact native plants by disturbing and
destroying vegetative cover, and trampling plants and seedlings. They
may also reduce or eliminate plant regeneration by damaging or eating
seeds and seedlings (further discussion of predation by nonnative
ungulates is under Factor C, below). Pigs are a major vector for the
establishment and spread of competing invasive nonnative plant species,
by dispersing plant seeds on their hooves and coats as well as through
the spread of manure and fertilizing the disturbed soil through their
feces. Pigs feed preferentially on the fruits of many nonnative plants,
such as Passiflora tarminiana (banana poka) and Psidium cattleianum
(strawberry guava), spreading the seeds of these invasive species
through their feces as they travel in search of food.
In addition, rooting pigs contribute to erosion by clearing
vegetation and creating large areas of disturbed soil, especially on
slopes (Aplet et al. 1991, p. 56; Smith 1985, pp. 190, 192, 196, 200,
204, 230-231; Stone 1985, pp. 254-255, 262-264; Medeiros et al. 1986,
pp. 27-28; Scott et al. 1986, pp. 360-361; Tomich 1986, pp. 120-126;
Cuddihy and Stone 1990, pp. 64-65; Loope et al. 1991, pp. 1-21; Wagner
et al. 1999, p. 52). The compacted volcanic soils, wallows, and downed,
hollowed-out tree ferns created by feral pig activity hold water and
create breeding sites for mosquitoes, which transmit avian disease
(Scott et al. 1986, pp. 365-368; Atkinson et al. 1995, p. S68).
Mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria present a significant threat to
native Hawaiian forest birds, including the akikiki and akekee (see
Factor C).
Goats native to the Middle East and India were also successfully
introduced to the Hawaiian Islands in the late 1700s. Feral goats now
occupy a wide variety of habitats on Kauai, where they consume native
vegetation, trample roots and seedlings, accelerate erosion, and
promote the invasion of alien plants (Stone 1985, p. 48; van Riper and
van Riper 1982, pp. 34-35). Goats are able to access and forage in
extremely rugged terrain, including nearly vertical cliffs of the Na
Pali Coast, and have a high reproductive capacity (Clarke and Cuddihy
1980, pp. C-19, C-20; Culliney 1988, p. 336; Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p.
64); because of these factors, goats are believed to have completely
eliminated some plant species from islands (Atkinson and Atkinson 2000,
p. 21). Goats can be highly destructive to natural vegetation, and they
contribute to erosion by eating young trees and young shoots of plants
before they can become established. They also create trails that can
damage native vegetative cover, destabilize substrate, and create
gullies that convey water and exacerbate erosion, as well as dislodge
stones from ledges that can damage vegetation below (Cuddihy and Stone
1990, p. 64). The erosion caused by goats on the steep slopes of Kauai
contributes to the potential for landslides and also increases the
potential for flooding. Large feral herds of goats can cause damage at
multiple scales; their climbing ability allows access to the more
remote areas of Kauai, and their browsing causes habitat degradation
that can lead to erosion and landslides.
Black-tailed deer (also known as mule deer) were first introduced
to Kauai in 1961 for the purposes of sport hunting. These deer are
currently limited to the western side of Kauai, where they feed on a
variety of native and alien plants (van Riper and van Riper 1982, pp.
42-46). In addition to directly impacting
[[Page 18983]]
native plants through browsing, deer likely impact native plants
indirectly by serving as a primary vector for the spread of introduced
plants. Deer feed on many alien plant species, and likely distribute
these plants seeds through their feces as they travel. Black-tailed
deer have been identified as a vector of habitat alteration in the
Kauai ecosystems (NTBG report 2007a; HBMP 2007), and impact the Kauai
plants through predation as well (Factor C).
Each of the six Kauai ecosystems identified in this final rule
(lowland mesic, lowland wet, montane mesic, montane wet, dry cliff, and
wet cliff) and the native species dependent on these habitat types are
directly and indirectly adversely impacted by feral ungulates,
resulting in the destruction and degradation of habitat for the native
Kauai species. These effects include the destruction of vegetative
cover; trampling of plants and seedlings; consumption of native
vegetation; soil disturbance; dispersal of alien plant seeds on hooves,
coats, and through the spread of seeds in feces; and the creation of
open disturbed areas conducive to further invasion by nonnative pest
plant species. Each of these impacts lead to the subsequent conversion
of a plant community dominated by native species to one dominated by
nonnative species (see Habitat destruction and modification by
nonnative plants below). In addition, because these mammals inhabit
terrain that is often steep and remote (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 59),
foraging and trampling contributes to severe erosion of watersheds. As
early as 1900, there was increasing concern expressed about the
integrity of island watersheds leading to establishment of a
professional forestry program emphasizing soil and water conservation
(Nelson 1989, p. 3).
Habitat destruction and modification by nonnative plants
General Ecosystem Impacts
The native vegetation on all of the main Hawaiian Islands has
undergone extreme alteration because of past and present land
management practices, including ranching, the deliberate introduction
of nonnative plants and animals, and agricultural development (Cuddihy
and Stone 1990, pp. 27, 58). All of the species being addressed in this
final rule are threatened by almost 50 taxa of introduced plants that
alter their habitat. The original native flora of Hawaii (species that
were present before humans arrived) consisted of about 1,000 taxa, 89
percent of which were endemic (species that occur only on the Hawaiian
Islands). Over 800 plant taxa have been introduced from elsewhere, and
nearly 100 of these have become pests (e.g., injurious plants) in
Hawaii (Smith 1985, p. 180; Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, p. 45; Cuddihy and
Stone 1990, p. 73). Some of these plants were brought to Hawaii by
various groups of people, including the Polynesians, for food or
cultural reasons. Plantation owners (and the territorial government of
Hawaii), alarmed at the reduction of water resources for their crops
caused by the destruction of native forest cover by grazing feral and
domestic animals, introduced nonnative trees for reforestation.
Ranchers intentionally introduced pasture grasses and other nonnative
plants for agriculture, and sometimes inadvertently introduced weed
seeds as well. Other plants were brought to Hawaii for their potential
horticultural value (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 73; Scott et al. 1986,
pp. 361-363).
Nonnative plants adversely impact native Hawaiian habitat,
including the 6 Kauai ecosystems and the 48 species identified in this
final rule, by modifying the availability of light, altering soil-water
regimes, modifying nutrient cycling, altering fire characteristics of
native plant communities (e.g., successive fires that burn farther and
farther into native habitat, destroy native plants, and remove habitat
for native species by altering microclimatic conditions to favor alien
species), and ultimately converting native dominated plant communities
to nonnative plant communities (Cuddihy and Stone, 1990, p. 74;
D'Antonio and Vitousek 1992, p. 73; Smith 1985, pp. 180-181; Vitousek
et al. 1997, p. 6). This directly and indirectly affects the plant and
animal species in this rule by modifying or destroying their habitat
and reducing food sources. Below we have organized by ecosystem a list
of nonnative plants followed by a discussion of the specific negative
effects of those nonnative plants on these species.
Lowland Mesic Ecosystem
The nonnative plant threats to the species inhabiting the lowland
mesic ecosystem include the understory and subcanopy species Blechnum
appendiculatum (no common name, hereafter ``NCN''), Erigeron
karvinskianus (daisy fleabane), Hedychium gardnerianum (kahili ginger),
Kalanchoe pinnata (air plant), Lantana camara (lantana), Melastoma
septemnervium (Indian rhododendron), Rubus argutus (prickly Florida
blackberry), Rubus rosifolius (thimbleberry), and the canopy species
Psidium cattleianum (strawberry guava), P. guajava (common guava),
Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (downy or rose myrtle), and Schinus
terebinthifolius (Christmasberry) (Carr 1998, p. 10; NTBG Accession
Database 1999; NTBG Provenance Report 1991; Wood 1998, p. 1; Wood 1999,
p. 1; Wood 2005, p. 1; Wood 2007a, p. 1; Wood 2007f, p. 1; HBMP 2007).
In addition, there are several nonnative grasses such as Melinus
minutiflora (molasses grass), Oplismenus hirtellus (basketgrass),
Paspalum conjugatum (Hilo grass), P. urvillei (Vasey grass), and
Setaria parviflora (yellow foxtail) that present a significant threat
to the species dependent on this ecosystem (HBMP 2007).
Lowland Wet Ecosystem
The nonnative plant threats to the species inhabiting the lowland
wet ecosystem include the understory and subcanopy species Axonopus
fissifolius (narrow-leaved carpetgrass), Christella parasitica (NCN),
Clidemia hirta (Koster's curse), Coffea arabica (Arabian coffee),
Cyperus meyenianus (NCN), Erigeron karvinskianus, Juncus planifolius
(bog rush), Lantana camara, Melastoma septemnervium, Oplismenus
hirtellus, Pterolepis glomerata (NCN), Rubus rosifolius, Sacciolepis
indica (glenwood grass), Setaria parviflora, and Sphaeropteris cooperi
(Australian tree fern), and the canopy species Psidium cattleianum, P.
guajava, and Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Hawaii State Comprehensive Wildlife
Strategy (HSCWS) 2005; NTBG 2006; Wood 1998, p. 2; Wood 2007f, p. 3;
HBMP 2007).
Montane Mesic Ecosystem
The nonnative plant threats to the species inhabiting the montane
mesic ecosystem include the understory and subcanopy species Axonopus
fissifolius, Blechnum appendiculatum, Christella parasitica, Cyperus
meyenianus, Ehrharta stipioides (meadow ricegrass), Erigeron
karvinskianus, Hedychium gardnerianum, Holcus lanatus (common velvet
grass), Kalanchoe pinnata, Lantana camara, Lonicera japonica (Japanese
honeysuckle), Melastoma septemnervium, Paspalum urvillei, Passiflora
tarminiana (banana poka), Rubus argutus, and R. rosifolius, and the
canopy species Corynocarpus laevigatus (karakanut), Eucalyptus robusta
(swamp mahogany), Psidium cattleianum, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, and
Ricinus communis (castor bean) (HBMP 2007).
Montane Wet Ecosystem
The nonnative plant threats to the species inhabiting the montane
wet
[[Page 18984]]
ecosystem include the understory and subcanopy species Andropogon
glomeratus (bushy bluestem), Andropogon virginicus (broomsedge),
Axonopus fissifolius, Clidemia hirta, Cyperus meyenianus, Erechtites
valerianifolia (fireweed), Erigeron karvinskianus, Hedychium
gardnerianum, Juncus planifolius, Kalanchoe pinnata, Lantana camara,
Paspalum urvillei, Passiflora tarminiana, Rubus argutus, R. rosifolius,
Sacciolepis indica, Setaria parviflora, and Xyris complanata (yellow-
eyed grass), and the canopy species Morella faya (firetree) and Psidium
cattleianum (HBMP 2007).
Dry Cliff Ecosystem
The nonnative plant threats to the species inhabiting the dry cliff
ecosystem include the understory and subcanopy species Andropogon
glomeratus, Erigeron karvinskianus, Kalanchoe pinnata, Lantana camara,
Lonicera japonica, Passiflora tarminiana, Rubus argutus, and Verbena
litoralis (vervain) (Wood 2007d; HBMP 2007).
Wet Cliff Ecosystem
The nonnative plant threats to the species inhabiting the wet cliff
ecosystem include the understory and subcanopy species Ageratum
conyzoides (maile honohono), Andropogon glomeratus, Blechnum
appendiculatum, Clidemia hirta, Cyperus meyenianus, Erigeron
karvinskianus, Juncus planifolius, Kalanchoe pinnata, Lonicera
japonica, Paspalum conjugatum, Passiflora edulis (passion fruit,
lilikoi), P. tarminiana, Pluchea carolinensis (sourbush), Rubus
argutus, R. rosifolius, Setaria parviflora, Sphaeropteris cooperi, and
Youngia japonica (oriental hawksbeard), and the canopy species Buddleja
asiatica (dog tail) and Psidium cattleianum (Perlman 2007; HBMP 2007).
Nonnative Species-Specific Impacts
Nonnative plants represent a significant and immediate threat to
each of the 48 species being addressed in this final rule throughout
their ranges by destroying and modifying habitat. They can adversely
impact microhabitat by modifying the availability of light, altering
soil-water regimes, and modifying nutrient cycling processes. They can
also alter fire characteristics of native plant habitat, leading to
incursions of fire-tolerant nonnative plant species into native
habitat. Nonnative plants outcompete native plants by growing faster;
in addition, some release chemicals that inhibit the growth of other
plants. By outcompeting native species, nonnative plants convert
native-dominated plant communities to nonnative plant communities
(Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 74; Vitousek 1992, pp. 33-35). The
following list provides a brief description of the nonnative plants
that present a threat to the species that occur in the ecosystems being
addressed in this final rule.
Ageratum conyzoides is a perennial herb that produces
thousands of seeds spread by wind and water, with over half germinating
shortly after being shed, displacing native understory vegetation
(Pacific Island Ecosystem at Risk (PIER) 2007).
Andropogon glomeratus, a grass species, displaces native
vegetation by invading disturbed areas, with culms (stems of grasses or
similar plants) to 5 ft (1.5 m) tall, and reproduces readily by seed
(Ohio Department of Natural Resources 2006; PIER 2008a).
Andropogon virginicus is a grass with seeds that are easily
distributed by wind, clothing, vehicles, and feral animals (Smith 1989,
p. 63). Some research suggests that this species may also release
allelopathic substances (chemicals that inhibit growth in other plants)
that dramatically decrease the reestablishment of native plants (Rice
1972, p 752). This species is included in the Hawaii State noxious weed
list (HAR Title 4, Subtitle 6, Chapter 68).
Axonopus fissifolius is a pasture grass that forms dense mats
with tall foliage. This species does well in soils with low nitrogen
levels, and can outcompete other grasses in wet forests and bogs. The
species is not subject to any major diseases or insect pests, and
recovers quickly from fire. The seeds are readily spread by water,
vehicles, and grazing animals (O'Connor 1999, pp. 1500-1502; Cook et
al. 2005, p. 4).
Blechnum appendiculatum is a fern with fronds to 23 in (60 cm)
long which forms large colonies, outcompeting many native fern species
(Palmer 2003, p. 81).
Buddleja asiatica is a shrub or small tree that can tolerate a
wide range of habitats, forms dense thickets, and is rapidly spreading
into wet forest and even lava and cinder substrate areas in Hawaii
where it displaces native vegetation (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 415;
Pacific Island Ecosystem at Risk (PIER) 2008b).
Christella parasitica (a fern) is known to hybridize with
other Christella species, and may hybridize with endemic Hawaiian
Christella species (Palmer 2003, p. 90).
Clidemia hirta is a noxious shrub in the Melastomataceae
family that forms a dense understory, shades out native plants and
prevents their regeneration, and is considered a significant nonnative
plant threat (Wagner et al. 1985, p. 41; Smith 1989, p. 64). All plants
in the Melastomataceae family are designated as noxious weeds in the
State of Hawaii (HAR Title 4, Subtitle 6, Chapter 68).
Coffea arabica is shade tolerant and can form dense stands in
the forest understory. Its seeds are dispersed by birds and rats and
can germinate under the forest canopy displacing native vegetation
(PIER 2008c).
Corynocarpus laevigatus is a tree up to 49 ft (15 m) tall.
Corynocarpus laevigatus seeds were broadcast by aircraft over the
interior of Kauai in 1929 in an attempt to restore the watershed, and
it is now naturalized there (Wagner et al. 1985, p. 39; Forster and
Forster 1999, p. 566). It forms dense shade which excludes other
species, and the seeds are distributed by frugivorous (fruit-eating)
birds and pigs (PIER 2008d).
Cyperus meyenianus can grow as tall as 2 ft (0.6 m) in height
and outcompetes native plants (Koyama 1999, p. 1421).
Ehrharta stipioides is a grass that creates a thick mat in
which other species cannot regenerate; its seeds are easily dispersed
by awns (slender, terminal, bristle-like process found at the
spikelette in many grasses) that attach to fur or clothing (U.S. Army
2006, p. 2-1-20).
Erechtites valerianifolia, a tall (up to 8 ft (2.5 m)),
widely-distributed annual herb, produces thousands of wind-dispersed
seeds, outcompeting native plants (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 314).
Erigeron karvinskianus reproduces and spreads rapidly to form
dense mats, and can spread by stem layering and regrowth of broken
roots. This species crowds out and displaces ground level plants (Weeds
of Blue Mountains Bushland 2006).
Eucalyptus robusta was planted by State foresters in the early
1900s on all the main Hawaiian Islands except Niihau and Kahoolawe in
an attempt to protect watersheds. These trees are quick-growing, can
reach 99 ft (30 m) in height, reproduce from seed, and replace native
forest species (Cuddihy and
[[Page 18985]]
Stone 1990, p 52; Wagner et al. 1999, p. 957; PIER 2008e).
Hedychium gardnerianum forms vast, dense colonies, displacing
other plant species, and reproduces by rhizomes where already
established. The conspicuous, fleshy, red seeds are dispersed by fruit-
eating birds as well as humans (Smith 1985, p. 191). Aircraft-based
analysis has found that this species reduces the amount of nitrogen in
the native Metrosideros forest canopy in Hawaii, a finding subsequently
corroborated by ground-based sampling (Asner and Vitousek 2005). This
species may also block stream edges, altering water flow and the native
vegetation community (Global Invasive Species Database (GISD) 2007).
Holcus lanatus is an aggressively growing and possibly
allelopathic (having a chemical inhibitory effect on other organisms)
grass that quickly becomes dominant over other plants (Pitcher and
Russo 1980, p. 3).
Juncus planifolius forms dense mats and has the potential of
displacing native plants by preventing establishment of their seedlings
(Medeiros et al. 1991, p. 28).
Kalanchoe pinnata can form dense stands that prevent
reproduction of native species. It can also reproduce by vegetative
means at indents along the leaf margins (Motooka et al. 2003a).
Lantana camara was brought to Hawaii as an ornamental plant,
and is an aggressive, thicket-forming shrub which is now found on all
of the main islands (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1320).
Lonicera japonica is a sprawling vine that can grow over and
smother shrubs and small trees, and cover the forest floor, preventing
growth of native species (PIER 2008f).
Melastoma septemnervium is an invasive shrub that displaces
and outcompetes native vegetation because of its invasive
characteristics such as high germination rate, rapid growth, early
maturity, ability of fragments to root, possible asexual reproduction,
and efficient seed dispersal, especially by birds (Smith 1985, p. 194;
University of Florida Herbarium 2006). This species is on the Hawaii
State noxious weed list (HAR Title 4, Subtitle 6, Chapter 68).
Melinus minutiflora forms dense mats that can fuel more
intense fires that destroy native plants (O'Connor 1999, p. 1562;
Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 89).
Morella faya is an evergreen shrub or small tree up to 26 ft
(8 m) tall. It forms monotypic stands, has the ability to fix nitrogen,
and alters the successional ecosystems in areas it invades, displacing
native vegetation through competition. It is also a prolific fruit
producer (average of 400,000 fruit per individual shrub or tree per
year), and the fruit are spread by frugivorous birds and feral pigs
(Vitousek 1990, pp. 8-9; Wagner et al. 1999, p. 931; PIER 2008g). This
species is on the Hawaii State noxious weed list (HAR Title 4, Subtitle
6, Chapter 68).
Oplismenus hirtellus forms a dense groundcover, is sometimes
climbing, and roots at the nodes, enabling its rapid spread. It also
has sticky seeds that attach to visiting animals and birds that then
carry them to new areas where they are deposited and spread accordingly
(O'Connor 1999, p. 1565; Johnson 2005).
Paspalum conjugatum is found in wet habitats, and forms a
dense ground cover. Its small hairy seeds are easily transported on
humans and animals or are carried by the wind through native forests,
where it establishes and displaces native vegetation (Cuddihy and Stone
1990, p. 83; Tomich 1986, p. 125; PIER 2006; University of Hawaii
2008h).
Paspalum urvillei forms dense stands which displace native
vegetation (Motooka et al. 2003b, p. 1).
Passiflora edulis is a vigorous, climbing vine cultivated for
its fruit in Hawaii (Escobar 1999, p. 1010). It can grow up to 20 ft (6
m) per year once established, smothering trees and shrubs. Each fruit
has hundreds of seeds which are eaten and distributed by pigs (PIER
2008i).
Passiflora tarminiana, a vine native to South America, is
widely cultivated for its fruit (Escobar 1999, p. 1012). First
introduced to Hawaii in the early 1900s, it is now a significant pest
in mesic forest, where it overgrows and smothers the forest canopy. Its
seeds are readily dispersed by humans, birds, and feral pigs (La Rosa
1992, pp. 272, 290).
Pluchea carolinensis is a fast-growing shrub that forms
thickets in dry habitats and can tolerate saline conditions. The wind-
dispersed seeds facilitate plant dispersal which displaces native
vegetation (Francis 2006).
Psidium cattleianum forms dense stands in which few other
plants can grow, displacing native vegetation through competition. The
fruit is eaten by pigs and birds that disperse the seeds throughout the
forest (Smith 1985, p. 200; Wagner et al. 1985, p. 24).
Psidium guajava forms dense stands in disturbed forest. The
seeds are spread by feral pigs and alien birds, and it can also
regenerate from underground parts by suckering (Wagner et al. 1999, p.
972).
Pterolepis glomerata is a member of the Melastomataceae
family. The basis for its classification as invasive is the species'
germination rate, rapid growth, early maturity, ability of fragments to
root, possible asexual reproduction, and seed dispersal by birds
(University of Florida Herbarium 2006). Because of these attributes, it
displaces native vegetation through competition.
Rhodomyrtus tomentosa forms dense thickets and produces large
amounts of seeds that are dispersed by frugivorous birds and mammals
(Smith 1985, p. 201). It also alters natural fire regimes and sprouts
prolifically after fires (University of Florida 2006). This species is
on the Hawaii State noxious weed list (HAR Title 4, Subtitle 6, Chapter
68).
Ricinus communis is a fast growing tree that can form thickets
that shade out other species (PIER 2007).
Rubus argutus reproduces both vegetatively and by seed,
readily sprouts from underground runners, and is quickly spread by
frugivorous birds (Tunison 1991, p. 2; Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1107;
U.S. Army 2006, pp. 2-1-21, 2-1-22). This species, which displaces
native vegetation through competition, is on the Hawaii State noxious
weed list (HAR Title 4, Subtitle 6, Chapter 68).
Rubus rosifolius forms dense thickets and outcompetes native
plant species. It easily reproduces from roots left in the ground, and
seeds are spread by feral animals and birds (PIER 2008j; GISD 2008b).
Sacciolepis indica is an annual grass that invades disturbed
and open areas in wet habitats. The seeds are dispersed by their
ability to attach to animal fur (University of Hawaii 1998).
Schinus terebinthifolius forms dense thickets and grows in all
terrain, and the red berries are attractive to
[[Page 18986]]
birds (Smith 1989, p. 63). Schinus seedlings grow very slowly and can
survive in dense shade, exhibiting vigorous growth when the canopy is
opened after a disturbance (Brazilian Pepper Task Force 1997). Because
of these attributes, it is able to displace native vegetation through
competition.
Setaria parviflora can grow in a wide variety of habitats. Its
culms (hollow or pithy stalks or stems) can be up to 4 ft (1.2 m) tall,
and this species can form significant colonies shading and crowding out
native plant species (O'Connor 1999, p. 1592; University of Florida
2007).
Sphaeropteris cooperi is a tree fern native to Australia that
was brought to Hawaii for use in landscaping (Medeiros et al. 1992, p.
43). It can achieve high densities in native Hawaiian forest and grows
up to 1 ft (0.3 m) in height per year. It reaches maximum known heights
of 39 ft (12 m) (Jones and Clemesha 1976, p. 56), and can displace
native species. Understory disturbance by pigs facilitates its
establishment (Medeiros et al. 1992, p. 30), and it has been known to
spread over 7 mi (12 km) through windblown dispersal of spores from
plant nurseries (Medeiros et al. 1992, p 29).
Verbena litoralis is a perennial herb up to 6.5 ft (2 m) tall,
and is naturalized in a wide range of habitats in Hawaii (Wagner et al.
1999, p. 1325). It displaces native vegetation through competition.
Xyris complanata is a clumping herb cultivated for use in
floral arrangements. It is naturalized in Hawaii in wet muddy areas and
on lava and can outcompete native vegetation (Wagner et al. 1999, p.
1615).
Youngia japonica is an annual herb 3 ft (0.9 m) tall that is
native to southeastern Asia and is now a pantropical (distributed
throughout the tropics) weed (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 377). In Hawaii it
occurs in moist, disturbed sites, and can invade nearly intact native
wet forest (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 377), outcompeting native
vegetation.
Habitat destruction and modification by fire
Fire is a relatively new, human-related threat to native species
and natural vegetation in Hawaii. The historical fire regime in Hawaii
was characterized by infrequent, low severity fires (Cuddihy and Stone
1990, p. 91; Smith and Tunison 1992, pp. 395-397). Few natural ignition
sources existed, natural fuel beds were often discontinuous, and
rainfall in many areas on most islands was, and is, moderate to high.
Fires inadvertently or intentionally ignited by the original
Polynesians in Hawaii probably contributed to the initial decline of
native vegetation in the drier plains and foothills. These early
settlers practiced slash-and-burn agriculture that created open lowland
areas suitable for the later colonization of nonnative, fire-adapted
grasses (Kirch 1982, pp. 5-6, 8; Cuddihy and Stone 1990, pp. 30-31).
Beginning in the late 18th century, Europeans and Americans introduced
plants and animals that further degraded native Hawaiian ecosystems.
Pasturage and ranching, in particular, created highly fire-prone areas
of nonnative grasses and shrubs (D'Antonio and Vitousek 1992, p. 67).
Although fires are infrequent in mountainous regions today, extensive
fires have occurred in lowland mesic areas, and up to half of the areas
dominated by alien species have been damaged by fire.
Fires of all intensities, seasons, and sources are destructive to
native Hawaiian ecosystems (Brown and Smith 2000, p. 172), and a single
grass-fueled fire can kill most native trees and shrubs in the burned
area (D'Antonio and Vitousek 1992, p. 74). Few native Hawaiian plants
and animals are adapted to withstand fire, and none are known to depend
on fire for their existence or regeneration. Although Vogl (1969) (in
Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 91) proposed that naturally occurring fires,
primarily from lightning strikes, have been important in the
development of the original Hawaiian flora, and that many Hawaiian
plants might be fire adapted, Mueller-Dombois (1981) (in Cuddihy and
Stone 1990, p. 91) point out that most natural vegetation types of
Hawaii would not carry fire before the introduction of alien grasses,
and Smith and Tunison (in Stone et al. 1992, p. 396) state that native
plant fuels typically have low flammability. Cuddihy and Stone (1990,
p. 91) state that fire probably influenced the evolution of the montane
ecosystems of Maui and Hawaii, which contain grasslands of the native
Deschampsia nubigena (hairgrass) and stands of native shrub species and
Acacia koa.
Alien-dominated grasslands and shrublands constitute the greatest
fire threat to native lowland vegetation, including the lowland mesic
ecosystem described in this final rule. Grasses (particularly those
that produce mats of dry material or retain a mass of standing dead
leaves) that invade native forests and shrublands provide fuels that
allow fire to burn areas that would not otherwise easily burn (Fujioka
and Fujii 1980, in Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 93). Native woody plants
may recover from fire to some degree, but fire tips the competitive
balance toward alien species (National Park Service 1989, in Cuddihy
and Stone 1990, p. 93). Many nonnative invasive plants, especially fire
tolerant grasses, outcompete native plants and inhibit their
regeneration (D'Antonio and Vitousek 1992, pp. 70, 73-74; Tunison et
al. 2002, p. 122).
Fire represents a threat to many of the species found in the
lowland mesic, montane mesic, and dry cliff ecosystems addressed in
this final rule. Fire can destroy dormant seeds as well as plants, even
in steep or inaccessible areas. Successive fires that burn farther and
farther into native habitat destroy native plants and remove habitat
for native species by altering microclimate conditions favorable to
alien plants. Alien plant species most likely to be spread as a
consequence of fire are those that produce a high fuel load, are
adapted to survive and regenerate after fire, and establish rapidly in
newly burned areas. For example, a documented increase in the frequency
and size of fires at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park since 1968
coincided with an increasing cover of alien grasses (Smith and Tunison
1992, p. 398).
Habitat destruction and modification by hurricanes
Hurricanes adversely impact native Hawaiian habitat, including all
six6 Kauai ecosystems and their associated species identified in this
final rule. They do this by destroying native vegetation, opening the
canopy and thus modifying the availability of light, and creating
disturbed areas conducive to invasion by nonnative pest species (Asner
and Goldstein 1997, p. 148; Harrington et al. 1997, pp. 539-540).
Because many Hawaiian plant and animal species, including the 48
species in this final rule, persist in low numbers and in restricted
ranges, natural disasters such as hurricanes can be particularly
devastating (Hawaii Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Plan 2005, p.
4-3).
In November 1982, Hurricane Iwa struck the Hawaiian Islands with
wind gusts exceeding 100 miles per hour (mph) (161 kilometers per hour
(kph)), causing extensive damage, especially on the islands of Niihau,
Kauai, and Oahu (Businger 1998, pp. 2, 6). Many forest trees were
destroyed, which opened the canopy and facilitated invasion of native
habitat by nonnative plants. Competition with nonnative plants is a
[[Page 18987]]
threat to each of the 6 ecosystems and the 48 species addressed in this
final rule, as described above. In September 1992, Hurricane Iniki, a
Category 4 hurricane with maximum wind speeds recorded at 140 mph (225
kph), passed directly over the island of Kauai, causing significant
damage to Kauai's native plant populations (Businger 1998, pp. 2, 6; S.
Perlman 1992, pp. 1-9). Several species of Kauai's endemic forest birds
suffered significant declines in population, and some have not been
observed since the hurricanes. In addition, populations of several of
Hawaii's rare plants, including three3 of the species in this final
rule, Lysimachia iniki, L. pendens, and L. venosa, were adversely
impacted by hurricanes Iwa and Iniki through wind damage, canopy
disruption, and landslides (S. Perlman 1992, p. 1). Damage by future
hurricanes could further decrease the remaining native-plant dominated
habitat areas that support rare plants and wildlife in Kauai ecosystems
(S. Perlman 1992, pp. 1-9).
Habitat destruction and modification due to landslides and flooding
Landslides and flooding destabilize substrates, damage and destroy
individual plants, and alter hydrological patterns, which result in
changes to native plant and animal communities. Due to the steep
topography of much of the island of Kauai, erosion and disturbance
caused by introduced ungulates exacerbate the potential for landslides
or flooding, which in turn threaten native plants. For those species
that occur in small numbers in highly restricted geographic areas, such
events have the potential to eradicate all individuals of a population,
or even all populations of a species, resulting in extinction.
Landslides and flooding likely adversely impact many of the species
addressed in this final rule, including: Chamaesyce eleanoriae, C.
remyi var. kauaiensis, C. remyi var. remyi, Charpentiera densiflora,
Cyanea dolichopoda, C. eleeleensis, C. kolekoleensis, C. kuhihewa,
Cyrtandra oenobarba, C. paliku, Diellia mannii, Dubautia kenwoodii, D.
plantaginea ssp. magnifolia, Lysimachia iniki, L. pendens, L.
scopulensis, L. venosa, Melicope paniculata, Myrsine mezii,
Phyllostegia renovans, Platydesma rostrata, Schiedea attenuata, and
Stenogyne kealiae. Monitoring data from the HBMP suggests that these
species are threatened by landslides or falling rocks, since they are
found in landscape settings susceptible to these events (e.g., steep
slopes and cliffs). Since S. attenuata is known from only a single
population of 20 individuals on a steep cliff, one landslide could lead
to the extinction of the species by direct destruction of the
individual plants, mechanical damage to individual plants which could
lead to their death, destabilization of the cliff habitat leading to
additional landslides, and alteration of hydrological patterns (e.g.,
affecting the availability of soil moisture). Field survey data
presented in the HBMP suggest that Charpentiera densiflora and
Cyaneaoenobarba are threatened by both landslides and flooding, and
Cyanea kolekoleensis is threatened by flooding.
Habitat destruction and modification by climate change
The exact nature of the impacts of global climate change and
increasing temperatures on native Hawaiian ecosystems, including the 6
Kauai ecosystems and each of the associated 48 species identified in
this final rule, are unknown, but are likely to include the loss of
native species that comprise the communities in which the 48 Kauai
species occur (Benning et al. 2002, pp. 14246 and 14248; Pounds et al.
1999, pp. 611-612; Still et al. 1999, p. 610). Future changes in
precipitation are uncertain because they depend in part on how El
Ni[ntilde]o (a disruption of the ocean atmospheric system in the
Tropical Pacific having important global consequences for weather and
climate) might change, and reliable projections of changes in El
Ni[ntilde]o have yet to be made (Benning et al. 2002, pp. 14248-14249).
According to some climate change projections, temperature increases
could present an additional threat specific to the akekee and akikiki
by causing an increase in the elevation at which regular transmission
of avian malaria occurs, potentially reducing the remaining suitable
habitat for these species by 85 percent (Benning et al. 2002).
Experimental evidence has shown that the malaria parasite does not
develop in birds in an environment below 55 degrees Fahrenheit ([deg]F)
(13 [deg]C)), and field studies have found that maximum malaria
transmission occurs where mean ambient summer temperature is 63 [deg]F
(17 [deg]C) (Benning et al. 2002, p. 14,246). Between 55 and 63 [deg]F
(13 and 17 [deg]C), malaria transmission is sporadic and usually
associated with warmer periods, such as El Ni[ntilde]o events (Benning
et al. 2002, p. 14246). There are no forested areas on Kauai where mean
ambient temperature is below 55 [deg]F (13 [deg]C), which indicates
that all areas are subject to malaria at least periodically. Benning et
al. (2002) used GIS simulation to show that an increase in temperature
of 3.6 [deg]F (2 [deg]C), which is within the range predicted by some
climate models (e.g. Still et al. 1999 and references therein, p. 608;
IPCC 2001, pp. 67-69), would raise the 63 [deg]F (17 [deg]C) isotherm
in the Alakai Swamp region on Kauai by 984 ft (300 m), resulting in an
85 percent decrease in the land area where malaria transmission
currently is only periodic. If climate change were to reduce the
remaining suitable habitat for the akekee and akikiki by 85 percent as
predicted, it would likely contribute to the extinction of the species
over time.
The 48 Kauai species in this final rule may be among the species
most vulnerable to extinction due to anticipated global climate change,
although the specific impacts of such climate change on these species
cannot currently be known. Impacts to the species in this final rule
would be expected to include habitat loss and alteration or changes in
disturbance regimes, in addition to direct physiological stress. The
probability of species going extinct as a result of these factors
increases when ranges are restricted, habitat decreases, and population
numbers decline (IPCC 2007, p. 8). Such is the case for each of the 48
Kauai species, which are characterized by limited climactic ranges and
restricted habitat requirements, small population size, and low number
of individuals. The threat of climate change for the akikiki and akekee
would be further exacerbated by the extensive loss of suitable habitat
due to the expansion of the transmission zone for malaria.
Summary of Habitat Destruction and Modification
The threats to each of the 48 Kauai species addressed in this final
rule are occurring throughout the entire range of each of the species.
These threats include introduced ungulates, nonnative plants, fire,
natural disasters, and climate change.
The effects from ungulates are immediate because ungulates
currently occur in all of the ecosystems on which these species depend.
The threat presented by introduced ungulates is significant for the
following reasons:
(1) They trample and graze areas, directly impacting the plant
species addressed in this final rule;
(2) They increase soil disturbance, leading to mechanical damage to
individuals of these plants and host plants of Drosophila sharpi;
(3) They trample and graze on native plants used for nesting and
foraging by the akekee and akikiki, and for larvae development and
foraging by D. sharpi;
[[Page 18988]]
(4) They create open, disturbed areas that are conducive to weedy
plant invasion and establishment of alien plants from dispersed fruits
and seeds. Over time, this results in the conversion of a community
dominated by native vegetation to one dominated by nonnative vegetation
(leading to all of the negative impacts associated with nonnative
plants, detailed below);
(5) They increase watershed erosion and sedimentation; and
(6) They create breeding sites for mosquitoes, the primary vector
for the transmission of avian diseases, which threaten the akikiki and
akekee.
These significant threats are ongoing and are expected to continue
or increase in magnitude and intensity into the foreseeable future
without control or eradication.
Nonnative plants represent a significant and immediate threat to
all 48 species being addressed in this final rule through habitat
destruction and modification for the following reasons:
(1) They adversely impact microhabitat by modifying the
availability of light;
(2) They alter soil-water regimes;
(3) They modify nutrient cycling processes;
(4) They alter fire characteristics of native plant habitat,
leading to incursions of fire-tolerant nonnative plant species into
native habitat; and
(5) They outcompete, and possibly directly inhibit the growth of,
native plant species.
All of these threats can convert native dominated plant communities
to nonnative plant communities (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 74; Vitousek
1992, pp. 33-35). This conversion has negative impacts on and threatens
the 45 plant species addressed here, as well as the akikiki, akekee,
and Drosophila sharpi, which depend upon native plant species for
essential life history needs. The significant threat presented by
nonnative plants is ongoing and is expected to continue or increase in
magnitude and intensity into the foreseeable future without the
implementation of effective native ecosystem restoration actions.
The threat from fire to the species in this final rule that depend
on lowland mesic, montane mesic, and dry cliff ecosystems (see Table 2)
is significant because fire damages and destroys native vegetation,
including dormant seeds, seedlings, and juvenile and adult plants. Many
nonnative invasive plants, particularly fire-tolerant grasses,
outcompete native plants and inhibit their regeneration (D'Antonio and
Vitousek 1992, pp. 70, 73-74; Tunison et al. 2001, p. 122). Successive
fires that burn farther and farther into native habitat destroy native
plants and remove habitat for native species by altering microclimatic
conditions and creating conditions favorable to alien plants. The
threat from fire is unpredictable but omnipresent in these ecosystems
that have been invaded by nonnative, fire-prone grasses.
Natural disasters such as hurricanes represent a significant threat
to native habitat and the 48 species addressed in this final rule
because they open the forest canopy, modify available light, and create
disturbed areas that are conducive to invasion by nonnative pest plants
(Asner and Goldstein 1997, p. 148; Harrington et al. 1997, pp. 346-
347). These impacts can be particularly devastating to the 48 species
addressed in this final rule because due to other threats they now
persist in low numbers or occur in restricted ranges, and are therefore
less resilient to such disturbances. Furthermore, a particularly
destructive hurricane holds the potential of driving a highly localized
endemic species to extinction in a single event. In 1982 and 1992, the
island of Kauai received the brunt of hurricane-force winds and rain
associated with hurricanes Iwa and Iniki. Field biologists noted
significant declines in native Hawaiian plant and wildlife populations
following these events, and believe that future hurricane damage could
further exacerbate these declines (S. Perlman 1992, p. 1). Hurricanes
present an immediate and ever-present threat, because they can occur at
any time, although their occurrence is not predictable.
Landslides and flooding adversely impact many of the species in
this final rule (see Table 2) by destabilizing substrates, damaging and
destroying individual plants, and altering hydrological patterns, which
result in habitat destruction or modification and changes to native
plant and animal communities. These threats are significant and, as
with hurricanes, have the potential to occur at any time, although
their occurrence is not predictable.
The projected effects of global climate change and increasing
temperatures on the 48 species addressed in this final rule relate to
changes in microclimatic conditions, which may lead to the loss of
native species due to direct physiological stress, the loss or
alteration of habitat, or changes in disturbance regimes (e.g., storms
and hurricanes). The probability of species going extinct increases
when ranges are restricted, habitat decreases, and population numbers
decline, as is the case with small populations of single-island endemic
species. Each of the 48 Kauai species are particularly vulnerable to
extinction because of these kinds of environmental changes. In
addition, climate change may present a significant threat specific to
the akekee and akikiki by causing an increase in the elevation at which
regular transmission of avian malaria occurs, thereby reducing
available habitat. However, because the specific effects of probable
climate change on these species are unknown at this time, we are not
able to determine the magnitude of this threat with confidence. Each of
the Factor A threats are ongoing and are expected to continue or
increase in magnitude and intensity into the foreseeable future. These
threats are acting in concert with other threats to the species,
magnifying the cumulative detrimental effects on the status of each of
the 48 Kauai species identified in this rule.
B. Overutilization for Commercial, Recreational, Scientific, or
Educational Purposes
The palm tree Pritchardia hardyi is found only on the island of
Kauai. Rare palm trees are highly desirable to collectors, and there is
an active internet sales and online auction market for their seeds and
seedlings, including P. hardyi (GardenGuides.com 2007;
Rarepalmseeds.com 2007; South Coast Palms 2007; Kapoho Palms 2007; J.D.
Anderson Nursery 2007; Jungle Music Palms and Cycads 2007; Tropical
Gardens of Maui 2007). Seeds of P. hardyi have been illegally removed
from an outplanting site in the past (R. Nishek, NTBG, pers. comm.
2007), and we have evidence of vandalism and illegal collection of
other species of endangered Pritchardia palms on Kauai (Johnson 1996,
pp. 16-17; A. Kyono, DOFAW, pers. comm. 2000; R. Nishek, pers. comm.
2007). Because this species is found in only two populations with
limited numbers of individuals, and is vulnerable to vandalism and
illegal collection, we consider overutilization to be an immediate and
significant threat to P. hardyi throughout its entire range. We do not
consider overutilization to present a threat to any of the other 47
Kauai species.
C. Disease or Predation
Avian Diseases
Avian diseases transmitted by the introduced southern house
mosquito (Culex quinquefasciatus), including avian pox (Poxvirus avium)
and malaria (Plasmodium relictum), play a major role in limiting the
distribution of many Hawaiian forest bird species and present
[[Page 18989]]
a significant and immediate threat to the akekee and akikiki throughout
their ranges (Benning et al. 2002, p. 14246). Like many other native
Hawaiian forest birds, the akikiki and akekee are no longer found at
lower elevations, and are now restricted to the higher elevation
montane mesic and montane wet ecosystems where mosquitoes and the
diseases they carry are less prevalent (Scott et al. 1986, pp. 367-
368). In the warmer fall months, C. quinquefasciatus breeds at higher
densities in upper elevation forests, coinciding with a prevalence of
malaria in avian populations at higher elevations (van Riper et al.
1986, pp. 332-333, 338).
Native Hawaiian birds became exposed to mosquito-borne avian
diseases when mosquitoes were introduced to the islands in 1827 with
imported caged birds and domestic fowl (Yorinks and Atkinson 2000, p.
731 and references therein). Native Hawaiian forest birds are more
susceptible to malaria than are nonnative bird species (van Riper et
al. 1986, pp. 327-328), and native birds infected with malaria also
show altered behaviors that increase their vulnerability to predation
(Yorinks and Atkinson 2000, pp. 731-738). Avian malaria appears to be
highly pathogenic for the Hawaiian honeycreepers (birds in the
subfamily Drepanidinae), including the akikiki and akekee (Yorinks and
Atkinson, p. 737); in a study of iiwi (Vestiaria coccinea), another
Hawaiian honeycreeper, Atkinson et al. (1995, p. S65) described
``extraordinarily high mortality'' of birds infected with malaria. This
susceptibility, in combination with the observation that other Hawaiian
honeycreepers have become restricted to high elevation forests, led
Atkinson et al. (1995, p. S68) to predict that a shift in the current
mosquito distribution to higher elevations could be disastrous for
those species with already reduced populations. As discussed below
(``Other Natural or Manmade Factors Affecting Their Continued
Existence''), climate change may present such a threat to the akikiki
and akekee, by potentially causing an increase in the elevation at
which regular transmission of avian malaria occurs (Benning et al.
2002, pp. 14246-14247). Atkinson et al. (2009, pp. 58-59) state that in
the Alakai Wilderness Preserve, a projected 2 [deg]C temperature rise
from global warming would reduce the forested habitat where
transmission is currently highly seasonal to conditions where
transmission could occur throughout the year by 85 percent.
Disease is not known to be a threat to the 45 plants or Hawaiian
picture-wing fly addressed in this final rule.
Predation
Hawaii's plants and animals evolved in nearly complete isolation.
Successful colonization of these remote volcanic islands was
infrequent, and many organisms never established populations. As an
example, Hawaii lacks any native ants or conifers, has very few bird
families, and has only a single native land mammal (Loope 1998, p.
748). Defenses against mammalian herbivory, such as thorns, prickles,
and production of toxins, were not needed, and evolutionary pressure
for plants to produce or maintain them was lacking. Therefore, Hawaiian
plants lost or never developed these defenses (Carlquist 1980, p. 173).
Likewise, birds endemic to Hawaii lost their resistance to diseases
common to their continental origins, and strategies to avoid mammalian
predators. Native Hawaiian birds were not able to withstand the
stressors of habitat change and predation caused when browsers,
grazers, rooters, and predators were introduced (e.g., goats, cattle,
pigs, rats, cats, and deer) (Scott et al. 1986, pp. 352-361, 364-365).
The native flora and fauna of the islands are thus particularly
vulnerable to the impacts of introduced alien species.
Introduced Ungulates
In addition to the habitat impacts discussed above (see ``Habitat
destruction and modification by introduced ungulates''), the 45 plant
species in this final rule are likely impacted by ungulates due to
trampling and eating individual plants. This information is also
presented in Table 2.
Feral pigs
We have direct evidence of ungulate damage to some of these
species, but for many, ungulate damage is presumed based on several
studies conducted in Hawaii and elsewhere. In a study conducted by
Diong (1982, p. 160) on Maui, feral pigs were observed browsing on
young shoots, leaves, and fronds of a wide variety of plants, of which
over 75 percent were endemic species (Diong 1982, p. 160). A stomach
content analysis in this study showed that 60 percent of the pigs' food
source consisted of the endemic Cibotium (tree fern). Pigs were
observed to fell plants and remove the bark of the native plant species
Clermontia, Cibotium, Coprosma, Psychotria, Scaevola, and Kadua
(Hedyotis), resulting in larger trees being killed over a few months of
repeated feeding (Diong 1982, p. 144). A study in Texas conducted by
Beach (1997, pp. 3-4) revealed that feral pigs spread disease and
parasites, and that their rooting and wallowing behavior led to
spoilage of watering holes and loss of soil through leaching and
erosion. Rooting activities also decreased the survivability of some
plant species through disruption at root level of mature plants and
seedlings (Beach 1997, pp. 3-4).
Feral goats
Feral goats thrive on a variety of food plants, and are
instrumental in the decline of native vegetation in many areas (Cuddihy
and Stone 1990, p. 64). Feral goats trample roots and seedlings, cause
erosion, and promote the invasion of alien plants. They are able to
forage in extremely rugged terrain and have a high reproductive
capacity (Clarke and Cuddihy 1980, p. C-20; van Riper and van Riper
1982, pp. 34-35; Tomich 1986, pp. 153-156; Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p.
64). A study of goat predation on a native Acacia koa forest on the
island of Hawaii has shown that grazing pressure by goats can cause the
eventual extinction of koa because it is unable to reproduce (Spatz and
Mueller-Dombois 1973, p. 874). If goats are maintained at constantly
high numbers, mature trees will eventually die, including the root
systems that support suckers and vegetative reproduction. An exclosure
analysis demonstrated that restricting goat access using fencing
resulted in a rapid recovery in height growth and numbers of vegetative
resprouts of koa (Spatz and Mueller-Dombois 1973, p. 873). Another
study at Puuwaawaa on the island of Hawaii demonstrated that prior to
management actions in 1985, regeneration of endemic shrubs and trees in
the goat-grazed area was almost totally lacking, contributing to the
invasion of the forest understory by exotic grasses and weeds. After
the removal of grazing animals in 1985, koa and Metrosideros spp.
(ohia) seedlings were observed germinating by the thousands (Department
of Land and Natural Resources 2002, p. 52). Goats have been observed
uprooting, eating, and trampling native plants in the Kauai ecosystems
(e.g., K. Wood 1994; S. Perlman 2007). Based on a comparison of fenced
and unfenced areas, it is clear that goats can devastate native
ecosystems. They can also outcompete black-tailed deer. It is estimated
that there can be up to 2 goats per hectare in areas in Hawaii (C.
Kessler, pers. comm. 2008).
Black-tailed deer
Black-tailed deer consume native vegetation, trample roots and
seedlings, accelerate erosion, and promote the invasion of nonnative
plants (van Riper and van Riper 1982, pp. 42-43; Stone
[[Page 18990]]
1985, pp. 261-262; Tomich 1986, pp. 132-134; Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p.
67). About 350 animals are known to occur in and near Waimea Canyon,
with some invasion into Alakai Swamp in drier periods (Cuddihy and
Stone 1990, p. 67). According to current State records, they feed
largely on the introduced species strawberry guava, thimbleberry,
passion flower, and blackberry, as well as the native species Alyxia
oliviformis (maile), Dodonaea viscosa (aalii), Dianella sandwicensis
(ukiuki), Coprosma sp. (pilo), and Acacia koa (Cuddihy and Stone 1990,
p. 67). Black-tailed deer affect the species and ecosystems addressed
in this final rule by damaging native plants through browsing or
trampling, resulting in plant mortality and the loss of reproductive
vigor. By spreading seeds of nonnative species on their coats or in
their digestive tracts, they also increase competition for resources
with native species.
Rats
There are three species of introduced rats in the Hawaiian Islands.
The Polynesian rat (Rattus exulans) and the black rat (Rattus rattus)
are primarily found in the wild, in dry to wet habitats, while the
Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) is typically found in manmade habitats
such as urban areas or agricultural fields (Tomich 1986, p. 41). The
Polynesian rat probably arrived on the Hawaiian Islands as an
inadvertent introduction by early Polynesian colonizers from the
central Pacific (Tomich 1986, p. 42). More recently, the black rat and
the Norway rat most likely arrived on the Hawaiian Islands as stowaways
on ships sometime in the 19th century (Atkinson and Atkinson 2000, p.
25).
Rats occur in all 6 of the Kauai ecosystems, and rat predation
threatens at least 19 of the 45 plant species addressed in this final
rule (see Table 2). Although introduced rats are best known for their
impacts on island birds, rat predation on seeds and young plants can
seriously affect regeneration. They are also known to have caused
declines or even the total elimination of island plant species
(Campbell and Atkinson 1999, as cited in Atkinson and Atkinson 2000, p.
24). Rats impact the native plants by eating fleshy fruits, seeds,
flowers, stems, leaves, roots, and other plant parts (Atkinson and
Atkinson 2000, p. 23). On the Hawaiian Islands, rats may consume as
much as 90 percent of the seeds produced by some trees, or in some
cases prevent the regeneration of forest species completely (Cuddihy
and Stone 1990, pp. 68-69). Plants with large, fleshy fruits are
particularly susceptible to rat predation including several of the
plant genera in this listing, for example the fruits of Pritchardia
spp., and plants in the bellflower (e.g., Cyanea spp.) and African
violet (e.g., Cyrtandra spp.) families (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, pp. 67-
69). Research on rats in forests in New Zealand has demonstrated that,
over time, rats may alter the species composition of forest plants
(Cuddihy and Stone 1990, pp. 68-69).
Rat predation may also threaten the native host plants of
Drosophila sharpi, and the akekee and akikiki in the montane mesic and
montane wet ecosystems. Rats are reported in the ecosystems where these
birds occur and are potential predators on roosting or incubating
adults, nests, and young (VanderWerf and Smith 2002, p. 73; Scott et
al. 1986, pp. 363-364; USFWS 2007 Candidate Status Assessments).
Predation by rats was the greatest cause of nest failure for the
puaiohi, or small Kauai thrush (Myadestes palmeri), an endangered bird
that inhabits the same areas as the akekee and akikiki (Tweed et al.
2006, p. 753). Puaiohi nest almost exclusively in pseudo-cavities on
cliff faces (Snetsinger et al. 2005, p. 77), unlike akikiki and akekee
that build cup nests in trees (Birds of North America Online, 2008a,b).
Captive-raised puaiohi constructed cup nests in trees during a 1999
captive release in the Kawaikoi, and two females and their associated
young were killed by rats at these nests (Tweed et al. 2003, USGS/BRD,
unpublished data). From these data and information on rat predation for
cliff nests (Snetsinger et al. 2005, p. 79), it is apparent that
puaiohi cliff nests and cup nests in trees are both vulnerable to rat
predation. Although we do not have direct evidence of rat predation on
the akekee or akikiki from nest studies, it is reasonable to assume
that birds nesting in the same area as the puaiohi would be exposed to
similar impacts from rat predation.
Cats and Owls
Feral cats are present in the Alakai Swamp, which is within the
montane wet ecosystem (Tweed et al. 2006, p. 753). Cats are believed to
prey on roosting or incubating akekee and akikiki adults, nests, and
young (VanderWerf and Smith 2002, p. 73; Scott et al. 1986, pp. 363-
364). Though cats are most common at lower elevations, they have been
observed in high-elevation rain forests on Hawaii and Maui (Scott et
al. 1986, p. 363). On Hawaii Island, native forest birds have been
found to be a regular component in the diets of feral cats in the
montane wet forest (Smucker et al. 2000, p. 233). Examination of the
stomach contents of 118 feral cats at Hakalau forest found native and
introduced birds to be the most common prey item (Banko et al. 2004, p.
162). In addition, two species of owls, the native pueo and the
introduced barn owl, are also known to prey on forest birds. Between
1996 and 1998, 10 percent of nest failures of the endangered puaiohi on
Kauai were attributed to owls (Snetsinger et al. 1994, p. 47;
Snetsinger et al. 2005, pp. 72, 79). Since the puaiohi occurs in the
same area and forest type as the akikiki and akekee and is of generally
similar size, it is not unreasonable to assume there may be similar
impacts to these bird species.
Invertebrates
Predation by nonnative invertebrate pests adversely impacts 14 of
the plant and animal species (see Table 2) in this final rule through
mechanical damage to plants, destruction of plant parts, parasitism,
and mortality. Those introduced invertebrate pests with the greatest
effect on these native species include at least 12 different species of
slugs (Joe 2006, pp. 6, 12), the black twig borer (Xylosandrus
compactus) (Davis 1970, pp. 38-39),, the two-spotted leafhopper
(Sophonia rufofascia) (Hawaii Department of Agriculture, p. 1; Fukada
1996, pp. 1-12), and the western yellow-jacket wasp (Vespula
pensylvanica) (Gambino and Loope 1992, p. 1).
Predation by nonnative slugs is most likely a threat to individuals
of the four species of Cyanea in this final rule: Cyanea dolichopoda,
C. eleeleensis, C. kolekoleensis, and C. kuhihewa (Joe 2006, p. 10). On
Oahu, slugs have been reported to destroy C. grimesiana ssp. obatae and
C. superba ssp. superba in the wild, and have been observed eating
leaves and fruit of cultivated individuals of Cyanea (L. Mehrhoff,
pers. comm. 1995; U.S. Army Garrison 2005, pp. 3-34, 3-51). Little is
known about the predation of certain rare plants by slugs; however,
information in the U.S. Army's 2005 Status Report for the Makua
Implementation Plan indicates that slugs can be a threat to all species
of Cyanea (U.S. Army Garrison 2005, p. 3-51). Research investigating
slug herbivory and control methods shows that slug impacts on Cyanea
seedlings results in up to 70 to 80 percent seedling mortality (U.S.
Army Garrison 2005, p. 3-51). Although we do not have direct evidence
of slug predation on the four species of Cyanea addressed in this rule,
slugs are found in the ecosystems on Kauai in which these plants occur.
It is therefore reasonable to assume these plant species
[[Page 18991]]
would be exposed to similar impacts from slug predation.
The black twig borer (Xylosandrus compactus) is known to infest a
wide variety of common plant taxa, including native species of Melicope
(Davis 1970, p. 39; Extension Entomology and UH-CTAHR Integrated Pest
Management Program 2006a, p. 1). This insect pest burrows into
branches, introduces a pathogenic fungus as food for its larvae, and
lays its eggs (Davis 1970, p. 39). Twigs, branches, and even entire
plants can be killed from an infestation (Extension Entomology and UH-
CTAHR Integrated Pest Management Program 2006a, p. 2). On the Hawaiian
Islands, the black twig borer has many hosts, disperses easily, and is
probably present at most elevations up to 2,500 ft (762 m) (Howarth
1985, pp. 152-153). Damage caused by the black twig borer has been
observed by field biologists on Canavalia napaliensis, Charpentiera
densiflora, Melicope degeneri, M. paniculata, and M. puberula (HBMP
2006).
The two-spotted leafhopper is a threat as the effects of its
predation have been observed on four plant species included in this
final rule: Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi (K. Wood, pers. comm. 2000),
Cyanea kuhihewa (Wood 2004), Platydesma rostrata (HBMP 2007), and
Psychotria hobdyi (HBMP 2006). This nonnative insect damages the leaves
it feeds on, typically causing chlorosis (yellowing due to disrupted
chlorophyll production) to browning and death of foliage (Hawaii
Department of Agriculture 2006, p. 1). The damage to plants can result
in the death of affected leaves or the whole plant, owing to the
combined action of its feeding and oviposition behavior (Alyokhin et
al. 2004, p. 13). In addition to the mechanical damage caused by the
feeding process, the insect may introduce plant pathogens that lead to
eventual plant death (Extension Entomology and UH-CTAHR Integrated Pest
Management Program 2006b, p. 2). The two-spotted leafhopper is a highly
polyphagous (generalist) insect, and of its recorded host plant
species, 68 percent are fruit, vegetable, and ornamental crops, and 22
percent are endemic plants;, over half of which are rare and endangered
(Alyokhin et al. 2004, p. 13). Its range is limited to below 4,000 ft
(1,219 m) in elevation, unless there is a favorable microclimate. There
has been a dramatic reduction in the two-spotted leafhopper populations
in the past few years, possibly due to egg parasitism (M. Fukada, pers.
comm. 2007).
Nonnative predatory and parasitic insects are considered
significant factors contributing to the reduction in range and
abundance of Drosophila species in Hawaii (Science Panel 2005, p. 25).
In addition to the accidental establishment of nonnative species,
nonnative predators and parasites have been purposefully imported and
released in Hawaii since 1865 for biological control of pests. Between
1890 and 2004, 387 nonnative species were introduced, sometimes with
the specific intent of reducing populations of native Hawaiian insects
(Funasaki et al. 1988, pp. 109-110, 143; Lai 1988, pp. 180, 186;
Staples and Cowie 2001, pp. 41, 54-57). Nonnative arthropods present a
serious threat to Hawaii's native Drosophila, both through direct
predation or parasitism as well as competition for food and space;
therefore, these nonnative arthropods may be a threat to Drosophila
sharpi (Howarth and Medeiros 1989, pp. 82-83; Howarth and Ramsay 1991,
pp. 80-83; Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995, pp. 41-45; Staples and Cowie
2001, pp. 41, 54-57).
Due to their large colony sizes and systematic foraging habits,
species of social Hymenoptera (ants and some wasps) and parasitic wasps
present a predation threat to the Hawaiian picture-wing flies,
including Drosophila sharpi (Gambino et al. 1987, p. 170; Foote and
Carson 1995, p. 370; Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995, p. 12). Hawaiian
arthropods, including D. sharpi, evolved without the predation
influence of social wasps (Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995, pp. 41-45),
and therefore have no defenses against such predation. In 1977, an
aggressive race of the western yellow-jacket wasp became established in
the State of Hawaii, and is now abundant between 1,969 and 5,000 ft
(600 and 1,524 m) in elevation (Gambino et al. 1990, p. 1,087; Foote
and Carson 1995, p. 370) on all the main islands (Tenorio and Nishida
1995, p. 174).
Drosophila sharpi is present within the elevation range occupied by
the yellow-jacket wasps, which are voracious predators in most
ecosystems in which they are found. Compared with typical North
American populations, yellow-jacket wasps in Hawaii display a high
incidence of colonies that overwinter and persist into at least a
second year. The result is that numbers of workers at such colonies are
much greater than at annual colonies (Gambino et al. 1987, p. 169).
Yellow-jacket wasp colonies in Hawaii can each produce over a half-
million foragers that consume tens of millions of arthropods (Gambino
and Loope 1992, p. 19). Picture-wing flies may be particularly
vulnerable to predation by wasps due to the flies' lekking (gathering
in groups for breeding) behavior, conspicuous courtship displays that
can last for several minutes, and relatively large size (K. Kaneshiro,
University of Hawaii at Manoa, pers. comm. 2006). Yellow-jacket wasps
are widespread within at least a portion of the range encompassing the
D. sharpi population sites in the montane mesic and montane wet
ecosystems on Kauai (Science Panel 2005, p. 12).
The rarity or disappearance of numerous picture-wing fly species,
including Drosophila sharpi, from historical observation sites over the
past 25 years may be due to a variety of factors. While there is no
documentation that conclusively ties this decrease in observations to
the establishment of yellow-jacket wasps within their habitats, the
concurrent arrival of wasps and decline of picture-wing fly
observations in some areas suggest that the wasps may have played a
significant role in the decline of some picture-wing fly populations,
including that of D. sharpi (Foote and Carson 1995, p. 370; Kaneshiro
and Kaneshiro 1995, pp. 41-45; Science Panel 2005, p. 25).
Summary of Predation
We consider predation and parasitism by nonnative animal species
(pigs, goats, deer, rats, and invertebrates) to present an immediate
and significant threat to 44 of the 48 species in this final rule
throughout their ranges for the following reasons:
(1) Browsing and trampling by pigs, goats, and deer has been
documented for 40 of the plant species included in this final rule
(Astelia waialealae, Canavalia napaliensis, Chamaesyce eleanoriae,
Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis, Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi,
Charpentiera densiflora, Cyanea eleeleensis, Cyanea kolekokeensis,
Cyanea kuhihewa, Cyrtandra oenobarba, Diellia mannii, Doryopteris
angelica, Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata, Dubautia kalalauensis,
Dubautia kenwoodii, Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia, Dubautia
waialealae, Geranium kauaiense, Keysseria erici, Keysseria helenae,
Labordia helleri, Labordia pumila, Lysimachia daphnoides, Lysmachia
pendens, Lysmachia scopulensis, Melicope degeneri, Melicope paniculata,
Melicope puberula, Myrsine knudsenii, Myrsine mezii, Phyllostegia
renovans, Pittosporum napaliense, Platydesma rostrata, Pritchardia
hardyi, Psychotria grandiflora, Psychotria hobdyi, Schiedea attenuata,
Stenogyne kealiae, Tetraplasandra bisattenuata, and Tetraplasandra
flynii); other studies
[[Page 18992]]
have documented the negative impacts of ungulate browsing and trampling
on other native plant species from the Hawaiian islands (Spatz and
Mueller-Dombois 1973, p. 874; Diong 1982, p. 160; Cuddihy and Stone
1990, p. 67);
(2) Mechanical damage caused by nonnative invertebrates and rats
has been documented for 23 of the plant species in this final rule
(Canavalia napaliensis, Chamaesyce eleanoriae, Chamaesyce remyi var.
remyi, Charpentiera densiflora, Cyanea dolichopoda, Cyanea eleeleensis,
Cyanea kolekokeensis, Cyanea kuhihewa, Cyrtandra oenobarba, Doryopteris
angelica, Labordia helleri, Melicope degeneri, Melicope paniculata,
Melicope puberula, Myrsine knudsenii, Phyllostegia renovans,
Pittosporum napaliense, Platydesma rostrata, Pritchardia hardyi,
Psychotria grandiflora, Psychotria hobdyi, Stenogyne kealiae, and
Tetraplasandra bisattenuata);
(3) Nonnative invertebrates such as yellow-jacket wasps prey upon,
parasitize, and kill Drosophila sharpi, and rat predation likely
impacts the larval host plants of D. sharpi; and
(4) Rats, owls, and cats are likely predators on roosting or
incubating adults, nests, and young of the akekee and akikiki (See
Table 2).
These significant threats are ongoing, acting in concert with other
threats to the species, and are expected to continue or increase in
magnitude and intensity into the foreseeable future without effective
management actions to control or eradicate them.
D. The Inadequacy of Existing Regulatory Mechanisms
Currently, there are no Federal, State, or local laws, treaties, or
regulations that specifically conserve or protect the 48 species from
the threats described in this final rule. The Migratory Bird Treaty Act
(MBTA) (16 U.S.C. 703-712) is the domestic law that implements the
United States' commitment to four international conventions (with
Canada, Japan, Mexico, and Russia) for the protection of shared
migratory bird resources. Each of the conventions protects selected
species of birds. The MBTA does not provide protection for any Hawaiian
honeycreepers (Drepanidinae), including the two species being addressed
in this final rule (akikiki and akekee), because they belong to a group
not expressly mentioned by the Canadian, Mexican, or Russian treaties
(71 FR 50205; August 24, 2006). The regulatory mechanisms of the MBTA
are directed at the taking, possession, transportation, sale, purchase,
barter, exportation, and importation of migratory birds. Since none of
the activities regulated under the MBTA pose a threat to either the
akikiki or akekee, we do not consider the lack of regulatory protection
under the MBTA to pose a threat to either of these two bird species.
E. Other Natural or Manmade Factors Affecting Their Continued Existence
Competition with Nonnative Invertebrates
Competition by nonnative crane-flies (family Tipulidae) is a threat
to Drosophila sharpi in the montane mesic and montane wet ecosystems on
Kauai. The Hawaiian Islands now support several established species of
nonnative crane-flies, and the larvae of some species feed within the
decomposing bark of Cheirodendron spp. (Science Panel 2005, p. 18; K.
Magnacca, pers. comm. 2005; S. Montgomery, pers. comm. 2005a). These
tipulid larvae feed within the same portion of the decomposing host
plant area normally occupied by D. sharpi larvae during their
development. The effect of this competition is a reduction in available
host plant material for D. sharpi larvae (Science Panel 2005, p. 18).
There have been no statistical studies conducted on tipulid larvae
competition in Hawaii, but it is thought the issue is severe based on
many observations of very high numbers of tipulid flies present within
the host plants of several species of Hawaiian Drosophila (S.
Montgomery, pers. comm. 2008). In laboratory studies, Grimaldi and
Jaenike (1984) demonstrated that competition between Drosophila larvae
and other fly larvae can exhaust food resources, which affects both the
probability of larval survival and the body size of adults, resulting
in reduced adult fitness, fecundity, and lifespan.
The nonnative yellow-jacket wasp may impact the akikiki and akekee
through competition for the same native insect food resources. Both the
akikiki and akekee feed primarily on insects, insect larvae, and
spiders (Lepson and Pratt 1997, p. 4; Foster et al. 2000, p. 4). Wasp
colonies in Hawaii do not ``overwinter'' (that is, they do not become
dormant but remain active throughout the year), so there is a greater
potential for the wasp colonies to become quite large (Gambino et al.
1987, p. 169). Yellow-jacket wasp colonies in Hawaii can each produce
over a half-million foragers that consume tens of millions of
arthropods (Gambino and Loope 1992, p. 19). While there is no available
data that documents the foraging habits of yellow-jacket wasps in the
same habitat as the akikiki and akekee or that yellow-jacket wasps
significantly threaten other species of Hawaiian birds through
competition for the same prey, it has been suggested that this
nonnative wasp may be a potential threat to the akikiki and akekee (D.
LaPointe, pers. comm. 2009).
Small Number of Populations and Individuals
Species that are endemic to single islands are inherently more
vulnerable to extinction than widespread species because of the
increased risk of genetic bottlenecks, random demographic fluctuations,
climate change, and localized catastrophes such as hurricanes and
disease outbreaks (Mangel and Tier 1994, p. 607; Pimm et al. 1998, p.
757). These problems are further magnified when populations are few and
restricted to a very small geographic area, and when the number of
individuals is very small. Populations with these characteristics face
an increased likelihood of stochastic extinction due to changes in
demography, the environment, genetics, or other factors (Gilpin and
Soule 1986, pp. 24-34).
Small, isolated populations often exhibit reduced levels of genetic
variability, which diminishes the species' capacity to adapt and
respond to environmental changes, thereby lessening the probability of
long-term persistence (e.g., Barrett and Kohn 1991, p. 4; Newman and
Pilson 1997, p. 361). The problems associated with small population
size and vulnerability to random demographic fluctuations or natural
catastrophes are further magnified by synergistic interactions with
other threats, such as those discussed above (Factors A-C).
Very small plant populations may experience reduced reproductive
vigor due to ineffective pollination or inbreeding depression. This is
particularly true for dioecious species, such as Melicope degeneri and
Myrsine mezii in this final rule, in which staminate (male) and
pistillate (female) flowers occur on separate individuals. Isolated
individuals have difficulty achieving natural pollen exchange, which
decreases the production of viable seed. Populations are also impacted
by demographic stochasticity, through which populations are skewed
toward either male or female individuals by chance.
The following 24 plant species in this final rule are threatened by
the effects of small population size (fewer than 50 wild individuals):
Astelia waialealae, Chamaesyce eleanoriae, Cyanea dolichopoda, C.
eleeleensis, C.
[[Page 18993]]
kolekoleensis, C. kuhihewa, Cyrtandra paliku, Diellia mannii,
Doryopteris angelica, Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus, Dubautia
kalalauensis, D. kenwoodii, Lysimachia iniki, L. pendens, L.
scopulensis, L. venosa, Melicope degeneri, Myrsine knudsenii, M. mezii,
Phyllostegia renovans, Psychotria grandiflora, Schiedea attenuata,
Tetraplasandra bisattenuata, and T. flynnii. We consider these species
threatened by small population size because:
No viable seeds or reproduction have been observed in Astelia
waialealae, Melicope degeneri, and Psychotria grandiflora.
Only five individuals of Myrsine mezii are known, and this
number has not changed over 10 years (N. Tangalin 2007b).
Cyrtandra paliku, Dubautia kalalauensis, Lysimachia iniki,
Schiedea attenuata, and Tetraplasandra flynnii are known only from a
single population with fewer than 50 individuals (Wagner et al. 1994,
p. 187; K. Wood, pers. comm. 1995; Marr and Bohm 1997, pp. 270-271; S.
Perlman, pers. comm. 2003b; Baldwin and Carr 2005, p. 261; S. Perlman
2006 and 2007).
Diellia mannii is known from only one individual in the wild
(Carr 1998, p. 8; HBMP 2007),
Research on Pittosporum species suggests that small
populations are susceptible to loss of genetic variation through
inbreeding and drift (C. Gemmill, Center of Biodiversity and Ecology
Research, pers. comm. 2009),
Six species, Cyanea dolichopoda, C. eleeleensis, C.
kolekoleensis, C. kuhihewa, Dubautia kenwoodii, and Lysimachia venosa,
have not been confirmed to persist in the wild. None of these species
are in storage or propagation, but individuals familiar with these
species believe they may possibly remain extant and that much of their
suitable habitat (lowland mesic, lowland wet, and wet cliff) on Kauai
remains to be surveyed (Wood 2006, p. 11; S. Perlman 2007; S. Perlman
and K. Wood, pers. comm. 2007; D. Burney, NTBG, pers. comm. 2009).
Summary of Other Natural or Manmade Factors Affecting Their Continued
Existence
The threat to Drosophila sharpi from nonnative tipulid flies is
immediate and significant because the larvae of nonnative tipulid flies
feed on the same host plants occupied by the larvae of D. sharpi, and
the effect of this competition is a reduction in available host plant
material for D. sharpi larvae. This threat occurs throughout the range
of D. sharpi. Laboratory studies have shown that competition between
Drosophila larvae and other fly larvae can exhaust food resources,
which affects both the probability of larval survival and the body size
of adults, resulting in reduced adult fitness, fecundity, and lifespan.
The threat to at least 24 plant species in this final rule from
limited numbers of populations and few (less than 50) individuals is
significant and immediate for the following reasons:
(1) These species may experience reduced reproductive vigor due to
ineffective pollination or inbreeding depression;
(2) They may experience reduced levels of genetic variability
leading to diminished capacity to adapt and respond to environmental
changes, thereby lessening the probability of long-term persistence;
and
(3) A single catastrophic event may result in extinction of the
species. This threat applies to the entire range of each species.
The nonnative yellow-jacket wasp is believed to be a potential
threat to the akekee and akikiki through competition for the same
native insect food resources, however we have no evidence indicating
that competition with the nonnative yellow-jacket wasp poses a
significant or immediate threat to the akikiki or akekee at this time.
Conclusion and Determination
We have carefully assessed the best scientific and commercial
information available regarding threats to each of the 48 Kauai
species. We find that all of these species face immediate and
significant threats throughout their ranges from the present
destruction and modification of their habitats, primarily from feral
ungulates and nonnative plants, and from the threatened destruction and
modification of their habitats from hurricanes (compounded because of
their small population sizes and limited distribution), landslides, and
flooding. In addition, we are concerned about the effects of projected
climate change, particularly rising temperatures and the increased
likelihood of malarial transmission. However, we acknowledge that there
is limited information on the specific nature of potential impacts from
climate change to the species included in this final rule (Factor A).
There is also immediate and significant threat of disease or
predation, including avian diseases such as malaria that impact the
akikiki and akekee; widespread impacts of predation and herbivory on 44
of the species by nonnative pigs, goats, deer, rats, and invertebrates
(Factor C); the threat of extinction due to factors associated with
small numbers of populations and individuals; and competition from
introduced tipulid flies for Drosophila sharpi (Factor E) (see Table
2). In addition, the palm Pritchardia hardyi is threatened by
overcollection (Factor B). Cats and owls are likely predators on
roosting or incubating adults, nests, and young of the akekee and
akikiki (Factor C). These threats are exacerbated by the species'
inherent vulnerability to extinction from stochastic events at any time
because of their endemism, small numbers of individuals and
populations, and restricted habitats.
The Act defines an endangered species as any species that is ``in
danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its
range.'' We find that each of these endemic species is presently in
danger of extinction throughout its entire range, based on the
immediacy, severity, and scope of the threats described above. Based on
our analysis, we have no reason to believe that population trends for
any of the species addressed in this final rule will improve, nor will
the effects of current threats acting on the species be ameliorated in
the foreseeable future. Therefore, on the basis of the best available
scientific and commercial information, we are listing the following 48
species as endangered under the Act: the plants Astelia waialealae,
Canavalia napaliensis, Chamaesyce eleanoriae, Chamaesyce remyi var.
kauaiensis, Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi, Charpentiera densiflora,
Cyanea dolichopoda, Cyanea eleeleensis, Cyanea kolekoleensis, Cyanea
kuhihewa, Cyrtandra oenobarba, Cyrtandra paliku, Diellia mannii,
Doryopteris angelica, Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus, Dubautia
imbricata ssp. imbricata, Dubautia kalalauensis, Dubautia kenwoodii,
Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia, Dubautia waialealae, Geranium
kauaiense, Keysseria erici, Keysseria helenae, Labordia helleri,
Labordia pumila, Lysimachia daphnoides, Lysimachia iniki, Lysimachia
pendens, Lysimachia scopulens, Lysimachia venosa, Melicope degeneri,
Melicope paniculata, Melicope puberula, Myrsine knudsenii, Myrsine
mezii, Phyllostegia renovans, Pittosporum napaliense, Platydesma
rostrata, Pritchardia hardyi, Psychotria grandiflora, Psychotria
hobdyi, Schiedea attenuata, Stenogyne kealiae, Tetraplasandra
bisattenuata, and Tetraplasandra flynii; the birds, akekee
[[Page 18994]]
(Loxops caeruleirostris) and akikiki (Oreomystis bairdi); and the
insect Drosophila sharpi.
Under the Act and our implementing regulations, a species may
warrant listing if it is threatened or endangered throughout all or a
significant portion of its range. Each of the 48 endemic Kauai species
in this listing rule is highly restricted in its range, and the threats
occur throughout its range. Therefore, we assessed the status of each
species throughout its entire range. In each case, the threats to the
survival of these species occur throughout the species' range and are
not restricted to any particular portion of that range. Accordingly,
our assessment and determination applies to each species throughout its
entire range.
Available Conservation Measures
Conservation measures provided to species listed as endangered or
threatened under the Act include recognition, recovery actions,
requirements for Federal protection, and prohibitions against certain
activities. Recognition through listing results in public awareness and
conservation by Federal, State, and local agencies, private
organizations, and individuals. The Act encourages cooperation with the
States and requires that recovery actions be carried out for all listed
species. The protection measures required of Federal agencies and the
prohibitions against certain activities involving listed animals and
plants are discussed, in part, below.
Section 7(a) of the Act, as amended, requires Federal agencies to
evaluate their actions with respect to any species that is proposed or
listed as endangered or threatened with respect to its critical
habitat, if any is designated. Regulations implementing this
interagency cooperation provision of the Act are codified at 50 CFR
part 402. Section 7(a)(1) of the Act mandates that all Federal agencies
shall utilize their authorities in furtherance of the purposes of the
Act by carrying out programs for the conservation of endangered and
threatened species listed in accordance with section 4 of the Act.
Section 7(a)(2) of the Act requires Federal agencies to ensure that
activities they authorize, fund, or carry out are not likely to
jeopardize the continued existence of a listed species or result in
destruction or adverse modification of critical habitat. If a Federal
action may affect the continued existence of a listed species or its
critical habitat, the responsible Federal agency must enter into
consultation with the Service.
For the 48 species in this rule, Federal agency actions that may
require consultation as described in the preceding paragraph include,
but are not limited to, actions within the jurisdiction of the Natural
Resources Conservation Service, Fish and Wildlife Service, and branches
of the Department of Defense (DOD).
The Act and its implementing regulations set forth a series of
general prohibitions and exceptions that apply to all endangered
wildlife and plants. The prohibitions, codified at 50 CFR 17.21 and
17.61, apply. These prohibitions, in part, make it illegal for any
person subject to the jurisdiction of the United States to import or
export, take, possess, transport in interstate or foreign commerce in
the course of a commercial activity, sell or offer for sale in
interstate or foreign commerce, or remove and reduce to possession
listed wildlife species from areas under Federal jurisdiction. In
addition, for plants listed as endangered, the Act prohibits the
malicious damage or destruction on areas under Federal jurisdiction and
the removal, cutting, digging up, or damaging or destroying of such
plants in knowing violation of any State law or regulation, including
State criminal trespass law. Certain exceptions to the prohibitions
apply to agents of the Service and State conservation agencies. Federal
listing of the species included in this rule will automatically invoke
State listing under Hawaii's Endangered Species law and supplement the
protection available under other State laws.
We may issue permits to carry out otherwise prohibited activities
involving threatened or endangered wildlife and plant species under
certain circumstances. Regulations governing permits are codified at 50
CFR 17.22 and 17.62 for endangered wildlife and plants, respectively.
Such permits are available for scientific purposes and to enhance the
propagation and survival of the species and for incidental take in
connection with otherwise lawful activities. Requests for copies of the
regulations regarding listed species and inquiries about prohibitions
and permits may be addressed to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
Ecological Services, Eastside Federal Complex, 911 N.E. 11\th\ Avenue,
Portland, OR 97232-4181 (telephone 503-231-6158; facsimile 503-231-
6243).
Critical Habitat
Critical habitat is defined in section 3 of the Act as:
(1) The specific areas within the geographical area occupied by a
species, at the time it is listed in accordance with the Act, on which
are found those physical or biological features
(a) Essential to the conservation of the species and
(b) Which may require special management considerations or
protection; and
(2) Specific areas outside the geographical area occupied by a
species at the time it is listed, upon a determination that such areas
are essential for the conservation of the species.
Conservation, as defined under section 3 of the Act, means the use
of all methods and procedures that are necessary to bring any
endangered or threatened species to the point at which the measures
provided under the Act are no longer necessary.
Critical habitat receives protection under section 7 of the Act
through the prohibition against Federal agencies carrying out, funding,
or authorizing the destruction or adverse modification of critical
habitat. Section 7(a)(2) of the Act requires consultation on Federal
actions that may affect critical habitat. The designation of critical
habitat does not affect land ownership or establish a refuge,
wilderness, reserve, preserve, or other conservation area. Such
designation does not allow the government or public to access private
lands. Such designation does not require implementation of restoration,
recovery, or enhancement measures by the private landowner. Where a
landowner seeks or requests Federal agency funding or authorization
that may affect a listed species or critical habitat, the consultation
requirements of section 7(a)(2) of the Act would apply, but even in the
event of a destruction or adverse modification finding, the Federal
action agency's and the applicant's obligation is not to restore or
recover the species, but to implement reasonable and prudent
alternatives to avoid destruction or adverse modification of critical
habitat.
To be included in a critical habitat designation, habitat within
the geographic area occupied by the species at the time it was listed
must contain the physical and biological features that are essential to
the conservation of the species, and will be included only if those
features may require special management considerations or protection.
Critical habitat designations identify, to the extent known using the
best scientific data available, habitat areas that provide essential
life cycle needs of the species (i.e., areas on which are found those
physical and biological features essential to the conservation of the
species). Under the Act and our implementing regulations, we can
[[Page 18995]]
designate critical habitat in areas outside the geographical area
occupied by the species at the time it is listed only when we determine
that those areas are essential for the conservation of the species and
that designation limited to those areas occupied at the time of listing
would be inadequate to ensure the conservation of the species.
Section 4 of the Act requires that we designate critical habitat on
the basis of the best scientific and commercial data available.
Further, our Policy on Information Standards Under the Endangered
Species Act, published in the Federal Register on July 1, 1994 (59 FR
34271), (Section 515 of the Treasury and General Government
Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 2001 (Pub. L. 106-554; H.R. 5658)),
and our associated Information Quality Guidelines provide criteria,
establish procedures, and provide guidance to ensure that our decisions
are based on the best scientific data available. They require our
biologists, to the extent consistent with the Act and with the use of
the best scientific data available, to use primary and original sources
of information as the basis for recommendations to designate critical
habitat.
When we are determining those areas that should be designated as
critical habitat, our primary source of information is generally the
information developed during the listing process for the species.
Additional information sources may include the recovery plan for the
species, articles in peer-reviewed journals, conservation plans
developed by States and counties, scientific status surveys and
studies, biological assessments, or other unpublished materials and
expert opinion or personal knowledge.
Habitat is often dynamic, and species may move from one area to
another over time. Furthermore, we recognize that critical habitat
designated at a particular point in time may not include all of the
habitat areas that we may later determine to be necessary for the
recovery of the species. For these reasons, a critical habitat
designation does not signal that habitat outside the designation is
unimportant or may not be required for recovery.
Areas that are important to the conservation of the species, but
are outside the critical habitat designation, will continue to be
subject to conservation actions implemented by the Service and other
Federal agencies under section 7(a)(1) of the Act. They may also be
subject to the regulatory protections afforded by the section 7(a)(2)
jeopardy standard, as determined on the basis of the best available
information at the time of the agency action. Federally funded or
permitted projects affecting listed species outside their designated
critical habitat areas may still result in jeopardy findings in some
cases. Similarly, critical habitat designations made on the basis of
the best available information at the time of designation will not
control the direction and substance of future recovery plans, habitat
conservation plans, or other species conservation planning efforts if
any new information available to these planning efforts calls for a
different outcome.
Section 4(a)(3) of the Act, as amended, and our implementing
regulations (50 CFR 424.12) require that, to the maximum extent prudent
and determinable, the Secretary designate critical habitat at the time
a species is determined to be endangered or threatened. Service
regulations (50 CFR 424.12(a)(1)) state that designation of critical
habitat is not prudent when one or both of the following situations
exist: (1) The species is threatened by taking or other human activity,
and identification of critical habitat can be expected to increase the
degree of threat to the species, or (2) such designation of critical
habitat would not be beneficial to the species.
In considering the designation of critical habitat for each of the
48 Kauai species, we have determined that there is one species, the
palm Pritchardia hardyi, for which the designation of critical habitat
is not prudent. Rare palm trees are highly desirable to collectors, and
there is an active market for the seeds and seedlings of rare palms,
including those of P. hardyi, through internet sales and online
auctions (GardenGuides.com 2007; Rarepalmseeds.com 2007; South Coast
Palms 2007; Kapoho Palms 2007; J.D. Anderson Nursery 2007; Jungle Music
Palms and Cycads 2007; Tropical Gardens of Maui 2007). Seeds and entire
plants of P. hardyi have been illegally removed from an outplanting
site in the past (A. Kyono, pers. comm. 2000; R. Nishek, pers. comm.
2007), and we have evidence of vandalism and illegal collection of
other species of endangered Pritchardia palms on Kauai (Johnson 1996,
pp. 16-17; R. Nishek, pers. comm. 2007). The designation of critical
habitat for P. hardyi would require us to identify the geographic areas
where the species occurs, thereby increasing the species' vulnerability
to further unauthorized and illegal collection. Since collecting and
vandalism is identified as a threat specific to P. hardyi in our
threats analysis, and the designation of critical habitat for this
species would exacerbate this ongoing threat, we have determined that
the designation of critical habitat for P. hardyi is not prudent in
accordance with the Act and its implementing regulations.
With the exception of Pritchardia hardyi, we find that the
designation of critical habitat for each of the other 47 species
addressed in this rule will be beneficial by serving to focus
conservation efforts on the restoration and maintenance of ecosystem
functions that are essential for attaining the species' recovery and
long-term viability. The designation of critical habitat also serves to
inform management and conservation decisions by identifying any
additional physical and biological features of the ecosystem that may
be essential for the conservation of certain species (e.g., the
availability of sufficient arthropod prey for the akikiki and akekee,
or hummocks in bog systems for Astelia waialeale). We have therefore
determined that designation of critical habitat is prudent for the
following 47 Kauai species: (1) Plants--Astelia waialealae, Canavalia
napaliensis, Chamaesyce eleanoriae, Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis,
Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi, Charpentiera densiflora, Cyanea
dolichopoda, Cyanea eleeleensis, Cyanea kolekoleensis, Cyanea kuhihewa,
Cyrtandra oenobarba, Cyrtandra paliku, Diellia mannii, Doryopteris
angelica, Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus, Dubautia imbricata ssp.
imbricata, Dubautia kalalauensis, Dubautia kenwoodii, Dubautia
plantaginea ssp. magnifolia, Dubautia waialealae, Geranium kauaiense,
Keysseria erici, Keysseria helenae, Labordia helleri, Labordia pumila,
Lysimachia daphnoides, Lysimachia iniki, Lysimachia pendens, Lysimachia
scopulensis, Lysimachia venosa, Melicope degeneri, Melicope paniculata,
Melicope puberula, Myrsine knudsenii, Myrsine mezii, Phyllostegia
renovans, Pittosporum napaliense, Platydesma rostrata, Psychotria
grandiflora, Psychotria hobdyi, Schiedea attenuata, Stenogyne kealiae,
Tetraplasandra bisattenuata, and Tetraplasandra flynii; (2) Animals--
akekee, akikiki, and Drosophila sharpi.
Methods
As required by section 4(b) of the Act, we used the best scientific
data available to designate critical habitat. We began our analysis by
evaluating the following data sources:
The known locations of the 47 species, including site-specific
species information from the HBMP database (HBMP 2007) and our own rare
plant database;
[[Page 18996]]
Species information from the plant database housed at NTBG;
The Nature Conservancy's Ecoregional Assessment of the
Hawaiian High Islands (2006), and ecosystem maps (2007);
Color mosaic 1:19,000 scale digital aerial photographs for the
Hawaiian Islands (April to May 2005);
Island-wide Geographic Information System (GIS) coverage,
e.g., Gap Analysis Program (GAP) vegetation data 2005;
1:24,000 scale digital raster graphics of USGS topographic
quadrangles;
Geospatial data sets associated with parcel data from Kauai
County (2005);
Designated critical habitat for listed species on the island
of Kauai (68 FR 9116, February 27, 2003);
Recent biological surveys and reports; and
Discussions with qualified individuals familiar with these
species and ecosystems (HBMP 2007; TNCH 2007; NTBG 2007).
Based upon the best scientific data available, we determined that
the 47 species addressed in this final rule occupy or require for their
conservation one or more of the six ecosystems described in this rule:
lowland mesic (TNC 2006b), lowland wet (TNC 2006c), montane mesic (TNC
2006e), montane wet (TNC 2006f), dry cliff (TNC 2006a), and wet cliff
(TNC 2006d).
Physical and Biological Features
In accordance with section 3(5)(A)(i) and 4(b)(1)(A) of the Act and
the regulations at 50 CFR 424.12, in determining which occupied areas
to designate as critical habitat, we consider those physical and
biological features essential to the conservation of the species that
may require special management considerations or protection. We
consider the physical and biological features to be the primary
constituent elements (PCEs) laid out in the appropriate quantity and
spatial arrangement for the conservation of the species. These include,
but are not limited to:
(1) Space for individual and population growth and for normal
behavior;
(2) Food, water, air, light, minerals, or other nutritional or
physiological requirements;
(3) Cover or shelter;
(4) Sites for breeding, reproduction, rearing (or development) of
offspring, germination, or seed dispersal; and
(5) Habitats that are protected from disturbance or are
representative of the historical, geographical, and ecological
distributions of a species.
We derive the specific PCEs for each of the 47 species based on
their biological needs as described below and the physical and
biological features that support the successful functioning of the
ecosystem upon which they depend. As each species is dependent upon a
functioning ecosystem to provide its fundamental life requirements,
such as a certain soil type, minimum level of rainfall, or conditions
conducive to supporting the presence of a certain species of plant for
foraging or larval development, we considered the physical and
biological features of the ecosystems described in this rule to be PCEs
for each species.
The PCEs collectively provide the suite of environmental conditions
within each ecosystem essential to meeting the requirements of each
species, including the appropriate microclimatic conditions for
germination and growth of the plants (e.g., light availability, soil
nutrients, hydrologic regime, temperature); habitat for shelter,
foraging, nesting, and raising young in the case of the akikiki and
akekee; larval host plants in the case of the picture-wing fly; and in
all cases, space within the appropriate habitats for population growth
and expansion, as well as to maintain the historical geographical and
ecological distribution of each species. In many cases, due to our
limited knowledge of the specific life-history requirements for these
species that are little-studied and occur in remote or inaccessible
areas, the generalized description of the essential physical and
biological features that provide for the successful function of the
ecosystem is the best--and in many cases the only--scientific
information available.
Table 3 identifies the PCEs of a functioning ecosystem for each of
the ecosystem types identified in this final rule; these are termed
``ecosystem-level PCEs.''
Each species identified in this rule requires the ecosystem-level
PCEs for each ecosystem in which it occurs, as identified in Table 4.
The ecosystem-level PCEs are defined by elevation, annual levels of
precipitation, substrate type and slope, as well as the characteristic
native plant genera that are found in the canopy, subcanopy, and
understory levels of the vegetative community, where applicable. Where
further information is available that identifies specific life-history
requirements for some species, PCEs relating to these requirements are
described separately as ``species-specific PCEs,'' which are also
identified in Table 4. In summary, the PCEs for each species are
derived from the PCEs necessary for the functioning of its associated
ecosystem(s), in combination with any additional species-specific
requirements shown in Table 4. The ecosystem-level PCEs identified in
Table 4 for each species are presented in detail in Table 3; Table 3
and Table 4 read together fully describe all of the PCEs for each
species.
TABLE 3--ECOSYSTEM-LEVEL PRIMARY CONSTITUENT ELEMENTS (PCEs) FOR EACH SPECIES (READ IN ASSOCIATION WITH TABLE 4)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Primary Constituent Elements
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
One or More of these Associated Native Plants (by Genus)
Ecosystem Elevation Annual Substrate -----------------------------------------------------------
Precipitation Canopy Subcanopy Understory
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lowland Mesic\1\ < 3,000 ft 50-75 in shallow soils, Acacia, Diospyros, Dodonaea, Carex,
(< 914 m)......... (127-190 cm)...... little to no Metrosideros, Freycinetia, Dicranopteris,
herbaceous layer. Myrsine, Leptecophyllya, Diplazium,
Pouteria, Melanthera, Elaphoglossum,
Santalum Osteomeles, Peperomia
Pleomele, Psydrax
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 18997]]
Lowland Wet\2\ < 3,000 ft > 75 in clays, ashbeds, Antidesma, Cibotium, Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
(< 914 m)......... (> 190 cm)........ deep well-drained Metrosideros, Claoxylon, Kadua, Dicranopteris,
soils, lowland Myrsine, Pisonia, Melicope Diplazium,
bogs Psychotria Machaerina,
Microlepia,
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Montane Mesic\3\ 3,000-5,243 ft 50-75 in weathered aa lava, Acacia, Cheirodendron, Bidens,
(914-1,598 m)..... (127-190 cm)...... rocky mucks, thin Metrosideros, Coprosma, Kadua, Dryopteris,
silty loams, deep Psychotria, Ilex, Myoporum, Leptecophylla,
volcanic ash Tetraplasandra, Myrsine Poa, Scaevola,
soils Zanthoxylum Sophora
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Montane Wet\4\ 3,000-5,243 ft > 75 in well-developed Acacia, Broussaisia, Ferns, Carex,
(914-1,598 m)..... (> 190 cm)........ soils, montane Charpentiera, Cibotium, Eurya, Coprosma,
bogs Cheirodendron, Ilex, Myrsine Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora,
Vaccinium
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dry Cliff\5\ unrestricted < 75 in > 65[deg] slope, none Antidesma, Bidens,
(< 190 cm)........ rocky talus Chamaesyce, Eragrostis,
Diospyros, Melanthera,
Dodonaea Schiedea
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Wet Cliff\6\ unrestricted > 75 in > 65[deg] slope, none Broussaisia, Ferns, Bryophytes,
(> 190 cm)........ shallow soils, Cheirodendron, Coprosma,
weathered lava. Leptecophylla, Dubautia, Kadua,
Metrosideros Peperomia
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\The PCEs for species in the lowland mesic ecosystem apply to the following critical habitat units: Kauai-Lowland Mesic Units 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.
\2\The PCEs for species in the lowland wet ecosystem apply to the following critical habitat units: Kauai-Lowland Wet Units 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.
\3\The PCEs for species in the montane mesic ecosystem apply to the following critical habitat units: Kauai-Montane Mesic Units 1, 2, and 3.
\4\The PCEs for species in the montane wet ecosystem apply to the following critical habitat units: Kauai-Montane Wet Units 1, 2, and 3.
\5\The PCEs for species in the dry cliff ecosystem apply to the following critical habitat units: Kauai-Dry Cliff Units 1 and 2.
\6\The PCEs for species in the wet cliff ecosystem apply to the following critical habitat units: Kauai-Wet Cliff Units 1, 2, and 3.
TABLE 4 - PRIMARY CONSTITUENT ELEMENTS FOR THE KAUAI SPECIES ARE A COMBINATION OF THE ECOSYSTEM-LEVEL PCEs (SEE TABLE 3) FOR THE APPLICABLE ECOSYSTEM(S)
AS WELL AS SPECIES-SPECIFIC PCEs, IF ANY ARE IDENTIFIED
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ecosystem-level PCEs
Species ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Species-
Lowland Mesic Lowland Wet Montane Mesic Montane Wet Dry Cliff Wet Cliff specific PCEs
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plants ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Astelia waialealae X hummocks in
bogs
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Canavalia napaliensis X ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chamaesyce eleanoriae X X ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chamaesyce remyi var. X X ...............
kauaiensis
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi X X X X X ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Charpentiera densiflora X X ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 18998]]
Cyanea dolichopoda X ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cyanea eleeleensis X ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cyanea kolekoleensis X ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cyanea kuhihewa X ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cyrtandra oenobarba X X ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cyrtandra paliku X ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Diellia mannii X ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Doryopteris angelica X ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dryopteris crinalis var. X ...............
podosorus
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dubautia imbricata ssp. X ...............
imbricata
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dubautia kalalauensis X ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dubautia kenwoodii X ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dubautia plantaginea ssp. X ...............
magnifolia
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dubautia waialealae X bogs
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Geranium kauaiense X bogs
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Keysseria erici X bogs
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Keysseria helenae X bogs
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Labordia helleri X X X X ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Labordia pumila X bogs
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lysimachia daphnoides X hummocks in
bogs
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lysimachia iniki X ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lysimachia pendens X ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lysimachia scopulensis X ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lysimachia venosa X ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Melicope degeneri X ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Melicope paniculata X ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Melicope puberula X X ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Myrsine knudsenii X ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Myrsine mezii X X ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Phyllostegia renovans X X ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pittosporum napaliense X ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Platydesma rostrata X X X X X ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Psychotria grandiflora X X ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 18999]]
Psychotria hobdyi X ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Schiedea attenuata X ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Stenogyne kealiae X X X ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tetraplasandra bisattenuata X X ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tetraplasandra flynnii X X X ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Animals ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Akekee X X arthropod prey
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Akikiki X X arthropod prey
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Drosophila sharpi X X larval host
plants
Cheirodendron
sp.,
Tetraplasandra
sp.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Many of the species addressed in this final rule occur in more than
one ecosystem. The PCEs for these species are described separately for
each ecosystem in which they occur, because each species requires a
different suite of environmental conditions depending upon the
ecosystem in which it occurs. For example, Stenogyne kealiae requires a
different level of annual precipitation, occurs on different soil types
and slopes, and is associated with different native plant species in
the dry cliff ecosystem, compared to those physical and biological
features in the lowland wet and montane mesic ecosystems where it also
occurs. All of the primary constituent elements described for each
ecosystem in which a species occurs are essential in maintaining the
species' geographical and ecological distribution across the different
ecosystem types in which it occurs. The PCEs are also essential in
retaining genetic representation that allows this species to
successfully adapt to different environmental conditions in various
native ecosystems. Although these species are adaptable enough to occur
in multiple native ecosystems, their declining abundance in light of
ongoing threats is evidence that they are not broad habitat generalists
and are unable to persist in highly altered habitats. Based on the best
available information, functioning native ecosystems are necessary to
provide the fundamental biological requirements for all of these
species.
Some examples may help to clarify our approach to describing the
PCEs for each individual species. To determine the PCEs for the plant
Cyanea dolichopoda, one would review Table 4 and observe that the PCEs
for C. dolichopoda are provided by the ecosystem-level PCEs for the wet
cliff ecosystem. Referring back to Table 3 indicates that the PCEs for
the wet cliff ecosystem include no restrictions on elevation; annual
precipitation greater than 75 inches (190.5 cm); shallow soils or
weathered lava at greater than 65 degree slope; no canopy vegetation;
subcanopy that includes native plants in the genera Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla, and Metrosideros; and an understory of
native plants including ferns, bryophytes, and representatives of the
genera Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, and Peperomia.
As there are no species-specific PCEs identified for C.
dolichopoda, and this plant is found only in the wet cliff ecosystem,
the ecosystem-level PCEs for the wet cliff ecosystem describe the PCEs
for C. dolichopoda in their entirety.
As another example, Table 4 indicates that the PCEs for the
picture-wing fly Drosophila sharpi include the ecosystem-level PCEs for
the montane mesic and montane wet ecosystems, and also that this
species has an additional species-specific PCE, the presence of larval
host plants in the genera Cheirodendron and Tetraplasandra. The PCEs
for D. sharpi are thus composed of the PCEs for each of the two
ecosystems it occupies, as described in Table 3 for the montane mesic
and montane wet ecosystems, as well as the larval host plants
Cheirodendron and Tetraplasandra. Table 4 is read in a similar fashion
in conjunction with Table 3 to describe the PCEs for each of the 47
species for which we are designating critical habitat in this final
rule.
Criteria Used to Identify Critical Habitat
We considered several factors in determining the specific
boundaries for critical habitat for these 47 species. We are
designating critical habitat on lands that contain the physical and
biological features essential to conserving multiple species, based on
their shared dependence on the functioning ecosystems they have in
common. Because each of the six ecosystems addressed in this rule does
not form a single contiguous area, the ecosystems are divided into 22
geographic subunits that we refer to as ``sections.'' Compliance with
Federal Register publication requirements required that we subdivide
the ecosystem areas presented here into smaller subunits so they could
be correlated with the existing critical habitat units previously
published in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). This was necessary
because much of the critical habitat for the plant species in this
final rule overlies critical habitat already designated for other
plants on the island of Kauai. The reference to ecosystem
[[Page 19000]]
``sections'' in this rule is primarily intended to emphasize
conservation focused on the contiguous ecosystem areas of interest in
this final rule. However, especially for purposes of section 7
consultation, it must be recognized that multiple critical habitat
units actually make up these sections. Further details on this approach
are presented under the ``Critical Habitat Designation,'' section
below.
The critical habitat we are designating in this final rule includes
areas currently occupied by a species in a particular ecosystem, as
well as areas that may be currently unoccupied by that species within
that ecosystem. Because of the extremely remote and inaccessible nature
of the area, surveys are relatively infrequent and may be limited in
scope. Therefore, it is difficult to determine the presence or absence
of individual representatives of a rare species with certainty.
Occupied areas provide the physical and biological features essential
to the conservation of the species that occur there by providing for
the successful functioning of the ecosystem on which they depend.
Because of the small population sizes, few numbers of individuals, and
reduced geographic range of each of the 47 species for which we are
designating critical habitat in this rule, we have determined that
limiting critical habitat designation to occupied areas would be
inadequate to provide for their conservation.
Areas not known to be occupied (i.e., unoccupied areas) are
essential for the conservation and recovery of the species because they
provide the physical and biological features necessary for the
expansion and/or reestablishment of wild populations within the
historic range. We are designating unoccupied habitat with no known
occupied habitat for six of the plant species in this final rule:
Cyanea dolichopoda, C. eleeleensis, C. kolekoleensis, C. kuhihewa,
Dubautia kenwoodii, and Lysimachia venosa. Although these species have
not recently been documented at their last observed locations, the
designation of unoccupied critical habitat is essential for their
recovery for the reasons stated above. Critical habitat boundaries were
delineated in a manner that will promote the recovery and conservation
of these species by protecting the functioning ecosystems on which they
depend.
With the exception of the six plant species described above, all of
the critical habitat units in these ecosystems contain some areas that
are occupied by a species and some areas that are currently unoccupied,
but have been determined to be essential for the conservation of that
species. As discussed above, because of the small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes, each of the 47 species requires
suitable habitat and space for the expansion of existing populations
for recovery. For example, although Platydesma rostrata is found in
multiple critical habitat units in 5 ecosystem types, only
approximately 100 individuals comprise this entire distribution.
Therefore, the unoccupied areas within each unit are essential to
provide for the expansion of this species to viable population numbers
and to maintain its historical geographical and ecological
distribution.
We used current and historical species location information to
develop preliminary critical habitat boundaries (polygons) in each of
the 6 ecosystems that individually and collectively provide for the
conservation of the 47 species addressed in this rule. We superimposed
the polygons over digital topographic maps of the island of Kauai and
and further evaluated the results. We removed land areas that were
identified as highly degraded from the designated critical habitat
units, and we used natural or manmade features (e.g., ridge lines,
valleys, streams, coastlines, roads, obvious land features) to
delineate the critical habitat boundaries.
The critical habitat areas described below constitute our best
assessment of the physical and biological features essential for the
recovery and conservation of the 47 species and the habitat that are
essential for population reestablishment or expansion. The approximate
size of each of the 22 critical habitat ecosystem sections and the
status of their land ownership is identified in Table 5. The species
that currently occupy each of the 22 sections are identified by
ecosystem type in Table 6, which also identifies the sections that have
been designated as unoccupied habitat for the 6 species that have not
been observed in the wild at their last documented locations.
Table 5.--Critical Habitat for 47 Kauai Species (totals may not sum due to rounding)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Land ownership (acres)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Corresponding critical
Size of Size of habitat units and maps
Critical habitat area section in section in State Private in the Code of Federal
acres hectares Regulations (CFR)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai--Lowland Mesic
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--Section 1 2,007 812 2,007 0 Plants: 50 CFR 17.99,
Unit 11, Map 66a
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--Section 2 379 154 379 0 Plants: 50 CFR 17.99,
Unit 11, Map 66a
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--Section 3 124 50 124 0 Plants: 50 CFR 17.99,
Unit 11, Map 66a
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--Section 4 81 33 81 0 Plants: 50 CFR 17.99,
Unit 11, Map 66a
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--Section 5 37 15 0 37 Plants: 50 CFR 17.99,
Unit 7, Map 23a
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL Lowland Mesic 2,628 1,064 2,590 37 .......................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai--Lowland Wet
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--Section 1 1,164 471 117 1,047 Plants: 50 CFR 17.99,
Unit 11, Map 70a; Unit
20, Map 217c.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--Section 2 172 70 172 0 Plants: 50 CFR 17.99,
Unit 11, Map 70a
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 19001]]
--Section 3 756 306 0 756 Plants: 50 CFR 17.99,
Unit 11, Map 70a
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--Section 4 591 239 10 581 Plants: 50 CFR 17.99,
Unit 11, Map 70a
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--Section 5 1,541 624 442 1,099 Plants: 50 CFR 17.99,
Unit 10, Map 36a
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--Section 6 789 319 134 655 Plants: 50 CFR 17.99,
Unit 10, Map 36a
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL Lowland Wet 5,013 2,029 875 4,138 .......................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai--Montane Mesic
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--Section 1 2,421 980 2,421 0 Plants: 50 CFR 17.99,
Unit 11, Map 70c.
Akekee and Akikiki: 50
17.95(b), Unit 1 -
Montane Mesic. Picture-
wing fly: 50 CFR
17.95(i), Unit 1 -
Montane Mesic.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--Section 2 376 152 376 0 Plants: 50 CFR 17.99,
Unit 11, Map 70c; Unit
21, map 217d. Akekee
and Akikiki: 50 CFR
17.95(b), Unit 2 -
Montane Mesic.
Picture-wing fly: 50
CFR 17.95(i), Unit 2 -
Montane Mesic.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--Section 3 138 56 138 0 Plants: 50 CFR 17.99,
Unit 22, Map 217e.
Akekee and Akikiki: 50
CFR 17.95(b), Unit 3 -
Montane Mesic.
Picture-wing fly: 50
CFR 17.95(i), Unit 3 -
Montane Mesic.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL Montane Mesic 2,935 1,188 2,935 0 .......................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai--Montane Wet
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--Section 1 13,055 5,283 12,628 427 Plants: 50 CFR 17.99,
Unit 10, Map 35a; Unit
11, Map 74a; Unit 23,
Map 217f; Unit 24, Map
217g, Unit 25, Map
217h. Akekee and
Akikiki: 50 CFR
17.95(b), Unit 4 -
Montane Wet. Picture-
wing fly: 50 CFR
17.95(i), Unit 4 -
Montane Wet.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--Section 2 790 320 790 0 Plants: 50 CFR 17.99,
Unit 11, Map 64a.
Akekee and Akikiki: 50
CFR 17.95(b), Unit 5 -
Montane Wet.
Picture-wing fly: 50
CFR 17.95(i), Unit 5 -
Montane Wet.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--Section 3 413 167 156 257 Plants: 50 CFR 17.99,
Unit 11, Map 64a.
Akekee and Akikiki: 50
CFR 17.95(b), Unit 6 -
Montane Wet.
Picture-wing fly: 50
CFR 17.95(i), Unit 6 -
Montane Wet.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL Montane Wet 14,258 5,770 13,574 684 .......................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai--Dry Cliff
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--Section 1 404 163 404 0 Plants: 50 CFR 17.99,
Unit 11, Map 67a.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--Section 2 309 125 309 0 Plants: 50 CFR 17.99,
Unit 11, map 67a.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL Dry Cliff 713 288 713 0 .......................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai--Wet Cliff
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--Section 1 190 77 190 0 Plants: 50 CFR 17.99,
Unit 11, Map 70b.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--Section 2 784 317 778 7 Plants: 50 CFR 17.99,
Unit 10, Map 36b; Unit
18, Map 217a.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--Section 3 61 24 8 53 Plants: 50 CFR 17.99,
Unit 4, Map 5a; Unit
19, Map 217b.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL Wet Cliff 1,035 418 976 60 .......................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL ALL SECTIONS 26,582 10,757 21,666 4,918 .......................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 19002]]
Table 6.- SPECIES FOR WHICH CRITICAL HABITAT IS DESIGNATED IN EACH ECOSYSTEM
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Critical Habitat Units
Species -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lowland Mesic Lowland Wet Montane Mesic Montane Wet Dry Cliff Wet Cliff
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plants ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Astelia waialealae X ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Canavalia napaliensis X ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chamaesyce eleanoriae X X ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis X X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi X X X X X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Charpentiera densiflora X X ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cyanea dolichopoda* X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cyanea eleeleensis* X ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cyanea kolekoleensis* X ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cyanea kuhihewa* X ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cyrtandra oenobarba X X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cyrtandra paliku X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Diellia mannii X ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Doryopteris angelica X ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dryopteris crinalis var. X ..................
podosorus
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dubautia imbricata ssp. X ..................
imbricata
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dubautia kalalauensis X ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dubautia kenwoodii* X ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dubautia plantaginea ssp. X
magnifolia
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dubautia waialealae X ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Geranium kauaiense X ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Keysseria erici X ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Keysseria helenae X ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Labordia helleri X X X X ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Labordia pumila X ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lysimachia daphnoides X ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lysimachia iniki X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lysimachia pendens X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lysimachia scopulensis X ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lysimachia venosa* X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Melicope degeneri X ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Melicope paniculata X ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Melicope puberula X X ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Melicope knudsenii X ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Myrsine mezii X X ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 19003]]
Phyllostegia renovans X X ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pittosporum napaliense X ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Platydesma rostrata X X X X X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Psychotria grandiflora X X ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Psychotria hobdyi X ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Schiedea attenuata X ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Stenogyne kealiae X X X ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tetraplasandra bisattenuata X X ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tetraplasandra flynnii X X X ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Animals ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Akikiki (Oreomystis bairdi) X X ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Akekee (Loxops caeruleirostris) X X ..................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Picture-wing fly (Drosophila X X ..................
sharpi)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Species with an asterisk are those that, to the best of our knowledge, may no longer occur naturally in the wild, therefore there is no known occupied
critical habitat for these species. The critical habitat units for these species have been determined to be essential to the conservation of the
species because the area provides for the reestablishment of populations within the species' historical range.
When determining critical habitat boundaries within this final
rule, we made every effort to avoid including developed areas such as
lands covered by buildings, pavement, and other structures because such
lands lack the physical and biological features essential for the
conservation of the 47 species. The scale of the maps we prepared under
the parameters for publication within the Code of Federal Regulations
may not reflect the exclusion of such developed areas. Any such lands
inadvertently left inside critical habitat boundaries shown on the maps
of this final rule have been excluded by text in the rule and are not
designated as critical habitat. Therefore, a Federal action involving
these lands would not trigger section 7 consultation with respect to
critical habitat unless the specific action would affect the PCEs in
the adjacent critical habitat.
Special Management Considerations or Protections
When designating critical habitat, we assess whether the specific
areas within the geographical area occupied by the species at the time
of listing contains the physical or biological features essential to
the conservation of the species that may require special management
considerations or protection. It is recognized that activities in and
adjacent to areas designated as critical habitat may affect one or more
of the PCEs found in these areas. Special management is needed
throughout each of the designated critical habitat units. The following
discussion of special management needs is applicable to each of the 47
Kauai species for which we are designating critical habitat.
These 47 Kauai species include 41 species that are currently found
in the wild, and 6 species that are not currently extant in the wild.
For each of the 41 Kauai species found in the wild, we have determined
that the features essential to their conservation are primarily
dependent on maintaining the successful functioning of the ecosystem(s)
in which they occur (Tables 3 and 4). In some cases, additional
species-specific primary constituent elements have also been identified
(Table 4). Special management considerations or protections are
necessary throughout the critical habitat areas designated here to
avoid further degradation or destruction of the habitat that provides
those features essential to their conservation. The primary threats to
the physical and biological features essential to the conservation of
all of these species include habitat destruction and modification by
feral ungulates, predation by nonnative species, competition with
nonnative species, hurricanes, landslides, flooding, and climate
change. The reduction of these threats will require the implementation
of special management actions within each of the critical habitat areas
identified in this final rule.
All designated critical habitat in this rule requires active
management to address the ongoing degradation and loss of native
habitat caused by feral ungulates (pigs, goats, and black-tailed deer).
Feral ungulates also impact the habitat through predation and
trampling. The State of Hawaii provides game mammal (feral pigs and
goats, and black-tailed deer) hunting opportunities on one or more
State-designated public hunting areas on the islands of Kauai, Oahu,
Maui, Molokai, Lanai, and Hawaii (Hawaii Administrative Rules 13-123;
DLNR 2009a). Management of game animals by the State ranges from
providing maximal sustained public hunting opportunities and benefits
(e.g., ``sustained yield'') in some areas to game animal removal by
State staff, or their designees, in other areas (DLNR 2009b). Public
hunting areas are not fenced, and game mammals have unrestricted access
to most areas across the landscape, regardless of the underlying land
use designation. While fences are sometimes built to provide protection
from game
[[Page 19004]]
mammals to the natural resources within the fenced area, the current
number and locations of fences are not sufficient to prevent habitat
destruction and degradation. Without special management, the features
that are essential for the conservation of these species will continue
to be degraded and destroyed.
All designated critical habitat in this rule requires active
management to address the ongoing degradation and loss of native
habitat caused by nonnative plants. Special management is also required
to prevent the introduction of new alien plant species into native
habitats. Particular attention is required in nonnative plant control
efforts to avoid creating additional disturbances that may facilitate
the further introduction and establishment of invasive plant seeds.
Precautions are also required to avoid the inadvertent trampling of
listed plant species in the course of management activities. The active
control of nonnative plant species will help to address the threat
presented by fire to three critical habitat areas in particular
(Kauai--Lowland Mesic--Section 1, Kauai--Montane Mesic--Section 2, and
Kauai--Dry Cliff--Section 1; see Table 5 for corresponding CFR unit
numbers). This threat is primarily due to the presence of nonnative
species, such as the grasses Andropogon sp. and Setaria sp., which
increase the fuel load and quickly regenerate after a fire. These
species can outcompete native plants that are not adapted to fire,
creating a grass-fire cycle that alters ecosystem functions (D'Antonio
and Vitousek 1992, pp. 64-66; Brooks et al. 2004, p. 680).
In addition, five sections (Kauai--Dry Cliff--Section 1, Kauai--Dry
Cliff--Section 2, Kauai--Wet Cliff--Section 1, Kauai--Wet Cliff--
Section 2, and Kauai--Wet Cliff--Section 3; see Table 5 for
corresponding CFR unit numbers) may require special management to
reduce the threat of landslides and flooding, which threaten to further
degrade the habitat conditions and have the potential to eliminate some
species in their entirety (e.g., Schiedea attenuata).
In summary, we find that each of the areas we are designating as
critical habitat contains features essential to the conservation of the
species that may require special management considerations or
protection to ensure the conservation of the 47 Kauai species. These
special management considerations and protections are required to
preserve and maintain the essential features provided to these species
by the ecosystems upon which they depend. A more detailed discussion of
each of these threats is presented above, under the Summary of Factors
Affecting the Species section.
Critical Habitat Designation
We are designating critical habitat in 6 ecosystem types for 47
species; including 12 critical habitat units for the plants, 6 critical
habitat units for the birds, and 6 critical habitat units for the
picture-wing fly (see Table 5, above, for details). In total,
approximately 26,582 ac (10,757 ha) of lands under State and private
ownership fall within the boundaries of this critical habitat
designation; 25,988 ac (10,517 ha), or 98 percent is within areas
already designated as critical habitat for other listed species. The
critical habitat units described below constitute our best assessment
of those areas that meet the definition of critical habitat for the 47
species of plants and animals.
Because 98 percent of the designated critical habitat for the
plants overlies critical habitat already designated for other plant
species on the island of Kauai, we have incorporated the maps of the
ecosystem areas identified in this final rule into the existing
critical habitat unit numbering system established for plants on the
island of Kauai in the Code of Federal Regulations (50 CFR
17.99(a)(1)).
This required further subdividing some of the ecosystem areas we
identified as ``sections'' into units that correspond to both existing
and new critical habitat unit numbers and map numbers as published in
the CFR. The maps and area descriptions that follow represent the 6
essential ecosystem areas we have identified as being essential for the
conservation of each of the 47 species, which have been subdivided into
22 sections. For the 44 plant species, the critical habitat unit
numbers that collectively represent these ecosystem areas and the
corresponding map numbers that will be published at 50 CFR 17.99(a)(1)
are presented to provide a crosswalk with the CFR (see text below and
figures 1A through 6C). Critical habitat for each of the three3 animal
species is published in a separate section of the CFR (50 CFR 17.95(b)
for the akekee and akikiki; 50 CFR 17.95(i) for the picture-wing fly),
and thus have separate critical habitat unit numbers and map numbers.
These numbers are also provided in each of the critical habitat
descriptions below for reference in the CFR.
We present a brief description of each critical habitat unit and
the reasons why it meets the definition of critical habitat below.
Kauai--Lowland Mesic--Section 1
Lowland Mesic-Section 1 consists of 2,006 ac (812 ha) in the
lowland mesic ecosystem, including mesic forest extending from
Awaawapuhi Trail south to Makaha Ridge, in the Na Pali Kona Forest
Reserve and the Kuia NAR (Figure 1-A).
BILLING CODE 4310-55-S
[[Page 19005]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.000
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C
[[Page 19006]]
The entire section is State-owned and within previously designated
critical habitat; it falls within Critical Habitat Unit 11 of 50 CFR
17.99(a)(1), Map 66a. This section is occupied by the plants
Doryopteris angelica, Labordia helleri, Platydesma rostrata and
Psychotria hobdyi, and includes mesic forest, the moisture regime, and
canopy, subcanopy, and understory native plant species identified as
PCEs in the lowland mesic ecosystem (Table 3). This section also
contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the conservation of
these four species by providing the physical and biological features
necessary for the expansion of the existing wild populations. Although
Lowland Mesic-Section 1 is not known to be occupied by the species
Canavalia napaliensis, Chamaesyce eleanoriae, Chamaesyce remyi var.
remyi, Charpentiera densiflora, Dubautia kenwoodii, Pittosporum
napaliense, and Tetraplasandra bisattenuata, we have determined this
area to be essential for the conservation and recovery of these lowland
mesic species because it provides the physical and biological features
necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations within their
historic range. Due to the small numbers of individuals or low
population sizes of each of these species, each requires suitable
habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction to achieve recovery.
Kauai--Lowland Mesic--Section 2
Lowland Mesic-Section 2 consists of 379 ac (154 ha) in the lowland
mesic ecosystem, including mesic forest extending from Keanapuka to
Kahuamaa Flat along the rim and cliffs of the Kalalau Valley, in the Na
Pali Coast State Park (Figure 1-A, above). The entire section is State-
owned and within previously designated critical habitat; it falls
within Critical Habitat Unit 11 of 50 CFR 17.99(a)(1), Map 66a. This
section is occupied by the plants Canavalia napaliensis, Chamaesyce
eleanoriae, C. remyi var. remyi, Charpentiera densiflora, Pittosporum
napaliense, and Psychotria hobdyi, and includes mesic forest, the
moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and understory native plant
species identified as PCEs in the lowland mesic ecosystem (Table 3).
This section also contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of these six species by providing the physical and
biological features necessary for the expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Lowland Mesic-Section 2 is not known to be
occupied by the species Doryopteris angelica, Dubautia kenwoodii,
Labordia helleri, Platydesma rostrata, and Tetraplasandra bisattenuata,
we have determined this area to be essential for the conservation and
recovery of these lowland mesic species because it provides the
physical and biological features necessary for the reestablishment of
wild populations within their historical range. Due to the small
numbers of individuals or low population sizes of each of these
species, each requires suitable habitat and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve recovery.
Kauai--Lowland Mesic--Section 3
Lowland Mesic-Section 3 consists of 124 ac (50 ha) in the lowland
mesic ecosystem, including mesic forest extending from Manono Ridge,
Pohakuao Valley, to Kanakuu, within the Na Pali Coast State Park
(Figure 1-A, above). The entire section is State-owned and within
previously designated critical habitat; it falls within Critical
Habitat Unit 11 of 50 CFR 17.99(a)(1), Map 66a. This section is
occupied by the plants Canavalia napaliensis, Chamaesyce eleanoriae,
and Charpentiera densiflora, and includes mesic forest, the moisture
regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and understory native plant species
identified as PCEs in the lowland mesic ecosystem (Table 3). This
section also contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the
conservation of these three species by providing the physical and
biological features necessary for the expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Lowland Mesic-Section 3 is not known to be
occupied by the species Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi, Doryopteris
angelica, Dubautia kenwoodii, Labordia helleri, Pittosporum napaliense,
Platydesma rostrata, Psychotria hobdyi, and Tetraplasandra
bisattenuata, we have determined this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these lowland mesic species because it
provides the physical and biological features necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations within their historic range. Due to
the small numbers of individuals or low population sizes of each of
these species, each requires suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve recovery.
Kauai--Lowland Mesic--Section 4
Lowland Mesic-Section 4 consists of 81 ac (33 ha) in the lowland
mesic ecosystem, including mesic forest at the head of the Hanakapiai
Valley, in the Na Pali Coast State Park (Figure 1-A, above). The entire
section is State-owned and within previously designated critical
habitat; it falls within Critical Habitat Unit 11 of 50 CFR
17.99(a)(1), Map 66a. This section is occupied by the plant
Charpentiera densiflora and includes mesic forest, the moisture regime,
and canopy, subcanopy, and understory native plant species identified
as PCEs in the lowland mesic ecosystem (Table 3). This section also
contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the conservation of
this species by providing the physical and biological features
necessary for the expansion of the existing wild population. Although
Lowland Mesic-Section 4 is not known to be occupied by the species
Canavalia napaliensis, Chamaesyce eleanoriae, Chamaesyce remyi var.
remyi, Doryopteris angelica, Dubautia kenwoodii, Labordia helleri,
Pittosporum napaliense, Platydesma rostrata, Psychotria hobdyi, and
Tetraplasandra bisattenuata, we have determined this area to be
essential for the conservation and recovery of these lowland mesic
species because it provides the physical and biological features
necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations within their
historic range. Due to the small numbers of individuals or low
population sizes of each of these species, each requires suitable
habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction to achieve recovery.
Kauai--Lowland Mesic--Section 5
Lowland Mesic-Section 5 consists of 37 ac (15 ha) in the lowland
mesic ecosystem, including mesic forest on the slopes of Mt. Haupu, on
privately owned land (Figure 1-B).
BILLING CODE 4310-55-S
[[Page 19007]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.001
[[Page 19008]]
The entire section is within previously designated critical
habitat, and falls within Critical Habitat Unit 7 of 50 CFR
17.99(a)(1), Map 23a. This section is occupied by the plants Chamaesyce
remyi var. remyi and Tetraplasandra bisattenuata, and includes mesic
forest and shrubland, the moisture regime, and subcanopy and understory
native plant species identified as PCEs in the lowland mesic ecosystem
(Table 3). This section also contains unoccupied habitat that is
essential to the conservation of these two species by providing the
physical and biological features necessary for the expansion of the
existing wild populations. Although Lowland Mesic-Section 5 is not
known to be occupied by the species Canavalia napaliensis, Chamaesyce
eleanoriae, Charpentiera densiflora, Doryopteris angelica, Dubautia
kenwoodii, Labordia helleri, Pittosporum napaliense, Platydesma
rostrata, and Psychotria hobdyi, we have determined this area to be
essential for the conservation and recovery of these lowland mesic
species because it provides the physical and biological features
necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations within their
historic range. Due to the small numbers of individuals or low
population sizes of each of these species, each requires suitable
habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction to achieve recovery.
Kauai--Lowland Wet--Section 1
Lowland Wet-Section 1 consists of 1,164 ac (471 ha) in the lowland
wet ecosystem (117 ac (47.4 ha) on State land; 1,047 ac (424 ha) on
private land), including wet forest extending from Kulanalilia into
Limahuli Valley to Honoonapali, in the Halelea Forest Reserve (Figure
2-A).
[[Page 19009]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.002
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C
[[Page 19010]]
The section includes 1,099 ac (445 ha) of State and privately owned
land within previously designated critical habitat and 65 ac (26 ha) of
newly designated critical habitat on private land. The area that falls
within designated critical habitat lies within Critical Habitat Unit 11
of 50 CFR 17.99(a)(1), Map 70a, and newly designated Critical Habitat
Unit 20, Map 217c. This section is occupied by the plants Chamaesyce
remyi var. remyi, Charpentiera densiflora, Labordia helleri, and
Phyllostegia renovans. This section also contains unoccupied habitat
that is essential to the conservation of these four species by
providing the physical and biological features necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild populations. This section includes the
lowland wet forest, the moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and
understory plant species identified as PCEs in the lowland wet
ecosystem (Table 3). Although Lowland Wet-Section 1 is not known to be
occupied by the species Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis, Cyanea
eleeleensis, C. kolekoleensis, C. kuhihewa, Cyrtandra oenobarba,
Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata, Melicope paniculata, M. puberula,
Platydesma rostrata, Stenogyne kealiae, Tetraplasandra bisattenuata,
and T. flynnii, we have determined this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these lowland wet species because it
provides the physical and biological features necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations within their historic range. Due to
the small numbers of individuals or low population sizes of each of
these species, each requires suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve recovery.
Kauai--Lowland Wet--Section 2
Lowland Wet-Section 2 consists of 172 ac (70 ha) in the lowland wet
ecosystem, including wet forest extending from Alealau to Pohakea,
within the Hono o Na Pali NAR and the Na Pali Coast State Park (Figure
2-A, above). The entire section is State-owned and within previously
designated critical habitat; it falls within Critical Habitat Unit 11
of 50 CFR 17.99(a)(1), Map 70a, and is occupied by the plant Melicope
puberula. This section also contains unoccupied habitat that is
essential to the conservation of this species by providing the physical
and biological features necessary for the expansion of the existing
wild population. This section includes the lowland wet forest, the
moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and understory plant species
identified as PCEs in the lowland wet ecosystem (Table 3). Although
Lowland Wet-Section 2 is not known to be occupied by the species
Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis, C. remyi var. remyi, Charpentiera
densiflora, Cyanea eleeleensis, C. kolekoleensis, C. kuhihewa,
Cyrtandra oenobarba, Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata, Labordia
helleri, Melicope paniculata, Phyllostegia renovans, Platydesma
rostrata, Stenogyne kealiae, Tetraplasandra bisattenuata, and T.
flynii, we have determined this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these lowland wet species because it
provides the physical and biological features necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations within their historic range. Due to
the small numbers of individuals or low population sizes of each of
these species, each requires suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve recovery.
Kauai--Lowland Wet--Section 3
Lowland Wet-Section 3 consists of 756 ac (306 ha) in the lowland
wet ecosystem, including wet forest in upper Wainiha Valley, on
privately owned land in the Halelea Forest Reserve (Figure 2-B).
BILLING CODE 4310-55-S
[[Page 19011]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.003
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C
[[Page 19012]]
The entire section is within previously designated critical
habitat, falling within Critical Habitat Unit 11 of 50 CFR 17.99(a)(1),
Map 70a, and is occupied by the plants Chamaesyce remyi var.
kauaiensis, Cyrtandra oenobarba, Melicope puberula, Phyllostegia
renovans, and Stenogyne kealiae. This section also contains unoccupied
habitat that is essential to the conservation of these five species by
providing the physical and biological features necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild populations. This section includes the
lowland wet forest, the moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and
understory plant species identified as PCEs in the lowland wet
ecosystem (Table 3). Although Lowland Wet-Section 3 is not known to be
occupied by the species Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi, Charpentiera
densiflora, Cyanea eleeleensis, C. kolekoleensis, C. kuhihewa, Dubautia
imbricata ssp. imbricata, Labordia helleri, Melicope paniculata,
Platydesma rostrata, Tetraplasandra bisattenuata, and T. flynii, we
have determined this area to be essential for the conservation and
recovery of these lowland wet species because it provides the physical
and biological features necessary for the reestablishment of wild
populations within their historic range. Due to the small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes of each of these species, each
requires suitable habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction to
achieve recovery.
Kauai--Lowland Wet--Section 4
Lowland Wet-Section 4 consists of 591 ac (239 ha) in the lowland
wet ecosystem, including wet forest at the head of Lumahai Valley, on
State (10 ac, 4.1 ha) and privately owned (581 ac, 235 ha) land in the
Halelea Forest Reserve (Figure 2-B, above). The entire section is
within previously designated critical habitat, falling within Critical
Habitat Unit 11 of 50 CFR 17.99(a)(1), Map 70a, and is occupied by the
plants Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi, Cyrtandra oenobarba, Melicope
paniculata, Phyllostegia renovans, and Platydesma rostrata. This
section also contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the
conservation of these five species by providing the physical and
biological features necessary for the expansion of the existing wild
populations. This section includes the lowland wet forest, the moisture
regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and understory plant species identified
as PCEs in the lowland wet ecosystem (Table 3). Although Lowland Wet-
Section 4 is not known to be occupied by the species Chamaesyce remyi
var. kauaiensis, Charpentiera densiflora, Cyanea eleeleensis, C.
kolekoleensis, C. kuhihewa, Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata, Labordia
helleri, Melicope puberula, Stenogyne kealiae, Tetraplasandra
bisattenuata, and T. flynii, we have determined this area to be
essential for the conservation and recovery of these lowland wet
species because it provides the physical and biological features
necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations within their
historic range. Due to the small numbers of individuals or low
population numbers of each of these species, each requires suitable
habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction to achieve recovery.
Kauai--Lowland Wet--Section 5
Lowland Wet-Section 5 consists of 1,541 ac (624 ha) in the lowland
wet ecosystem, including wet forest extending from the headwaters of
the Wailua River at ``Blue Hole'' south to Iole, on State (442 ac, 179
ha) and privately owned (1,099 ac, 445 ha) land in the Lihue-Koloa
Forest Reserve (Figure 2-C).
BILLING CODE 4310-55-S
[[Page 19013]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.004
[[Page 19014]]
The entire section is within previously designated critical
habitat, falling within Critical Habitat Unit 10 of 50 CFR 17.99(a)(1),
Map 36a, and is occupied by the plants Cyrtandra oenobarba, Dubautia
imbricata ssp. imbricata, Melicope paniculata, Phyllostegia renovans,
and Platydesma rostrata. This section also contains unoccupied habitat
that is essential to the conservation of these five5 species by
providing the physical and biological features necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild populations. This section includes the
lowland wet forest, the moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy and
understory plant species identified as PCEs in the lowland wet
ecosystem (Table 3). Although Lowland Wet-Section 5 is not known to be
occupied by the species Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis, C. remyi var.
remyi, Charpentiera densiflora, Cyanea eleeleensis, C. kolekoleensis,
C. kuhihewa, Labordia helleri, Melicope puberula, Stenogyne kealiae,
Tetraplasandra bisattenuata, and T. flynii, we have determined this
area to be essential for the conservation and recovery of these lowland
wet species because it provides the physical and biological features
necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations within their
historic range. Due to the small numbers of individuals or low
population sizes of each of these species, each requires suitable
habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction to achieve recovery.
Kauai--Lowland Wet--Section 6
Lowland Wet-Section 6 consists of 789 ac (319 ha) in the lowland
wet ecosystem, including wet forest extending from Kapalaoa to Kanaele
Bog and Lauahihaihai in the Wahiawa Mountains, on State (134 ac, 54 ha)
and privately owned (655 ac, 265 ha) land in the Lihue-Koloa Forest
Reserve (Figure 2-D).
[[Page 19015]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.005
[[Page 19016]]
The entire section is within previously designated critical
habitat, falling within Critical Habitat Unit 10 of 50 CFR 17.99(a)(1),
Map 36a, and is occupied by the plants Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi,
Cyrtandra oenobarba, Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata, Platydesma
rostrata, and Tetraplasandra bisattenuata. This section also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to the conservation of these five
species by providing the physical and biological features necessary for
the expansion of the existing wild populations. This section includes
the lowland wet forest, the moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and
understory plant species identified as PCEs in the lowland wet
ecosystem (Table 3). Although Lowland Wet-Section 6 is not known to be
occupied by the species Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis, Charpentiera
densiflora, Cyanea eleeleensis, C. kolekoleensis, C. kuhihewa, Labordia
helleri, Melicope paniculata, M. puberula, Phyllostegia renovans,
Stenogyne kealiae, and Tetraplasandra flynii, we have determined this
area to be essential for the conservation and recovery of these lowland
wet species because it provides the physical and biological features
necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations within their
historic range. Due to the small numbers of individuals or low
population sizes of each of these species, each requires suitable
habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction to achieve recovery.
Kauai--Montane Mesic--Section 1
Montane Mesic-Section 1 consists of 2,423 ac (980 ha) in the
montane mesic ecosystem, including the area above Honopu Valley to
Mahanaloa Valley, on State owned land in Kokee State Park, the Na Pali-
Kona Forest Reserve, and Kuia NAR (Figure 3-A).
[[Page 19017]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.006
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C
[[Page 19018]]
The entire section is within previously designated critical habitat
for the plant species, falling within Critical Habitat Unit 11 of 50
CFR 17.99(a)(1), Map 70c, and is occupied by the plants Chamaesyce
remyi var. remyi, Labordia helleri, Myrsine knudsenii, Platydesma
rostrata, Psychotria grandiflora, Stenogyne kealiae, and Tetraplasandra
flynii. This section is also occupied by the akekee and the picture-
wing fly; maps of critical habitat for these species can be found at 50
CFR 17.95(b) for the akekee and akikiki (Unit 1-Montane Mesic), and at
50 CFR 17.95(i) for the picture-wing fly (Unit 1-Montane Mesic). This
section also contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the
conservation of these nine species by providing the physical and
biological features necessary for the expansion of the existing wild
populations. This section includes the montane mesic forest, the
moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and understory plant species
identified as PCEs in the montane mesic ecosystem (Table 3), as well as
species-specific PCEs for the akekee and akikiki (arthropod prey) and
picture-wing fly (the larval-stage host plants, Cheirodendron sp. and
Tetraplasandra sp.). Although Montane Mesic-Section 1 is not known to
be occupied by the species Diellia mannii, Myrsine mezii, and the
akikiki, we have determined this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these montane mesic species because it
provides the physical and biological features necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations within their historic range. Due to
the small numbers of individuals or low population sizes of each of
these species, each requires suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve recovery.
Kauai--Montane Mesic--Section 2
Montane Mesic-Section 2 consists of 376 ac (152 ha) in the montane
mesic ecosystem and includes a portion of the area surrounding a
tributary of Nawaimaka Stream east to Kumuwela Ridge (Figure 3-A,
above). The entire section is State-owned within Kokee State Park, and
includes 8 ac (3 ha) of newly designated critical habitat. This section
is occupied by Diellia mannii and the picture-wing fly Drosophila
sharpi, and includes the montane mesic forest, the moisture regime, and
canopy, subcanopy, and understory plant species identified as PCEs in
the montane mesic ecosystem (Table 3), as well as the larval-stage host
plants (Cheirodendron sp. and Tetraplasandra sp.) associated with the
picture-wing fly. This section also contains unoccupied habitat that is
essential to the conservation of these two species by providing the
physical and biological features necessary for the expansion of the
existing wild populations. Although Montane Mesic-Section 2 is not
known to be occupied by the plants Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi,
Labordia helleri, Myrsine knudsenii, Myrsine mezii, Platydesma
rostrata, Psychotria grandiflora, Stenogyne kealiae, and Tetraplasandra
flynnii, or by the birds the akekee and akikiki, we have determined
this area to be essential for the conservation and recovery of these
montane mesic species because it provides the physical and biological
features necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations within
their historical range, as well as species-specific PCEs for the akekee
and akikiki (arthropod prey). Due to the small numbers of individuals
or low population sizes of each of these species, each requires
suitable habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction to achieve
recovery.
For the plants, that portion of the section that overlies
previously designated critical habitat falls within Critical Habitat
Unit 11 of 50 CFR 17.99(a)(1), Map 70c. The previously undesignated
land comprises Critical Habitat Unit 21 of 50 CFR 17.99(a)(1), Map
217d. Maps of critical habitat for the akekee and akikiki can be found
at 50 CFR 17.95(b) (Unit 2-Montane Mesic), and for the picture-wing fly
at 50 CFR 17.95(i) (Unit 2-Montane Mesic).
Kauai--Montane Mesic--Section 3
Montane Mesic-Section 3 consists of 139 ac (56 ha) in the montane
mesic ecosystem, including the upper portion of the Nawaimaka Valley up
to Kapukapaia Ridge, on State-owned land in the Na Pali-Kona Forest
Reserve (Figure 3-B).
BILLING CODE 4310-55-S
[[Page 19019]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.007
[[Page 19020]]
This section is not in previously designated critical habitat and
includes the only montane mesic forest occupied by the plant Myrsine
mezii, and the moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and understory
plant species identified as PCEs in the montane mesic ecosystem (Table
3). This section also contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of this species by providing the physical and
biological features necessary for the expansion of the existing wild
population. Although Montane Mesic-Section 3 is not known to be
occupied by the plants Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi, Labordia helleri,
Myrsine knudsenii, Myrsine mezii, Platydesma rostrata, Psychotria
grandiflora, Stenogyne kealiae, and Tetraplasandra flynnii; by the
birds the akekee and akikiki; or by the picture-wing fly Drosophila
sharpi, we have determined this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these montane mesic species because it
provides the physical and biological features necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations within their historic range. It
also provides for the species-specific PCEs for the akekee and akikiki
(arthropod prey) and the larval-stage host plants (Cheirodendron sp.
and Tetraplasandra sp.) associated with D. sharpi. Due to the small
numbers of individuals or low population sizes of each of these
species, each requires suitable habitat and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve recovery.
For the plants, this section comprises Critical Habitat Unit 22 of
50 CFR 17.99(a)(1), Map 217e. Maps of critical habitat for the akekee
and akikiki can be found at 50 CFR 17.95(b) (Unit 3-Montane Mesic), and
for the picture-wing fly at 50 CFR 17.95(i) (Unit 3-Montane Mesic).
Kauai--Montane Wet--Section 1
Montane Wet-Section 1 consists of 13,055 ac (5,257 ha) in the
montane wet ecosystem, extending across the Alakai Plateau from Hanakoa
to Mount Waialeale, on State (12,628 ac, 5,110 ha) and privately owned
(427 ac, 173 ha) land in the Na Pali Coast State Park, the Alakai
Wilderness Preserve, the Na Pali-Kona and Halelea forest reserves, and
Hono o Na Pali NAR (Figure 4).
[[Page 19021]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.008
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C
[[Page 19022]]
It is occupied by the plants Astelia waialealae, Chamaesyce remyi
var. remyi, Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus, Dubautia waialealae,
Geranium kauaiense, Keysseria erici, K. helenae, Labordia helleri, L.
pumila, Lysimachia daphnoides, Melicope degeneri, M. puberula, Myrsine
mezii, Phyllostegia renovans, and Platydesma rostrata; by the akekee
and akikiki; and by the picture-wing fly. This section also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to the conservation of these 18
species by providing the physical and biological features necessary for
the expansion of the existing wild populations. This section includes
the montane wet forest, the moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and
understory plant species identified as PCEs in the montane wet
ecosystem (Table 3), and the species-specific PCEs including (1) bogs
(identified as PCEs for Dubautia waialealae, Geranium kauaiense,
Keysseria erici, Keysseria helenae, Labordia pumila) (2) bog hummocks
(identified as PCEs for Astelia waialealae and Lysimachia daphnoides);
(3) arthropod prey (identified as PCEs for the akekee and the akikiki);
and (4) larval-stage host plants, Cheirodendron and Tetraplasandra sp.,
(identified as a PCE for the picture-wing fly). Although Montane Wet-
Section 1 is not known to be occupied by the plants Dubautia
kalalauensis, Psychotria grandiflora, and Tetraplasandra flynnii, we
have determined this area to be essential for the conservation and
recovery of these montane wet species because it provides the physical
and biological features necessary for the reestablishment of wild
populations within their historical range. Due to the small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes of each of these species, each
requires suitable habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction to
achieve recovery.
For the plants, those portions of the section that overlie
previously designated critical habitat fall within two existing
Critical Habitat Units of 50 CFR 17.99(a)(1): Unit 10, Map 35a; and
Unit 11, Map 64a. The previously undesignated land comprises Unit 23,
Map 217f; and Unit 24, Map 217g. Maps of critical habitat for the
akekee and akikiki can be found at 50 CFR 17.95(b) (Unit 4-Montane
Wet), and for the picture-wing fly Drosophila sharpi at 50 CFR 17.95(i)
(Unit 4-Montane Wet).
Kauai--Montane Wet--Section 2
Montane Wet-Section 2 consists of 790 ac (320 ha) in the montane
wet ecosystem, extending from Kahuamaa Flat south to the edge of Waimea
Canyon, on State-owned land in Kokee State Park (Figure 4, above). The
entire section is within previously designated critical habitat, and is
occupied by the plants Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi, Dubautia
kalalauensis, Labordia helleri, Melicope puberula, Platydesma rostrata,
Psychotria grandiflora, and Tetraplasandra flynii, and by the akekee.
This section includes montane wet forest, potentially some small-scale
boggy areas, the moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy and understory
plant species identified as PCEs in the montane wet ecosystem (Table
3), and arthropod prey (identified as a species-specific PCE for the
akekee). Although Montane Wet-Section 2 is not known to be occupied by
the plants Astelia waialeale, Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus,
Dubautia waialeale, Geranium kauaiense, Keysseria erici, Keysseria
helenae, Labordia pumila, Lysimachia daphnoides, Melicope degeneri,
Myrsine mezii, and Phyllostegia renovans; by the akikiki; or by the
picture-wing fly, Drosophila sharpi, we have determined this area to be
essential for the conservation and recovery of these montane wet
species because it provides the physical and biological features
necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations within their
historical range. This area also supports the arthropod prey identified
as a PCE for the akikiki, and the larval-stage host plants
(Cheirodendron and Tetraplasandra spp.) identified as a PCE for the
picture-wing fly. Due to the small numbers of individuals or low
population sizes of each of these species, each requires suitable
habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction to achieve recovery.
For the plants, critical habitat falls within previously designated
Critical Habitat Unit 11 of 50 CFR 17.99(a)(1), Map 64a. Maps of
critical habitat for the akekee and akikiki can be found at 50 CFR
17.95(b) (Unit 5-Montane Wet), and for the picture-wing fly Drosophila
sharpi at 50 CFR 17.95(i) (Unit 5-Montane Wet).
Kauai--Montane Wet--Section 3
Montane Wet-Section 3 consists of 413 ac (167 ha) in the montane
wet ecosystem, encompasses the summit of Namolokama, on State (156 ac,
63 ha) and privately owned (257 ac, 104 ha) land in the Halelea Forest
Reserve (Figure 4, above). It is entirely within previously designated
critical habitat, and is occupied by the plants Keysseria erici and
Labordia pumila. This section includes the montane wet forest, the
moisture regime, and the canopy, subcanopy, and understory plant
species identified as PCEs in the montane wet ecosystem (Table 3), and
bogs (identified as a species-specific PCE for K. erici). Although
Montane Wet-Section 3 is not known to be occupied by the plants Astelia
waialeale, Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi, Dryopteris crinalis var.
podosorus, Dubautia kalalauensis, D. waialeale, Geranium kauaiense,
Keysseria helenae, Labordia helleri, Lysimachia daphnoides, Melicope
degeneri, M. puberula, Myrsine mezii, Phyllostegia renovans, Platydesma
rostrata, Psychotria grandiflora, and Tetraplasandra flynnii; by the
akekee and akikiki; or by the picture-wing fly, Drosophila sharpi, we
have determined this area to be essential for the conservation and
recovery of these montane wet species because it provides the physical
and biological features necessary for the reestablishment of wild
populations within their historic range. It also supports the arthropod
prey identified as a PCE for the akekee and akikiki, and the larval-
stage host plants (Cheirodendron and Tetraplasandra spp.) identified as
a PCE for the picture-wing fly. Due to the small numbers of individuals
or low population sizes of each of these species, each requires
suitable habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction to achieve
recovery.
For the plants, critical habitat falls within Critical Habitat Unit
11 of 50 CFR 17.99(a)(1), Map 64a. Maps of critical habitat for the
akekee and akikiki can be found at 50 CFR 17.95(b) (Unit 6-Montane
Wet), and for the picture-wing fly Drosophila sharpi at 50 CFR 17.95(i)
(Unit 6-Montane Wet).
Kauai--Dry Cliff--Section 1
Dry Cliff-Section 1 consists of 404 ac (163 ha) in the dry cliff
ecosystem, along cliffs from Kalanu to Pihea peak, within the Na Pali
Coast State Park (Figure 5).
BILLING CODE 4310-55-S
[[Page 19023]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.009
[[Page 19024]]
The entire section is within previously designated critical habitat
and is State-owned; it falls within Critical Habitat Unit 11 of 50 CFR
17.99(a)(1), Map 67a. This section is occupied by the plants Chamaesyce
eleanoriae, Lysimachia scopulensis, Schiedea attenuata, and Stenogyne
kealiae. This section includes the dry cliffs, the moisture regime, and
subcanopy and understory plant species identified as PCEs in the dry
cliff ecosystem (Table 3).
Kauai--Dry Cliff--Section 2
Dry Cliff-Section 2 consists of 309 ac (125 ha) in the dry cliff
ecosystem, including cliffs and ridges extending from Kanakou to
Keanapuka and along Manono Ridge, surrounding the hanging valley
Pohakuao, in the Na Pali Coast State Park (Figure 5, above). The entire
section is State-owned and within previously designated critical
habitat; it falls within Critical Habitat Unit 11 of 50 CFR
17.99(a)(1), Map 67a. This section is occupied by the plant Chamaesyce
eleanoriae and includes the dry cliffs, the moisture regime, and
subcanopy and understory plant species identified as PCEs in the dry
cliff ecosystem (Table 3). Although Dry Cliff - Section 3 is not known
to be occupied by the plants Lysimachia scopulensis, Schiedea
attenuata, and Stenogyne kealiae, we have determined this area to be
essential for the conservation and recovery of these dry cliff species
because it provides the physical and biological features necessary for
the reestablishment of wild populations within their historic range of
the species. Due to the small numbers of individuals or low population
sizes of each of these species, each requires suitable habitat and
space for expansion or reintroduction to achieve recovery.
Kauai--Wet Cliff--Section 1
Wet Cliff-Section 1 consists of 190 ac (77 ha) in the wet cliff
ecosystem, including cliffs along the rim of Kalalau Valley from
Alealeau to Pihea, on State-owned land in the Na Pali Coast State Park
and the Hono o Na Pali NAR (Figure 6-A).
[[Page 19025]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.010
[[Page 19026]]
The entire section is within previously designated critical
habitat, falling within Critical Habitat Unit 11 of 50 CFR 17.99(a)(1),
Map 70b, and is occupied by the plant Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi. This
section includes the wet cliffs, the moisture regime, and subcanopy and
understory plant species identified as PCEs in the wet cliff ecosystem
(Table 3). Although Wet Cliff-Section 1 is not known to be occupied by
the plants Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis, Cyanea dolichopoda,
Cyrtandra oenobarbara, C. paliku, Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia,
Lysimachia iniki, L. pendens, L. venosa, and Platydesma rostrata, we
have determined this area to be essential for the conservation and
recovery of these wet cliff species because it provides the physical
and biological features necessary for the reestablishment of wild
populations within their historical range. Due to the small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes of each of these species, each
requires suitable habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction to
achieve recovery.
Kauai--Wet Cliff--Section 2
Wet Cliff-Section 2 consists of 784 ac (317 ha) in the wet cliff
ecosystem, and includes the cliffs at the headwaters of the Wailua
River or ``Blue Hole,'' on State (778 ac, 315 ha) and privately owned
(6 ac, 3 ha) land in the Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserve (Figure 6-B).
[[Page 19027]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.011
[[Page 19028]]
There are 489 ac (198 ha) within previously designated critical
habitat and 296 ac (120 ha) of newly designated critical habitat on
State-owned land. The portion of the section that is in previously
designated critical habitat falls within Critical Habitat Unit 10 of 50
CFR 17.99(a)(1), Map 36b. The newly designated portion of the section
comprises Critical Habitat Unit 18 of 50 CFR 17.99(a)(1), Map 217a.
This section is occupied by the plants Chamaesyce remyi var.
kauaiensis, Cyrtandra oenobarba, Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia,
Lysimachia iniki, L. pendens, and Platydesma rostrata. The section
includes the wet cliffs, the moisture regime, and subcanopy and
understory plant species identified as PCEs in the wet cliff ecosystem
(Table 3). Although Wet Cliff-Section 2 is not known to be occupied by
the plants Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi, Cyanea dolichopoda, Cyrtandra
paliku, and Lysimachia venosa, we have determined this area to be
essential for the conservation and recovery of these wet cliff species
because it provides the physical and biological features necessary for
the reestablishment of wild populations within their historic range.
Due to the small numbers of individuals or low population sizes of each
of these species, each requires suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction to achieve recovery.
Kauai--Wet Cliff--Section 3
Wet Cliff -Section 3 consists of 61 ac (24 ha) in the wet cliff
ecosystem, including cliffs below Kekoiki, on State (8 ac, 3 ha) and
privately owned (53 ac, 22 ha) land in the Halelea, Moloaa and Kealia
forest reserves (Figure 6-C).
[[Page 19029]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.012
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C
[[Page 19030]]
There are 23 ac (9 ha) of newly designated critical habitat on
privately owned land within this section. That portion of the section
that falls within previously designated critical habitat is within
Critical Habitat Unit 4 of 50 CFR 17.99(a)(1), Map 5a. The newly
designated portion of the section comprises Critical Habitat Unit 19 of
50 CFR 17.99(a)(1), Map 217b. This section is occupied by the plant
Cyrtandra paliku, and includes the wet cliffs, the moisture regime, and
subcanopy and understory plant species identified as PCEs in the wet
cliff ecosystem (Table 3). Although Wet Cliff-Section 3 is not known to
be occupied by the plants Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis, C. remyi
var. remyi, Cyanea dolichopoda, Cyrtandra oenobarbara, Dubautia
plantaginea ssp. magnifolia, Lysimachia iniki, L. pendens, L. venosa,
and Platydesma rostrata, we have determined this area to be essential
for the conservation and recovery of these wet cliff species because it
provides the physical and biological features necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations within their historic range. Due to
the small numbers of individuals or low population sizes of each of
these species, each requires suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve recovery.
Effects of Critical Habitat Designation
Section 7 Consultation
Section 7(a)(2) of the Act requires Federal agencies, including the
Service, to ensure that actions they fund, authorize, or carry out are
not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of listed species or
destroy or adversely modify critical habitat. Decisions by the Fifth
and Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals have invalidated our definition of
``destruction or adverse modification'' (50 CFR 402.02) (see Gifford
Pinchot Task Force v. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 378 F. 3d 1059
(9\th\ Cir. 2004) and Sierra Club v. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, et
al., 245 F.3d 434, 442F (5\th\ Cir. 2001)), and we do not rely on this
regulatory definition when analyzing whether an action is likely to
destroy or adversely modify critical habitat. Under the statutory
provisions of the Act, we determine destruction or adverse modification
on the basis of whether, with implementation of the proposed Federal
action, the affected critical habitat would remain functional (or
retain those physical and biological features that relate to the
ability of the area to support the species) to serve its intended
conservation role for the species.
If a species is listed or critical habitat is designated, section
7(a)(2) of the Act requires Federal agencies to ensure that activities
they authorize, fund, or carry out are not likely to jeopardize the
continued existence of the species or to destroy or adversely modify
its critical habitat. If a Federal action may affect a listed species
or its critical habitat, the responsible Federal agency (action agency)
must enter into consultation with us. As a result of this consultation,
we issue either:
(1) A concurrence letter for Federal actions that may affect, but
are not likely to adversely affect, listed species or critical habitat;
or
(2) A biological opinion for Federal actions that may affect, and
are likely to adversely affect listed species or critical habitat.
When we issue a biological opinion concluding that a project is
likely to jeopardize the continued existence of a listed species or
destroy or adversely modify critical habitat, we also provide
reasonable and prudent alternatives to the project, if any are
identifiable. We define ``reasonable and prudent alternatives'' at 50
CFR 402.02 as alternative actions identified during consultation that:
(1) Can be implemented in a manner consistent with the intended
purposes of the action,
(2) Can be implemented consistent with the scope of the Federal
agency's legal authority and jurisdiction,
(3) Are economically and technologically feasible, and
(4) Would, in the Director's opinion, avoid jeopardizing the
continued existence of the listed species or destroying or adversely
modifying critical habitat.
Reasonable and prudent alternatives can vary from slight project
modifications to extensive redesign or relocation of the project. Costs
associated with implementing a reasonable and prudent alternative are
similarly variable.
Regulations at 50 CFR 402.16 require Federal agencies to reinitiate
consultation on previously reviewed actions in instances where we have
listed a new species or subsequently designated critical habitat that
may be affected and the Federal agency has retained discretionary
involvement or control over the action (or the agency's discretionary
involvement or control is authorized by law). Consequently, Federal
agencies may sometimes need to request reinitiation of consultation
with us on actions for which formal consultation has been completed, if
those actions with discretionary involvement or control may affect
subsequently listed species or designated critical habitat.
Federal activities that may affect the species included in this
final rule or their designated critical habitat require section 7(a)(2)
consultation under the Act. Activities on State, local government, or
private lands requiring a Federal permit (such as a permit from the
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers under section 404 of the Clean Water Act
(33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq.) or a permit from us under section 10 of the
Act) or involving some other Federal action (such as funding from the
Federal Highway Administration, Federal Aviation Administration, or the
Federal Emergency Management Agency) are subject to the section 7
consultation process. Federal actions not affecting listed species or
critical habitat, and actions on State, local government, or private
lands that are not federally funded, authorized, or permitted, do not
require section 7 consultations.
Application of the ``Adverse Modification'' Standard
The key factor related to the adverse modification determination is
whether, with implementation of the proposed Federal action, the
affected critical habitat would continue to serve its intended
conservation role for the species, or retain those PCEs that relate to
the ability of the area to support the species. The role of critical
habitat is to support the life history needs of the 47 species
identified in this final rule and provide for their conservation.
Section 4(b)(8) of the Act requires us to briefly evaluate and
describe, in any proposed or final regulation that designates critical
habitat, activities involving a Federal action that may destroy or
adversely modify such habitat, or that may be affected by such
designation. Activities that, when carried out, funded, or authorized
by a Federal agency, may destroy or adversely modify critical habitat
for the 47 species, and therefore should result in consultation
include, but are not limited to:
(1) Activities that may affect the primary constituent elements
for the species, such as: grazing; maintaining or increasing feral
ungulate levels; clearing or cutting native live trees and shrubs
(e.g., woodcutting, bulldozing, construction, road building, mining,
herbicide application); and taking actions that present a risk of fire.
(2)Activities that may alter watershed characteristics in ways
that would affect groundwater recharge or alter natural, wetland, or
vegetative communities, such as: New water diversions or impoundments,
groundwater pumping,
[[Page 19031]]
and manipulation of vegetation through activities such as the ones
mentioned above.
(3)Recreational activities that may affect vegetation.
(4)Mining sand or other minerals.
(5)Introducing or encouraging the spread of nonnative plant
species.
(6)Importing nonnative species for research, agriculture, and
aquaculture, and releasing biological control agents.
Please see ``Special Management Considerations or Protections''
section for a more detailed discussion on the impacts of these actions
to the listed species.
Exemptions and Exclusions
Application of Section 4(a)(3) of the Act
The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2004 (Pub.
L. 108-136) amended the Act to limit areas eligible for designation as
critical habitat. Specifically, section 4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the Act (16
U.S.C. 1533(a)(3)(B)(i)) now provides: ``The Secretary shall not
designate as critical habitat any lands or other geographical areas
owned or controlled by the Department of Defense, or designated for its
use, that are subject to an integrated natural resources management
plan prepared under section 101 of the Sikes Act (16 U.S.C. 670a), if
the Secretary determines in writing that such plan provides a benefit
to the species for which critical habitat is proposed for
designation.''
There are no Department of Defense lands within the critical
habitat designation. Therefore, no lands have been exempted from this
critical habitat designation under section 4(a)(3) of the Act.
Application of Section 4(b)(2) of the Act
Background
Section 4(b)(2) of the Act states that the Secretary must designate
and revise critical habitat on the basis of the best available
scientific data after taking into consideration the economic impact,
national security impact, and any other relevant impact of specifying
any particular area as critical habitat. The Secretary may exclude an
area from critical habitat if he determines that the benefits of such
exclusion outweigh the benefits of specifying such area as part of the
critical habitat. In considering whether to exclude a particular area
from the designation, we must identify the benefits of including the
area in the designation, identify the benefits of excluding the area
from the designation, and determine whether the benefits of exclusion
outweigh the benefits of inclusion. If, based on this analysis, we make
a determination that the benefits of exclusion would outweigh the
benefits of inclusion of an area, we can exclude the area only if such
exclusion would not result in the extinction of the species.
Under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, we must consider all relevant
impacts. In addition to economic impacts, we consider a number of
factors in a section 4(b)(2) analysis. For example, we consider whether
there are lands owned by the Department of Defense (DOD) where a
national security impact might exist. We also consider whether
landowners have developed any conservation plans for the area, or
whether there are existing or potential conservation partnerships that
would be encouraged by designation of, or exclusion from, critical
habitat. We also consider any social or other impacts that might occur
because of the designation.
In developing this final rule, we have determined that the lands
within the designation of critical habitat for the 47 species are not
managed by the Department of Defense, and there are currently no
habitat conservation plans (HCPs) for these species. As such, we do not
anticipate any impacts to national security or HCPs from this final
critical habitat designation.
In the following sections, we address a number of general issues
that are relevant to the exclusion considered in this final critical
habitat rule.
Benefits of Designating Critical Habitat
The process of designating critical habitat as described in the Act
requires that the Service identify those areas within the geographical
area occupied by the species at the time of listing on which are found
the physical or biological features essential to the conservation of
the species that may require special management considerations or
protection, and those areas outside the geographical area occupied by
the species at the time of listing that are essential for the
conservation of the species. In identifying those areas, the Service
must consider the recovery needs of the species, such that, on the
basis of the best scientific and commercial data available at the time
of designation, the features and areas identified, if managed or
protected, could aid in providing for the survival and recovery of the
species.
The identification of areas that contain the features essential to
the conservation of the species, or are otherwise essential for the
conservation of the species if outside the geographical area occupied
by the species at the time of listing, is a benefit resulting from the
designation. The critical habitat designation process includes peer
review and public comment on the identified physical and biological
features and areas, and provides a mechanism to educate landowners,
State and local governments, and the public regarding the potential
conservation value of an area. This helps focus and promote
conservation efforts by other parties by clearly delineating areas of
high conservation value for the species, and is valuable to land owners
and managers in developing conservation management plans by describing
the PCEs and special management actions or protections that are needed
for identified areas. Including lands in critical habitat also informs
State agencies and local governments about areas that could be
conserved under State laws or local ordinances.
The consultation provisions under section 7(a)(2) of the Act
constitute the regulatory benefits of critical habitat. As discussed
above, Federal agencies must consult with the Service on actions that
may affect critical habitat and must avoid destroying or adversely
modifying critical habitat. Federal agencies must also consult with us
on actions that may affect a listed species and refrain from
undertaking actions that are likely to jeopardize the continued
existence of such species. The analysis of effects to critical habitat
is a separate and different analysis from that of the effects to the
species. Therefore, the difference in outcomes of these two analyses
represents the regulatory benefit of critical habitat. For some
species, and in some locations, the outcome of these analyses will be
similar because effects on habitat will often result in effects on the
species. However, the regulatory standard is different, as the jeopardy
analysis looks at the action's impact on survival and recovery of the
species, while the adverse modification analysis looks at the action's
effects to the designated habitat's contribution to the species'
conservation. This will, in many instances, lead to different results
and different regulatory requirements. Thus, critical habitat
designations may provide greater benefits to the recovery of a species
than would listing alone.
There are two limitations to the regulatory effect of critical
habitat. First, a section 7(a)(2) consultation is required only where
there is a Federal nexus (an action authorized, funded, or carried out
by any Federal agency)--if there is no Federal nexus, the critical
habitat designation of private lands itself does not restrict any
actions that destroy or adversely modify critical habitat. Second, the
designation only limits destruction or adverse modification. By its
nature, the prohibition on adverse
[[Page 19032]]
modification is designed to ensure that the conservation role and
function of those areas identified as critical habitat are not
appreciably reduced as a result of a Federal action. Critical habitat
designation alone, however, does not require property owners to
undertake specific steps toward recovery of the species.
Once an agency determines that consultation under section 7(a)(2)
of the Act is necessary, the process may conclude informally when the
Service concurs in writing that the proposed Federal action is not
likely to adversely affect the species or critical habitat. However, if
we determine through informal consultation that adverse impacts are
likely to occur, then formal consultation is initiated. Formal
consultation concludes with a biological opinion issued by the Service
on whether the proposed Federal action is likely to jeopardize the
continued existence of listed species or result in destruction or
adverse modification of critical habitat.
For critical habitat, a biological opinion that concludes in a
determination of no destruction or adverse modification may recommend
additional conservation measures to minimize adverse effects to primary
constituent elements, but such measures would be discretionary on the
part of the Federal agency. A biological opinion that concludes in a
determination of no destruction or adverse modification would not
suggest the implementation of any reasonable and prudent alternative,
as we suggest reasonable and prudent alternatives to the proposed
Federal action only when our biological opinion results in a jeopardy
finding or an adverse modification conclusion.
As stated above, the designation of critical habitat does not
require that any management or recovery actions take place on the lands
included in the designation. Even in cases where consultation has been
initiated under section 7(a)(2) of the Act, the end result of
consultation is to avoid jeopardy to the species or adverse
modification of its critical habitat, but not necessarily to manage
critical habitat or institute recovery actions on critical habitat. On
the other hand, voluntary conservation efforts implemented through
management plans can remove or reduce known threats to a species or its
habitat by implementing recovery actions. We believe that in many
instances the regulatory benefit of critical habitat is minimal when
compared to the conservation benefit that can be achieved through
implementing HCPs under section 10 of the Act, or other voluntary
conservation efforts or management plans. The conservation achieved
through implementing HCPs or other habitat management plans can be
greater than what we achieve through multiple site-by-site, project-by-
project, section 7(a)(2) consultations involving consideration of
critical habitat. Management plans commit resources to implement long-
term management and protection to particular habitat for at least one
and possibly other listed or sensitive species. Section 7(a)(2)
consultations commit Federal agencies to preventing adverse
modification of critical habitat caused by the particular project;
consultation does not require Federal agencies to provide for
conservation or long-term benefits to areas not affected by the
proposed project. Thus, implementation of any HCP or management plan
that incorporates enhancement or recovery as the management standard
may often provide as much or more benefit than a consultation for
critical habitat designation.
Conservation Partnerships on Non-Federal Lands
Section 4(b)(2) of the Act allows the Secretary to exclude areas
from critical habitat for other relevant impacts if he determines that
the benefits of such exclusion outweigh the benefits of specifying such
area as part of the critical habitat, unless he determines, based on
the best scientific data available, that the failure to designate such
area as critical habitat will result in the extinction of the species.
As discussed below, we believe that in some cases designation can
negatively affect the working relationships and conservation
partnerships formed with private landowners, and may serve as a
disincentive for the formation of future partnerships that would have
the potential to provide conservation benefits. The Service recognizes
that most federally listed species in the United States will not
recover without the cooperation of non-Federal landowners. More than 60
percent of the United States is privately owned (US Department of
Agriculture 2002), and at least 80 percent of endangered or threatened
species occur either partially or solely on private lands (Crouse et
al. 2002, p. 720). Eight-eight percent of the State of Hawaii is made
up of non-Federal lands. Stein et al. (1995, p. 400) found that only
about 12 percent of listed species in the United States were found
almost exclusively on Federal lands (90 to100 percent of their known
occurrences restricted to Federal lands) and that 50 percent of listed
species are not known to occur on Federal lands at all.
Given the distribution of listed species with respect to land
ownership, conservation of listed species in many parts of the United
States is dependent upon working partnerships with a wide variety of
entities and the voluntary cooperation of many non-Federal landowners
(Wilcove and Chen 1998, p. 1407; Crouse et al. 2002, p. 720; James
2002, p. 271). Building partnerships and promoting voluntary
cooperation of landowners is essential to understanding the status of
species on non-Federal lands and is necessary to implement recovery
actions such as reintroducing listed species, habitat restoration, and
habitat protection.
Many non-Federal landowners derive satisfaction in contributing to
endangered species recovery. However, private landowners are often wary
of the possible consequences of encouraging endangered species
conservation on their property, and of regulatory action by the Federal
government under the Endangered Species Act (Act). Social research has
demonstrated that for many private landowners, government regulation
under the Act is perceived as a loss of individual freedoms, regardless
of whether that regulation may in fact result in any actual impact to
the landowner (Brook et al. 2003, pp. 1644-1648; Conley et al. 2007, p.
141). The magnitude of this negative outcome is greatly amplified in
situations where active management measures (such as reintroduction,
fire management, and the control of invasive species) are necessary for
species conservation (Bean 2002, pp. 3-4). Furthermore, in a recent
study of private landowners who have experience with regulation under
the Act, only 2 percent of respondents believed the Federal government
rewards private landowners for good management of their lands and
resources (Conley et al. 2007, p. 141, 144).
As described above, the Service recognizes that in many cases,
building partnerships and promoting the voluntary cooperation of
private landowners will be essential to the successful conservation and
recovery of threatened and endangered species. Since government actions
such as the designation of critical habitat on private lands may be
perceived as an infringement of private property rights, and may reduce
the likelihood that landowners will support and carry out conservation
actions for the benefit of listed species, we believe that the
judicious exclusion of specific areas of non-federally owned lands from
critical habitat designations can contribute to
[[Page 19033]]
species recovery and provide a greater level of species conservation
than critical habitat designation alone. Although we believe that the
potentially positive contribution of private landowners with a
demonstrated record of conservation management should be an important
consideration when designating critical habitat, we wish to emphasize
that we will continue to be discriminating in our evaluation of
potential exclusions, and private lands will only be excluded should we
determine that the benefits of exclusion outweigh the benefits of
inclusion following a rigorous examination of the record on a case-by-
case basis.
The purpose of designating critical habitat is to contribute to the
conservation of threatened and endangered species and the ecosystems
upon which they depend. The outcome of the designation, triggering
regulatory requirements for actions funded, authorized, or carried out
by Federal agencies under section 7(a)(2) of the Act, can sometimes be
counterproductive to its intended purpose on non-Federal lands when it
causes private landowners to avoid taking conservation actions they
might otherwise do. Thus the benefits of excluding areas that are
covered by partnerships or voluntary conservation commitments can often
be high.
A related benefit of our willingness to exclude, in appropriate
situations, lands under active conservation management from a critical
habitat designation is that it creates an incentive for the
establishment of new partnerships in future conservation efforts with
States, counties, local jurisdictions, conservation organizations, and
private landowners. In our experience and as advised by various
researchers on the subject, we can greatly strengthen the effective
implementation of the Act through such partnerships to achieve
conservation on non-Federal lands (Bean and Wilcove 1992, pp. 1-2; Bean
2002, pp. 419-420; Crouse et al. 2002, p. 270; James 2002, p. 271;
Brook et al. 2003, pp. 8-9; Conley et al. 2007, p. 145). Together with
our partners, we can implement conservation actions that we would be
unable to accomplish otherwise. By excluding these lands, we not only
preserve our current partnerships, but further encourage additional
conservation actions in the future.
Even if lands are excluded from a critical habitat designation, if
listed species are present and may be affected by actions with Federal
involvement (including actions funded, permitted, or otherwise carried
out by the Federal government), those actions will still require
consultation under section 7 to review the effects of those actions
under a jeopardy standard. This assessment includes effects from
habitat modification regardless of whether it is designated critical
habitat.
Economic Analysis
Ninety-eight percent (25,988 out of 26,582 ac (10,517 out of 10,757
ha)) of the critical habitat designated in this final rule occurs
within critical habitat units that were designated for 83 Kauai plants
(68 FR 9116, February 27, 2003), and for which a contracted economic
analysis was completed. Designated ecosystem sections Lowland Mesic 1,
2, 3, 4, 5; Lowland Wet 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; Montane Mesic 1, 2; Montane
Wet 1, 2, 3; Dry Cliff 1, 2; and Wet Cliff 1, 2, 3 overlap in whole or
in part with critical habitat units designated in the 2003 final rule.
Montane Mesic - Section 3 is the only critical habitat unit being
designated in this final rule that does not overlap previously
designated critical habitat (see Table 5 for cross-reference of
ecosystem section numbers with critical habitat unit numbers in the
CFR). We evaluated the potential economic impacts of the proposed
designation, finalized here, in an internal economic impact analysis
(``Economic Impact Analysis, Proposed Listing and Critical Habitat
Designation for 48 Species on the Island of Kauai, Hawaii,'' USFWS
2008). Due to the extensive overlap of the proposed designation with
recently designated critical habitat, we used the economic analysis
developed for the 2003 Kauai plants rule to inform our economic impact
analysis and this final designation of critical habitat for 47 species
on Kauai.
In addition, the final rule designating critical habitat for the
Newcomb's snail (Erinna newcombi) (67 FR 54026, August 20, 2002),
designated 609 ac (246 ha) under State ownership that partially overlap
with three of the critical habitat areas designated in this final rule
(Dry Cliff - Section 2, Lowland Mesic - Section 2, and Lowland Mesic -
Section 4; see Table 5 for cross-reference with critical habitat unit
numbers in the CFR). In our economic impact analysis of the proposed
designation for 47 Kauai species, we estimate a total of $3,570 in
projected costs resulting from critical habitat designation could be
attributable to this overlapping area, based on the contracted economic
analysis that was prepared for the Newcomb's snail proposed rule (USFWS
2008, p. 12). The economic analysis developed for the Newcomb's snail
final rule was also used to inform this final designation of critical
habitat for 47 species on Kauai. Specific information on the previous
economic analyses follows.
On March 29, 2002, we published a notice in the Federal Register
(67 FR 15159), announcing the availability of a draft economic analysis
for the proposed designation of 16.3 mi (26.3 km) of main stream
channel in nine critical habitat units for Newcomb's snail (Erinna
newcombi) on Kauai. The draft economic analysis covered the 10-year
timeframe from 2002-2012, and identified the total section 7
consultation costs and incremental costs attributable to critical
habitat (DEA ES-7). On August 20, 2002, the final rule (67 FR 54026)
designated eight stream segments and associated tributaries, springs
and seeps, and adjacent riparian areas on the island of Kauai, which
included 12.3 mi (19.7 km) of stream channel and 4,479 ac (1,813 ha) as
critical habitat for Newcomb's snail. It was determined that the
designation could result in potential economic effects of $28,500 over
the 10-year period, with $19,500 of this cost attributable to critical
habitat. No critical habitat units in the proposed rule were excluded
or modified in the final rule as a result of economic impacts. Of the
$19,500 in potential costs identified in the Newcomb's snail final
critical habitat designation, in our current economic impact analysis
we estimate that $3,570 could be attributable to the area overlapping
this final rule(USFWS 2008, p. 12). The three Newcomb's snail critical
habitat areas identified above also overlap with areas that were
designated as critical habitat in the 2003 final rule for 83 Kauai
plants (see below).
On May 28, 2002, we published a notice in the Federal Register
announcing the availability of the draft economic analysis (DEA) for
the proposed designation of 99,206 ac (40,147 ha) of critical habitat
on Kauai for 83 Kauai plants (67 FR 36851). The draft economic analysis
covered the 10-year timeframe from 2002-2012, and characterized both
the total section 7 consultation cost, and the costs attributable to
critical habitat (DEA VI-1). On February 27, 2003, the final rule (2003
rule) designated 52,549 ac (21,266 ha) as critical habitat on Kauai and
357 ac (145 ha) on Niihau, in 217 critical habitat units (68 FR 9116).
The final economic analysis addendum was adjusted to delete costs
related to units that were excluded or modified for biological reasons
and to respond to public comments. No critical habitat units in the
final rule were excluded or modified in the final rule as a result of
economic impacts.
[[Page 19034]]
The final economic analysis for the 2003 rule estimated that the
listing of the 83 plants and the designation of critical habitat could
result in potential direct economic effects ranging from approximately
$170,000 to $520,000. Of that, we estimate that $37,388 to $293,030
could be attributable to critical habitat in the units that overlap
with the areas designated in this final rule. These projected costs
were associated with section 7 consultations related to: (1) game
management and project modifications; (2) National Tropical Botanical
Garden lands; (3) communications facilities and project modifications;
(4) water systems; and (5) FEMA disaster response activities (USFWS
2008, p. 8). However, the best available information indicates that
none of these projected costs have been realized; to the best of our
knowledge, to date there have been no incremental costs incurred as the
result of the 2003 critical habitat designation.
The PCEs described in the 2003 Kauai plants rule and those for the
47 species for which critical habitat is designated here are similar.
Because of this similarity, our economic impact analysis (USFWS 2008)
did not identify any additional economic costs for the 25,988 ac
(10,517 ha) of designated critical habitat that overlap with the 2003
rule beyond those identified in the previous economic analyses. Any
management actions that may be necessary to avoid adverse modification
of the existing critical habitat and PCEs in the 25,988 overlapping ac
(10,517 ha) would likely be adequate to avoid adverse modification of
critical habitat designated for the additional species in this final
rule. Furthermore, both of the prior economic analyses used an adverse
modification standard that considered both the conservation and
recovery of the species as the goal of critical habitat. We are unaware
of any new potential impacts in these overlap areas that were not
considered in the previous economic analyses, and we received no
comments regarding the economic impact analysis presented in the
October 21, 2008, proposed rule (73 FR 62592).
In this final rule, we are designating approximately 594 ac (240
ha) in six ecosystem areas that do not completely overlap with areas
already designated as critical habitat in the 83 Kauai species and
Newcomb's snail final rules described above. The remaining areas
overlap with previously designated critical habitat. Of the non-overlap
areas, Montane Mesic - Section 2 includes 7.8 ac (3.16 ha) classified
as State Parks and Recreation lands; Montane Mesic - Section 3 includes
138.5 ac (55.8 ha) classified as State Forest Reserve lands; Montane
Wet - Section 1 includes 64 ac (26 ha) classified as State Forest
Reserve lands; Wet Cliff - Section 2 includes 296 ac (119.8 ha)
classified as State Forest Reserve lands; Lowland Wet - Section 1
includes 65 ac (26.3) in the Limahuli Garden and Preserve, which is
owned by NTBG; and Wet Cliff - Section 3 includes 23 ac (9.3 ha) of
privately owned land (see Table 5 for cross-reference with critical
habitat unit numbers in the CFR). There is no history of section 7
consultation in these areas, nor are we aware of any planned activities
in any of these areas that would require section 7 consultation in the
future. To the extent there may be consultations in the future (e.g.,
Federal grants to assist the NTBG in managing its lands or maintenance
of an existing power transmission line on the private land in Wet Cliff
- Section 3), any additional costs are expected to be minimal.
In summary, the areas we are designating as critical habitat are
remote, lack development potential, and overlap with existing critical
habitat units by approximately 98 percent. The economic analyses for
the 83 Kauai plants and the Newcomb's snail final critical habitat
rules took into account the potential economic costs of critical
habitat designation over a 10-year timeframe (2002-2012). In the
economic impact analysis for this designation, we have determined that
over that timeframe, $38,862 to $294,604 in costs could be attributable
to critical habitat designation in the units that overlap with the
critical habitat areas designated in this rule. It is important to
note, however, that although these possible costs were projected in the
earlier economic analyses, since these designations in 2002 and 2003 we
have had no section 7 consultations for any of those overlapping lands.
The management actions that may be necessary to avoid adverse
modification in existing critical habitat units would likely also be
adequate to avoid adverse modification of critical habitat we are
designating for the 47 Kauai species in this rule because of the
similar PCEs, and in both cases the consideration of possible adverse
modification similarly holds to the standard of species recovery. The
remaining 2 percent (594 ac, 240 ha) of land we are designating as
critical habitat in this rule that does not overlap with existing
critical habitat is managed as State Parks and Recreation Land, State
Forest Reserve, or is owned by private individuals. We have no section
7 consultation history in these areas and are unaware of any planned
activities that would require consultation.
We do not anticipate more than minimal (if any) economic or other
impacts that would be additive to those already identified above. To
ensure that our final critical habitat determination was based on the
best available data, we requested updated information on potential
effects of this additional designation in overlap areas, as well as
information on potential impacts from critical habitat designation on
lands not currently designated (e.g., the non-overlap areas), during
the comment period. We received no comments regarding our economic
impact analysis as presented in the October 21, 2008 proposed rule (73
FR 62592).
The information provided in the previous sections applies to the
following discussions of benefits of inclusion or exclusion of critical
habitat.
Areas Considered for Exclusion Under Section 4(b)(2) of the Act:
Alexander and Baldwin, Inc.'s Lands in the Upper Wainiha Valley
In making exclusions, we evaluate the benefits of designating non-
Federal lands while considering the conservation benefits to the
relevant species in this final rule and the physical and biological
features essential to their conservation resulting from the existing
management plan and underlying partnerships. As discussed in the
section Conservation Partnerships on Non-Federal Lands above,
conservation partnerships resulting in implementation of management
actions that focus on enhancement or recovery as the management
standard may provide as much or more benefit than consultation for
adverse modification of critical habitat (the primary benefit of a
designation). However, we must evaluate each potential exclusion on a
case-by-case basis to determine whether the benefits of exclusion may
outweigh the benefits of inclusion with regard to the conservation and
recovery of the listed species in question.
In considering the benefits of including lands in a designation
that are covered by a current management plan, we evaluate a number of
factors to help us determine if the plan provides greater conservation
benefits compared to those that would likely result from consultation
on a critical habitat designation. Under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, we
evaluate the effectiveness of management plans that address the
enhancement or recovery of listed species when we weigh and balance the
benefits of inclusion or exclusion of a particular area from critical
habitat
[[Page 19035]]
designation. We consider the following guidelines in evaluating the
management and protection provided by such plans:
(1) Whether the plan is complete and provides management and
protection of the features essential to the conservation of the species
for which critical habitat is being designated;
(2) Whether there is a reasonable expectation that the conservation
management strategies and actions will be implemented for the
foreseeable future, based on past practices, written guidance, or
regulations; and
(3) Whether the plan provides conservation strategies and measures
consistent with currently accepted principles of conservation biology
and that there are provisions for adaptive management.
We balance the benefits of inclusion against the benefits of
exclusion by considering the benefits of preserving partnerships and
encouraging development of additional conservation plans in the future.
A portion of Montane Wet Section 1 (Kauai Plants Critical Habitat
Unit 18-Montane Wet; Loxops caeruleirostris Unit 4 - Montane Wet;
Oreomystis bairdi Unit 1 - Montane Wet; Drosophila attigua Unit 4 -
Montane Wet, as described in the proposed rule) on private land owned
by Alexander and Baldwin, Inc. (A & B) is occupied habitat for Astelia
waialealae, Keysseria erici, K. helenae, and Labordia pumila, and
unoccupied habitat for akikiki, akekee, Drosophila sharpi, and 14 plant
species (Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi, Dryopteris crinalis var.
podosorus, Dubautia kalalauensis, Dubautia waialealae, Geranium
kauaiense, Labordia helleri, Lysimachia daphnoides, Melicope degeneri,
Melicope puberula, Myrsine mezii, Phyllostegia renovans, Platydesma
rostrata, Psychotria grandiflora, and Tetraplasandra flynii). This
triangular-shaped area of 1,052 ac (426 ha), bordering the Wainiha
Preserve, is located at the head of Wainiha Valley, abutting the Alakai
plateau to the west, and the precipitous cliffs between Wainiha Valley
and Lumahai Valley to the east. This area is not designated critical
habitat for other species and is characterized as boggy with dwarfed
native trees, shrubs, and herbs. Access to this steeply remote area is
primarily by helicopter, rarely by foot, as there are no marked trails.
The closest road is a four-wheel-drive-vehicle-only dirt road leading
to a picnic area approximately 7.5 mi (11 km) northwest of the Mt.
Waialeale summit. In 2007, A & B entered into a 10-year conservation
agreement with The Nature Conservancy to create the State's third
largest private nature preserve at Wainiha Valley (Wainiha Preserve) on
Kauai. The 7,050 ac (2,853 ha) preserve includes one of Kauai's largest
river systems, mountain cliffs, and portions of the Alakai wilderness
and Mt. Waialeale summit region. The Nature Conservancy is coordinating
all management actions within the Wainiha Preserve, most of which is in
steep, remote areas that are accessible only by helicopter. In support
of the Wainiha Preserve and the upper Wainiha Valley, which includes
1,052 ac of A & B lands included in the proposed critical habitat
designation, TNC is implementing the East Alakai Protective Fencing
Project Management Plan (TNC 2008), with support of the Service's
Partners for Fish and Wildlife program, and is undertaking the
following management actions to protect and preserve approximately
2,000 ac (809 ha) of Kauai's watershed and the species it supports
(including 18 of the 44 plant species with critical habitat designated
in this final rule, the akikiki, the akekee, Drosophila sharpi, and
numerous other listed species) located within a portion of the eastern
Alakai plateau between Wainiha Valley and Mt. Waialeale: (1)
Construction of approximately 4.48 mi (7.2 km) of strategically placed
fencing (using natural barriers and steep cliffs) to enclose
approximately 595 ac (241 ha) of the Alakai Wilderness Preserve and
approximately 1,405 ac (569 ha) of MacBryde Sugar Co. land (subsidiary
of A & B) to exclude feral pigs (TNC 2008, p. 3); (2) remote sensing of
Wainiha Valley to produce distribution maps of the highly invasive
nonnative Australian tree fern (Sphaeropteris cooperi) and other weed
species (A. Ballinger, 2008, p. 2) and (3) on-the-ground control of
Australian tree fern and other nonnative highly invasive weeds in
Wainiha Valley (A. Ballinger, 2008, p. 2; M. Clark, USFWS, 2009a).
Construction of the fence is expected to begin in late summer 2009 and
will be completed within 12 months (TNC 2008, p. 33). After the fence
is constructed, management activities will include monitoring for feral
pig sign and disturbance, removal of feral pigs and goats from the
Alakai plateau and upper Wainiha Valley, monitoring for and removal of
invasive weeds along the fence line, and monitoring and maintenance of
the fence itself (TNC 2008, pp. 28, 34). In addition to the fencing
project, A & B's program to remove invasive nonnative plant species,
particularly the Australian tree fern, has also been supported by
funding from the Service through private stewardship grants. These
threat management actions are the highest priority actions identified
in the management plan for this area and will create a stable ecosystem
environment for future restoration activities (e.g., reintroduction of
individuals of rare native species) (M. Clark, 2009b, p. 5). These
management actions will further reduce the primary threats identified
for the 21 Kauai species identified in this rule that occur on these
lands, thus resulting in a significant conservation benefit to these
species.
The Nature Conservancy also launched The Forest Recovery Project in
2007. This is a series of concentrated actions to evaluate methods for
effective progress in native ecosystem preservation by focusing efforts
on reducing and controlling nonnative plants and animals (TNC in Hawaii
- Forest Recovery Project 2007b). Initially, research was conducted to
evaluate the effectiveness of conservation fencing in preventing feral
ungulate impacts to native forest ecosystems and watershed on Kauai,
Maui, and Molokai, and to study animal behavior and movement patterns.
The results of this work are not yet available. Other management
activities, scheduled to begin in 2009, include trapping of feral pigs,
and control of priority nonnative plants (Kauai Watershed Alliance
(KWA) 2009).
McBryde Sugar Co., Ltd., A & B's subsidiary, is one of 10 official
members of the Kauai Watershed Alliance (KWA). Established in 2003, the
KWA is a voluntary partnership of most of the major public and private
landowners in the forest reserve boundary, and is committed to the long
term protection of Kauai's upper watershed areas (KWA 2009). The Nature
Conservancy and the Service, although not official members, work
closely with the members of the KWA to achieve their conservation
goals. The KWA is pursuing three management programs (for ungulates,
weeds, and watershed monitoring) with the aim of protecting Kauai's
watershed from invasive nonnative animals, plants, and other threats
(Kauai Watershed Management Plan (Plan) 2005, pp. 11, 17, 22-24). The
Plan identifies the upper valley of Wainiha, portions of which we
proposed as critical habitat, as a highest priority area for management
actions (KWA 2005, p. 6).
The primary goal of the ungulate management program is to maintain
or improve the structure and composition of the watershed's forest by
intensively reducing ungulates in the highest priority management areas
and managing ungulates in the other priority
[[Page 19036]]
areas. Feral pigs are identified as the greatest threat to wet forested
areas, including portions of the upper Wainiha Valley, and are the
highest ungulate management priority in the ungulate management program
(KWA 2005, p. 12). The Plan identifies the four essential components of
a successful ungulate management program: barrier construction using
strategic fences, ungulate population reduction, barrier maintenance
and inspection, and monitoring for the presence of ungulates. The
construction of the east Alakai protective fence (see above), an
essential component of KWA's ungulate management program, will benefit
18 of the 44 plant species with critical habitat designated in this
rule, the akikiki and akekee, Drosophila sharpi, and numerous other
listed species. Once the fence is completed management actions to
control feral ungulates in the fenced area will include monitoring for
and removal of feral ungulates, and fence monitoring and maintenance
(TNC 2008, p. 34).
The primary goal of the weed management program is to maintain or
improve the structure and composition of the watershed's forest by
containing, eradicating, and excluding priority habitat-modifying
weeds. The weed management priorities identified in the Plan are
Australian tree fern, kahili ginger (Hedychium gardnerianum),
strawberry guava (Psidium cattleianum), miconia (Miconia calvescens),
and Koster's curse (Clidemia hirta). For upper Wainiha Valley, the weed
management program goal is weed exclusion (by conducting surveys in 3-
year intervals to detect and eradicate incipient patches of priority
weeds) and prevention (KWA 2005, p. 19). In 2008, TNC, in collaboration
with Dr. James Leary at the University of Hawaii, began field testing
aerial treatments of Australian tree fern, and conducting on-the-ground
weed surveys in Wainiha Valley (A. Ballinger, 2008, p. 2). The aerial
treatments consisted of a custom fabricated aerial sprayball attached
to an herbicide reservoir on the underside of a helicopter that could
be directed to the growing tips of individual Australian tree ferns
without any measurable overspray onto surrounding, nontarget
vegetation. The results of the initial field tests were very successful
and aerial control of Australian tree fern in Wainiha Valley is
currently underway. As of May 15, 2009, TNC had treated 1,431
Australian tree ferns, on over more than 4,000 ac (1,619 ha) in Wainiha
Valley, including the area proposed as critical habitat in the upper
valley (M. Clark, 2009a). The Nature Conservancy estimates that the
aerial control treatments have treated over one-third of all known
Australian tree ferns in the upper valley of Wainiha, including the
area proposed as critical habitat (M. Clark, 2009a). Over the past
year, TNC has continued to survey for and control nonnative kahili
ginger, strawberry guava, and common guava (Psidium guajava) in the
Waianiha priority management area (M. Clark, 2009a).
The primary goal of the watershed monitoring program is to measure
the efficacy of the management actions outlined in the Plan and
determine if these actions are improving the hydrological and
ecological integrity of the watershed. This program includes monitoring
for threat abatement, vegetation, and stream turbidity (KWA 2005, p.
22). Threat abatement monitoring includes annual monitoring for
presence or absence of feral pigs along transects located in the
priority management areas of the KWA watershed. Weed monitoring is also
a component of this program. Initially, aerial baseline surveys will be
conducted to measure the effectiveness of weed management actions in
the KWA watershed. Aerial surveys along selected transects will be
conducted at 5 to 10 year intervals, starting in the central Alakai
plateau in 2010 (KWA 2005, p. 23). In addition, field personnel will
conduct ground-based weed monitoring in priority management areas of
the KWA watershed, including the 1,052 ac (426 ha) of A & B land at the
head of Wainiha Valley. Changes in vegetation cover indicate trends in
ecosystem integrity over long periods of time. Vegetation monitoring
will be conducted in permanent plots throughout KWA's priority
management areas every 5 to 10 years, as well as using high-resolution
aerial imagery to detect changes in canopy cover over long time periods
(KWA 2005, p. 23). According to the Plan, improvements in vegetation
cover and declines in ground disturbance by ungulates will result in
reduced or low stream turbidity indicating the success of the feral
ungulate and weed management programs and lead to improved infiltration
and aquifer recharge (KWA 2005, p. 24). While there is currently no
watershed-scale system to assess stream turbidity on Kauai, the
University of Hawaii has received funding from the National Science
Foundation to develop and deploy environmental sensors, including
stream turbidity sensors, on Kauai (KWA 2005, p. 24). Currently the
development of the environmental monitoring techniques is limited to
the north shore of Kauai but there is a potential to expand the network
of sensors to the Alakai plateau and other KWA priority management
areas, including the head of Wainiha Valley (KWA 2005, p. 24).
Benefits of Inclusion
The benefits of including lands in critical habitat can be
regulatory or educational, which can aid in promoting the recovery of
species. The principal regulatory benefit of designating critical
habitat in this area would be that Federal actions affecting the
critical habitat of akikiki, akekee, Astelia waialealae, Chamaesyce
remyi var. remyi, Drosophila sharpi, Dryopteris crinalis var.
podosorus, Dubautia kalalauensis, Dubautia waialealae, Geranium
kauaiense, Keysseria erici, K. helenae, Labordia helleri, Labordia
pumila, Lysimachia daphnoides, Melicope degeneri, Melicope puberula,
Myrsine mezii, Phyllostegia renovans, Platydesma rostrata, Psychotria
grandiflora, and Tetraplasandra flynii would require consultation under
section 7 of the Act. Consultation would ensure that a proposed Federal
action does not result in the destruction or adverse modification of
critical habitat. The most likely Federal nexus would be associated
with Service funding for management activities to control invasive
species (e.g., construction of fences to exclude ungulate access;
removal of ungulates; activities to control weeds, rats, and wasps).
Potential outcomes of section 7 consultations would be conservation
recommendations to avoid degradation and destruction of stands of
native canopy and understory plants, destruction of native arthropods,
and destruction of larval host plants (i.e., Cheirodendron and
Tetraplasandra spp.) of Drosophila sharpi when, for example,
constructing a new fence or applying herbicides. However, these
conservation recommendations would still be included within the KWA
Plan's ungulate and weed management programs and the East Alakai
Protective Fencing Project Management Plan even in the absence of
critical habitat designation. Accordingly, since the recommendations
resulting from any section 7 consultation with respect to critical
habitat would most likely be redundant with the conservation actions
already in place under current management, we believe that few
additional regulatory benefits would be derived from including A & B's
land in the upper Wainiha Valley within the area designated as critical
habitat for akikiki, akekee, Astelia waialealae,
[[Page 19037]]
Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi, Drosophila sharpi, Dryopteris crinalis
var. podosorus, Dubautia kalalauensis, Dubautia waialealae, Geranium
kauaiense, Keysseria erici, K. helenae, Labordia helleri, Labordia
pumila, Lysimachia daphnoides, Melicope degeneri, Melicope puberula,
Mysine mezii, Phyllostegia renovans, Platydesma rostrata, Psychotria
grandiflora, and Tetraplasandra flynii beyond those conservation
benefits already being achieved through the implementation of the KWA
Plan (2005) and the East Alakai Protective Fencing Project Management
Plan (2008).
In addition, we conclude that few regulatory benefits would be
gained from a designation of critical habitat on these lands because
the consultations conducted under both the jeopardy and adverse
modification standards for these 21 species would not be likely to
result in materially different outcomes in this particular instance.
The area is occupied by Astelia waialealae, Keysseria erici, K.
helenae, and Labordia pumila, and unoccupied by 17 species (akekee,
akikiki, Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi, Drosophila sharpi, Dryopteris
crinalis var. podosorus, Dubautia kalalauensis, Dubautia waialealae,
Geranium kauaiense, Labordia helleri, Lysimachia daphnoides, Melicope
degeneri, Melicope puberula, Myrsine mezii, Phyllostegia renovans,
Platydesma rostrata, Psychotria grandiflora, and Tetraplasandra
flynii). The most likely Federal nexuses would be management activities
funded in part through (1) the Service's Partners for Fish and Wildlife
program, and the Recovery programs, and (2) the Natural Resources
Conservation Service's (NRCS) Environmental Quality Incentives Program,
water resources program and easement programs. These programs have
historically contributed funds toward the construction of fences to
exclude feral ungulates and control weeds on KWA lands on Kauai.
Service funds may also be provided for new surveys and control of
invasive, nonnative weeds, and rats on KWA lands. While we acknowledge
that the legal standards for jeopardy and adverse modification differ,
with the latter focused on effects to recovery, the outcome of
consultation is likely to be the same because the actions likely to be
subject to consultation would have habitat conservation as their
primary objective.
There have been no section 7 consultations with Federal agencies to
date for any previously listed species or designated critical habitat
on A & B lands, nor any section 7 conference actions involving any of
the species addressed in this final rule on their lands. We do not
anticipate any consultations beyond those that would be initiated for
conservation-related actions (e.g., funding for fence construction,
control of nonnative plant and animal species) with us and other
Federal agencies such as NRCS, and conclude that the section 7
consultation process for critical habitat would be unlikely to result
in any additional protections for the 21 species for the reasons
discussed above. The probability of any actions associated with
activities such as development is very low, due to the extremely remote
and rugged nature of this area, which is accessible only by foot or
helicopter. Furthermore, we note that the low probability of any future
section 7 consultations remains constant beyond the potential
expiration date of the current management agreement with TNC in the
Wainiha Valley. Consequently, we conclude there is little if any
regulatory benefit of designating critical habitat on the 1,052 ac (426
ha) of A & B lands in upper Wainiha Valley within Montane Wet Section 1
(Kauai Plants Critical Habitat Unit 18-Montane Wet; Loxops
caeruleirostris Unit 4 - Montane Wet; Oreomystis bairdi Unit 1 -
Montane Wet; Drosophila attigua Unit 4 - Montane Wet, as described in
the proposed rule).
As discussed above, a benefit of critical habitat is its potential
to serve as a mechanism to educate landowners, State and local
governments, and the public regarding the potential conservation value
of an area, which may aid the conservation of the species by clearly
delineating areas of high conservation value and by describing the PCEs
and special management actions or protections needed for identified
areas. Here we have attempted to contribute to the educational intent
of critical habitat by publishing a map of the excluded area (Figure
7), thereby informing the public, State and local governments, and
other landowners of the conservation value of the excluded area. In
addition, a map identifying the excluded area will be maintained on the
website of the Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (http://
www.fws.gov/pacificislands/) to alert the public, State and local
governments, and other landowners of the conservation value of this
area. The PCEs for the species occupying this area and the special
management required are similarly described in this final rule. In
addition, the specific landowners, Alexander and Baldwin, Inc., are
aware of the importance of this 1,052-ac area (426 ha), and are
implementing conservation actions to benefit native species through the
KWA Plan and the East Alakai Protective Fencing Project Management Plan
(KWA 2005, pp. 1-29; TNC 2008, pp. 1-38; M. Clark, 2009b, pp. 5, 8).
Because of this proactive approach, and due to the extremely remote
location of these lands, we believe that any additional educational
benefits for the public at large resulting from the designation of
critical habitat on these lands would be minimal. Although the
designation of critical habitat may provide benefits to the recovery of
a species, in this case A & B is already committed to implementing
conservation actions on their lands under the existing KWA Plan (2005)
and the East Alakai Protective Fencing Project Management Plan (TNC
2008), both of which are supported by the Service. Accordingly, any
additional benefits to the recovery of the 21 species beyond those
already being accrued would be limited. In addition, the educational
benefit of informing the public, State and local governments, and other
parties as to the high conservation value of this area has largely been
achieved through the publication of this final rule and the map of the
excluded area.
BILLING CODE 4310-55-S
[[Page 19038]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.013
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C
[[Page 19039]]
Benefits of Exclusion
Existing A & B conservation agreements with Federal and State
agencies, their voluntary partnership in the KWA, their ongoing work
with the Service's Partners for Fish and Wildlife program, and their
conservation agreement with TNC establishing and managing the Wainiha
Preserve demonstrate their commitment to prudent stewardship of their
land and water resources to ensure the protection of large areas of
forested watersheds for water recharge and other benefits of intact
forested ecosystems. A & B's continued voluntary participation in the
KWA and implementation of the KWA Plan, implementation of the East
Alakai Protective Fencing Project Management Plan, and voluntary
conservation agreement with TNC for management of the Wainiha Preserve
will specifically benefit akekee, akikiki, Astelia waialealae,
Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi, Drosophila sharpi, Dryopteris crinalis
var. podosorus, Dubautia kalalauensis, Dubautia waialealae, Geranium
kauaiense, Keysseria erici, K. helenae, Labordia helleri, Labordia
pumila, Lysimachia daphnoides, Melicope degeneri, Melicope puberula,
Mysine mezii, Phyllostegia renovans, Platydesma rostrata, Psychotria
grandiflora, and Tetraplasandra flynii through actions that manage and
reduce the primary threats to these species (feral ungulates and
invasive plant species) and restore native species habitat and
ecosystem function. The KWA Plan provides a significant conservation
benefit to these 21 species, and we have a reasonable expectation that
the strategies and measures will be effective. In response to the
proposed designation of critical habitat for the 47 Kauai species, A &
B informed us that the conservation management activities supported by
the agreement to establish Wainiha Preserve will substantially and
directly benefit endangered species and their habitat in the valley (A
& B 2008, p. 1); A & B further stated that they believe the designation
of critical habitat is unnecessary and will result in little if any
additional benefit to the species (A & B 2008, p. 2). In addition, A &
B stated that designation of critical habitat in areas where the
objective of designation is already being met by voluntary landowner
efforts may discourage other landowners from pursuing similar
conservation agreements, since the Service is imposing a layer of
federal regulation that is unnecessary to achieve the intended
conservation goals, thereby resulting in an overall negative impact on
species conservation (A & B 2008, p. 2). A & B went on to state that
excluding such areas from designation can serve as an acknowledgement
of positive contributions to conservation and provide a strong
incentive to other landowners to undertake voluntary conservation
efforts on their lands.
In 2002, the Service excluded from designation of critical habitat
for the Newcomb's snail a 566-acre parcel of land owned by A & B in the
Wainiha River Valley. This exclusion was based upon the Service's
determination that designation of critical habitat would have a
negative effect on the voluntary landowner conservation activities in
the Valley, both ongoing and in development, including a possible
future introduction of the species as an experimental population on A &
B lands (67 FR 54048-54049). Specifically, A & B had informed the
Service they were in the process of negotiating a voluntary
conservation easement with TNC to provide more active management of the
valley for watershed protection and that those negotiations, which
would benefit the Newcomb's snail by protecting its habitat, could be
negatively affected if critical habitat were designated on their land.
The Service concluded in its 4(b)(2) analysis that the benefits of
exclusion of the A & B parcel outweighed the benefits of inclusion in
the critical habitat designation. The Service's conclusion was based
on, among other things, A & B's current conservation activities and
those in development, the need for A & B's cooperation and good will
for future conservation efforts for the Newcomb's snail, and the
likelihood that A & B would curtail voluntary conservation efforts if
critical habitat was designated on their lands.
Subsequent events have validated the Service's determination to
exclude A & B's parcel from the Newcomb's snail designation. No
regulatory benefits appear to have been foregone, as there have been no
projects with a federal nexus that would have triggered consultation
under the adverse-modification standard had critical habitat been
designated. Moreover, A & B granted TNC the conservation easement, and
has continued to work proactively with the Service and its conservation
partners. Native species, including 21 species covered by this final
rule, are benefiting substantially from A & B's voluntary participation
in the KWA and support of the KWA's management actions; A & B's
establishment of the Wainiha Preserve and support of the management
actions in Wainiha Valley, including the A & B lands at the head of
Wainiha Valley proposed as critical habitat; and voluntary support and
implementation of the East Alakai Protective Fencing Project Management
Plan. The Service has actively supported all of these conservation
efforts. All of these management actions are intended to reduce
ungulate browsing and habitat conversion, reduce competition with
nonnative weeds, and preserve overall ecosystem integrity; these
actions will thus address primary threats to the species, and are
consistent with the ecosystem-based approach to conservation envisioned
in this final rule.
A & B has demonstrated a strong history of voluntary conservation
efforts that directly benefit threatened and endangered species, both
on Kauai and other Hawaiian islands. Past conservation actions by A & B
and its subsidiaries have ranged from allowing access on their lands
for surveys and site visits to the provision of staff and funding for
active collaborative conservation partnerships. In addition to the
examples specific to the Wainiha Valley described above, A& B has
allowed access to survey and monitor endangered cave species in the
Koloa area of Kauai, including surveys for the blind cave spider and
amphipod; worked in partnership with TNC to fence Kanaele Bog in Kauai
on their lands and protect the native bog community of plants and
invertebrates from habitat degradation and fragmentation; has donated
land and supported or participated in numerous conservation activities
at or around Kealia Pond National Wildlife Refuge on Maui, which itself
was established in 1992 as a perpetual conservation easement from A &
B; and has actively participated in the East Maui Watershed
Partnership, a collaborative multi-party organization leading the
conservation of land and water resources in the east Maui mountains.
Some other A & B conservation efforts include: protecting coastal
habitat by assisting Kealia Pond NWR with installation of recycled
fence to prevent off-road vehicles from accessing Ma'alaea flats;
donating coastal land to accommodate the Kealia Coastal Boardwalk
parking area and cooperation with construction of the boardwalk;
allowing FWS to install a fence to benefit endangered turtles on their
lands along North Kihei Road; working with the refuge, Maui County, and
Kihei Canoe Club to clean up their coastal strip along North Kihei
Road; and working with the refuge and local community to install
boulders and concrete posts to prevent erosion and access to dunes
along North Kihei Road. A & B's subsidiary HC&S assisted with
[[Page 19040]]
the installation of a 2000 ft water distribution line for Kealia Pond.
In addition, an HC&S representative has been a member of the Mokulele
Highway Beautification Committee and involved with the Maui West Nile
Virus Team. A & B continues to work cooperatively with the Service and
other Federal and State agencies as well as nongovernmental
organizations on various conservation agreements, thus ongoing
conservation partnerships with A & B have a proven conservation benefit
for threatened and endangered species and other resources. Based on A &
B's demonstrated commitment to conservation, under current conditions
the Service has a high degree of confidence that the conservation
management actions currently benefiting the 21 Kauai species on A & B
lands in the Upper Wainiha Valley will continue to be implemented.
We believe that exclusion of approximately 1,052 ac (426 ha) within
A & B's portion of Section 1 (Kauai Plants Critical Habitat Unit 18-
Montane Wet; Loxops caeruleirostris Unit 4 - Montane Wet; Oreomystis
bairdi Unit 1 - Montane Wet; Drosophila attigua Unit 4 - Montane Wet,
as described in the proposed rule) will acknowledge A & B's
conservation commitment and facilitate their continued cooperation and
partnership with the Service. This area has been actively managed by
the KWA since 2005 and the Wainiha Preserve was established in 2007
under a 10-year conservation agreement with TNC. Based on A & B's
strong history of conservation in the islands, we expect the
conservation management strategies and actions will continue to be
implemented for the benefit of 21 species covered in this final rule.
There is a risk that designating critical habitat on these A & B lands
in the Wainiha Valley could undermine A & B's conservation partnership
with the KWA and TNC, remove A & B's incentive to accept the additional
time and expense of management planning, strain the positive working
relationship we share, and hinder future cooperative conservation
projects with A & B and other potential partners. Because the Federal
government owns relatively little land in the State of Hawaii, and
because large tracts of land suitable for the conservation of
threatened and endangered species are often owned by private
landowners, the successful recovery of listed species in Hawaii is
particularly dependent upon effective working partnerships and the
voluntary cooperation of non-Federal landowners. Preserving the
successful conservation partnership we currently hold with A & B is
likely to provide substantial conservation benefits to the 48 Kauai
species, and will additionally support continued cooperative
conservation efforts for the benefit of numerous listed and native
species and ecosystems in other areas of the Hawaiian Islands as well.
We are unaware of any incremental economic impacts of designating
critical habitat in Section 1 (Kauai Plants Critical Habitat Unit 18-
Montane Wet; Loxops caeruleirostris Unit 4-Montane Wet; Oreomystis
bairdi Unit 1-Montane Wet; Drosophila attigua Unit 4-Montane Wet, as
described in the proposed rule) (USFWS 2008, pp. 18, 21). Our economic
impact analysis concluded there would be no incremental costs of
designation in the Wainiha Valley, since section 7 consultation costs
for any conservation projects funded by the Service and others on A & B
lands in this area would have occurred anyway because of the presence
of listed plants in the potentially affected area (USFWS 2008, pp. 18,
21). In their comments on the proposed designation, A & B informed us
that critical habitat designation on private lands can have unintended
negative consequences for landowners, particularly with regard to
private property rights and land values, and can serve as a
disincentive for landowners to participate in voluntary conservation
efforts (S. O'Keefe, A & B 2008, p. 1). This claim, that private
landowners may often perceive regulatory actions by the Federal
government in such a way as to have a negative impact on conservation,
is supported by the best available science on this topic (e.g., Main et
al. 1999, pp. 1264-1265; Bean 2002, pp. 2-3; Brook et al. 2003, pp.
1639-1648; Conley et al. 2007, pp. 141,144). With specific regard to
land values, however, A & B provided no information demonstrating that
the designation of critical habitat on Kauai has had negative impacts
on land values, and we are unaware that land values have declined there
or elsewhere in the State solely due to a critical habitat designation.
Therefore, we have examined the economic impacts of critical habitat
designation on 1,052 ac (426 ha) of A & B lands and conclude that there
is likely no economic benefit to excluding these lands from critical
habitat because of economic impacts. However, as described above, in an
area where the preservation of partnerships is so important to
accomplishing conservation (Crouse et al. 2002, p. 720), the
potentially negative perception of critical habitat designation on
private lands may serve as a real disincentive to continued cooperation
with A & B or to the formation of new working partnerships with other
private landowners in the islands, thus resulting in a net loss of
conservation benefit.
We believe that excluding 1,052 ac (426 ha) of A & B lands at the
head of Wainiha Valley from critical habitat on the basis of other
considerations (e.g., other relevant impacts) will help maintain and
improve our partnership relationship with this landowner by
acknowledging their positive contribution to conservation on Kauai, and
will result in the greatest net conservation benefit to the 21 Kauai
species considered on these lands in this final rule. In addition, we
believe this recognition may provide other landowners with a positive
incentive to undertake voluntary conservation activities on their
lands, particularly where there is no regulatory requirement to
implement such actions.
Benefits of Exclusion Outweigh the Benefits of Inclusion
Based on the above considerations and consistent with the direction
provided in section 4(b)(2) of the Act, the Service has determined that
the benefits of excluding Wainiha Valley as critical habitat for the 21
Kauai species that occupy this unit outweigh the benefits of including
it as critical habitat. This conclusion is based on the following
factors:
1. We believe the proactive management of habitat for akekee,
akikiki, Astelia waialealae, Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi, Drosophila
sharpi, Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus, Dubautia kalalauensis,
Dubautia waialealae, Geranium kauaiense, Keysseria erici, K. helenae,
Labordia helleri, Labordia pumila, Lysimachia daphnoides, Melicope
degeneri, Melicope puberula, Mysine mezii, Phyllostegia renovans,
Platydesma rostrata, Psychotria grandiflora, and Tetraplasandra flynii
provided under KWA's Plan (2005), the East Alakai Protective Fencing
Project Management Plan, and the 10-year conservation agreement with
TNC for management of the Wainiha Preserve will achieve important
conservation goals supported by the Service and provide significant
benefits to these species. The voluntary conservation efforts taking
place on A & B lands in the Wainiha Valley serve to manage and reduce
the primary threats (feral ungulates and invasive plant species) to
these 21 species and restore native species habitat and ecosystem
function; these actions are vitally important for achieving recovery of
these listed species. In the past, A & B
[[Page 19041]]
has cooperated with the Service, the State, and other organizations to
implement voluntary conservation activities on their lands that have
resulted in tangible conservation benefits. Based on their demonstrated
past commitment to conservation, we believe it is reasonable to expect
these positive conservation management actions to continue in the
Wainiha Valley.
2. Excluding this area from critical habitat will help maintain and
improve our partnership relationship with this landowner. A & B has
commented that the designation of critical habitat in Wainiha Valley as
originally proposed (73 FR 62592; October 21, 2008) will likely have a
negative impact on ongoing and future voluntary conservation efforts by
A & B, and that other private landowners may be dissuaded from entering
into such voluntary agreements as well. We believe that designating
critical habitat on these lands over the objections of the landowner,
our proven conservation partner A & B, could create a disincentive for
other landowners who might otherwise considering partnering with the
Service to achieve conservation goals, but who desire to avoid possible
Federal regulation under the Act. Given the importance of such
cooperative partnerships in achieving the conservation and recovery of
listed species in Hawaii, and considering the voluntary actions of A &
B are currently contributing to the management and reduction of the
primary threats to the listed species, namely feral ungulates and
invasive nonnative plants, the designation of critical habitat in
Wainiha Valley may result in a net loss of conservation benefit.
3. Given the current beneficial management of A & B lands in the
Wainiha Valley and the likelihood that this beneficial conservation
management will continue, the benefits of including the 1,052 ac (426
ha) of A & B lands as critical habitat would likely be minor. This
determination is based on the fact that: (a) There have been no section
7 conference actions in the area for these 21 species since we
published the October 21, 2008 proposed rule (73 FR 62592); (b) we
anticipate few if any future section 7 consultations in this remote,
largely inaccessible area, apart from those beneficial actions related
to federal conservation funding; (c) any future Federal actions
affecting listed species in this area would be subject to section 7
consultation since the area is occupied by 4 of the 21 species; (d)
future Federal actions in this area are expected to be beneficial to
the species; (e) we believe that we have largely achieved the
educational intent of critical habitat through the publication of this
final rule and mapping of the excluded area to identify its
conservation value; and (f) given the extremely remote location of the
area, the educational value of critical habitat in terms of informing
the public or other entities of the conservation worth of this area is
likely minimal.
In conclusion, we find that the designation of critical habitat on
A & B lands in the upper Wainiha Valley would most likely have a net
negative conservation effect on the listed species as well as on other
conservation activities. The overall benefits of a critical habitat
designation for the listed species would be small, and we believe there
is a greater probability of positive conservation activities continuing
in the Wainiha Valley without designated critical habitat than there
would be with critical habitat. The landowner has stated that they are
more likely to continue and increase their ongoing voluntary
conservation efforts absent a critical habitat designation. They have
furthermore indicated that other private landowners are unlikely to
enter into similar cooperative agreements if critical habitat is
designated, a supposition supported by the literature. Furthermore, we
agree that designating critical habitat in this area, over the
publicly-stated objections of a partner with a strong track record of
consistently providing positive contributions to conservation, may well
serve as a deterrent to other landowners who might otherwise consider
entering into voluntary management agreements. We believe the continued
implementation of the KWA's ongoing management programs and the East
Alakai Protective Fencing Project Management Plan, programs actively
supported by the Service due to their significant conservation benefits
for numerous listed species as well as the ecosystem as a whole, will
provide comparable or greater net conservation benefits than those that
would result from critical habitat designation. The exclusion of these
lands would accrue significant conservation benefits resulting from A &
B's voluntary participation in the KWA; the conservation agreement with
TNC for Wainiha Preserve; implementation of the East Alakai Protective
Fencing Project Management Plan; A & B's ongoing and continued actions
to monitor and control invasive species, protect and restore plant
habitat, monitor native species, and monitor watershed integrity; and
the maintenance of a strong working partnership between A & B and the
Service in the Wainiha Valley and in other important conservation areas
in the islands. In addition, we believe there is a significant
conservation benefit to be gained for the 21 Kauai species that are the
subject of this exclusion as well as other listed species throughout
the islands by acknowledging partners who have made significant
contributions to conservation, thus serving as a model and incentive
for other private landowners to develop similar conservation
partnerships. We, therefore, are excluding 1,052 ac (426 ha) of A & B
lands in the upper Wainiha Valley that are within Section 1 (Kauai
Plants Critical Habitat Unit 18 - Montane Wet; Loxops caeruleirostris
Unit 4 - Montane Wet; Oreomystis bairdi Unit 1 - Montane Wet;
Drosophila attigua Unit 4 - Montane Wet, as described in the proposed
rule) from the critical habitat designation under section 4(b)(2) of
the Act. We will reevaluate our determination to exclude 1,052 ac (426
ha) of A & B lands in the upper Wainiha Valley if, in the future, A & B
withdraws from voluntary participation in any of the beneficial
conservation actions described above, or if the ownership of this area
should change.
Exclusion Will Not Result in Extinction of the Species
We have determined that the exclusion of A & B's portion of Section
1 (Kauai Critical Habitat Unit 18 - Montane Wet; Loxops caeruleirostris
Unit 4 - Montane Wet; Oreomystis bairdi Unit 1 - Montane Wet;
Drosophila attigua Unit 4 - Montane Wet, as described in the proposed
rule) from the final designation of critical habitat will not result in
the extinction of akekee, akikiki, Astelia waialealae, Chamaesyce remyi
var. remyi, Drosophila sharpi, Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus,
Dubautia kalalauensis, Dubautia waialealae, Geranium kauaiense,
Keysseria erici, K. helenae, Labordia helleri, Labordia pumila,
Lysimachia daphnoides, Melicope degeneri, Melicope puberula, Mysine
mezii, Phyllostegia renovans, Platydesma rostrata, Psychotria
grandiflora, and Tetraplasandra flynii. A & B's voluntary participation
in the KWA and support of the KWA's management actions, A & B's
establishment of the Wainiha Preserve and support of the management
actions in Wainiha Valley, including the A & B lands in the upper
Wainiha Valley proposed as critical habitat, and voluntary support and
implementation of the East Alakai Protective Fencing
[[Page 19042]]
Project Management Plan provide tangible conservation benefits that
reduce the likelihood of extinction for these 21 species and increase
these species' recovery potential. We are unaware of any threats on
these lands associated with Federal actions that would require section
7 consultations. In addition, since this area is occupied by 4 of the
21 species, consultations under section 7 of the Act would be required,
and any Federal actions that may affect the species would be evaluated
under the jeopardy standard of section 7 of the Act. This evaluation
provides assurances that the species would not become extinct as a
result of exclusion of these lands from designation as critical
habitat. Based on all of these considerations, we therefore conclude
that excluding this area will not result in the extinction of any of
the 21 species.
With regard to other protections, section 195D-4 of Hawaii Revised
Statutes (endangered species and threatened species) stipulates that
species determined to be endangered or threatened under the Federal Act
shall be deemed endangered or threatened under the State law. Under the
State law, it is unlawful, with some exceptions, to ``take'' such
species, or to possess, sell, carry or transport them. The statutory
protections for this species under State law provide additional
assurances that exclusion of this area from critical habitat will not
result in extinction of one or more of the 21 species in this final
rule that currently occupy, or potentially could occupy, these lands.
Required Determinations
Regulatory Planning and Review (Executive Order 12866)
The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) has determined that this
rule is not significant under Executive Order 12866 (E.O. 12866). OMB
bases its determination upon the following four criteria:
(a) Whether the rule will have an annual effect of $100 million or
more on the economy or adversely affect an economic sector,
productivity, jobs, the environment, or other units of the government.
(b) Whether the rule will create inconsistencies with other
Federal agencies' actions.
(c) Whether the rule will materially affect entitlements, grants,
user fees, loan programs, or the rights and obligations of their
recipients.
(d) Whether the rule raises novel legal or policy issues.
Regulatory Flexibility Act
Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA; 5 U.S.C. 601 et seq., as
amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act
(SBREFA) of 1996), whenever an agency must publish a notice of
rulemaking for any proposed or final rule, it must prepare and make
available for public comment a regulatory flexibility analysis that
describes the effects of the rule on small entities (small businesses,
small organizations, and small government jurisdictions). However, no
regulatory flexibility analysis is required if the head of the agency
certifies the rule will not have a significant economic impact on a
substantial number of small entities. SBREFA amended RFA to require
Federal agencies to provide a statement of the factual basis for
certifying that the rule will not have a significant economic impact on
a substantial number of small entities.
Small entities include small organizations, such as independent
nonprofit organizations; small governmental jurisdictions, including
school boards and city and town governments that serve fewer than
50,000 residents; as well as small businesses. Small businesses include
manufacturing and mining concerns with fewer than 500 employees,
wholesale trade entities with fewer than 100 employees, retail and
service businesses with less than $5 million in annual sales, general
and heavy construction businesses with less than $27.5 million in
annual business, special trade contractors doing less than $11.5
million in annual business, and agricultural businesses with annual
sales less than $750,000. To determine if potential economic impacts to
these small entities are significant, we consider the types of
activities that might trigger regulatory impacts under this rule, as
well as the types of project modifications that may result. In general,
the term ``significant economic impact'' is meant to apply to a typical
small business firm's business operations.
To determine if a designation of critical habitat could
significantly affect a substantial number of small entities, we
consider the number of small entities affected within particular types
of economic activities (e.g., housing development, grazing, oil and gas
production, timber harvesting). We apply the ``substantial number''
test individually to each industry to determine if certification is
appropriate. However, the SBREFA does not explicitly define
``substantial number'' or ``significant economic impact.''
Consequently, to assess whether a ``substantial number'' of small
entities is affected by this designation, this analysis considers the
relative number of small entities likely to be impacted in an area. In
some circumstances, especially with critical habitat designations of
limited extent, we may aggregate across all industries and consider
whether the total number of small entities affected is substantial. In
estimating the number of small entities potentially affected, we also
consider whether their activities have any Federal involvement.
Designation of critical habitat only affects activities carried
out, funded, or permitted by Federal agencies. Some kinds of activities
are unlikely to have any Federal involvement and so will not be
affected by critical habitat designation. If there is a Federal nexus,
Federal agencies will be required to consult with us under section 7 of
the Act on activities they fund, permit, or carry out that may affect
critical habitat. If we conclude, in a biological opinion, that a
proposed action is likely to destroy or adversely modify critical
habitat, we can offer ``reasonable and prudent alternatives.''
Reasonable and prudent alternatives are alternative actions that can be
implemented in a manner consistent with the scope of the Federal
agency's legal authority and jurisdiction, that are economically and
technologically feasible, and that would avoid destroying or adversely
modifying critical habitat. A Federal agency and an applicant may elect
to implement a reasonable and prudent alternative associated with a
biological opinion that has found adverse modification of critical
habitat. An agency or applicant could alternatively choose to seek an
exemption from the requirements of the Act or proceed without
implementing the reasonable and prudent alternative. However, unless an
exemption were obtained, the Federal agency or applicant would be at
risk of violating section 7(a)(2) of the Act if it chose to proceed
without implementing the reasonable and prudent alternatives. We may
also identify discretionary conservation recommendations designed to
minimize or avoid the adverse effects of a proposed action on critical
habitat, help implement recovery plans, or to develop information that
could contribute to the recovery of the species.
Within this critical habitat designation, the types of actions or
authorized activities that we have identified as potential concerns and
that are subject to consultation under section 7 if there is a Federal
nexus include:
[[Page 19043]]
Activities that might affect the primary constituent elements
for the species including, but not limited to, the following: grazing;
maintaining or increasing feral ungulate levels; clearing or cutting
native live trees and shrubs (e.g., woodcutting, bulldozing,
construction, road building, mining, herbicide application); and taking
actions that pose a risk of fire.
Activities that may alter watershed characteristics in ways
that would reduce groundwater recharge or alter natural, wetland, or
vegetative communities. Such activities include new water diversion or
impoundment, groundwater pumping, and manipulation of vegetation
through activities such as the ones mentioned above.
Recreational activities that may degrade vegetation.
Mining sand or other minerals.
Introducing or encouraging the spread of nonnative plant
species.
Importing nonnative species for research, agriculture, and
aquaculture, and releasing biological control agents.
None of the critical habitat units contain significant residential,
commercial, industrial, or golf-course projects; crop farming; or
intensive livestock operations. Few projects are planned for locations
in the designated critical habitat. This situation reflects the fact
that (1) most of the land is unsuitable for development, farming, or
other economic activities due to the rugged mountain terrain, lack of
access, and remote locations; and (2) existing land-use controls
severely limit development and most other economic activities in the
mountainous interior of Kauai. Although some existing and continuing
activities involve the operation and maintenance of existing manmade
features and structures in certain areas, these areas do not contain
the primary constituent elements for the species, and would not be
impacted by the designation. Any existing and planned projects, land
uses, and activities that could affect the designated critical habitat
but have no Federal involvement would not require section 7
consultation with the Service, so they are not restricted by the
requirements of the Act. Finally, for the anticipated projects and
activities that will have Federal involvement, many are conservation
efforts that will not negatively impact the species or their habitat,
so they will be subject to a minimal level of informal section 7
consultation. We anticipate that a developer or other project proponent
could modify a project or take measures to protect the 47 Kauai
species. The kinds of actions that may be included if future reasonable
and prudent alternatives become necessary include conservation set-
asides, management of competing nonnative species, restoration of
degraded habitat, and regular monitoring. These measures are not likely
to result in a significant economic impact to project proponents.
In addition, Federal agencies may also need to reinitiate a
previous consultation if discretionary involvement or control over the
Federal action has been retained or is authorized by law and the
activities may affect critical habitat. However, between 2002 and 2007,
there were no formal consultations and 55 informal consultations on
Kauai, in addition to consultations on Federal grants to State wildlife
programs (which would not affect small entities). The majority of the
consultations were related to project effects on seabird flyways,
nesting by endangered water birds, or roosting by the endangered
Hawaiian hoary bat (opeapea). Several consultations were conducted with
the U.S. Department of Agriculture (Natural Resources Conservation
Service (NRCS)) for proposed funding for habitat restoration projects
under the Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program (WHIP), and one was
conducted with the Navy for weed removal at the Pacific Missile Range
Facility (PMRF). Five of the 55 informal consultations concerned
designated critical habitat, and we concurred with each agency's
determination that the project, as proposed, was not likely to
adversely affect critical habitat. In this final rule, we are
designating critical habitat on a total of 26,582 ac (10,757 ha) of
land. Ninety-eight percent (25,988 ac (10,517 ha)) of this designated
critical habitat designation is already critical habitat for one or
more species, and two percent (594 ac (240 ha)) of the designation is
on lands newly designated as critical habitat. However, none of the
Federal actions that were subject to previous section 7 consultation
are on the lands we are designating as critical habitat in this final
rule. Therefore, there is no requirement to reinitiate consultation for
any ongoing Federal projects.
In the 2001 economic analysis of the designation of critical
habitat for 83 species of plants from the islands of Kauai and Niihau,
we evaluated the potential economic effects on small business entities
resulting from the protection of these plant species and their habitat
related to the designation of critical habitat and determined that it
would not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of
small entities. The RFA/SBREFA defines ``small governmental
jurisdiction'' as the government of a city, county, town, school
district, or special district with a population of less than 50,000. By
this definition, Kauai County is not a small governmental jurisdiction
because its population was 58,463 in 2000. Certain State agencies may
be affected by the critical habitat designation--, such as the
Department of Land and Natural Resources and the State Department of
Transportation, may be affected by the critical habitat designation..
However, for the purposes of the RFA, State governments are considered
independent sovereigns, not small governments. Because of Federal
involvement, TNC and NTBG could be affected by the critical habitat
designation and would possibly be considered to be small organizations.
The SBREFA defines ``small organization'' as any not-for-profit
enterprise which is independently owned and operated and is not
dominant in its field. We determined that TNC and NTBG are both large
organizations that are dominant in Kauai County in their respective
fields. The significant overlap between the critical habitat
designation for the 83 species and this critical habitat designation is
further evidence that this designation will not have a significant
economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.
In summary, we have considered whether this designation would
result in a significant economic effect on a substantial number of
small entities. For the above reasons and based on currently available
information, we certify that the designation of critical habitat for
the 47 species will not have a significant effect on a substantial
number of small entities. Federal involvement, and thus section 7
consultations, would be limited to a subset of the area designated. The
most likely Federal involvement could include funding provided by NRCS
and the Service for habitat restoration projects. A regulatory
flexibility analysis is not required.
Unfunded Mandates Reform Act
In accordance with the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501
et seq.), we make the following findings:
(a) This designation of critical habitat will not produce a
Federal mandate. In general, a Federal mandate is a provision in
legislation, statute, or regulation that would imposes an enforceable
duty upon State, local, or tribal governments, or the private sector,
and includes both ``Federal intergovernmental mandates'' and
[[Page 19044]]
``Federal private sector mandates.'' These terms are defined in 2
U.S.C. 658(5)-(7). ``Federal intergovernmental mandate'' includes a
regulation that ``would impose an enforceable duty upon State, local,
or tribal governments'' with two exceptions. It excludes ``a condition
of Federal assistance.'' It also excludes ``a duty arising from
participation in a voluntary Federal program,'' unless the regulation
``relates to a then-existing Federal program under which $500,000,000
or more is provided annually to State, local, and tribal governments
under entitlement authority,'' if the provision would ``increase the
stringency of conditions of assistance'' or ``place caps upon, or
otherwise decrease, the Federal Government's responsibility to provide
funding,'' and the State, local, or tribal governments ``lack
authority'' to adjust accordingly. At the time of enactment, these
entitlement programs were: Medicaid; AFDC work programs; Child
Nutrition; Food Stamps; Social Services Block Grants; Vocational
Rehabilitation State Grants; Foster Care, Adoption Assistance, and
Independent Living; Family Support Welfare Services; and Child Support
Enforcement. ``Federal private sector mandate'' includes a regulation
that ``would impose an enforceable duty upon the private sector, except
(i) a condition of Federal assistance or (ii) a duty arising from
participation in a voluntary Federal program.''
The designation of critical habitat does not impose a legally
binding duty on non-Federal Government entities or private parties.
Under the Act, the only regulatory effect is that Federal agencies must
ensure that their actions do not destroy or adversely modify critical
habitat under section 7. While non-Federal entities that receive
Federal funding, assistance, or permits, or that otherwise require
approval or authorization from a Federal agency for an action, may be
indirectly impacted by the designation of critical habitat, the legally
binding duty to avoid destruction or adverse modification of critical
habitat rests squarely on the Federal agency. Furthermore, to the
extent that non-Federal entities are indirectly impacted because they
receive Federal assistance or participate in a voluntary Federal aid
program, the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act would not apply, nor would
critical habitat shift the costs of the large entitlement programs
listed above onto State governments.
We do not believe that this rule will significantly or uniquely
affect small governments. The lands we are designating as critical
habitat are owned by the State of Hawaii and private citizens. None of
these entities fit the definition of ``small governmental
jurisdiction.'' Therefore, a Small Government Agency Plan is not
required.
Takings
In accordance with E.O. 12630 (Government Actions and Interference
with Constitutionally Protected Private Property Rights), we have
analyzed the potential takings implications of designation of critical
habitat for each of the 47 species in a takings implications
assessment. The takings implications assessment concludes that this
designation of critical habitat for each of these species does not pose
significant takings implications for lands within or affected by the
designation.
Federalism
In accordance with E.O. 13132 (Federalism), this final rule does
not have significant Federalism effects. A Federalism assessment is not
required. In keeping with Department of the Interior and Department of
Commerce policy, we requested information from, and coordinated
development of, this final critical habitat designation with
appropriate State resource agencies in Hawaii. The designation of
critical habitat for each of these species (excluding Pritchardia
hardyi for which no critical habitat has been designated) imposes no
additional restrictions to those currently in place and, therefore, has
little incremental impact on State and local governments and their
activities. The designation may have some benefit to these governments
because the areas that contain the features essential to the
conservation of the species are more clearly defined, and the primary
constituent elements of the habitat necessary to the conservation of
the species are specifically identified. This information does not
alter where and what federally sponsored activities may occur. However,
it may assist local governments in long-range planning (rather than
having them wait for case-by-case section 7 consultations to occur).
Civil Justice Reform
In accordance with E.O. 12988 (Civil Justice Reform), the Office of
the Solicitor has determined that the rule does not unduly burden the
judicial system and that it meets the requirements of sections 3(a) and
3(b)(2) of the Order. We are designating critical habitat in accordance
with the provisions of the Act. This final rule uses standard property
descriptions and identifies the physical and biological features
essential to the conservation of the species within the designated
areas to assist the public in understanding the habitat needs of each
of the 47 species for which critical habitat is designated in this
final rule.
Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.)
This rule does not contain any new collections of information that
require approval by OMB under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44
U.S.C. 3501 et seq.). This rule will not impose recordkeeping or
reporting requirements on State or local governments, individuals,
businesses, or organizations. An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and
a person is not required to respond to, a collection of information
unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number.
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
It is our position that, outside the jurisdiction of the United
States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit, we do not need to
prepare environmental analyses as defined by NEPA (42 U.S.C. 4321 et
seq.) in connection with designating critical habitat under the Act. We
published a notice outlining our reasons for this determination in the
Federal Register on October 25, 1983 (48 FR 49244). This assertion was
upheld by the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
(Douglas County v. Babbitt, 48 F.3d 1495 (9th Cir. 1995), cert. denied
516 U.S. 1042 (1996)).
Government-to-Government Relationship with Tribes
In accordance with the President's memorandum of April 29, 1994,
Government-to-Government Relations with Native American Tribal
Governments (59 FR 22951), E.O. 13175, and the Department of Interior's
manual at 512 DM 2, we readily acknowledge our responsibility to
communicate meaningfully with recognized Federal tribes on a
government-to-government basis. In accordance with Secretarial Order
3206 of June 5, 1997 (American Indian Tribal Rights, Federal-Tribal
Trust Responsibilities, and the Endangered Species Act), we readily
acknowledge our responsibilities to work directly with tribes in
developing programs for healthy ecosystems, to acknowledge that tribal
lands are not subject to the same controls as Federal public lands, to
remain sensitive to Indian culture, and to make information available
to tribes. We have determined that there are no recognized Federal
tribes in the State of Hawaii, and there are no tribal lands essential
for the
[[Page 19045]]
conservation of the 47 Kauai species for which we are designating
critical habitat. Therefore, this final designation of critical habitat
does not involve any tribal lands.
Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use
On May 18, 2001, the President issued an Executive Order (E.O.
13211; Actions Concerning Regulations That Significantly Affect Energy
Supply, Distribution, or Use) on regulations that significantly affect
energy supply, distribution, and use. E.O. 13211 requires agencies to
prepare Statements of Energy Effects when undertaking certain actions.
This final rule to designate critical habitat for 47 of the 48 species
is not a significant regulatory action under E.O. 12866. We do not
expect it to significantly affect energy supplies, distribution, or use
because these areas are not presently used for energy production, and
we are unaware of any future plans in this regard. Therefore, this
action is not a significant energy action, and no Statement of Energy
Effects is required.
References Cited
A complete list of references cited in this rule is available upon
request from the Field Supervisor, Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife
Office (see ADDRESSES).
Authors
The authors of this document are the staff members of the Pacific
Islands Fish and Wildlife Office, Fish and Wildlife Service (see FOR
FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT).
List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 17
Endangered and threatened species, Exports, Imports, Reporting and
recordkeeping requirements, Transportation.
Regulation Promulgation
0
Accordingly, we amend part 17, subchapter B of chapter I, title 50 of
the Code of Federal Regulations, as set forth below:
PART 17--[AMENDED]
0
1. The authority citation for part 17 continues to read as follows:
Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361-1407; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1544; 16 U.S.C.
4201-4245; Pub. L. 99-625, 100 Stat. 3500; unless otherwise noted.
0
2. Amend Sec. 17.11(h), the List of Endangered and Threatened
Wildlife, as follows:
0
a. By adding entries for ``Akekee (honeycreeper)'' and ``Akikiki
(honeycreeper)'' in alphabetical order under BIRDS; and
0
b. By adding an entry for ``Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing'' (Drosophila
sharpi) in alphabetical order under INSECTS, to read as set forth
below.
Sec. 17.11 Endangered and threatened wildlife.
* * * * *
(h) * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Species Vertebrate
------------------------------------------------- population where Critical
Historic range endangered or Status When listed habitat Special rules
Common name Scientific name threatened
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BIRDS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Akekee(honeycreeper) Loxopscaeruleiros U.S.A. (HI) Entire E 765 17.95(b) NA
tris
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Akikiki (honeycreeper) Oreomystis bairdi U.S.A. (HI) Entire E 765 17.95(b) NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
INSECTS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing Drosophila sharpi U.S.A. (HI) NA E 765 17.95(i) NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0
3. Amend Sec. 17.12(h), the List of Endangered and Threatened Plants,
as follows:
0
a. By adding entries for Astelia waialealae, Canavalia napaliensis,
Chamaesyce eleanoriae, Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis, Chamaesyce
remyi var. remyi, Charpentiera densiflora, Cyanea dolichopoda, Cyanea
eleeleensis, Cyanea kolekoleensis, Cyanea kuhihewa, Cyrtandra
oenobarba, Cyrtandra paliku, Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata,
Dubautia kalalauensis, Dubautia kenwoodii, Dubautia plantaginea ssp.
magnifolia, Dubautia waialealae, Geranium kauaiense, Keysseria erici,
Keysseria helenae, Labordia helleri, Labordia pumila, Lysimachia
daphnoides, Lysimachia iniki, Lysimachia pendens, Lysimachia
scopulensis, Lysimachia venosa, Melicope degeneri, Melicope paniculata,
Melicope puberula, Myrsine knudsenii, Myrsine mezii, Phyllostegia
renovans, Pittosporum napaliense, Platydesma rostrata, Pritchardia
hardyi, Psychotria grandiflora, Psychotria hobdyi, Schiedea attenuata,
Stenogyne kealiae, Tetraplasandra bisattenuata, and Tetraplasandra
flynnii in alphabetical order under FLOWERING PLANTS; and
0
b. By adding entries for Diellia mannii, Doryopteris angelica, and
Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus in alphabetical order under FERNS
AND ALLIES, to read as set forth below.
Sec. 17.12 Endangered and threatened plants.
* * * * *
(h) * * *
[[Page 19046]]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Species
------------------------------------------------ Historic range Family Status When listed Critical Special rules
Scientific name Common name habitat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FLOWERING PLANTS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Astelia waialealae Painiu U.S.A. (HI) Asteliaceae E 765 17.99(a) NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Canavalia napaliensis Awikiwiki U.S.A. (HI) Fabaceae E 765 17.99(a) NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chamaesyce eleanoriae Akoko U.S.A. (HI) Euphorbiaceae E 765 17.99(a) NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chamaesyce remyi var. Akoko U.S.A. (HI) Euphorbiaceae E 765 17.99(a) NA
kauaiensis
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi Akoko U.S.A. (HI) Euphorbiaceae E 765 17.99(a) NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Charpentiera densiflora Papala U.S.A. (HI) Amaranathaceae E 765 17.99(a) NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cyanea dolichopoda Haha U.S.A. (HI) Campanulaceae E 765 17.99(a) NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cyanea eleeleensis Haha U.S.A. (HI) Campanulaceae E 765 17.99(a) NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cyanea kolekoleensis Haha U.S.A. (HI) Campanulaceae E 765 17.99(a) NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cyanea kuhihewa Haha U.S.A. (HI) Campanulaceae E 765 17.99(a) NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cyrtandra oenobarba Haiwale U.S.A. (HI) Gesneriaceae E 765 17.99(a) NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cyrtandra paliku Haiwale U.S.A. (HI) Gesneriaceae E 765 17.99(a) NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dubautia imbricata ssp. Naenae U.S.A. (HI) Asteraceae E 765 17.99(a) NA
imbricata
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dubautia kalalauensis Naenae U.S.A. (HI) Asteraceae E 765 17.99(a) NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dubautia kenwoodii Naenae U.S.A. (HI) Asteraceae E 765 17.99(a) NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dubautia plantaginea ssp. Naenae U.S.A. (HI) Asteraceae E 765 17.99(a) NA
magnifolia
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 19047]]
Dubautia waialealae Naenae U.S.A. (HI) Asteraceae E 765 17.99(a) NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Geranium kauaiense Nohoanu U.S.A. (HI) Geraniaceae E 765 17.99(a) NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Keysseria erici No common name U.S.A. (HI) Asteraceae E 765 17.99(a) NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Keysseria helenae No common name U.S.A. (HI) Asteraceae E 765 17.99(a) NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Labordia helleri Kamakahala U.S.A. (HI) Loganiaceae E 765 17.99(a) NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Labordia pumila Kamakahala U.S.A. (HI) Loganiaceae E 765 17.99(a) NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lysimachia daphnoides Lehua makanoe U.S.A. (HI) Myrsinaceae E 765 17.99(a) NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lysimachia iniki No common name U.S.A. (HI) Myrsinaceae E 765 17.99(a) NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lysimachia pendens No common name U.S.A. (HI) Myrsinaceae E 765 17.99(a) NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lysimachia scopulensis No common name U.S.A. (HI) Myrsinaceae E 765 17.99(a) NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lysimachia venosa No common name U.S.A. (HI) Myrsinaceae E 765 17.99(a) NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Melicope degeneri Alani U.S.A. (HI) Rutaceae E 765 17.99(a) NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Melicope paniculata Alani U.S.A. (HI) Rutaceae E 765 17.99(a) NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Melicope puberula Alani U.S.A. (HI) Rutaceae E 765 17.99(a) NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Myrsine knudsenii Kolea U.S.A. (HI) Myrsinaceae E 765 17.99(a) NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Myrsine mezii Kolea U.S.A. (HI) Myrsinaceae E 765 17.99(a) NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Phyllostegia renovans No common name U.S.A. (HI) Lamiaceae E 765 17.99(a) NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 19048]]
Pittosporum napaliense Hoawa U.S.A. (HI) Pittosporaceae E 765 17.99(a) NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Platydesma rostrata Pilo kea lau lii U.S.A. (HI) Rutaceae E 765 17.99(a) NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pritchardia hardyi Loulu U.S.A. (HI) Arecaceae E 765 NA NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Psychotria grandiflora Kopiko U.S.A. (HI) Rubiaceae E 765 17.99(a) NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Psychotria hobdyi Kopiko U.S.A. (HI) Rubiaceae E 765 17.99(a) NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Schiedea attenuata No common name U.S.A. (HI) Caryophyllaceae E 765 17.99(a) NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Stenogyne kealiae No common name U.S.A. (HI) Lamiaceae E 765 17.99(a) NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tetraplasandra bisattenuata No common name U.S.A. (HI) Araliaceae E 765 17.99(a) NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tetraplasandra flynnii No common name U.S.A. (HI) Araliaceae E 765 17.99(a) NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FERNS AND ALLIES
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Diellia mannii No common name U.S.A. (HI) Aspleniaceae E 765 17.99(a) NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Doryopteris angelica No common name U.S.A. (HI) Pteridaceae E 765 17.99(a) NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dryopteris crinalis var. Palapalai U.S.A. (HI) Dryopteridaceae E 765 17.99(a) NA
podosorus aumakua
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0
4. Amend Sec. 17.95 as follows:
0
a. In paragraph (b), by adding critical habitat for ``Akekee (Loxops
caeruleirostris)'' and ``Akikiki (Oreomystis bairdi)'' in the same
alphabetical order as these species occur in the table at Sec.
17.11(h); and
0
b. In paragraph (i), by adding critical habitat for ``Hawaiian picture-
wing fly (Drosophila sharpi)'' in the same alphabetical order as this
species occurs in the table at Sec. 17.11(h), to read as set forth
below.
Sec. 17.95 Critical habitat--fish and wildlife.
* * * * *
(b) Birds.
Akekee (Loxops caeruleirostris)
(1) Critical habitat units are depicted for Kauai County, Hawaii,
on the maps below.
(2) Primary constituent elements.
(i) In units 1, 2, and 3, the primary constituent elements of
critical habitat for Akekee (Loxops caeruleirostris) are:
(A) Elevation: 3,000 to 5,243 ft (914 to 1,598 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 inches (127 to 190 centimeters).
(C) Substrate: Weathered aa lava flows, rocky mucks, thin silty
loams, deep volcanic ash soils.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Metrosideros, Psychotria, Tetraplasandra,
Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Cheirodendron, Coprosma, Kadua, Ilex, Myoporum,
Myrsine.
[[Page 19049]]
(F) Understory: Bidens, Dryopteris, Leptecophylla, Poa, Scaevola,
Sophora.
(G) Arthropod prey.
(ii) In units 4, 5, and 6, the primary constituent elements of
critical habitat for Akekee (Loxops caeruleirostris) are:
(A) Elevation: 3,000 to 5,243 ft (914 to 1,598 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(G) Arthropod prey.
(3) Manmade features and structures, such as buildings, roads,
railroads, airports, runways, other paved areas, lawns, and other urban
landscaped areas, existing on the effective date of this rule do not
contain one or more of the primary constituent elements.
(4) Critical habitat maps. Maps were created in GIS, with
coordinates in UTM Zone 4, units in meters using North American datum
of 1983 (NAD 83).
(5) Index map of critical habitat units for Akekee (Loxops
caeruleirostris) follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-S
[[Page 19050]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.014
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C
[[Page 19051]]
(6) Unit 1-Montane Mesic, Kauai County, Hawaii.
(i) Unit 1-Montane Mesic consists of 2,422.6 ac (980.4 ha) and
includes land bounded by the following UTM Zone 4, NAD 83 coordinates
(E, N): 430107, 2447429; 430242, 2447664; 430073, 2447126; 430793,
2448310; 430124, 2446907; 430393, 2447748; 430690, 2447765; 430671,
2447997; 430764, 2448188; 430886, 2448507; 430903, 2448664; 430985,
2448705; 431560, 2448675; 431414, 2448890; 430291, 2446570; 431058,
2446300; 431200, 2449070; 431362, 2449169; 431171, 2448699; 430854,
2445930; 432530, 2450196; 431391, 2449273; 431323, 2447013; 431211,
2446394; 431101, 2446447; 431112, 2446394; 431069, 2446331; 431007,
2446203; 430944, 2446145; 430902, 2445976; 430191, 2446386; 430826,
2445805; 430857, 2445727; 430824, 2445631; 430442, 2445640; 430323,
2445779; 430204, 2445809; 430191, 2445898; 429898, 2446100; 429871,
2446234; 430939, 2446061; 432796, 2450365; 432504, 2449961; 432579,
2450036; 432552, 2450080; 432551, 2450083; 432001, 2447726; 432534,
2450174; 431629, 2448739; 432565, 2450262; 432531, 2450116; 432740,
2450249; 432441, 2449848; 432808, 2450383; 432882, 2450351; 432904,
2450341; 432827, 2447751; 432932, 2447668; 433014, 2447717; 433109,
2447775; 433094, 2447922; 432560, 2450267; 431875, 2449780; 431322,
2449418; 431403, 2449436; 431727, 2449372; 431769, 2449447; 431705,
2449569; 431720, 2449620; 431805, 2449591; 431919, 2449578; 432498,
2449952; 431904, 2449665; 432486, 2449909; 432046, 2449781; 432052,
2449783; 432113, 2449740; 432217, 2449712; 432251, 2449685; 432259,
2449679; 432344, 2449744; 432419, 2449806; 431322, 2449372; 431905,
2449660; 434486, 2447126; 434073, 2448685; 434228, 2448620; 434292,
2448479; 434318, 2448298; 434279, 2447951; 434163, 2447783; 434086,
2447693; 434073, 2447500; 434623, 2446526; 434357, 2447229; 433545,
2449136; 434627, 2447088; 434686, 2447020; 434682, 2447017; 434657,
2446977; 434652, 2446933; 434612, 2446807; 434641, 2446663; 434631,
2446528; 434202, 2447345; 433399, 2449709; 431205, 2448983; 432073,
2447674; 433046, 2450280; 433196, 2450196; 433287, 2450063; 433353,
2449880; 433467, 2449787; 433429, 2449741; 433880, 2448827; 433407,
2449708; 433725, 2448994; 433401, 2449697; 433339, 2449600; 433313,
2449484; 433339, 2449381; 433368, 2449293; 433368, 2449292; 433369,
2449255; 433389, 2449256; 434254, 2447886; 433408, 2449708; 433527,
2447856; 434086, 2446095; 433862, 2446165; 433606, 2446193; 433449,
2446235; 433397, 2446440; 433257, 2446958; 433577, 2447086; 433706,
2447138; 434090, 2446098; 433562, 2447841; 432639, 2447624; 432918,
2447407; 432672, 2447598; 434620, 2446512; 432609, 2447647; 434318,
2448182; 432195, 2447587; 432136, 2447629; 432133, 2447631; 432081,
2447668; 433746, 2447766; 434500, 2446448; 432320, 2447497; 434103,
2446297; 434618, 2446459; 434582, 2446443; 434558, 2446439; 434514,
2446449; 434471, 2446422; 434457, 2446416; 434447, 2446420; 434392,
2446421; 434423, 2446441; 434416, 2446441; 434625, 2446467; 434201,
2446573; 434403, 2446435; 434628, 2446479; 434400, 2446429; 434434,
2446428; 434386, 2446429; 434533, 2446441.
(ii)Map of Unit 1-Montane Mesic for Akekee (Loxops caeruleirostris)
follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-S
[[Page 19052]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.015
[[Page 19053]]
(7) Unit 2-Montane Mesic, Kauai County, Hawaii.
(i) Montane Mesic - Unit 2 consists of 375.6 ac (152.0 ha) and
includes land bounded by the following UTM Zone 4, NAD 83 coordinates
(E, N): 431975, 2446280; 432559, 2446255; 432659, 2446240; 432948,
2446150; 433067, 2445928; 432758, 2445304; 432001, 2445941; 431873,
2444849; 432912, 2445580; 432674, 2444970; 431626, 2445435; 431730,
2445114; 431950, 2444792; 432135, 2444807; 432377, 2444722; 432548,
2444752; 431645, 2445326; 431736, 2445617.
(ii) Map of Unit 2-Montane Mesic for Akekee (Loxops
caeruleirostris) follows:
[[Page 19054]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.016
[[Page 19055]]
(8) Unit 3-Montane Mesic, Kauai County, Hawaii.
(i) Unit 3-Montane Mesic consists of 138.5 ac (56.0 ha) and
includes land bounded by the following UTM Zone 4, NAD 83 coordinates
(E, N): 438012, 2440389; 438014, 2440437; 438023, 2440484; 438111,
2440652; 438112, 2440588; 437817, 2440071; 438028, 2440577; 437922,
2440355; 437336, 2440335; 437912, 2440201; 437827, 2440132; 437785,
2440013; 437687, 2439960; 437636, 2439819; 437870, 2440140; 437545,
2439761; 438149, 2440714; 437529, 2439721; 437987, 2441027; 437450,
2440047; 437335, 2440180; 437335, 2440329; 438159, 2440914; 438249,
2440857; 438253, 2440854; 438243, 2440830; 438287, 2440738; 437602,
2440771; 438227, 2440730; 437586, 2439743.
(ii) Map of Unit 3-Montane Mesic for Akekee (Loxops
caeruleirostris) follows:
[[Page 19056]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.017
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C
[[Page 19057]]
(9) Unit 4-Montane Wet, Kauai County, Hawaii.
(i) Montane Wet-Unit 1 consists of 13,055.0 ac (5,283.2 ha) and
includes land bounded by the following UTM Zone 4, NAD 83 coordinates
(E,N): 448638, 2440764; 448601, 2440679; 448606, 2440704; 448612,
2440722; 448615, 2440731; 448619, 2440740; 448630, 2440759; 448650,
2440769; 448600, 2440668; 448622, 2440749; 448599, 2440647; 448601,
2440652; 448678, 2440741; 448777, 2440842; 448663, 2440773; 449006,
2441012; 448764, 2440857; 449068, 2441051; 449121, 2441114; 449121,
2441114; 448887, 2440934; 448811, 2440896; 448954, 2441097; 448943,
2441063; 448943, 2441053; 448943, 2441044; 448941, 2441024; 448940,
2441006; 448918, 2440982; 448877, 2440939; 448861, 2440927; 448735,
2440829; 448837, 2440912; 448678, 2440780; 448802, 2440889; 448788,
2440878; 449115, 2442038; 448745, 2440841; 449111, 2441196; 448727,
2440820; 448720, 2440813; 448711, 2440806; 448691, 2440790; 448841,
2440914; 447374, 2443275; 449244, 2441819; 447623, 2443445; 447616,
2443588; 447603, 2443646; 447556, 2443686; 447325, 2443651; 447295,
2443639; 447247, 2443586; 448634, 2443800; 447287, 2443339; 448657,
2443629; 447481, 2443262; 447636, 2443160; 447645, 2443143; 447645,
2443146; 447894, 2443371; 447865, 2443358; 447712, 2443351; 447631,
2443389; 448948, 2441084; 447249, 2443451; 448917, 2442504; 449106,
2441435; 449173, 2441529; 449201, 2441638; 449249, 2441697; 449275,
2441773; 449148, 2441893; 449090, 2442135; 449064, 2442221; 448614,
2443950; 448983, 2442384; 449078, 2441297; 448880, 2442563; 448861,
2442593; 448805, 2442677; 448765, 2442787; 448696, 2442955; 448653,
2443075; 448651, 2443187; 448674, 2443301; 448669, 2443477; 449024,
2442290; 444824, 2443350; 444161, 2444181; 445808, 2442898; 445681,
2442977; 445559, 2443010; 445437, 2443077; 446100, 2442628; 445045,
2443240; 446256, 2442602; 444659, 2443447; 444532, 2443516; 444456,
2443572; 444423, 2443638; 444334, 2443811; 446499, 2441271; 445254,
2443156; 446686, 2441764; 441856, 2446328; 446673, 2441408; 446651,
2441424; 446641, 2441436; 446587, 2441501; 445966, 2442725; 446640,
2441627; 444075, 2444349; 446694, 2442007; 446591, 2442195; 446650,
2442430; 446675, 2442432; 446482, 2442513; 446373, 2442574; 446587,
2441543; 443497, 2444548; 444237, 2444013; 443579, 2444514; 443571,
2444521; 443557, 2444532; 443553, 2444537; 443610, 2444483; 443516,
2444546; 443617, 2444477; 443483, 2444551; 443478, 2444555; 443464,
2444570; 443459, 2444579; 443452, 2444591; 443447, 2444608; 443534,
2444543; 443722, 2444464; 444016, 2444444; 443984, 2444419; 443985,
2444416; 443769, 2444440; 443760, 2444446; 443598, 2444493; 443732,
2444458; 446375, 2441172; 443703, 2444469; 443685, 2444463; 443677,
2444459; 443666, 2444456; 443647, 2444460; 443628, 2444469; 443740,
2444454; 441656, 2441573; 442568, 2441274; 440114, 2440528; 440464,
2440832; 440528, 2440844; 440586, 2440905; 440110, 2440524; 441650,
2441573; 440014, 2440441; 441659, 2441579; 441727, 2441586; 441774,
2441575; 441900, 2441576; 441968, 2441515; 446610, 2441349; 441637,
2441552; 439096, 2441847; 438866, 2442347; 438934, 2442351; 438960,
2442270; 438967, 2442246; 438976, 2442220; 440113, 2440527; 439088,
2441871; 442723, 2441295; 439491, 2440617; 439551, 2440431; 439556,
2440414; 439832, 2440430; 439931, 2440426; 440002, 2440430; 439037,
2442031; 445551, 2441162; 442287, 2441225; 445235, 2441328; 445344,
2441376; 445380, 2441414; 445392, 2441392; 444560, 2441032; 445510,
2441194; 444480, 2440997; 445886, 2441308; 446122, 2441415; 446214,
2441291; 448944, 2441075; 446300, 2441227; 446357, 2441185; 445395,
2441389; 443889, 2441172; 442843, 2441314; 442924, 2441340; 442982,
2441350; 442977, 2441356; 443016, 2441342; 445124, 2441205; 443707,
2441132; 443440, 2444655; 444062, 2441230; 444083, 2441215; 444109,
2441224; 444113, 2441221; 444124, 2441223; 444455, 2440990; 443023,
2441344; 442711, 2445664; 442430, 2445827; 442668, 2445560; 442666,
2445576; 442668, 2445590; 442674, 2445604; 442672, 2445510; 442713,
2445661; 442668, 2445494; 442501, 2445803; 442492, 2445803; 442467,
2445799; 442448, 2445805; 442444, 2445807; 443444, 2444627; 442710,
2445647; 442709, 2445399; 442804, 2445357; 442798, 2445359; 442785,
2445364; 442765, 2445370; 442747, 2445377; 442673, 2445515; 442727,
2445386; 442430, 2445830; 442694, 2445414; 442689, 2445419; 442682,
2445433; 442675, 2445453; 442671, 2445471; 442667, 2445490; 442743,
2445378; 441897, 2446273; 442435, 2445813; 442019, 2446165; 442005,
2446171; 441982, 2446194; 441963, 2446219; 442059, 2446159; 441929,
2446268; 442071, 2446146; 441879, 2446263; 441852, 2446219; 441838,
2446221; 441834, 2446230; 441848, 2446265; 441855, 2446295; 441943,
2446256; 442202, 2445986; 442428, 2445851; 442381, 2445882; 442372,
2445885; 442317, 2445917; 442301, 2445924; 442039, 2446165; 442261,
2445949; 442858, 2445342; 442175, 2445995; 442100, 2446007; 442082,
2446029; 442072, 2446052; 442067, 2446082; 442073, 2446121; 442273,
2445945; 443240, 2444927; 442821, 2445353; 443294, 2444870; 443290,
2444876; 443281, 2444890; 443271, 2444898; 443307, 2444833; 443252,
2444914; 443309, 2444829; 443234, 2444932; 443215, 2444938; 443196,
2444944; 443193, 2444946; 443177, 2444962; 443175, 2444965; 443260,
2444907; 443352, 2444721; 438757, 2442331; 443435, 2444664; 443423,
2444686; 443403, 2444695; 443385, 2444699; 443301, 2444851; 443366,
2444706; 443156, 2445003; 443346, 2444728; 443341, 2444740; 443333,
2444758; 443327, 2444778; 443320, 2444796; 443313, 2444815; 443373,
2444702; 442952, 2445303; 443029, 2445263; 443009, 2445266; 443006,
2445268; 442990, 2445276; 442981, 2445284; 443163, 2444984; 442956,
2445301; 443068, 2445227; 442934, 2445314; 442915, 2445323; 442898,
2445330; 442877, 2445336; 442862, 2445341; 443443, 2444647; 442972,
2445292; 443122, 2445132; 442842, 2445347; 443153, 2445020; 443153,
2445040; 443152, 2445059; 443150, 2445078; 443144, 2445096; 443047,
2445260; 443135, 2445115; 443065, 2445247; 443103, 2445152; 443083,
2445171; 443066, 2445190; 443066, 2445209; 443067, 2445215; 443158,
2444995; 443140, 2445105; 440025, 2445056; 439668, 2444981; 440214,
2445151; 440216, 2445150; 440347, 2445106; 440289, 2445097; 440078,
2445204; 440124, 2445056; 439994, 2445245; 439910, 2445087; 439796,
2445123; 439719, 2445133; 439696, 2445110; 439681, 2445072; 439364,
2444192; 440216, 2445076; 439480, 2445095; 438927, 2444790; 438982,
2444746; 439037, 2444786; 439157, 2444829; 439238, 2444846; 440165,
2445166; 439434, 2444999; 439643, 2444902; 439484, 2445120; 439501,
2445220; 439598, 2445317; 439699, 2445360; 439794, 2445352; 439883,
2445309; 439360, 2444907; 439945, 2444540; 439673, 2445011; 439890,
2444912; 439948, 2444922; 439994, 2444883; 440052, 2444784; 439859,
2444782; 439996, 2444642; 439859, 2444723; 439876, 2444423; 439825,
2444344; 439759, 2444342; 439685, 2444334; 439583, 2444266; 438838,
2442340; 440032, 2444731; 439254, 2444472; 439571, 2444823; 439485,
2444800;
[[Page 19058]]
439386, 2444762; 439258, 2444658; 439172, 2444564; 439864, 2444845;
439156, 2444527; 438580, 2444854; 439413, 2444371; 439522, 2444418;
439617, 2444459; 439747, 2444522; 439800, 2444594; 439843, 2444655;
439145, 2444538; 435698, 2452376; 438807, 2444845; 436003, 2452334;
435955, 2452326; 435902, 2452378; 435838, 2452443; 436579, 2452559;
435719, 2452378; 436804, 2452559; 435477, 2452358; 435478, 2452345;
435479, 2452304; 435517, 2452192; 435519, 2452190; 435540, 2452168;
435810, 2452427; 438006, 2453313; 438476, 2452702; 438465, 2452788;
438430, 2452817; 438386, 2452854; 438269, 2452930; 436189, 2452365;
438110, 2453148; 435895, 2451700; 437935, 2453510; 437933, 2453512;
437797, 2453318; 437592, 2453026; 437202, 2452948; 437201, 2452932;
438116, 2453088; 438263, 2444805; 436811, 2449026; 437237, 2447714;
437230, 2447713; 437248, 2447657; 437232, 2447645; 435631, 2452072;
438179, 2444732; 436566, 2449559; 438343, 2444896; 438406, 2444952;
438475, 2444955; 438523, 2444886; 438536, 2444858; 439298, 2444154;
438168, 2444734; 436235, 2450550; 438677, 2444833; 435961, 2451591;
436027, 2451466; 436103, 2451262; 436162, 2451016; 436212, 2450766;
436739, 2449180; 436234, 2450558; 436706, 2449252; 436250, 2450410;
436234, 2450237; 436386, 2449952; 436472, 2449769; 436566, 2449560;
435779, 2451881; 436230, 2450590; 438030, 2442243; 438130, 2442234;
437996, 2442188; 437998, 2442202; 437998, 2442205; 437999, 2442211;
437973, 2442147; 438012, 2442229; 437954, 2442136; 438049, 2442246;
438065, 2442246; 438088, 2442240; 438095, 2442238; 438098, 2442237;
439456, 2444205; 438000, 2442216; 437826, 2442106; 437754, 2441991;
437758, 2441998; 437766, 2442017; 437777, 2442052; 437791, 2442074;
437984, 2442167; 437806, 2442092; 438157, 2442234; 437839, 2442110;
437873, 2442121; 437887, 2442121; 437912, 2442123; 437926, 2442125;
437939, 2442128; 437799, 2442084; 438656, 2442321; 438114, 2442232;
438535, 2442314; 438536, 2442314; 438561, 2442316; 438577, 2442315;
438517, 2442310; 438626, 2442315; 438496, 2442310; 438668, 2442322;
438679, 2442324; 438694, 2442327; 438704, 2442326; 438721, 2442329;
446348, 2441177; 438609, 2442314; 438392, 2442294; 438219, 2442244;
438238, 2442248; 438254, 2442248; 438305, 2442256; 438355, 2442265;
438523, 2442310; 438376, 2442278; 437745, 2441950; 438418, 2442311;
438433, 2442319; 438436, 2442321; 438453, 2442321; 438453, 2442321;
438460, 2442320; 438373, 2442277; 437363, 2443282; 437751, 2441981;
437981, 2443476; 437808, 2443397; 437928, 2443310; 437950, 2443233;
438143, 2443587; 437364, 2443298; 438183, 2443628; 437277, 2443228;
437144, 2443208; 437065, 2443211; 437060, 2443212; 436974, 2443182;
436997, 2443061; 437657, 2443231; 438835, 2443883; 439282, 2444110;
439268, 2444068; 439181, 2444032; 439094, 2444009; 439048, 2443913;
438208, 2443477; 438964, 2443837; 437226, 2442709; 438723, 2443923;
438608, 2443916; 438453, 2443825; 438438, 2443814; 438318, 2443723;
438201, 2443629; 439043, 2443859; 437697, 2441878; 437601, 2441867;
437602, 2441867; 437617, 2441866; 437635, 2441866; 437647, 2441866;
437052, 2442940; 437689, 2441877; 437522, 2441879; 437705, 2441878;
437711, 2441887; 437717, 2441899; 437736, 2441928; 437740, 2441938;
438821, 2442339; 437674, 2441875; 437294, 2442356; 437747, 2441961;
437088, 2442647; 437103, 2442643; 437156, 2442615; 437159, 2442579;
437120, 2442503; 437566, 2441876; 437174, 2442422; 437532, 2441880;
437425, 2442191; 437307, 2442101; 437476, 2442051; 437493, 2441868;
437495, 2441869; 437182, 2442830; 437105, 2442445; 448431, 2442766;
448447, 2442675; 448469, 2442871; 448462, 2442858; 448442, 2442821;
448437, 2442805; 448481, 2442894; 448432, 2442775; 448486, 2442910;
448428, 2442750; 448428, 2442738; 448432, 2442727; 448437, 2442711;
448443, 2442699; 448671, 2442369; 448435, 2442791; 448579, 2443112;
448582, 2443190; 448582, 2443172; 448582, 2443162; 448583, 2443151;
448585, 2443140; 448477, 2442887; 448585, 2443122; 448447, 2442663;
448562, 2443086; 448545, 2443051; 448529, 2443019; 448507, 2442976;
448498, 2442952; 448490, 2442930; 448586, 2443129; 448642, 2442440;
448447, 2442688; 448602, 2442477; 448615, 2442472; 448623, 2442466;
448634, 2442459; 448566, 2442503; 448640, 2442451; 448550, 2442513;
448642, 2442430; 448642, 2442419; 448643, 2442410; 448648, 2442399;
448657, 2442387; 447996, 2444312; 448637, 2442455; 448464, 2442531;
448443, 2442636; 448443, 2442627; 448440, 2442604; 448438, 2442565;
448441, 2442549; 448587, 2442486; 448455, 2442534; 448589, 2443224;
448474, 2442530; 448488, 2442531; 448505, 2442534; 448515, 2442533;
448530, 2442527; 448536, 2442523; 448449, 2442536; 448502, 2443743;
448586, 2443203; 448512, 2443792; 448512, 2443783; 448513, 2443779;
448513, 2443769; 448473, 2443878; 448504, 2443752; 448470, 2443888;
448504, 2443735; 448507, 2443727; 448522, 2443706; 448538, 2443682;
448546, 2443665; 448552, 2443643; 448509, 2443760; 447932, 2443750;
447925, 2444320; 447843, 2444325; 447864, 2444277; 447942, 2444178;
448003, 2444015; 448500, 2443823; 447967, 2443867; 448549, 2443613;
447904, 2443646; 447921, 2443582; 447949, 2443460; 447939, 2443412;
448458, 2443882; 448470, 2443889; 448008, 2443903; 448590, 2443306;
448578, 2443441; 448572, 2443417; 448576, 2443405; 448584, 2443388;
448590, 2443369; 448552, 2443630; 448593, 2443325; 448591, 2443484;
448591, 2443291; 448592, 2443277; 448592, 2443261; 448592, 2443254;
448591, 2443241; 448673, 2442365; 448595, 2443352; 448553, 2443539;
448587, 2443214; 448544, 2443601; 448533, 2443587; 448527, 2443576;
448523, 2443570; 448518, 2443559; 448585, 2443461; 448528, 2443546;
448588, 2443466; 448560, 2443535; 448569, 2443527; 448577, 2443516;
448582, 2443508; 448589, 2443493; 448551, 2443621; 448518, 2443552;
449003, 2441449; 448936, 2441403; 449064, 2441492; 449060, 2441481;
449053, 2441472; 449049, 2441471; 449066, 2441511; 449032, 2441461;
449061, 2441528; 448971, 2441443; 448964, 2441441; 448952, 2441427;
448948, 2441420; 448945, 2441411; 448665, 2442379; 449040, 2441466;
449012, 2441616; 448972, 2441689; 446228, 2441279; 448995, 2441668;
449000, 2441660; 449004, 2441650; 449065, 2441502; 449009, 2441625;
448930, 2441400; 449017, 2441611; 449030, 2441595; 449037, 2441588;
449043, 2441578; 449046, 2441569; 449050, 2441561; 449006, 2441639;
448967, 2441159; 448940, 2441404; 448926, 2441212; 448930, 2441194;
448933, 2441184; 448941, 2441177; 448940, 2441238; 448961, 2441163;
448944, 2441250; 448972, 2441150; 448973, 2441143; 448972, 2441136;
448971, 2441119; 448969, 2441116; 448964, 2441109; 448949, 2441170;
448928, 2441313; 448922, 2441392; 448918, 2441381; 448916, 2441369;
448917, 2441357; 448919, 2441341; 448934, 2441230; 448925, 2441322;
448933, 2441715; 448935, 2441302; 448944, 2441291; 448948, 2441281;
448948, 2441273; 448948, 2441264; 448946, 2441259; 448920, 2441333;
448677, 2442140; 441868, 2446401; 448673, 2442209; 448671, 2442202;
448674, 2442187; 448680, 2442169; 448684, 2442226; 448682, 2442148;
[[Page 19059]]
448692, 2442233; 448675, 2442123; 448677, 2442115; 448683, 2442101;
448694, 2442089; 448710, 2442077; 448718, 2442069; 448684, 2442157;
448722, 2442303; 448677, 2442356; 448682, 2442350; 448697, 2442342;
448711, 2442341; 448721, 2442331; 448678, 2442221; 448723, 2442309;
448736, 2442055; 448718, 2442295; 448712, 2442283; 448707, 2442267;
448706, 2442257; 448705, 2442250; 448699, 2442238; 448724, 2442320;
448915, 2441796; 448850, 2441844; 448877, 2441825; 448884, 2441820;
448890, 2441818; 448892, 2441817; 448723, 2442061; 448910, 2441807;
448820, 2441871; 448913, 2441774; 448914, 2441760; 448913, 2441753;
448915, 2441738; 448925, 2441722; 448957, 2441700; 448900, 2441814;
448787, 2441967; 448939, 2441710; 448746, 2442051; 448755, 2442041;
448764, 2442029; 448768, 2442019; 448773, 2442013; 448840, 2441852;
448781, 2441990; 448831, 2441859; 448789, 2441938; 448803, 2441914;
448813, 2441900; 448814, 2441894; 448817, 2441884; 448728, 2442058;
448777, 2442002; 440375, 2448361; 440198, 2448467; 440421, 2448239;
440415, 2448290; 440416, 2448314; 440411, 2448336; 440401, 2448191;
440391, 2448353; 440384, 2448138; 440350, 2448395; 440331, 2448411;
440307, 2448418; 440254, 2448428; 440237, 2448434; 439526, 2448944;
440402, 2448352; 440409, 2447991; 440377, 2447819; 440378, 2447845;
440384, 2447871; 440395, 2447896; 440436, 2447941; 440413, 2448216;
440426, 2447974; 440190, 2448485; 440343, 2448005; 440329, 2448016;
440325, 2448033; 440331, 2448061; 440341, 2448084; 440374, 2448123;
440435, 2447959; 439678, 2448950; 440218, 2448446; 439853, 2448941;
439830, 2448945; 439788, 2448929; 439761, 2448926; 439900, 2448928;
439697, 2448941; 439922, 2448928; 439656, 2448949; 439633, 2448940;
439611, 2448928; 439578, 2448906; 439553, 2448909; 439539, 2448922;
439733, 2448930; 440089, 2448747; 440179, 2448496; 440157, 2448511;
440136, 2448537; 440120, 2448633; 440125, 2448690; 439875, 2448932;
440112, 2448732; 440451, 2447620; 440073, 2448762; 440036, 2448815;
440000, 2448878; 439982, 2448899; 439961, 2448915; 439941, 2448924;
440121, 2448718; 441363, 2447030; 440383, 2447794; 441405, 2446869;
441402, 2446899; 441403, 2446972; 441399, 2446995; 441455, 2446804;
441373, 2447026; 441476, 2446797; 441317, 2447043; 441283, 2447083;
441268, 2447104; 441240, 2447171; 441231, 2447186; 441219, 2447195;
441398, 2446997; 441674, 2446682; 448141, 2444294; 448986, 2441677;
441864, 2446424; 441847, 2446451; 441836, 2446475; 441434, 2446820;
441829, 2446505; 441148, 2447188; 441648, 2446705; 441620, 2446723;
441584, 2446741; 441549, 2446752; 441532, 2446763; 441521, 2446777;
441829, 2446501; 440674, 2447485; 440710, 2447368; 440699, 2447389;
440693, 2447407; 440695, 2447430; 440703, 2447452; 441201, 2447195;
440693, 2447475; 440800, 2447339; 440599, 2447501; 440579, 2447511;
440540, 2447539; 440487, 2447571; 440468, 2447593; 440124, 2448663;
440703, 2447461; 440941, 2447230; 440413, 2447711; 441133, 2447183;
441113, 2447170; 441095, 2447154; 441083, 2447147; 441058, 2447153;
440722, 2447354; 440969, 2447210; 440740, 2447346; 440888, 2447250;
440873, 2447265; 440865, 2447286; 440858, 2447311; 440842, 2447328;
441172, 2447190; 441039, 2447168; 438599, 2451708; 438434, 2451069;
438440, 2451600; 438425, 2451652; 438429, 2451670; 438442, 2451682;
438419, 2451509; 438529, 2451692; 438410, 2451464; 438657, 2451738;
439516, 2448971; 438675, 2451766; 440125, 2448578; 438680, 2451858;
438715, 2451908; 438484, 2451690; 438467, 2451228; 438455, 2451089;
438463, 2451098; 438475, 2451113; 438484, 2451141; 438486, 2451163;
438435, 2451571; 438472, 2451209; 438888, 2452163; 438472, 2451261;
438481, 2451287; 438485, 2451346; 438478, 2451359; 438454, 2451380;
438422, 2451414; 438481, 2451188; 448609, 2443974; 438669, 2452384;
438605, 2452379; 438540, 2452374; 438510, 2452340; 438449, 2452330;
438761, 2452013; 438490, 2452605; 438816, 2452396; 448591, 2444072;
448566, 2444172; 448548, 2444233; 448510, 2444279; 448464, 2444284;
448299, 2444289; 438431, 2452414; 439138, 2452428; 438670, 2451754;
438936, 2452213; 438977, 2452232; 438979, 2452233; 439031, 2452285;
439037, 2452297; 438716, 2452393; 439083, 2452342; 438779, 2452391;
439171, 2452514; 439201, 2452565; 439114, 2452513; 438954, 2452430;
438851, 2452395; 438833, 2452090; 439061, 2452327; 439044, 2449631;
438944, 2449813; 439167, 2449414; 439146, 2449435; 439114, 2449463;
439102, 2449480; 439220, 2449318; 439065, 2449586; 439230, 2449287;
439037, 2449642; 439025, 2449671; 439016, 2449687; 438999, 2449702;
438974, 2449738; 438965, 2449767; 439076, 2449548; 439382, 2449107;
439508, 2448984; 439451, 2449000; 439437, 2449023; 438680, 2451783;
439433, 2449078; 439200, 2449362; 439399, 2449097; 439421, 2449088;
439361, 2449126; 439330, 2449145; 439307, 2449169; 439277, 2449220;
439260, 2449242; 439244, 2449261; 438425, 2451047; 438554, 2450559;
438737, 2450311; 438736, 2450325; 438731, 2450342; 438715, 2450373;
438690, 2450392; 438621, 2450415; 438732, 2450286; 438578, 2450438;
438501, 2450796; 438488, 2450686; 438472, 2450910; 438435, 2450985;
438427, 2450964; 438919, 2449853; 439437, 2449066; 438581, 2450423;
438816, 2450028; 438717, 2450241; 438894, 2449879; 438884, 2449918;
438904, 2449863; 438831, 2450010; 438850, 2449982; 438791, 2450036;
438765, 2450051; 438744, 2450081; 438730, 2450109; 438717, 2450158;
438716, 2450162; 438713, 2450206.
(ii) Map of Unit 4-Montane Wet for Akekee (Loxops caeruleirostris)
follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-S
[[Page 19060]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.018
[[Page 19061]]
(10) Unit 5-Montane Wet, Kauai County, Hawaii.
(i) Unit 5-Montane Wet consists of 789.9 ac (319.7 ha) and includes
land bounded by the following UTM Zone 4, NAD83 coordinates (E, N):
433436, 2449707; 433445, 2449707; 433444, 2449707; 433443, 2449707;
433458, 2449707; 433436, 2449707; 433426, 2449707; 433408, 2449708;
433429, 2449741; 433493, 2449765; 433633, 2449724; 433742, 2449724;
433467, 2449787; 433460, 2449707; 433468, 2449706; 433484, 2449694;
433414, 2449628; 433461, 2449623; 433457, 2449622; 433339, 2449600;
433440, 2449604; 433437, 2449592; 433426, 2449556; 433419, 2449599;
433831, 2449767; 434991, 2449344; 433401, 2449697; 433480, 2449629;
434938, 2449321; 433313, 2449484; 433455, 2449620; 434842, 2449253;
434839, 2449258; 434834, 2449277; 434833, 2449278; 434833, 2449278;
434833, 2449280; 434833, 2449281; 434872, 2449294; 434881, 2449297;
434884, 2449298; 435010, 2449343; 434899, 2449305; 433903, 2449882;
435011, 2449352; 435010, 2449343; 435005, 2449310; 434948, 2449300;
434908, 2449290; 434908, 2449290; 434890, 2449251; 434872, 2449246;
434848, 2449239; 434844, 2449248; 434034, 2449950; 434026, 2449951;
433969, 2449958; 434898, 2449304; 435183, 2449401; 434713, 2447038;
434738, 2447045; 434738, 2447030; 434795, 2447069; 434994, 2447085;
435093, 2447245; 435290, 2447449; 435295, 2447440; 435360, 2447538;
435282, 2448685; 435266, 2448909; 435236, 2449351; 434686, 2447020;
435232, 2449399; 435272, 2448835; 435080, 2449407; 434920, 2449394;
434752, 2449405; 434498, 2449522; 434338, 2449660; 434208, 2449767;
434141, 2449863; 434137, 2449869; 434124, 2449948; 434074, 2449972;
433461, 2449623; 433339, 2449381; 435234, 2449384; 433589, 2449323;
433725, 2448994; 433545, 2449136; 433389, 2449256; 433567, 2449260;
433588, 2449244; 433880, 2448827; 433612, 2449262; 433525, 2449415;
433567, 2449398; 433546, 2449412; 434627, 2447088; 433448, 2449426;
435236, 2449347; 433368, 2449293; 433599, 2449252; 434202, 2447345;
433367, 2449352; 434073, 2448685; 434357, 2447229; 434073, 2447500;
434086, 2447693; 434163, 2447783; 434254, 2447886; 434318, 2448182;
434318, 2448298; 434292, 2448479; 434279, 2447951; 434486, 2447126;
434228, 2448620.
(ii) Map of Unit 5-Montane Wet for Akekee (Loxops caeruleirostris)
follows:
[[Page 19062]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.019
[[Page 19063]]
(11) Unit 6-Montane Wet, Kauai County, Hawaii.
(i) Unit 6-Montane Wet consists of 413.5 ac (167.3 ha) and includes
land bounded by the following UTM Zone 4, NAD83 coordinates (E, N):
448516, 2447525; 447976, 2448470; 448042, 2448338; 448133, 2448200;
448235, 2448042; 448834, 2447273; 448288, 2447915; 448412, 2447653;
448669, 2447406; 447943, 2448562; 448763, 2447342; 448059, 2449434;
448321, 2447795; 447961, 2448628; 448037, 2448780; 448088, 2448897;
448122, 2449037; 448119, 2449134; 448056, 2449368; 448099, 2449454;
448242, 2449457; 448328, 2449449; 448440, 2449296; 448382, 2449406;
448887, 2447191; 448091, 2449266; 448610, 2449255; 448931, 2447092;
448511, 2449199; 448623, 2449141; 448641, 2449184; 448593, 2449298;
448613, 2449357; 448702, 2449395; 448812, 2449420; 448906, 2449440;
448959, 2449443; 448964, 2449425; 448952, 2449316; 448954, 2449143;
448881, 2447609; 448987, 2448959; 448980, 2446980; 448979, 2446983;
448577, 2449143; 448980, 2446982; 448981, 2446981; 449105, 2447827;
449087, 2447916; 449044, 2448132; 449032, 2448326; 449045, 2448506;
449040, 2448659; 449012, 2448822.
(ii) Map of Unit 6-Montane Wet for Akekee (Loxops caeruleirostris)
follows:
[[Page 19064]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.020
[[Page 19065]]
Akikiki (Oreomystis bairdi)
(1) Critical habitat units are depicted for Kauai County, Hawaii,
on the map below.
(2) Primary constituent elements.
(i) In units 1, 2, and 3, the primary constituent elements of
critical habitat for Akikiki (Oreomystis bairdi) are:
(A) Elevation: 3,000 to 5,243 ft (914 to 1,598 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 inches (127 to 190 centimeters).
(C) Substrate: Weathered aa lava flows, rocky mucks, thin silty
loams, deep volcanic ash soils.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Metrosideros, Psychotria, Tetraplasandra,
Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Cheirodendron, Coprosma, Kadua, Ilex, Myoporum,
Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Dryopteris, Leptecophylla, Poa, Scaevola,
Sophora.
(G) Arthropod prey.
(ii) In units 4, 5, and 6, the primary constituent elements of
critical habitat for Akikiki (Oreomystis bairdi) are:
(A) Elevation: 3,000 to 5,243 ft (914 to 1,598 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(G) Arthropod prey.
(3) Manmade features and structures, such as buildings, roads,
railroads, airports, runways, other paved areas, lawns, and other urban
landscaped areas, existing on the effective date of this rule do not
contain one or more of the primary constituent elements.
(4) Critical habitat maps. Maps were created in GIS, with
coordinates in UTM Zone 4, units in meters using North American datum
of 1983 (NAD 83).
(5) Index map of critical habitat units for Akikiki (Oreomystis
bairdi) follows:
[[Page 19066]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.021
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C
[[Page 19067]]
(6) Unit 1-Montane Mesic, Kauai County, Hawaii.
(i) Unit 1-Montane Mesic consists of 2,422.6 ac (980.4 ha) and
includes land bounded by the following UTM Zone 4, NAD 83 coordinates
(E,N): 430107, 2447429; 430242, 2447664; 430073, 2447126; 430793,
2448310; 430124, 2446907; 430393, 2447748; 430690, 2447765; 430671,
2447997; 430764, 2448188; 430886, 2448507; 430903, 2448664; 430985,
2448705; 431560, 2448675; 431414, 2448890; 430291, 2446570; 431058,
2446300; 431200, 2449070; 431362, 2449169; 431171, 2448699; 430854,
2445930; 432530, 2450196; 431391, 2449273; 431323, 2447013; 431211,
2446394; 431101, 2446447; 431112, 2446394; 431069, 2446331; 431007,
2446203; 430944, 2446145; 430902, 2445976; 430191, 2446386; 430826,
2445805; 430857, 2445727; 430824, 2445631; 430442, 2445640; 430323,
2445779; 430204, 2445809; 430191, 2445898; 429898, 2446100; 429871,
2446234; 430939, 2446061; 432796, 2450365; 432504, 2449961; 432579,
2450036; 432552, 2450080; 432551, 2450083; 432001, 2447726; 432534,
2450174; 431629, 2448739; 432565, 2450262; 432531, 2450116; 432740,
2450249; 432441, 2449848; 432808, 2450383; 432882, 2450351; 432904,
2450341; 432827, 2447751; 432932, 2447668; 433014, 2447717; 433109,
2447775; 433094, 2447922; 432560, 2450267; 431875, 2449780; 431322,
2449418; 431403, 2449436; 431727, 2449372; 431769, 2449447; 431705,
2449569; 431720, 2449620; 431805, 2449591; 431919, 2449578; 432498,
2449952; 431904, 2449665; 432486, 2449909; 432046, 2449781; 432052,
2449783; 432113, 2449740; 432217, 2449712; 432251, 2449685; 432259,
2449679; 432344, 2449744; 432419, 2449806; 431322, 2449372; 431905,
2449660; 434486, 2447126; 434073, 2448685; 434228, 2448620; 434292,
2448479; 434318, 2448298; 434279, 2447951; 434163, 2447783; 434086,
2447693; 434073, 2447500; 434623, 2446526; 434357, 2447229; 433545,
2449136; 434627, 2447088; 434686, 2447020; 434682, 2447017; 434657,
2446977; 434652, 2446933; 434612, 2446807; 434641, 2446663; 434631,
2446528; 434202, 2447345; 433399, 2449709; 431205, 2448983; 432073,
2447674; 433046, 2450280; 433196, 2450196; 433287, 2450063; 433353,
2449880; 433467, 2449787; 433429, 2449741; 433880, 2448827; 433407,
2449708; 433725, 2448994; 433401, 2449697; 433339, 2449600; 433313,
2449484; 433339, 2449381; 433368, 2449293; 433368, 2449292; 433369,
2449255; 433389, 2449256; 434254, 2447886; 433408, 2449708; 433527,
2447856; 434086, 2446095; 433862, 2446165; 433606, 2446193; 433449,
2446235; 433397, 2446440; 433257, 2446958; 433577, 2447086; 433706,
2447138; 434090, 2446098; 433562, 2447841; 432639, 2447624; 432918,
2447407; 432672, 2447598; 434620, 2446512; 432609, 2447647; 434318,
2448182; 432195, 2447587; 432136, 2447629; 432133, 2447631; 432081,
2447668; 433746, 2447766; 434500, 2446448; 432320, 2447497; 434103,
2446297; 434618, 2446459; 434582, 2446443; 434558, 2446439; 434514,
2446449; 434471, 2446422; 434457, 2446416; 434447, 2446420; 434392,
2446421; 434423, 2446441; 434416, 2446441; 434625, 2446467; 434201,
2446573; 434403, 2446435; 434628, 2446479; 434400, 2446429; 434434,
2446428; 434386, 2446429; 434533, 2446441.
(ii) Map of Unit 1-Montane Mesic for Akikiki (Oreomystis bairdi)
follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-S
[[Page 19068]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.022
[[Page 19069]]
(7) Unit 2-Montane Mesic, Kauai County, Hawaii.
(i) Unit 2-Montane Mesic consists of 375.6 ac (152.0 ha) and
includes land bounded by the following UTM Zone 4, NAD 83 coordinates
(E, N): 431975, 2446280; 432559, 2446255; 432659, 2446240; 432948,
2446150; 433067, 2445928; 432758, 2445304; 432001, 2445941; 431873,
2444849; 432912, 2445580; 432674, 2444970; 431626, 2445435; 431730,
2445114; 431950, 2444792; 432135, 2444807; 432377, 2444722; 432548,
2444752; 431645, 2445326; 431736, 2445617.
(ii) Map of Unit 2-Montane Mesic for Akikiki (Oreomystis bairdi)
follows:
[[Page 19070]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.023
[[Page 19071]]
(8) Unit 3-Montane Mesic, Kauai County, Hawaii.
(i) Unit 3-Montane Mesic consists of 138.5 ac (56.0 ha) and
includes land bounded by the following UTM Zone 4, NAD 83 coordinates
(E, N): 438012, 2440389; 438014, 2440437; 438023, 2440484; 438111,
2440652; 438112, 2440588; 437817, 2440071; 438028, 2440577; 437922,
2440355; 437336, 2440335; 437912, 2440201; 437827, 2440132; 437785,
2440013; 437687, 2439960; 437636, 2439819; 437870, 2440140; 437545,
2439761; 438149, 2440714; 437529, 2439721; 437987, 2441027; 437450,
2440047; 437335, 2440180; 437335, 2440329; 438159, 2440914; 438249,
2440857; 438253, 2440854; 438243, 2440830; 438287, 2440738; 437602,
2440771; 438227, 2440730; 437586, 2439743.
(ii) Map of Unit 3-Montane Mesic for Akikiki (Oreomystis bairdi)
follows:
[[Page 19072]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.024
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C
[[Page 19073]]
(9) Unit 4-Montane Wet, Kauai County, Hawaii.
(i) Unit 4-Montane Wet consists of 13,055.0 ac (5,283.2 ha) and
includes land bounded by the following UTM Zone 4, NAD 83 coordinates
(E, N): 448638, 2440764; 448601, 2440679; 448606, 2440704; 448612,
2440722; 448615, 2440731; 448619, 2440740; 448630, 2440759; 448650,
2440769; 448600, 2440668; 448622, 2440749; 448599, 2440647; 448601,
2440652; 448678, 2440741; 448777, 2440842; 448663, 2440773; 449006,
2441012; 448764, 2440857; 449068, 2441051; 449121, 2441114; 449121,
2441114; 448887, 2440934; 448811, 2440896; 448954, 2441097; 448943,
2441063; 448943, 2441053; 448943, 2441044; 448941, 2441024; 448940,
2441006; 448918, 2440982; 448877, 2440939; 448861, 2440927; 448735,
2440829; 448837, 2440912; 448678, 2440780; 448802, 2440889; 448788,
2440878; 449115, 2442038; 448745, 2440841; 449111, 2441196; 448727,
2440820; 448720, 2440813; 448711, 2440806; 448691, 2440790; 448841,
2440914; 447374, 2443275; 449244, 2441819; 447623, 2443445; 447616,
2443588; 447603, 2443646; 447556, 2443686; 447325, 2443651; 447295,
2443639; 447247, 2443586; 448634, 2443800; 447287, 2443339; 448657,
2443629; 447481, 2443262; 447636, 2443160; 447645, 2443143; 447645,
2443146; 447894, 2443371; 447865, 2443358; 447712, 2443351; 447631,
2443389; 448948, 2441084; 447249, 2443451; 448917, 2442504; 449106,
2441435; 449173, 2441529; 449201, 2441638; 449249, 2441697; 449275,
2441773; 449148, 2441893; 449090, 2442135; 449064, 2442221; 448614,
2443950; 448983, 2442384; 449078, 2441297; 448880, 2442563; 448861,
2442593; 448805, 2442677; 448765, 2442787; 448696, 2442955; 448653,
2443075; 448651, 2443187; 448674, 2443301; 448669, 2443477; 449024,
2442290; 444824, 2443350; 444161, 2444181; 445808, 2442898; 445681,
2442977; 445559, 2443010; 445437, 2443077; 446100, 2442628; 445045,
2443240; 446256, 2442602; 444659, 2443447; 444532, 2443516; 444456,
2443572; 444423, 2443638; 444334, 2443811; 446499, 2441271; 445254,
2443156; 446686, 2441764; 441856, 2446328; 446673, 2441408; 446651,
2441424; 446641, 2441436; 446587, 2441501; 445966, 2442725; 446640,
2441627; 444075, 2444349; 446694, 2442007; 446591, 2442195; 446650,
2442430; 446675, 2442432; 446482, 2442513; 446373, 2442574; 446587,
2441543; 443497, 2444548; 444237, 2444013; 443579, 2444514; 443571,
2444521; 443557, 2444532; 443553, 2444537; 443610, 2444483; 443516,
2444546; 443617, 2444477; 443483, 2444551; 443478, 2444555; 443464,
2444570; 443459, 2444579; 443452, 2444591; 443447, 2444608; 443534,
2444543; 443722, 2444464; 444016, 2444444; 443984, 2444419; 443985,
2444416; 443769, 2444440; 443760, 2444446; 443598, 2444493; 443732,
2444458; 446375, 2441172; 443703, 2444469; 443685, 2444463; 443677,
2444459; 443666, 2444456; 443647, 2444460; 443628, 2444469; 443740,
2444454; 441656, 2441573; 442568, 2441274; 440114, 2440528; 440464,
2440832; 440528, 2440844; 440586, 2440905; 440110, 2440524; 441650,
2441573; 440014, 2440441; 441659, 2441579; 441727, 2441586; 441774,
2441575; 441900, 2441576; 441968, 2441515; 446610, 2441349; 441637,
2441552; 439096, 2441847; 438866, 2442347; 438934, 2442351; 438960,
2442270; 438967, 2442246; 438976, 2442220; 440113, 2440527; 439088,
2441871; 442723, 2441295; 439491, 2440617; 439551, 2440431; 439556,
2440414; 439832, 2440430; 439931, 2440426; 440002, 2440430; 439037,
2442031; 445551, 2441162; 442287, 2441225; 445235, 2441328; 445344,
2441376; 445380, 2441414; 445392, 2441392; 444560, 2441032; 445510,
2441194; 444480, 2440997; 445886, 2441308; 446122, 2441415; 446214,
2441291; 448944, 2441075; 446300, 2441227; 446357, 2441185; 445395,
2441389; 443889, 2441172; 442843, 2441314; 442924, 2441340; 442982,
2441350; 442977, 2441356; 443016, 2441342; 445124, 2441205; 443707,
2441132; 443440, 2444655; 444062, 2441230; 444083, 2441215; 444109,
2441224; 444113, 2441221; 444124, 2441223; 444455, 2440990; 443023,
2441344; 442711, 2445664; 442430, 2445827; 442668, 2445560; 442666,
2445576; 442668, 2445590; 442674, 2445604; 442672, 2445510; 442713,
2445661; 442668, 2445494; 442501, 2445803; 442492, 2445803; 442467,
2445799; 442448, 2445805; 442444, 2445807; 443444, 2444627; 442710,
2445647; 442709, 2445399; 442804, 2445357; 442798, 2445359; 442785,
2445364; 442765, 2445370; 442747, 2445377; 442673, 2445515; 442727,
2445386; 442430, 2445830; 442694, 2445414; 442689, 2445419; 442682,
2445433; 442675, 2445453; 442671, 2445471; 442667, 2445490; 442743,
2445378; 441897, 2446273; 442435, 2445813; 442019, 2446165; 442005,
2446171; 441982, 2446194; 441963, 2446219; 442059, 2446159; 441929,
2446268; 442071, 2446146; 441879, 2446263; 441852, 2446219; 441838,
2446221; 441834, 2446230; 441848, 2446265; 441855, 2446295; 441943,
2446256; 442202, 2445986; 442428, 2445851; 442381, 2445882; 442372,
2445885; 442317, 2445917; 442301, 2445924; 442039, 2446165; 442261,
2445949; 442858, 2445342; 442175, 2445995; 442100, 2446007; 442082,
2446029; 442072, 2446052; 442067, 2446082; 442073, 2446121; 442273,
2445945; 443240, 2444927; 442821, 2445353; 443294, 2444870; 443290,
2444876; 443281, 2444890; 443271, 2444898; 443307, 2444833; 443252,
2444914; 443309, 2444829; 443234, 2444932; 443215, 2444938; 443196,
2444944; 443193, 2444946; 443177, 2444962; 443175, 2444965; 443260,
2444907; 443352, 2444721; 438757, 2442331; 443435, 2444664; 443423,
2444686; 443403, 2444695; 443385, 2444699; 443301, 2444851; 443366,
2444706; 443156, 2445003; 443346, 2444728; 443341, 2444740; 443333,
2444758; 443327, 2444778; 443320, 2444796; 443313, 2444815; 443373,
2444702; 442952, 2445303; 443029, 2445263; 443009, 2445266; 443006,
2445268; 442990, 2445276; 442981, 2445284; 443163, 2444984; 442956,
2445301; 443068, 2445227; 442934, 2445314; 442915, 2445323; 442898,
2445330; 442877, 2445336; 442862, 2445341; 443443, 2444647; 442972,
2445292; 443122, 2445132; 442842, 2445347; 443153, 2445020; 443153,
2445040; 443152, 2445059; 443150, 2445078; 443144, 2445096; 443047,
2445260; 443135, 2445115; 443065, 2445247; 443103, 2445152; 443083,
2445171; 443066, 2445190; 443066, 2445209; 443067, 2445215; 443158,
2444995; 443140, 2445105; 440025, 2445056; 439668, 2444981; 440214,
2445151; 440216, 2445150; 440347, 2445106; 440289, 2445097; 440078,
2445204; 440124, 2445056; 439994, 2445245; 439910, 2445087; 439796,
2445123; 439719, 2445133; 439696, 2445110; 439681, 2445072; 439364,
2444192; 440216, 2445076; 439480, 2445095; 438927, 2444790; 438982,
2444746; 439037, 2444786; 439157, 2444829; 439238, 2444846; 440165,
2445166; 439434, 2444999; 439643, 2444902; 439484, 2445120; 439501,
2445220; 439598, 2445317; 439699, 2445360; 439794, 2445352; 439883,
2445309; 439360, 2444907; 439945, 2444540; 439673, 2445011; 439890,
2444912; 439948, 2444922; 439994, 2444883; 440052, 2444784; 439859,
2444782; 439996, 2444642; 439859, 2444723; 439876, 2444423; 439825,
2444344; 439759, 2444342; 439685, 2444334; 439583, 2444266; 438838,
2442340; 440032, 2444731; 439254, 2444472; 439571, 2444823; 439485,
2444800;
[[Page 19074]]
439386, 2444762; 439258, 2444658; 439172, 2444564; 439864, 2444845;
439156, 2444527; 438580, 2444854; 439413, 2444371; 439522, 2444418;
439617, 2444459; 439747, 2444522; 439800, 2444594; 439843, 2444655;
439145, 2444538; 435698, 2452376; 438807, 2444845; 436003, 2452334;
435955, 2452326; 435902, 2452378; 435838, 2452443; 436579, 2452559;
435719, 2452378; 436804, 2452559; 435477, 2452358; 435478, 2452345;
435479, 2452304; 435517, 2452192; 435519, 2452190; 435540, 2452168;
435810, 2452427; 438006, 2453313; 438476, 2452702; 438465, 2452788;
438430, 2452817; 438386, 2452854; 438269, 2452930; 436189, 2452365;
438110, 2453148; 435895, 2451700; 437935, 2453510; 437933, 2453512;
437797, 2453318; 437592, 2453026; 437202, 2452948; 437201, 2452932;
438116, 2453088; 438263, 2444805; 436811, 2449026; 437237, 2447714;
437230, 2447713; 437248, 2447657; 437232, 2447645; 435631, 2452072;
438179, 2444732; 436566, 2449559; 438343, 2444896; 438406, 2444952;
438475, 2444955; 438523, 2444886; 438536, 2444858; 439298, 2444154;
438168, 2444734; 436235, 2450550; 438677, 2444833; 435961, 2451591;
436027, 2451466; 436103, 2451262; 436162, 2451016; 436212, 2450766;
436739, 2449180; 436234, 2450558; 436706, 2449252; 436250, 2450410;
436234, 2450237; 436386, 2449952; 436472, 2449769; 436566, 2449560;
435779, 2451881; 436230, 2450590; 438030, 2442243; 438130, 2442234;
437996, 2442188; 437998, 2442202; 437998, 2442205; 437999, 2442211;
437973, 2442147; 438012, 2442229; 437954, 2442136; 438049, 2442246;
438065, 2442246; 438088, 2442240; 438095, 2442238; 438098, 2442237;
439456, 2444205; 438000, 2442216; 437826, 2442106; 437754, 2441991;
437758, 2441998; 437766, 2442017; 437777, 2442052; 437791, 2442074;
437984, 2442167; 437806, 2442092; 438157, 2442234; 437839, 2442110;
437873, 2442121; 437887, 2442121; 437912, 2442123; 437926, 2442125;
437939, 2442128; 437799, 2442084; 438656, 2442321; 438114, 2442232;
438535, 2442314; 438536, 2442314; 438561, 2442316; 438577, 2442315;
438517, 2442310; 438626, 2442315; 438496, 2442310; 438668, 2442322;
438679, 2442324; 438694, 2442327; 438704, 2442326; 438721, 2442329;
446348, 2441177; 438609, 2442314; 438392, 2442294; 438219, 2442244;
438238, 2442248; 438254, 2442248; 438305, 2442256; 438355, 2442265;
438523, 2442310; 438376, 2442278; 437745, 2441950; 438418, 2442311;
438433, 2442319; 438436, 2442321; 438453, 2442321; 438453, 2442321;
438460, 2442320; 438373, 2442277; 437363, 2443282; 437751, 2441981;
437981, 2443476; 437808, 2443397; 437928, 2443310; 437950, 2443233;
438143, 2443587; 437364, 2443298; 438183, 2443628; 437277, 2443228;
437144, 2443208; 437065, 2443211; 437060, 2443212; 436974, 2443182;
436997, 2443061; 437657, 2443231; 438835, 2443883; 439282, 2444110;
439268, 2444068; 439181, 2444032; 439094, 2444009; 439048, 2443913;
438208, 2443477; 438964, 2443837; 437226, 2442709; 438723, 2443923;
438608, 2443916; 438453, 2443825; 438438, 2443814; 438318, 2443723;
438201, 2443629; 439043, 2443859; 437697, 2441878; 437601, 2441867;
437602, 2441867; 437617, 2441866; 437635, 2441866; 437647, 2441866;
437052, 2442940; 437689, 2441877; 437522, 2441879; 437705, 2441878;
437711, 2441887; 437717, 2441899; 437736, 2441928; 437740, 2441938;
438821, 2442339; 437674, 2441875; 437294, 2442356; 437747, 2441961;
437088, 2442647; 437103, 2442643; 437156, 2442615; 437159, 2442579;
437120, 2442503; 437566, 2441876; 437174, 2442422; 437532, 2441880;
437425, 2442191; 437307, 2442101; 437476, 2442051; 437493, 2441868;
437495, 2441869; 437182, 2442830; 437105, 2442445; 448431, 2442766;
448447, 2442675; 448469, 2442871; 448462, 2442858; 448442, 2442821;
448437, 2442805; 448481, 2442894; 448432, 2442775; 448486, 2442910;
448428, 2442750; 448428, 2442738; 448432, 2442727; 448437, 2442711;
448443, 2442699; 448671, 2442369; 448435, 2442791; 448579, 2443112;
448582, 2443190; 448582, 2443172; 448582, 2443162; 448583, 2443151;
448585, 2443140; 448477, 2442887; 448585, 2443122; 448447, 2442663;
448562, 2443086; 448545, 2443051; 448529, 2443019; 448507, 2442976;
448498, 2442952; 448490, 2442930; 448586, 2443129; 448642, 2442440;
448447, 2442688; 448602, 2442477; 448615, 2442472; 448623, 2442466;
448634, 2442459; 448566, 2442503; 448640, 2442451; 448550, 2442513;
448642, 2442430; 448642, 2442419; 448643, 2442410; 448648, 2442399;
448657, 2442387; 447996, 2444312; 448637, 2442455; 448464, 2442531;
448443, 2442636; 448443, 2442627; 448440, 2442604; 448438, 2442565;
448441, 2442549; 448587, 2442486; 448455, 2442534; 448589, 2443224;
448474, 2442530; 448488, 2442531; 448505, 2442534; 448515, 2442533;
448530, 2442527; 448536, 2442523; 448449, 2442536; 448502, 2443743;
448586, 2443203; 448512, 2443792; 448512, 2443783; 448513, 2443779;
448513, 2443769; 448473, 2443878; 448504, 2443752; 448470, 2443888;
448504, 2443735; 448507, 2443727; 448522, 2443706; 448538, 2443682;
448546, 2443665; 448552, 2443643; 448509, 2443760; 447932, 2443750;
447925, 2444320; 447843, 2444325; 447864, 2444277; 447942, 2444178;
448003, 2444015; 448500, 2443823; 447967, 2443867; 448549, 2443613;
447904, 2443646; 447921, 2443582; 447949, 2443460; 447939, 2443412;
448458, 2443882; 448470, 2443889; 448008, 2443903; 448590, 2443306;
448578, 2443441; 448572, 2443417; 448576, 2443405; 448584, 2443388;
448590, 2443369; 448552, 2443630; 448593, 2443325; 448591, 2443484;
448591, 2443291; 448592, 2443277; 448592, 2443261; 448592, 2443254;
448591, 2443241; 448673, 2442365; 448595, 2443352; 448553, 2443539;
448587, 2443214; 448544, 2443601; 448533, 2443587; 448527, 2443576;
448523, 2443570; 448518, 2443559; 448585, 2443461; 448528, 2443546;
448588, 2443466; 448560, 2443535; 448569, 2443527; 448577, 2443516;
448582, 2443508; 448589, 2443493; 448551, 2443621; 448518, 2443552;
449003, 2441449; 448936, 2441403; 449064, 2441492; 449060, 2441481;
449053, 2441472; 449049, 2441471; 449066, 2441511; 449032, 2441461;
449061, 2441528; 448971, 2441443; 448964, 2441441; 448952, 2441427;
448948, 2441420; 448945, 2441411; 448665, 2442379; 449040, 2441466;
449012, 2441616; 448972, 2441689; 446228, 2441279; 448995, 2441668;
449000, 2441660; 449004, 2441650; 449065, 2441502; 449009, 2441625;
448930, 2441400; 449017, 2441611; 449030, 2441595; 449037, 2441588;
449043, 2441578; 449046, 2441569; 449050, 2441561; 449006, 2441639;
448967, 2441159; 448940, 2441404; 448926, 2441212; 448930, 2441194;
448933, 2441184; 448941, 2441177; 448940, 2441238; 448961, 2441163;
448944, 2441250; 448972, 2441150; 448973, 2441143; 448972, 2441136;
448971, 2441119; 448969, 2441116; 448964, 2441109; 448949, 2441170;
448928, 2441313; 448922, 2441392; 448918, 2441381; 448916, 2441369;
448917, 2441357; 448919, 2441341; 448934, 2441230; 448925, 2441322;
448933, 2441715; 448935, 2441302; 448944, 2441291; 448948, 2441281;
448948, 2441273; 448948, 2441264; 448946, 2441259; 448920, 2441333;
448677, 2442140; 441868, 2446401; 448673, 2442209; 448671, 2442202;
448674, 2442187; 448680, 2442169; 448684, 2442226; 448682, 2442148;
[[Page 19075]]
448692, 2442233; 448675, 2442123; 448677, 2442115; 448683, 2442101;
448694, 2442089; 448710, 2442077; 448718, 2442069; 448684, 2442157;
448722, 2442303; 448677, 2442356; 448682, 2442350; 448697, 2442342;
448711, 2442341; 448721, 2442331; 448678, 2442221; 448723, 2442309;
448736, 2442055; 448718, 2442295; 448712, 2442283; 448707, 2442267;
448706, 2442257; 448705, 2442250; 448699, 2442238; 448724, 2442320;
448915, 2441796; 448850, 2441844; 448877, 2441825; 448884, 2441820;
448890, 2441818; 448892, 2441817; 448723, 2442061; 448910, 2441807;
448820, 2441871; 448913, 2441774; 448914, 2441760; 448913, 2441753;
448915, 2441738; 448925, 2441722; 448957, 2441700; 448900, 2441814;
448787, 2441967; 448939, 2441710; 448746, 2442051; 448755, 2442041;
448764, 2442029; 448768, 2442019; 448773, 2442013; 448840, 2441852;
448781, 2441990; 448831, 2441859; 448789, 2441938; 448803, 2441914;
448813, 2441900; 448814, 2441894; 448817, 2441884; 448728, 2442058;
448777, 2442002; 440375, 2448361; 440198, 2448467; 440421, 2448239;
440415, 2448290; 440416, 2448314; 440411, 2448336; 440401, 2448191;
440391, 2448353; 440384, 2448138; 440350, 2448395; 440331, 2448411;
440307, 2448418; 440254, 2448428; 440237, 2448434; 439526, 2448944;
440402, 2448352; 440409, 2447991; 440377, 2447819; 440378, 2447845;
440384, 2447871; 440395, 2447896; 440436, 2447941; 440413, 2448216;
440426, 2447974; 440190, 2448485; 440343, 2448005; 440329, 2448016;
440325, 2448033; 440331, 2448061; 440341, 2448084; 440374, 2448123;
440435, 2447959; 439678, 2448950; 440218, 2448446; 439853, 2448941;
439830, 2448945; 439788, 2448929; 439761, 2448926; 439900, 2448928;
439697, 2448941; 439922, 2448928; 439656, 2448949; 439633, 2448940;
439611, 2448928; 439578, 2448906; 439553, 2448909; 439539, 2448922;
439733, 2448930; 440089, 2448747; 440179, 2448496; 440157, 2448511;
440136, 2448537; 440120, 2448633; 440125, 2448690; 439875, 2448932;
440112, 2448732; 440451, 2447620; 440073, 2448762; 440036, 2448815;
440000, 2448878; 439982, 2448899; 439961, 2448915; 439941, 2448924;
440121, 2448718; 441363, 2447030; 440383, 2447794; 441405, 2446869;
441402, 2446899; 441403, 2446972; 441399, 2446995; 441455, 2446804;
441373, 2447026; 441476, 2446797; 441317, 2447043; 441283, 2447083;
441268, 2447104; 441240, 2447171; 441231, 2447186; 441219, 2447195;
441398, 2446997; 441674, 2446682; 448141, 2444294; 448986, 2441677;
441864, 2446424; 441847, 2446451; 441836, 2446475; 441434, 2446820;
441829, 2446505; 441148, 2447188; 441648, 2446705; 441620, 2446723;
441584, 2446741; 441549, 2446752; 441532, 2446763; 441521, 2446777;
441829, 2446501; 440674, 2447485; 440710, 2447368; 440699, 2447389;
440693, 2447407; 440695, 2447430; 440703, 2447452; 441201, 2447195;
440693, 2447475; 440800, 2447339; 440599, 2447501; 440579, 2447511;
440540, 2447539; 440487, 2447571; 440468, 2447593; 440124, 2448663;
440703, 2447461; 440941, 2447230; 440413, 2447711; 441133, 2447183;
441113, 2447170; 441095, 2447154; 441083, 2447147; 441058, 2447153;
440722, 2447354; 440969, 2447210; 440740, 2447346; 440888, 2447250;
440873, 2447265; 440865, 2447286; 440858, 2447311; 440842, 2447328;
441172, 2447190; 441039, 2447168; 438599, 2451708; 438434, 2451069;
438440, 2451600; 438425, 2451652; 438429, 2451670; 438442, 2451682;
438419, 2451509; 438529, 2451692; 438410, 2451464; 438657, 2451738;
439516, 2448971; 438675, 2451766; 440125, 2448578; 438680, 2451858;
438715, 2451908; 438484, 2451690; 438467, 2451228; 438455, 2451089;
438463, 2451098; 438475, 2451113; 438484, 2451141; 438486, 2451163;
438435, 2451571; 438472, 2451209; 438888, 2452163; 438472, 2451261;
438481, 2451287; 438485, 2451346; 438478, 2451359; 438454, 2451380;
438422, 2451414; 438481, 2451188; 448609, 2443974; 438669, 2452384;
438605, 2452379; 438540, 2452374; 438510, 2452340; 438449, 2452330;
438761, 2452013; 438490, 2452605; 438816, 2452396; 448591, 2444072;
448566, 2444172; 448548, 2444233; 448510, 2444279; 448464, 2444284;
448299, 2444289; 438431, 2452414; 439138, 2452428; 438670, 2451754;
438936, 2452213; 438977, 2452232; 438979, 2452233; 439031, 2452285;
439037, 2452297; 438716, 2452393; 439083, 2452342; 438779, 2452391;
439171, 2452514; 439201, 2452565; 439114, 2452513; 438954, 2452430;
438851, 2452395; 438833, 2452090; 439061, 2452327; 439044, 2449631;
438944, 2449813; 439167, 2449414; 439146, 2449435; 439114, 2449463;
439102, 2449480; 439220, 2449318; 439065, 2449586; 439230, 2449287;
439037, 2449642; 439025, 2449671; 439016, 2449687; 438999, 2449702;
438974, 2449738; 438965, 2449767; 439076, 2449548; 439382, 2449107;
439508, 2448984; 439451, 2449000; 439437, 2449023; 438680, 2451783;
439433, 2449078; 439200, 2449362; 439399, 2449097; 439421, 2449088;
439361, 2449126; 439330, 2449145; 439307, 2449169; 439277, 2449220;
439260, 2449242; 439244, 2449261; 438425, 2451047; 438554, 2450559;
438737, 2450311; 438736, 2450325; 438731, 2450342; 438715, 2450373;
438690, 2450392; 438621, 2450415; 438732, 2450286; 438578, 2450438;
438501, 2450796; 438488, 2450686; 438472, 2450910; 438435, 2450985;
438427, 2450964; 438919, 2449853; 439437, 2449066; 438581, 2450423;
438816, 2450028; 438717, 2450241; 438894, 2449879; 438884, 2449918;
438904, 2449863; 438831, 2450010; 438850, 2449982; 438791, 2450036;
438765, 2450051; 438744, 2450081; 438730, 2450109; 438717, 2450158;
438716, 2450162; 438713, 2450206.
(ii) Map of Unit 4-Montane Wet for Akikiki (Oreomystis bairdi)
follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-S
[[Page 19076]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.025
[[Page 19077]]
(10) Unit 5-Montane Wet, Kauai County, Hawaii.
(i) Unit 5-Montane Wet consists of 789.9 ac (319.7 ha) and includes
land bounded by the following UTM Zone 4, NAD 83 coordinates (E, N):
433436, 2449707; 433445, 2449707; 433444, 2449707; 433443, 2449707;
433458, 2449707; 433436, 2449707; 433426, 2449707; 433408, 2449708;
433429, 2449741; 433493, 2449765; 433633, 2449724; 433742, 2449724;
433467, 2449787; 433460, 2449707; 433468, 2449706; 433484, 2449694;
433414, 2449628; 433461, 2449623; 433457, 2449622; 433339, 2449600;
433440, 2449604; 433437, 2449592; 433426, 2449556; 433419, 2449599;
433831, 2449767; 434991, 2449344; 433401, 2449697; 433480, 2449629;
434938, 2449321; 433313, 2449484; 433455, 2449620; 434842, 2449253;
434839, 2449258; 434834, 2449277; 434833, 2449278; 434833, 2449278;
434833, 2449280; 434833, 2449281; 434872, 2449294; 434881, 2449297;
434884, 2449298; 435010, 2449343; 434899, 2449305; 433903, 2449882;
435011, 2449352; 435010, 2449343; 435005, 2449310; 434948, 2449300;
434908, 2449290; 434908, 2449290; 434890, 2449251; 434872, 2449246;
434848, 2449239; 434844, 2449248; 434034, 2449950; 434026, 2449951;
433969, 2449958; 434898, 2449304; 435183, 2449401; 434713, 2447038;
434738, 2447045; 434738, 2447030; 434795, 2447069; 434994, 2447085;
435093, 2447245; 435290, 2447449; 435295, 2447440; 435360, 2447538;
435282, 2448685; 435266, 2448909; 435236, 2449351; 434686, 2447020;
435232, 2449399; 435272, 2448835; 435080, 2449407; 434920, 2449394;
434752, 2449405; 434498, 2449522; 434338, 2449660; 434208, 2449767;
434141, 2449863; 434137, 2449869; 434124, 2449948; 434074, 2449972;
433461, 2449623; 433339, 2449381; 435234, 2449384; 433589, 2449323;
433725, 2448994; 433545, 2449136; 433389, 2449256; 433567, 2449260;
433588, 2449244; 433880, 2448827; 433612, 2449262; 433525, 2449415;
433567, 2449398; 433546, 2449412; 434627, 2447088; 433448, 2449426;
435236, 2449347; 433368, 2449293; 433599, 2449252; 434202, 2447345;
433367, 2449352; 434073, 2448685; 434357, 2447229; 434073, 2447500;
434086, 2447693; 434163, 2447783; 434254, 2447886; 434318, 2448182;
434318, 2448298; 434292, 2448479; 434279, 2447951; 434486, 2447126;
434228, 2448620.
(ii) Map of Unit 5-Montane Wet for Akikiki (Oreomystis bairdi)
follows:
[[Page 19078]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.026
[[Page 19079]]
(11) Unit 6-Montane Wet, Kauai County, Hawaii.
(i) Unit 6-Montane Wet consists of 413.5 ac (167.3 ha) and includes
land bounded by the following UTM Zone 4, NAD 83 coordinates (E, N):
448516, 2447525; 447976, 2448470; 448042, 2448338; 448133, 2448200;
448235, 2448042; 448834, 2447273; 448288, 2447915; 448412, 2447653;
448669, 2447406; 447943, 2448562; 448763, 2447342; 448059, 2449434;
448321, 2447795; 447961, 2448628; 448037, 2448780; 448088, 2448897;
448122, 2449037; 448119, 2449134; 448056, 2449368; 448099, 2449454;
448242, 2449457; 448328, 2449449; 448440, 2449296; 448382, 2449406;
448887, 2447191; 448091, 2449266; 448610, 2449255; 448931, 2447092;
448511, 2449199; 448623, 2449141; 448641, 2449184; 448593, 2449298;
448613, 2449357; 448702, 2449395; 448812, 2449420; 448906, 2449440;
448959, 2449443; 448964, 2449425; 448952, 2449316; 448954, 2449143;
448881, 2447609; 448987, 2448959; 448980, 2446980; 448979, 2446983;
448577, 2449143; 448980, 2446982; 448981, 2446981; 449105, 2447827;
449087, 2447916; 449044, 2448132; 449032, 2448326; 449045, 2448506;
449040, 2448659; 449012, 2448822.
(ii) Map of Unit 6-Montane Wet for Akikiki (Oreomystis bairdi)
follows:
[[Page 19080]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.027
[[Page 19081]]
* * * * *
(i) Insects.
* * * * *
Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila sharpi)
(1) Critical habitat units are depicted for Kauai County, Hawaii,
on the maps below.
(2) Primary constituent elements.
(i) In units 1, 2, and 3, the primary constituent elements of
critical habitat for Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila sharpi) are:
(A) Elevation: 3,000 to 5,243 ft (914 to 1,598 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 inches (127 to 190 centimeters).
(C) Substrate: Weathered aa lava flows, rocky mucks, thin silty
loams, deep volcanic ash soils.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Metrosideros, Psychotria, Tetraplasandra,
Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Cheirodendron, Coprosma, Kadua, Ilex, Myoporum,
Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Dryopteris, Leptecophylla, Poa, Scaevola,
Sophora.
(G) Larval host plants (Cheirodendron sp., Tetraplasandra sp.).
(ii) In units 4, 5, and 6, the primary constituent elements of
critical habitat for Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila sharpi) are:
(A) Elevation: 3,000 to 5,243 ft (914 to 1,598 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(G) Larval host plants (Cheirodendron sp., Tetraplasandra sp.).
(3) Manmade features and structures, such as buildings, roads,
railroads, airports, runways, other paved areas, lawns, and other urban
landscaped areas, existing on the effective date of this rule do not
contain one or more of the primary constituent elements.
(4) Critical habitat maps. Maps were created in GIS, with
coordinates in UTM Zone 4 with units in meters using North American
datum of 1983 (NAD 83).
(5) Index map of critical habitat units for Hawaiian picture-wing
fly (Drosophila sharpi) follows:
[[Page 19082]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.028
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C
[[Page 19083]]
(6) Unit 1-Montane Mesic, Kauai County, Hawaii.
(i) Unit 1-Montane Mesic consists of 2,422.6 ac (980.4 ha) and
includes land bounded by the following UTM Zone 4, NAD83 coordinates
(E, N): 430107, 2447429; 430242, 2447664; 430073, 2447126; 430793,
2448310; 430124, 2446907; 430393, 2447748; 430690, 2447765; 430671,
2447997; 430764, 2448188; 430886, 2448507; 430903, 2448664; 430985,
2448705; 431560, 2448675; 431414, 2448890; 430291, 2446570; 431058,
2446300; 431200, 2449070; 431362, 2449169; 431171, 2448699; 430854,
2445930; 432530, 2450196; 431391, 2449273; 431323, 2447013; 431211,
2446394; 431101, 2446447; 431112, 2446394; 431069, 2446331; 431007,
2446203; 430944, 2446145; 430902, 2445976; 430191, 2446386; 430826,
2445805; 430857, 2445727; 430824, 2445631; 430442, 2445640; 430323,
2445779; 430204, 2445809; 430191, 2445898; 429898, 2446100; 429871,
2446234; 430939, 2446061; 432796, 2450365; 432504, 2449961; 432579,
2450036; 432552, 2450080; 432551, 2450083; 432001, 2447726; 432534,
2450174; 431629, 2448739; 432565, 2450262; 432531, 2450116; 432740,
2450249; 432441, 2449848; 432808, 2450383; 432882, 2450351; 432904,
2450341; 432827, 2447751; 432932, 2447668; 433014, 2447717; 433109,
2447775; 433094, 2447922; 432560, 2450267; 431875, 2449780; 431322,
2449418; 431403, 2449436; 431727, 2449372; 431769, 2449447; 431705,
2449569; 431720, 2449620; 431805, 2449591; 431919, 2449578; 432498,
2449952; 431904, 2449665; 432486, 2449909; 432046, 2449781; 432052,
2449783; 432113, 2449740; 432217, 2449712; 432251, 2449685; 432259,
2449679; 432344, 2449744; 432419, 2449806; 431322, 2449372; 431905,
2449660; 434486, 2447126; 434073, 2448685; 434228, 2448620; 434292,
2448479; 434318, 2448298; 434279, 2447951; 434163, 2447783; 434086,
2447693; 434073, 2447500; 434623, 2446526; 434357, 2447229; 433545,
2449136; 434627, 2447088; 434686, 2447020; 434682, 2447017; 434657,
2446977; 434652, 2446933; 434612, 2446807; 434641, 2446663; 434631,
2446528; 434202, 2447345; 433399, 2449709; 431205, 2448983; 432073,
2447674; 433046, 2450280; 433196, 2450196; 433287, 2450063; 433353,
2449880; 433467, 2449787; 433429, 2449741; 433880, 2448827; 433407,
2449708; 433725, 2448994; 433401, 2449697; 433339, 2449600; 433313,
2449484; 433339, 2449381; 433368, 2449293; 433368, 2449292; 433369,
2449255; 433389, 2449256; 434254, 2447886; 433408, 2449708; 433527,
2447856; 434086, 2446095; 433862, 2446165; 433606, 2446193; 433449,
2446235; 433397, 2446440; 433257, 2446958; 433577, 2447086; 433706,
2447138; 434090, 2446098; 433562, 2447841; 432639, 2447624; 432918,
2447407; 432672, 2447598; 434620, 2446512; 432609, 2447647; 434318,
2448182; 432195, 2447587; 432136, 2447629; 432133, 2447631; 432081,
2447668; 433746, 2447766; 434500, 2446448; 432320, 2447497; 434103,
2446297; 434618, 2446459; 434582, 2446443; 434558, 2446439; 434514,
2446449; 434471, 2446422; 434457, 2446416; 434447, 2446420; 434392,
2446421; 434423, 2446441; 434416, 2446441; 434625, 2446467; 434201,
2446573; 434403, 2446435; 434628, 2446479; 434400, 2446429; 434434,
2446428; 434386, 2446429; 434533, 2446441.
(ii) Map of Unit 1-Montane Mesic for Hawaiian picture-wing fly
(Drosophila sharpi) follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-S
[[Page 19084]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.029
[[Page 19085]]
(7) Unit 2-Montane Mesic, Kauai County, Hawaii.
(i) Unit 2-Montane Mesic consists of 375.6 ac (152.0 ha) and
includes land bounded by the following UTM Zone 4, NAD83 coordinates
(E, N): 431975, 2446280; 432559, 2446255; 432659, 2446240; 432948,
2446150; 433067, 2445928; 432758, 2445304; 432001, 2445941; 431873,
2444849; 432912, 2445580; 432674, 2444970; 431626, 2445435; 431730,
2445114; 431950, 2444792; 432135, 2444807; 432377, 2444722; 432548,
2444752; 431645, 2445326; 431736, 2445617.
(ii) Map of Unit 2-Montane Mesic for Hawaiian picture-wing fly
(Drosophila sharpi) follows:
[[Page 19086]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.030
[[Page 19087]]
(8) Unit 3-Montane Mesic, Kauai County, Hawaii.
(i) Unit 3-Montane Mesic consists of 138.5 ac (56.0 ha) and
includes land bounded by the following UTM Zone 4, NAD83 coordinates
(E, N): 438012, 2440389; 438014, 2440437; 438023, 2440484; 438111,
2440652; 438112, 2440588; 437817, 2440071; 438028, 2440577; 437922,
2440355; 437336, 2440335; 437912, 2440201; 437827, 2440132; 437785,
2440013; 437687, 2439960; 437636, 2439819; 437870, 2440140; 437545,
2439761; 438149, 2440714; 437529, 2439721; 437987, 2441027; 437450,
2440047; 437335, 2440180; 437335, 2440329; 438159, 2440914; 438249,
2440857; 438253, 2440854; 438243, 2440830; 438287, 2440738; 437602,
2440771; 438227, 2440730; 437586, 2439743.
(ii) Map of Unit 3-Montane Mesic for Hawaiian picture-wing fly
(Drosophila sharpi) follows:
[[Page 19088]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.031
BILLING CODE 4310-031-C
[[Page 19089]]
(9) Unit 4-Montane Wet, Kauai County, Hawaii.
(i) Unit 4-Montane Wet consists of 13,055.0 ac (5,283.2 ha) and
includes land bounded by the following UTM Zone 4, NAD83 coordinates
(E, N): 448638, 2440764; 448601, 2440679; 448606, 2440704; 448612,
2440722; 448615, 2440731; 448619, 2440740; 448630, 2440759; 448650,
2440769; 448600, 2440668; 448622, 2440749; 448599, 2440647; 448601,
2440652; 448678, 2440741; 448777, 2440842; 448663, 2440773; 449006,
2441012; 448764, 2440857; 449068, 2441051; 449121, 2441114; 449121,
2441114; 448887, 2440934; 448811, 2440896; 448954, 2441097; 448943,
2441063; 448943, 2441053; 448943, 2441044; 448941, 2441024; 448940,
2441006; 448918, 2440982; 448877, 2440939; 448861, 2440927; 448735,
2440829; 448837, 2440912; 448678, 2440780; 448802, 2440889; 448788,
2440878; 449115, 2442038; 448745, 2440841; 449111, 2441196; 448727,
2440820; 448720, 2440813; 448711, 2440806; 448691, 2440790; 448841,
2440914; 447374, 2443275; 449244, 2441819; 447623, 2443445; 447616,
2443588; 447603, 2443646; 447556, 2443686; 447325, 2443651; 447295,
2443639; 447247, 2443586; 448634, 2443800; 447287, 2443339; 448657,
2443629; 447481, 2443262; 447636, 2443160; 447645, 2443143; 447645,
2443146; 447894, 2443371; 447865, 2443358; 447712, 2443351; 447631,
2443389; 448948, 2441084; 447249, 2443451; 448917, 2442504; 449106,
2441435; 449173, 2441529; 449201, 2441638; 449249, 2441697; 449275,
2441773; 449148, 2441893; 449090, 2442135; 449064, 2442221; 448614,
2443950; 448983, 2442384; 449078, 2441297; 448880, 2442563; 448861,
2442593; 448805, 2442677; 448765, 2442787; 448696, 2442955; 448653,
2443075; 448651, 2443187; 448674, 2443301; 448669, 2443477; 449024,
2442290; 444824, 2443350; 444161, 2444181; 445808, 2442898; 445681,
2442977; 445559, 2443010; 445437, 2443077; 446100, 2442628; 445045,
2443240; 446256, 2442602; 444659, 2443447; 444532, 2443516; 444456,
2443572; 444423, 2443638; 444334, 2443811; 446499, 2441271; 445254,
2443156; 446686, 2441764; 441856, 2446328; 446673, 2441408; 446651,
2441424; 446641, 2441436; 446587, 2441501; 445966, 2442725; 446640,
2441627; 444075, 2444349; 446694, 2442007; 446591, 2442195; 446650,
2442430; 446675, 2442432; 446482, 2442513; 446373, 2442574; 446587,
2441543; 443497, 2444548; 444237, 2444013; 443579, 2444514; 443571,
2444521; 443557, 2444532; 443553, 2444537; 443610, 2444483; 443516,
2444546; 443617, 2444477; 443483, 2444551; 443478, 2444555; 443464,
2444570; 443459, 2444579; 443452, 2444591; 443447, 2444608; 443534,
2444543; 443722, 2444464; 444016, 2444444; 443984, 2444419; 443985,
2444416; 443769, 2444440; 443760, 2444446; 443598, 2444493; 443732,
2444458; 446375, 2441172; 443703, 2444469; 443685, 2444463; 443677,
2444459; 443666, 2444456; 443647, 2444460; 443628, 2444469; 443740,
2444454; 441656, 2441573; 442568, 2441274; 440114, 2440528; 440464,
2440832; 440528, 2440844; 440586, 2440905; 440110, 2440524; 441650,
2441573; 440014, 2440441; 441659, 2441579; 441727, 2441586; 441774,
2441575; 441900, 2441576; 441968, 2441515; 446610, 2441349; 441637,
2441552; 439096, 2441847; 438866, 2442347; 438934, 2442351; 438960,
2442270; 438967, 2442246; 438976, 2442220; 440113, 2440527; 439088,
2441871; 442723, 2441295; 439491, 2440617; 439551, 2440431; 439556,
2440414; 439832, 2440430; 439931, 2440426; 440002, 2440430; 439037,
2442031; 445551, 2441162; 442287, 2441225; 445235, 2441328; 445344,
2441376; 445380, 2441414; 445392, 2441392; 444560, 2441032; 445510,
2441194; 444480, 2440997; 445886, 2441308; 446122, 2441415; 446214,
2441291; 448944, 2441075; 446300, 2441227; 446357, 2441185; 445395,
2441389; 443889, 2441172; 442843, 2441314; 442924, 2441340; 442982,
2441350; 442977, 2441356; 443016, 2441342; 445124, 2441205; 443707,
2441132; 443440, 2444655; 444062, 2441230; 444083, 2441215; 444109,
2441224; 444113, 2441221; 444124, 2441223; 444455, 2440990; 443023,
2441344; 442711, 2445664; 442430, 2445827; 442668, 2445560; 442666,
2445576; 442668, 2445590; 442674, 2445604; 442672, 2445510; 442713,
2445661; 442668, 2445494; 442501, 2445803; 442492, 2445803; 442467,
2445799; 442448, 2445805; 442444, 2445807; 443444, 2444627; 442710,
2445647; 442709, 2445399; 442804, 2445357; 442798, 2445359; 442785,
2445364; 442765, 2445370; 442747, 2445377; 442673, 2445515; 442727,
2445386; 442430, 2445830; 442694, 2445414; 442689, 2445419; 442682,
2445433; 442675, 2445453; 442671, 2445471; 442667, 2445490; 442743,
2445378; 441897, 2446273; 442435, 2445813; 442019, 2446165; 442005,
2446171; 441982, 2446194; 441963, 2446219; 442059, 2446159; 441929,
2446268; 442071, 2446146; 441879, 2446263; 441852, 2446219; 441838,
2446221; 441834, 2446230; 441848, 2446265; 441855, 2446295; 441943,
2446256; 442202, 2445986; 442428, 2445851; 442381, 2445882; 442372,
2445885; 442317, 2445917; 442301, 2445924; 442039, 2446165; 442261,
2445949; 442858, 2445342; 442175, 2445995; 442100, 2446007; 442082,
2446029; 442072, 2446052; 442067, 2446082; 442073, 2446121; 442273,
2445945; 443240, 2444927; 442821, 2445353; 443294, 2444870; 443290,
2444876; 443281, 2444890; 443271, 2444898; 443307, 2444833; 443252,
2444914; 443309, 2444829; 443234, 2444932; 443215, 2444938; 443196,
2444944; 443193, 2444946; 443177, 2444962; 443175, 2444965; 443260,
2444907; 443352, 2444721; 438757, 2442331; 443435, 2444664; 443423,
2444686; 443403, 2444695; 443385, 2444699; 443301, 2444851; 443366,
2444706; 443156, 2445003; 443346, 2444728; 443341, 2444740; 443333,
2444758; 443327, 2444778; 443320, 2444796; 443313, 2444815; 443373,
2444702; 442952, 2445303; 443029, 2445263; 443009, 2445266; 443006,
2445268; 442990, 2445276; 442981, 2445284; 443163, 2444984; 442956,
2445301; 443068, 2445227; 442934, 2445314; 442915, 2445323; 442898,
2445330; 442877, 2445336; 442862, 2445341; 443443, 2444647; 442972,
2445292; 443122, 2445132; 442842, 2445347; 443153, 2445020; 443153,
2445040; 443152, 2445059; 443150, 2445078; 443144, 2445096; 443047,
2445260; 443135, 2445115; 443065, 2445247; 443103, 2445152; 443083,
2445171; 443066, 2445190; 443066, 2445209; 443067, 2445215; 443158,
2444995; 443140, 2445105; 440025, 2445056; 439668, 2444981; 440214,
2445151; 440216, 2445150; 440347, 2445106; 440289, 2445097; 440078,
2445204; 440124, 2445056; 439994, 2445245; 439910, 2445087; 439796,
2445123; 439719, 2445133; 439696, 2445110; 439681, 2445072; 439364,
2444192; 440216, 2445076; 439480, 2445095; 438927, 2444790; 438982,
2444746; 439037, 2444786; 439157, 2444829; 439238, 2444846; 440165,
2445166; 439434, 2444999; 439643, 2444902; 439484, 2445120; 439501,
2445220; 439598, 2445317; 439699, 2445360; 439794, 2445352; 439883,
2445309; 439360, 2444907; 439945, 2444540; 439673, 2445011; 439890,
2444912; 439948, 2444922; 439994, 2444883; 440052, 2444784; 439859,
2444782; 439996, 2444642; 439859, 2444723; 439876, 2444423; 439825,
2444344; 439759, 2444342; 439685, 2444334; 439583, 2444266; 438838,
2442340; 440032, 2444731; 439254, 2444472; 439571, 2444823; 439485,
2444800;
[[Page 19090]]
439386, 2444762; 439258, 2444658; 439172, 2444564; 439864, 2444845;
439156, 2444527; 438580, 2444854; 439413, 2444371; 439522, 2444418;
439617, 2444459; 439747, 2444522; 439800, 2444594; 439843, 2444655;
439145, 2444538; 435698, 2452376; 438807, 2444845; 436003, 2452334;
435955, 2452326; 435902, 2452378; 435838, 2452443; 436579, 2452559;
435719, 2452378; 436804, 2452559; 435477, 2452358; 435478, 2452345;
435479, 2452304; 435517, 2452192; 435519, 2452190; 435540, 2452168;
435810, 2452427; 438006, 2453313; 438476, 2452702; 438465, 2452788;
438430, 2452817; 438386, 2452854; 438269, 2452930; 436189, 2452365;
438110, 2453148; 435895, 2451700; 437935, 2453510; 437933, 2453512;
437797, 2453318; 437592, 2453026; 437202, 2452948; 437201, 2452932;
438116, 2453088; 438263, 2444805; 436811, 2449026; 437237, 2447714;
437230, 2447713; 437248, 2447657; 437232, 2447645; 435631, 2452072;
438179, 2444732; 436566, 2449559; 438343, 2444896; 438406, 2444952;
438475, 2444955; 438523, 2444886; 438536, 2444858; 439298, 2444154;
438168, 2444734; 436235, 2450550; 438677, 2444833; 435961, 2451591;
436027, 2451466; 436103, 2451262; 436162, 2451016; 436212, 2450766;
436739, 2449180; 436234, 2450558; 436706, 2449252; 436250, 2450410;
436234, 2450237; 436386, 2449952; 436472, 2449769; 436566, 2449560;
435779, 2451881; 436230, 2450590; 438030, 2442243; 438130, 2442234;
437996, 2442188; 437998, 2442202; 437998, 2442205; 437999, 2442211;
437973, 2442147; 438012, 2442229; 437954, 2442136; 438049, 2442246;
438065, 2442246; 438088, 2442240; 438095, 2442238; 438098, 2442237;
439456, 2444205; 438000, 2442216; 437826, 2442106; 437754, 2441991;
437758, 2441998; 437766, 2442017; 437777, 2442052; 437791, 2442074;
437984, 2442167; 437806, 2442092; 438157, 2442234; 437839, 2442110;
437873, 2442121; 437887, 2442121; 437912, 2442123; 437926, 2442125;
437939, 2442128; 437799, 2442084; 438656, 2442321; 438114, 2442232;
438535, 2442314; 438536, 2442314; 438561, 2442316; 438577, 2442315;
438517, 2442310; 438626, 2442315; 438496, 2442310; 438668, 2442322;
438679, 2442324; 438694, 2442327; 438704, 2442326; 438721, 2442329;
446348, 2441177; 438609, 2442314; 438392, 2442294; 438219, 2442244;
438238, 2442248; 438254, 2442248; 438305, 2442256; 438355, 2442265;
438523, 2442310; 438376, 2442278; 437745, 2441950; 438418, 2442311;
438433, 2442319; 438436, 2442321; 438453, 2442321; 438453, 2442321;
438460, 2442320; 438373, 2442277; 437363, 2443282; 437751, 2441981;
437981, 2443476; 437808, 2443397; 437928, 2443310; 437950, 2443233;
438143, 2443587; 437364, 2443298; 438183, 2443628; 437277, 2443228;
437144, 2443208; 437065, 2443211; 437060, 2443212; 436974, 2443182;
436997, 2443061; 437657, 2443231; 438835, 2443883; 439282, 2444110;
439268, 2444068; 439181, 2444032; 439094, 2444009; 439048, 2443913;
438208, 2443477; 438964, 2443837; 437226, 2442709; 438723, 2443923;
438608, 2443916; 438453, 2443825; 438438, 2443814; 438318, 2443723;
438201, 2443629; 439043, 2443859; 437697, 2441878; 437601, 2441867;
437602, 2441867; 437617, 2441866; 437635, 2441866; 437647, 2441866;
437052, 2442940; 437689, 2441877; 437522, 2441879; 437705, 2441878;
437711, 2441887; 437717, 2441899; 437736, 2441928; 437740, 2441938;
438821, 2442339; 437674, 2441875; 437294, 2442356; 437747, 2441961;
437088, 2442647; 437103, 2442643; 437156, 2442615; 437159, 2442579;
437120, 2442503; 437566, 2441876; 437174, 2442422; 437532, 2441880;
437425, 2442191; 437307, 2442101; 437476, 2442051; 437493, 2441868;
437495, 2441869; 437182, 2442830; 437105, 2442445; 448431, 2442766;
448447, 2442675; 448469, 2442871; 448462, 2442858; 448442, 2442821;
448437, 2442805; 448481, 2442894; 448432, 2442775; 448486, 2442910;
448428, 2442750; 448428, 2442738; 448432, 2442727; 448437, 2442711;
448443, 2442699; 448671, 2442369; 448435, 2442791; 448579, 2443112;
448582, 2443190; 448582, 2443172; 448582, 2443162; 448583, 2443151;
448585, 2443140; 448477, 2442887; 448585, 2443122; 448447, 2442663;
448562, 2443086; 448545, 2443051; 448529, 2443019; 448507, 2442976;
448498, 2442952; 448490, 2442930; 448586, 2443129; 448642, 2442440;
448447, 2442688; 448602, 2442477; 448615, 2442472; 448623, 2442466;
448634, 2442459; 448566, 2442503; 448640, 2442451; 448550, 2442513;
448642, 2442430; 448642, 2442419; 448643, 2442410; 448648, 2442399;
448657, 2442387; 447996, 2444312; 448637, 2442455; 448464, 2442531;
448443, 2442636; 448443, 2442627; 448440, 2442604; 448438, 2442565;
448441, 2442549; 448587, 2442486; 448455, 2442534; 448589, 2443224;
448474, 2442530; 448488, 2442531; 448505, 2442534; 448515, 2442533;
448530, 2442527; 448536, 2442523; 448449, 2442536; 448502, 2443743;
448586, 2443203; 448512, 2443792; 448512, 2443783; 448513, 2443779;
448513, 2443769; 448473, 2443878; 448504, 2443752; 448470, 2443888;
448504, 2443735; 448507, 2443727; 448522, 2443706; 448538, 2443682;
448546, 2443665; 448552, 2443643; 448509, 2443760; 447932, 2443750;
447925, 2444320; 447843, 2444325; 447864, 2444277; 447942, 2444178;
448003, 2444015; 448500, 2443823; 447967, 2443867; 448549, 2443613;
447904, 2443646; 447921, 2443582; 447949, 2443460; 447939, 2443412;
448458, 2443882; 448470, 2443889; 448008, 2443903; 448590, 2443306;
448578, 2443441; 448572, 2443417; 448576, 2443405; 448584, 2443388;
448590, 2443369; 448552, 2443630; 448593, 2443325; 448591, 2443484;
448591, 2443291; 448592, 2443277; 448592, 2443261; 448592, 2443254;
448591, 2443241; 448673, 2442365; 448595, 2443352; 448553, 2443539;
448587, 2443214; 448544, 2443601; 448533, 2443587; 448527, 2443576;
448523, 2443570; 448518, 2443559; 448585, 2443461; 448528, 2443546;
448588, 2443466; 448560, 2443535; 448569, 2443527; 448577, 2443516;
448582, 2443508; 448589, 2443493; 448551, 2443621; 448518, 2443552;
449003, 2441449; 448936, 2441403; 449064, 2441492; 449060, 2441481;
449053, 2441472; 449049, 2441471; 449066, 2441511; 449032, 2441461;
449061, 2441528; 448971, 2441443; 448964, 2441441; 448952, 2441427;
448948, 2441420; 448945, 2441411; 448665, 2442379; 449040, 2441466;
449012, 2441616; 448972, 2441689; 446228, 2441279; 448995, 2441668;
449000, 2441660; 449004, 2441650; 449065, 2441502; 449009, 2441625;
448930, 2441400; 449017, 2441611; 449030, 2441595; 449037, 2441588;
449043, 2441578; 449046, 2441569; 449050, 2441561; 449006, 2441639;
448967, 2441159; 448940, 2441404; 448926, 2441212; 448930, 2441194;
448933, 2441184; 448941, 2441177; 448940, 2441238; 448961, 2441163;
448944, 2441250; 448972, 2441150; 448973, 2441143; 448972, 2441136;
448971, 2441119; 448969, 2441116; 448964, 2441109; 448949, 2441170;
448928, 2441313; 448922, 2441392; 448918, 2441381; 448916, 2441369;
448917, 2441357; 448919, 2441341; 448934, 2441230; 448925, 2441322;
448933, 2441715; 448935, 2441302; 448944, 2441291; 448948, 2441281;
448948, 2441273; 448948, 2441264; 448946, 2441259; 448920, 2441333;
448677, 2442140; 441868, 2446401; 448673, 2442209; 448671, 2442202;
448674, 2442187; 448680, 2442169; 448684, 2442226; 448682, 2442148;
[[Page 19091]]
448692, 2442233; 448675, 2442123; 448677, 2442115; 448683, 2442101;
448694, 2442089; 448710, 2442077; 448718, 2442069; 448684, 2442157;
448722, 2442303; 448677, 2442356; 448682, 2442350; 448697, 2442342;
448711, 2442341; 448721, 2442331; 448678, 2442221; 448723, 2442309;
448736, 2442055; 448718, 2442295; 448712, 2442283; 448707, 2442267;
448706, 2442257; 448705, 2442250; 448699, 2442238; 448724, 2442320;
448915, 2441796; 448850, 2441844; 448877, 2441825; 448884, 2441820;
448890, 2441818; 448892, 2441817; 448723, 2442061; 448910, 2441807;
448820, 2441871; 448913, 2441774; 448914, 2441760; 448913, 2441753;
448915, 2441738; 448925, 2441722; 448957, 2441700; 448900, 2441814;
448787, 2441967; 448939, 2441710; 448746, 2442051; 448755, 2442041;
448764, 2442029; 448768, 2442019; 448773, 2442013; 448840, 2441852;
448781, 2441990; 448831, 2441859; 448789, 2441938; 448803, 2441914;
448813, 2441900; 448814, 2441894; 448817, 2441884; 448728, 2442058;
448777, 2442002; 440375, 2448361; 440198, 2448467; 440421, 2448239;
440415, 2448290; 440416, 2448314; 440411, 2448336; 440401, 2448191;
440391, 2448353; 440384, 2448138; 440350, 2448395; 440331, 2448411;
440307, 2448418; 440254, 2448428; 440237, 2448434; 439526, 2448944;
440402, 2448352; 440409, 2447991; 440377, 2447819; 440378, 2447845;
440384, 2447871; 440395, 2447896; 440436, 2447941; 440413, 2448216;
440426, 2447974; 440190, 2448485; 440343, 2448005; 440329, 2448016;
440325, 2448033; 440331, 2448061; 440341, 2448084; 440374, 2448123;
440435, 2447959; 439678, 2448950; 440218, 2448446; 439853, 2448941;
439830, 2448945; 439788, 2448929; 439761, 2448926; 439900, 2448928;
439697, 2448941; 439922, 2448928; 439656, 2448949; 439633, 2448940;
439611, 2448928; 439578, 2448906; 439553, 2448909; 439539, 2448922;
439733, 2448930; 440089, 2448747; 440179, 2448496; 440157, 2448511;
440136, 2448537; 440120, 2448633; 440125, 2448690; 439875, 2448932;
440112, 2448732; 440451, 2447620; 440073, 2448762; 440036, 2448815;
440000, 2448878; 439982, 2448899; 439961, 2448915; 439941, 2448924;
440121, 2448718; 441363, 2447030; 440383, 2447794; 441405, 2446869;
441402, 2446899; 441403, 2446972; 441399, 2446995; 441455, 2446804;
441373, 2447026; 441476, 2446797; 441317, 2447043; 441283, 2447083;
441268, 2447104; 441240, 2447171; 441231, 2447186; 441219, 2447195;
441398, 2446997; 441674, 2446682; 448141, 2444294; 448986, 2441677;
441864, 2446424; 441847, 2446451; 441836, 2446475; 441434, 2446820;
441829, 2446505; 441148, 2447188; 441648, 2446705; 441620, 2446723;
441584, 2446741; 441549, 2446752; 441532, 2446763; 441521, 2446777;
441829, 2446501; 440674, 2447485; 440710, 2447368; 440699, 2447389;
440693, 2447407; 440695, 2447430; 440703, 2447452; 441201, 2447195;
440693, 2447475; 440800, 2447339; 440599, 2447501; 440579, 2447511;
440540, 2447539; 440487, 2447571; 440468, 2447593; 440124, 2448663;
440703, 2447461; 440941, 2447230; 440413, 2447711; 441133, 2447183;
441113, 2447170; 441095, 2447154; 441083, 2447147; 441058, 2447153;
440722, 2447354; 440969, 2447210; 440740, 2447346; 440888, 2447250;
440873, 2447265; 440865, 2447286; 440858, 2447311; 440842, 2447328;
441172, 2447190; 441039, 2447168; 438599, 2451708; 438434, 2451069;
438440, 2451600; 438425, 2451652; 438429, 2451670; 438442, 2451682;
438419, 2451509; 438529, 2451692; 438410, 2451464; 438657, 2451738;
439516, 2448971; 438675, 2451766; 440125, 2448578; 438680, 2451858;
438715, 2451908; 438484, 2451690; 438467, 2451228; 438455, 2451089;
438463, 2451098; 438475, 2451113; 438484, 2451141; 438486, 2451163;
438435, 2451571; 438472, 2451209; 438888, 2452163; 438472, 2451261;
438481, 2451287; 438485, 2451346; 438478, 2451359; 438454, 2451380;
438422, 2451414; 438481, 2451188; 448609, 2443974; 438669, 2452384;
438605, 2452379; 438540, 2452374; 438510, 2452340; 438449, 2452330;
438761, 2452013; 438490, 2452605; 438816, 2452396; 448591, 2444072;
448566, 2444172; 448548, 2444233; 448510, 2444279; 448464, 2444284;
448299, 2444289; 438431, 2452414; 439138, 2452428; 438670, 2451754;
438936, 2452213; 438977, 2452232; 438979, 2452233; 439031, 2452285;
439037, 2452297; 438716, 2452393; 439083, 2452342; 438779, 2452391;
439171, 2452514; 439201, 2452565; 439114, 2452513; 438954, 2452430;
438851, 2452395; 438833, 2452090; 439061, 2452327; 439044, 2449631;
438944, 2449813; 439167, 2449414; 439146, 2449435; 439114, 2449463;
439102, 2449480; 439220, 2449318; 439065, 2449586; 439230, 2449287;
439037, 2449642; 439025, 2449671; 439016, 2449687; 438999, 2449702;
438974, 2449738; 438965, 2449767; 439076, 2449548; 439382, 2449107;
439508, 2448984; 439451, 2449000; 439437, 2449023; 438680, 2451783;
439433, 2449078; 439200, 2449362; 439399, 2449097; 439421, 2449088;
439361, 2449126; 439330, 2449145; 439307, 2449169; 439277, 2449220;
439260, 2449242; 439244, 2449261; 438425, 2451047; 438554, 2450559;
438737, 2450311; 438736, 2450325; 438731, 2450342; 438715, 2450373;
438690, 2450392; 438621, 2450415; 438732, 2450286; 438578, 2450438;
438501, 2450796; 438488, 2450686; 438472, 2450910; 438435, 2450985;
438427, 2450964; 438919, 2449853; 439437, 2449066; 438581, 2450423;
438816, 2450028; 438717, 2450241; 438894, 2449879; 438884, 2449918;
438904, 2449863; 438831, 2450010; 438850, 2449982; 438791, 2450036;
438765, 2450051; 438744, 2450081; 438730, 2450109; 438717, 2450158;
438716, 2450162; 438713, 2450206.
(ii) Map of Unit 4-Montane Wet for Hawaiian picture-wing fly
(Drosophila sharpi) follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-S
[[Page 19092]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.032
[[Page 19093]]
(10) Unit 5-Montane Wet, Kauai County, Hawaii.
(i) Unit 5-Montane Wet consists of 789.9 ac (319.7 ha) and includes
land bounded by the following UTM Zone 4, NAD83 coordinates (E, N):
433436, 2449707; 433445, 2449707; 433444, 2449707; 433443, 2449707;
433458, 2449707; 433436, 2449707; 433426, 2449707; 433408, 2449708;
433429, 2449741; 433493, 2449765; 433633, 2449724; 433742, 2449724;
433467, 2449787; 433460, 2449707; 433468, 2449706; 433484, 2449694;
433414, 2449628; 433461, 2449623; 433457, 2449622; 433339, 2449600;
433440, 2449604; 433437, 2449592; 433426, 2449556; 433419, 2449599;
433831, 2449767; 434991, 2449344; 433401, 2449697; 433480, 2449629;
434938, 2449321; 433313, 2449484; 433455, 2449620; 434842, 2449253;
434839, 2449258; 434834, 2449277; 434833, 2449278; 434833, 2449278;
434833, 2449280; 434833, 2449281; 434872, 2449294; 434881, 2449297;
434884, 2449298; 435010, 2449343; 434899, 2449305; 433903, 2449882;
435011, 2449352; 435010, 2449343; 435005, 2449310; 434948, 2449300;
434908, 2449290; 434908, 2449290; 434890, 2449251; 434872, 2449246;
434848, 2449239; 434844, 2449248; 434034, 2449950; 434026, 2449951;
433969, 2449958; 434898, 2449304; 435183, 2449401; 434713, 2447038;
434738, 2447045; 434738, 2447030; 434795, 2447069; 434994, 2447085;
435093, 2447245; 435290, 2447449; 435295, 2447440; 435360, 2447538;
435282, 2448685; 435266, 2448909; 435236, 2449351; 434686, 2447020;
435232, 2449399; 435272, 2448835; 435080, 2449407; 434920, 2449394;
434752, 2449405; 434498, 2449522; 434338, 2449660; 434208, 2449767;
434141, 2449863; 434137, 2449869; 434124, 2449948; 434074, 2449972;
433461, 2449623; 433339, 2449381; 435234, 2449384; 433589, 2449323;
433725, 2448994; 433545, 2449136; 433389, 2449256; 433567, 2449260;
433588, 2449244; 433880, 2448827; 433612, 2449262; 433525, 2449415;
433567, 2449398; 433546, 2449412; 434627, 2447088; 433448, 2449426;
435236, 2449347; 433368, 2449293; 433599, 2449252; 434202, 2447345;
433367, 2449352; 434073, 2448685; 434357, 2447229; 434073, 2447500;
434086, 2447693; 434163, 2447783; 434254, 2447886; 434318, 2448182;
434318, 2448298; 434292, 2448479; 434279, 2447951; 434486, 2447126;
434228, 2448620.
(ii) Map of Unit 5-Montane Wet for Hawaiian picture-wing fly
(Drosophila sharpi) follows:
[[Page 19094]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.033
[[Page 19095]]
(11) Unit 6-Montane Wet, Kauai County, Hawaii.
(i) Unit 6-Montane Wet consists of 413.5 ac (167.3 ha) and includes
land bounded by the following UTM Zone 4, NAD83 coordinates (E, N):
448516, 2447525; 447976, 2448470; 448042, 2448338; 448133, 2448200;
448235, 2448042; 448834, 2447273; 448288, 2447915; 448412, 2447653;
448669, 2447406; 447943, 2448562; 448763, 2447342; 448059, 2449434;
448321, 2447795; 447961, 2448628; 448037, 2448780; 448088, 2448897;
448122, 2449037; 448119, 2449134; 448056, 2449368; 448099, 2449454;
448242, 2449457; 448328, 2449449; 448440, 2449296; 448382, 2449406;
448887, 2447191; 448091, 2449266; 448610, 2449255; 448931, 2447092;
448511, 2449199; 448623, 2449141; 448641, 2449184; 448593, 2449298;
448613, 2449357; 448702, 2449395; 448812, 2449420; 448906, 2449440;
448959, 2449443; 448964, 2449425; 448952, 2449316; 448954, 2449143;
448881, 2447609; 448987, 2448959; 448980, 2446980; 448979, 2446983;
448577, 2449143; 448980, 2446982; 448981, 2446981; 449105, 2447827;
449087, 2447916; 449044, 2448132; 449032, 2448326; 449045, 2448506;
449040, 2448659; 449012, 2448822.
(ii) Map of Unit 6-Montane Wet for Hawaiian picture-wing fly
(Drosophila sharpi) follows:
[[Page 19096]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.034
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C
[[Page 19097]]
* * * * *
0
5. Amend Sec. 17.99 as follows:
0
a. By revising the introductory text of paragraph (a)(1) to read as set
forth below;
0
b. By revising paragraph (a)(1)(i) as set forth below;
0
c. By redesignating paragraphs (a)(1)(vi) through (a)(1)(ccxviii) as
paragraphs (a)(1)(viii) through (a)(1)(ccxx);
0
d. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(vi) and (a)(1)(vii) to read as set
forth below;
0
e. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(ix) through
(a)(1)(ccxx) as paragraphs (a)(1)(x) through (a)(1)(ccxxi);
0
f. By adding new paragraph (a)(1)(ix) to read as set forth below;
0
g. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(xvi) through
(a)(1)(ccxxi) as paragraphs (a)(1)(xix) through (a)(1)(ccxxiv);
0
h. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(xvi), (a)(1)(xvii), and
(a)(1)(xviii) to read as set forth below;
0
i. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(xxv) through
(a)(1)(ccxxiv) as paragraphs (a)(1)(xxviii) through (a)(1)(ccxxvii);
0
j. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(xxv), (a)(1)(xxvi), and
(a)(1)(xxvii) to read as set forth below;
0
k. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(xxix) through
(a)(1)(ccxxvii) as paragraphs (a)(1)(xxx) through (a)(1)(ccxxviii);
0
l. By adding a new paragraph (a)(1)(xxix) to read as set forth below;
0
m. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(xxxiv) through
(a)(1)(ccxxviii) as paragraphs (a)(1)(xxxviii) through (a)(1)(ccxxxii);
0
n. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(xxxiv), (a)(1)(xxxv), (a)(1)(xxxvi),
and (a)(1)(xxxvii) to read as set forth below;
0
o. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(xxxix) through
(a)(1)(ccxxxii) as paragraphs (a)(1)(xli) through (a)(1)(ccxxxiv);
0
p. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(xxxix) and (a)(1)(xl) to read as set
forth below;
0
q. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(xlii) through
(a)(1)(ccxxxiv) as paragraphs (a)(1)(xliii) through (a)(1)(ccxxxv);
0
r. By adding a new paragraph (a)(1)(xlii) to read as set forth below;
0
s. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(xlviii) through
(a)(1)(ccxxxv) as paragraphs (a)(1)(li) through (a)(1)(ccxxxviii);
0
t. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(xlviii), (a)(1)(xlix), and (a)(1)(l)
to read as set forth below;
0
u. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(liii) through
(a)(1)(ccxxxviii) as paragraphs (a)(1)(liv) through (a)(1)(ccxxxix);
0
v. By adding a new paragraph (a)(1)(liii) to read as set forth below;
0
w. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(lvii) through
(a)(1)(ccxxxix) as paragraphs (a)(1)(lviii) through (a)(1)(ccxl);
0
x. By adding a new paragraph (a)(1)(lvii) to read as set forth below;
0
y. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(lix) through
(a)(1)(ccxl) as paragraphs (a)(1)(lxv) through (a)(1)(ccxlvi);
0
z. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(lix), (a)(1)(lx), (a)(1)(lxi),
(a)(1)(lxii), (a)(1)(lxiii), and (a)(1)(lxiv) to read as set forth
below;
0
aa. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(lxvi) through
(a)(1)(ccxlvi) as paragraphs (a)(1)(lxx) through (a)(1)(ccl);
0
bb.By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(lxvi), (a)(1)(lxvii),
(a)(1)(lxviii), and (a)(1)(lxix) to read as set forth below;
0
cc. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(lxxiii) through
(a)(1)(ccl) as paragraphs (a)(1)(lxxix) through (a)(1)(cclvi);
0
dd. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(lxxiii), (a)(lxxiv), (a)(1)(lxxv),
(a)(1)(lxxvi), (a)(1)(lxxvii), and (a)(1)(lxxviii) to read as set forth
below;
0
ee. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(lxxx) through
(a)(1)(cclvi) as paragraphs (a)(1)(lxxxii) through (a)(1)(cclviii);
0
ff. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(lxxx) and (a)(1)(lxxxi) to read as
set forth below;
0
gg. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(lxxxiii)
through (a)(1)(cclviii) as paragraphs (a)(1)(lxxxiv) through
(a)(1)(cclix);
0
hh. By adding a new paragraph (a)(1)(lxxxiii) to read as set forth
below;
0
ii. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(lxxxvi) through
(a)(1)(cclix) as paragraphs (a)(1)(xc) through (a)(1)(cclxiii);
0
jj. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(lxxxvi), (a)(1)(lxxxvii),
(a)(1)(lxxxviii), and (a)(1)(lxxxix) to read as set forth below;
0
kk. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(xci) through
(a)(1)(cclxiii) as paragraphs (a)(1)(xcii) through (a)(1)(cclxiv);
0
ll. By adding a new paragraph (a)(1)(xci) to read as set forth below;
0
mm. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(xciii) through
(a)(1)(cclxiv) as paragraphs (a)(1)(xciv) through (a)(1)(cclxv);
0
nn. By adding a new paragraph (a)(1)(xciii) to read as set forth below;
0
oo. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(xcv) through
(a)(1)(cclxv) as paragraphs (a)(1)(cii) through (a)(1)(cclxxii);
0
pp. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(xcv), (a)(1)(xcvi), (a)(1)(xcvii),
(a)(1)(xcviii), (a)(1)(xcix), (a)(1)(c), and (a)(1)(ci) to read as set
forth below;
0
qq. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(ciii) through
(a)(1)(cclxxii) as paragraphs (a)(1)(civ) through (a)(1)(cclxxiii);
0
rr. By adding a new paragraph (a)(1)(ciii) to read as set forth below;
0
ss. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(cv) through
(a)(1)(cclxxiii) as paragraphs (a)(1)(cvii) through (a)(1)(cclxxv);
0
tt. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(cv) and (a)(1)(cvi) to read as set
forth below;
0
uu. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(cviii) through
(a)(1)(cclxxv) as paragraphs (a)(1)(cxii) through (a)(1)(cclxxix);
0
vv. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(cviii), (a)(1)(cix), (a)(1)(cx),
and (a)(1)(cxi) to read as set forth below;
0
ww. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(cxiii) through
(a)(1)(cclxxix) as paragraphs (a)(1)(cxvii) through (a)(1)(cclxxxiii);
0
xx. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(cxiii), (a)(1)(cxiv), (a)(1)(cxv),
and (a)(1)(cxvi) to read as set forth below;
0
yy. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(cxxx) through
(a)(1)(cclxxxiii) as paragraphs (a)(1)(cxxxi) through (a)(1)(cclxxxiv);
0
zz. By adding a new paragraph (a)(1)(cxxx) to read as set forth below;
0
aaa. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(cxxxiii)
through (a)(1)(cclxxxiv) as paragraphs (a)(1)(cxxxiv) through
(a)(1)(cclxxxv);
0
bbb. By adding a new paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxiii) to read as set forth
below;
0
ccc. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(cxxxv) through
(a)(1)(cclxxxv) as paragraphs (a)(1)(cxxxvii) through
(a)(1)(cclxxxvii);
0
ddd. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(cxxxv) and (a)(1)(cxxxvi) to read
as set forth below;
0
eee. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(cxl) through
(a)(1)(cclxxxvii) as paragraphs (a)(1)(cxlix) through (a)(1)(ccxcvi);
0
fff. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(cxl), (a)(1)(cxli), (a)(1)(cxlii),
(a)(1)(cxliii), (a)(1)(cxliv), (a)(1)(cxlv), (a)(1)(cxlvi),
(a)(1)(cxlvii), and (a)(1)(cxlviii) to read as set forth below;
0
ggg. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(cl) through
(a)(1)(ccxcvi) as paragraphs (a)(1)(cliv) through (a)(1)(ccc);
0
hhh. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(cl), (a)(1)(cli), (a)(1)(clii),
and (a)(1)(cliii) to read as set forth below;
0
iii. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(clxiii)
through
[[Page 19098]]
(a)(1)(ccc) as paragraphs (a)(1)(clxvi) through (a)(1)(ccciii);
0
jjj. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(clxiii), (a)(1)(clxiv), and
(a)(1)(clxv) to read as set forth below;
0
kkk. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(clxxii)
through (a)(1)(ccciii) as paragraphs (a)(1)(clxxiii) through
(a)(1)(ccciv);
0
lll. By adding a new paragraph (a)(1)(clxxii) to read as set forth
below;
0
mmm. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(clxxvi)
through (a)(1)(ccciv) as paragraphs (a)(1)(clxxxi) through
(a)(1)(cccix);
0
nnn. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(clxxvi), (a)(1)(clxxvii),
(a)(1)(clxxviii), (a)(1)(clxxix), and (a)(1)(clxxx) to read as set
forth below;
0
ooo. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(clxxxiv)
through (a)(1)(cccix) as paragraphs (a)(1)(clxxxvi) through
(a)(1)(cccxi);
0
ppp. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(clxxxiv) and (a)(1)(clxxxv) to
read as set forth below;
0
qqq. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(cxcix) through
(a)(1)(cccxi) as paragraphs (a)(1)(cc) through (a)(1)(cccxii);
0
rrr. By adding a new paragraph (a)(1)(cxcix) to read as set forth
below;
0
sss. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(ccxvi) through
(a)(1)(cccxii) as paragraphs (a)(1)(ccxviii) through (a)(1)(cccxiv);
0
ttt. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(ccxvi) and (a)(1)(ccxvii) to read
as set forth below;
0
uuu. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(ccxxii)
through (a)(1)(cccxiv) as paragraphs (a)(1)(ccxxvi) through
(a)(1)(cccxviii);
0
vvv. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(ccxxii), (a)(1)(ccxxiii),
(a)(1)(ccxxiv), and (a)(1)(ccxxv) to read as set forth below;
0
www. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(ccxxix)
through (a)(1)(cccxviii) as paragraphs (a)(1)(ccxxx) through
(a)(1)(cccxix);
0
xxx. By adding a new paragraph (a)(1)(ccxxix) to read as set forth
below;
0
yyy. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(ccxxxv)
through (a)(1)(cccxix) as paragraphs (a)(1)(ccxl) through
(a)(1)(cccxxiv);
0
zzz. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(ccxxxv), (a)(1)(ccxxxvi),
(a)(1)(ccxxxvii), (a)(1)(ccxxxviii), and (a)(1)(ccxxxix) to read as set
forth below;
0
aaaa. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(ccxli)
through (a)(1)(cccxxiv) as paragraphs (a)(1)(ccxlii) through
(a)(1)(cccxxv);
0
bbbb. By adding a new paragraph (a)(1)(ccxli) to read as set forth
below;
0
cccc. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(ccxlviii)
through (a)(1)(cccxxv) as paragraphs (a)(1)(ccli) through
(a)(1)(cccxxviii);
0
dddd. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(ccxlviii), (a)(1)(ccxlix), and
(a)(1)(ccl) to read as set forth below;
0
eeee. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(ccliii)
through (a)(1)(cccxxviii) as paragraphs (a)(1)(ccliv) through
(a)(1)(cccxxix);
0
ffff. By adding a new paragraph (a)(1)(ccliii) to read as set forth
below;
0
gggg. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(cclviii)
through (a)(1)(cccxxix) as paragraphs (a)(1)(cclx) through
(a)(1)(cccxxxi);
0
hhhh. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(cclviii) and (a)(1)(cclix) to
read as set forth below;
0
iiii. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(cclxvi)
through (a)(1)(cccxxxi) as paragraphs (a)(1)(cclxviii) through
(a)(1)(cccxxxiii);
0
jjjj. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(cclxvi) and (a)(1)(cclxvii) to
read as set forth below;
0
kkkk. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(cclxxii)
through (a)(1)(cccxxxiii) as paragraphs (a)(1)(cclxxiii) through
(a)(1)(cccxxxiv);
0
llll. By adding a new paragraph (a)(1)(cclxxii) to read as set forth
below;
0
mmmm. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(cclxxvii)
through (a)(1)(cccxxxiv) as paragraphs (a)(1)(cclxxxii) through
(a)(1)(cccxxxix);
0
nnnn. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(cclxxvii), (a)(1)(cclxxviii),
(a)(1)(cclxxix), (a)(1)(cclxxx), and (a)(1)(cclxxxi) to read as set
forth below;
0
oooo. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(ccxc) through
(a)(1)(cccxxxix) as paragraphs (a)(1)(ccxciii) through (a)(1)(cccxlii);
0
pppp. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(ccxc), (a)(1)(ccxci), and
(a)(1)(ccxcii) to read as set forth below;
0
qqqq. By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(cccix)
through (a)(1)(cccxlii) as paragraphs (a)(1)(cccx) through
(a)(1)(cccxliii);
0
rrrr By adding a new paragraph (a)(1)(cccix) to read as set forth
below;
0
ssss By redesignating newly designated paragraphs (a)(1)(cccxxix)
through (a)(1)(cccxliii) as paragraphs (a)(1)(cccxxxvii) through
(a)(1)(cccli);
0
tttt By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(cccxxix), (a)(1)(cccxxx),
(a)(1)(cccxxxi), (a)(1)(cccxxxii), (a)(1)(cccxxxiii), (a)(1)(cccxxxiv),
(a)(1)(cccxxxv), and (a)(1)(cccxxxvi) to read as set forth below;
0
uuuu. By redesignating newly designated paragraph (a)(1)(cccli) as
paragraph (a)(1)(cdlix);
0
vvvv. By adding new paragraphs (a)(1)(cccli), (a)(1)(ccclii),
(a)(1)(cccliii), (a)(1)(cccliv), (a)(1)(ccclv), (a)(1)(ccclvi),
(a)(1)(ccclvii), (a)(1)(ccclviii), (a)(1)(ccclix), (a)(1)(ccclx),
(a)(1)(ccclxi), (a)(1)(ccclxii), (a)(1)(ccclxiii), (a)(1)(ccclxiv),
(a)(1)(ccclxv), (a)(1)(ccclxvi), (a)(1)(ccclxvii), (a)(1)(ccclxviii),
(a)(1)(ccclxix), (a)(1)(ccclxx), (a)(1)(ccclxxi), (a)(1)(ccclxxii),
(a)(1)(ccclxxiii), (a)(1)(ccclxxiv), (a)(1)(ccclxxv), (a)(1)(ccclxxvi),
(a)(1)(ccclxxvii), (a)(1)(ccclxxviii), (a)(1)(ccclxxix),
(a)(1)(ccclxxx), (a)(1)(ccclxxxi), (a)(1)(ccclxxxii),
(a)(1)(ccclxxxiii), (a)(1)(ccclxxxiv), (a)(1)(ccclxxxv),
(a)(1)(ccclxxxvi), (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii), (a)(1)(ccclxxxviii),
(a)(1)(ccclxxxix), (a)(1)(cccxc), (a)(1)(cccxci), (a)(1)(cccxcii),
(a)(1)(cccxciii), (a)(1)(cccxciv), (a)(1)(cccxcv), (a)(1)(cccxcvi),
(a)(1)(cccxcvii), (a)(1)(cccxcviii), (a)(1)(cccxcix), (a)(1)(cd),
(a)(1)(cdi), (a)(1)(cdii), (a)(1)(cdiii), (a)(1)(cdiv), (a)(1)(cdv),
(a)(1)(cdvi), (a)(1)(cdvii), (a)(1)(cdviii), (a)(1)(cdix), (a)(1)(cdx),
(a)(1)(cdxi), (a)(1)(cdxii), (a)(1)(cdxiii), (a)(1)(cdxiv),
(a)(1)(cdxv), (a)(1)(cdxvi), (a)(1)(cdxvii), (a)(1)(cdxviii),
(a)(1)(cdxix), (a)(1)(cdxx), (a)(1)(cdxxi), (a)(1)(cdxxii),
(a)(1)(cdxxiii), (a)(1)(cdxxiv), (a)(1)(cdxxv), (a)(1)(cdxxvi),
(a)(1)(cdxxvii), (a)(1)(cdxxviii), (a)(1)(cdxxix), (a)(1)(cdxxx),
(a)(1)(cdxxxi), (a)(1)(cdxxxii), (a)(1)(cdxxxiii), (a)(1)(cdxxxiv),
(a)(1)(cdxxxv), (a)(1)(cdxxxvi), (a)(1)(cdxxxvii), (a)(1)(cdxxxviii),
(a)(1)(cdxxxix), (a)(1)(cdxl), (a)(1)(cdxli), (a)(1)(cdxlii),
(a)(1)(cdxliii), (a)(1)(cdxliv), (a)(1)(cdxlv), (a)(1)(cdxlvi),
(a)(1)(cdxlvii), (a)(1)(cdxlviii), (a)(1)(cdxlix), (a)(1)(cdl),
(a)(1)(cdli), (a)(1)(cdlii), (a)(1)(cdliii), (a)(1)(cdliv),
(a)(1)(cdlv), (a)(1)(cdlvi), (a)(1)(cdlvii), and (a)(1)(cdlviii), to
read as set forth below;
0
wwww. By amending the table at newly designated paragraph (a)(1)(cdlix)
by adding the following entries, first by unit number and then
alphabetically by species name, in the same order as these units are
presented in the preceding subparagraphs of this section, as set forth
below:
New entry:
Kauai 4-Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-a
Kauai 4-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-a
Kauai 4-Cyanea dolichopoda-a
Kauai 4-Cyrtandra oenobarba-a
Kauai 4-Cyrtandra paliku-a
Kauai 4-Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia-a
Kauai 4-Lysimachia iniki-a
Kauai 4-Lysimachia pendens-a
Kauai 4-Lysimachia venosa-a
Kauai 4-Platydesma rostrata-a
Kauai 7-Canavalia napaliensis-a
[[Page 19099]]
Kauai 7-Chamaesyce eleanoriae-a
Kauai 7-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-b
Kauai 7-Charpentiera densiflora-a
Kauai 7-Doryopteris angelica-a
Kauai 7-Dubautia kenwoodii-a
Kauai 7-Labordia helleri-a
Kauai 7-Pittosporum napaliense-a
Kauai 7-Platydesma rostrata-b
Kauai 7-Psychotria hobdyi-a
Kauai 7-Tetraplasandra bisattenuata-a
Kauai 10-Astelia waialealae-a
Kauai 10-Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-b
Kauai 10-Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-c
Kauai 10-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-c
Kauai 10-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-d
Kauai 10-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-e
Kauai 10-Charpentiera densiflora-b
Kauai 10-Cyanea dolichopoda-b
Kauai 10-Cyanea eleeleensis-a
Kauai 10-Cyanea kolekoleensis-a
Kauai 10-Cyanea kuhihewa-a
Kauai 10-Cyrtandra oenobarba-b
Kauai 10-Cyrtandra oenobarba-c
Kauai 10-Cyrtandra paliku-b
Kauai 10-Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus-a
Kauai 10-Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata-a
Kauai 10-Dubautia kalalauensis-a
Kauai 10-Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia-b
Kauai 10-Dubautia waialealae-a
Kauai 10-Geranium kauaiense-a
Kauai 10-Keysseria erici-a
Kauai 10-Keysseria helenae-a
Kauai 10-Labordia helleri-b
Kauai 10-Labordia helleri-c
Kauai 10-Labordia pumila-a
Kauai 10-Lysimachia daphnoides-a
Kauai 10-Lysimachia iniki-b
Kauai 10-Lysimachia pendens-b
Kauai 10-Lysimachia venosa-b
Kauai 10-Melicope degeneri-a
Kauai 10-Melicope paniculata-a
Kauai 10-Melicope puberula-a
Kauai 10-Melicope puberula-b
Kauai 10-Myrsine mezii-a
Kauai 10-Phyllostegia renovans-a
Kauai 10-Phyllostegia renovans-b
Kauai 10-Platydesma rostrata-c
Kauai 10-Platydesma rostrata-d
Kauai 10-Platydesma rostrata-e
Kauai 10-Psychotria grandiflora-a
Kauai 10-Stenogyne kealiae-a
Kauai 10-Tetraplasandra bisattenuata-b
Kauai 10-Tetraplasandra flynnii-a
Kauai 10-Tetraplasandra flynnii-b
Kauai 11-Astelia waialealae-b
Kauai 11-Canavalia napaliensis-b
Kauai 11-Chamaesyce eleanoriae-b
Kauai 11-Chamaesyce eleanoriae-c
Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-d
Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-e
Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-f
Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-g
Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-h
Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-i
Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-j
Kauai 11-Charpentiera densiflora-c
Kauai 11-Charpentiera densiflora-d
Kauai 11-Cyanea dolichopoda-c
Kauai 11-Cyanea eleeleensis-b
Kauai 11-Cyanea kolekoleensis-b
Kauai 11-Cyanea kuhihewa-b
Kauai 11-Cyrtandra oenobarba-d
Kauai 11-Cyrtandra oenobarba-e
Kauai 11-Cyrtandra paliku-c
Kauai 11-Diellia mannii-a
Kauai 11-Doryopteris angelica-b
Kauai 11-Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus-b
Kauai 11-Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata-b
Kauai 11-Dubautia kalalauensis-b
Kauai 11-Dubautia kenwoodii-b
Kauai 11-Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia-c
Kauai 11-Dubautia waialealae-b
Kauai 11-Geranium kauaiense-b
Kauai 11-Keysseria erici-b
Kauai 11-Keysseria helenae-b
Kauai 11-Labordia helleri-d
Kauai 11-Labordia helleri-e
Kauai 11-Labordia helleri-f
Kauai 11-Labordia helleri-g
Kauai 11-Labordia pumila-b
Kauai 11-Lysimachia daphnoides-b
Kauai 11-Lysimachia iniki-c
Kauai 11-Lysimachia pendens-c
Kauai 11-Lysimachia scopulensis-a
Kauai 11-Lysimachia venosa-c
Kauai 11-Melicope degeneri-b
Kauai 11-Melicope paniculata-b
Kauai 11-Melicope puberula-c
Kauai 11-Melicope puberula-d
Kauai 11-Myrsine knudsenii-a
Kauai 11-Myrsine mezii-b
Kauai 11-Myrsine mezii-c
Kauai 11-Phyllostegia renovans-c
Kauai 11-Phyllostegia renovans-d
Kauai 11-Pittosporum napaliense-b
Kauai 11-Platydesma rostrata-f
Kauai 11-Platydesma rostrata-g
Kauai 11-Platydesma rostrata-h
Kauai 11-Platydesma rostrata-i
Kauai 11-Platydesma rostrata-j
Kauai 11-Psychotria grandiflora-b
Kauai 11-Psychotria grandiflora-c
Kauai 11-Psychotria hobdyi-b
Kauai 11-Schiedea attenuata-a
Kauai 11-Stenogyne kealiae-b
Kauai 11-Stenogyne kealiae-c
Kauai 11-Stenogyne kealiae-d
Kauai 11-Tetraplasandra bisattenuata-c
Kauai 11-Tetraplasandra bisattenuata-d
Kauai 11-Tetraplasandra flynnii-c
Kauai 11-Tetraplasandra flynnii-d
Kauai 11-Tetraplasandra flynnii-e
Kauai 18-Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-f
Kauai 18-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-k
Kauai 18-Cyanea dolichopoda-d
Kauai 18-Cyrtandra oenobarba-f
Kauai 18-Cyrtandra paliku-d
Kauai 18-Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia-d
Kauai 18-Lysimachia iniki-d
Kauai 18-Lysimachia pendens-d
Kauai 18-Lysimachia venosa-d
Kauai 18-Platydesma rostrata-k
Kauai 19-Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-g
Kauai 19-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-l
Kauai 19-Cyanea dolichopoda-e
Kauai 19-Cyrtandra oenobarba-g
Kauai 19-Cyrtandra paliku-e
Kauai 19-Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia-e
Kauai 19-Lysimachia iniki-e
Kauai 19-Lysimachia pendens-e
Kauai 19-Lysimachia venosa-e
Kauai 19-Platydesma rostrata-l
Kauai 20-Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-h
Kauai 20-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-m
Kauai 20-Charpentiera densiflora-e
Kauai 20-Cyanea eleeleensis-c
Kauai 20-Cyanea kolekoleensis-c
Kauai 20-Cyanea kuhihewa-c
Kauai 20-Cyrtandra oenobarba-h
Kauai 20-Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata-c
Kauai 20-Labordia helleri-h
Kauai 20-Melicope paniculata-c
Kauai 20-Melicope puberula-e
Kauai 20-Phyllostegia renovans-e
Kauai 20-Platydesma rostrata-m
Kauai 20-Stenogyne kealiae-e
Kauai 20-Tetraplasandra bisattenuata-e
Kauai 20-Tetraplasandra flynnii-f
Kauai 21-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-n
Kauai 21-Diellia mannii-b
Kauai 21-Labordia helleri-i
Kauai 21-Myrsine knudsenii-b
Kauai 21-Myrsine mezii-d
Kauai 21-Platydesma rostrata-n
Kauai 21-Psychotria grandiflora-d
Kauai 21-Stenogyne kealiae-f
Kauai 21-Tetraplasandra flynnii-g
Kauai 22-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-o
Kauai 22-Diellia mannii-c
Kauai 22-Labordia helleri-j
Kauai 22-Myrsine knudsenii-c
Kauai 22-Myrsine mezii-e
[[Page 19100]]
Kauai 22-Platydesma rostrata-o
Kauai 22-Psychotria grandiflora-e
Kauai 22-Stenogyne kealiae-g
Kauai 22-Tetraplasandra flynnii-h
Kauai 23-Astelia waialealae-c
Kauai 23-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-p
Kauai 23-Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus-c
Kauai 23-Dubautia kalalauensis-c
Kauai 23-Dubautia waialealae-c
Kauai 23-Geranium kauaiense-c
Kauai 23-Keysseria erici-c
Kauai 23-Keysseria helenae-c
Kauai 23-Labordia helleri-k
Kauai 23-Labordia pumila-c
Kauai 23-Lysimachia daphnoides-c
Kauai 23-Melicope degeneri-c
Kauai 23-Melicope puberula-f
Kauai 23-Myrsine mezii-f
Kauai 23-Phyllostegia renovans-f
Kauai 23-Platydesma rostrata-p
Kauai 23-Psychotria grandiflora-f
Kauai 23-Tetraplasandra flynnii-i
Kauai 24-Astelia waialealae-d
Kauai 24-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-q
Kauai 24-Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus-d
Kauai 24-Dubautia kalalauensis-d
Kauai 24-Dubautia waialealae-d
Kauai 24-Geranium kauaiense-d
Kauai 24-Keysseria erici-d
Kauai 24-Keysseria helenae-d
Kauai 24-Labordia helleri-l
Kauai 24-Labordia pumila-d
Kauai 24-Lysimachia daphnoides-d
Kauai 24-Melicope degeneri-d
Kauai 24-Melicope puberula-g
Kauai 24-Myrsine mezii-g
Kauai 24-Phyllostegia renovans-g
Kauai 24-Platydesma rostrata-q
Kauai 24-Psychotria grandiflora-g
Kauai 24-Tetraplasandra flynnii-j
Kauai 25- Astelia waialealae-e
Kauai 25-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-r
Kauai 25-Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus-e
Kauai 25-Dubautia kalalauensis-e
Kauai 25-Dubautia waialealae-e
Kauai 25-Geranium kauaiense-e
Kauai 25-Keysseria erici-e
Kauai 25-Keysseria helenae-e
Kauai 25-Labordia helleri-m
Kauai 25-Labordia pumila-e
Kauai 25-Lysimachia daphnoides-e
Kauai 25-Melicope degeneri-e
Kauai 25-Melicope puberula-h
Kauai 25-Myrsine mezii-h
Kauai 25-Phyllostegia renovans-h
Kauai 25-Platydesma rostrata-r
Kauai 25-Psychotria grandiflora-h
Kauai 25-Tetraplasandra flynnii-k
0
xxxx. By amending paragraph (b) as follows:
0
i. In paragraph (b)(1), by adding ``Family Amaranathaceae'', ``Family
Asteliaceae'', and ``Family Pittosporaceae'' in alphabetical order to
the list of family names;
0
ii. In paragraph (b)(1), by adding entries in alphabetical order by
family name to read as set forth below:
New entry:
Family Amaranathaceae: Charpentiera densiflora
Family Araliaceae: Tetraplasandra bisattenuata
Family Araliaceae: Tetraplasandra flynnii
Family Asteliaceae: Astelia waialealae
Family Asteraceae: Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata
Family Asteraceae: Dubautia kalalauensis
Family Asteraceae: Dubautia kenwoodii
Family Asteraceae: Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia
Family Asteraceae: Dubautia waialealae
Family Asteraceae: Keysseria erici
Family Asteraceae: Keysseria helenae
Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea dolichopoda
Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea eleeleensis
Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea kolekoleensis
Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea kuhihewa
Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea attenuata
Family Euphorbiaceae: Chamaesyce eleanoriae
Family Euphorbiaceae: Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis
Family Euphorbiaceae: Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi
Family Fabaceae: Canavalia napaliensis
Family Geraniaceae: Geranium kauaiense
Family Gesneriaceae: Cyrtandra oenobarba
Family Gesneriaceae: Cyrtandra paliku
Family Lamiaceae: Phyllostegia renovans
Family Lamiaceae: Stenogyne kealiae
Family Loganiaceae: Labordia helleri
Family Loganiaceae: Labordia pumila
Family Myrsinaceae: Lysimachia daphnoides
Family Myrsinaceae: Lysimachia iniki
Family Myrsinaceae: Lysimachia pendens
Family Myrsinaceae: Lysimachia scopulensis
Family Myrsinaceae: Lysimachia venosa
Family Myrsinaceae: Myrsine knudsenii
Family Myrsinaceae: Myrsine mezii
Family Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum napaliense
Family Rubiaceae: Psychotria grandiflora
Family Rubiaceae: Psychotria hobdyi
Family Rutaceae: Melicope degeneri
Family Rutaceae: Melicope paniculata
Family Rutaceae: Melicope puberula
Family Rutaceae: Platydesma rostrata
0
iii. In paragraph (b)(2), by adding ``Family Dryopteridaceae'' and
``Family Pteridaceae'' in alphabetical order to the list of family
names; and
0
iv. In paragraph (b)(2), by adding entries in alphabetical order by
family name to read as set forth below:
New entry:
Family Aspleniaceae: Diellia mannii
Family Dryopteridaceae: Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus
Family Pteridaceae: Doryopteris angelica
Sec. 17.99 Critical habitat; plants on the islands of Kauai, Niihau,
Molokai, Maui, Kahoolawe, Oahu, and Hawaii, HI, and on the Northwestern
Hawaiian Islands.
(a) * * *
(1) Kauai. Critical habitat units are described below. Coordinates
are in UTM Zone 4 with units in meters using North American Datum of
1983 (NAD83). The following map shows the general locations of the
critical habitat units designated on the island of Kauai.
(i) Note: Map 1--Index map follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-S
[[Page 19101]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.035
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C
[[Page 19102]]
* * * * *
(vi) Kauai 4-Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-a
(A) This is a unit of the Wet Cliff ecosystem and consists of 38 ac
(15.4 ha). This unit includes land bounded by the following UTM Zone 4,
NAD 83 coordinates (E, N): 457610, 2449548; 457661, 2449558; 457661,
2449558; 457651, 2449568; 457646, 2449571; 457637, 2449567; 457631,
2449564; 457621, 2449558; 457618, 2449556; 457613, 2449551; 457611,
2449549; 457144, 2449549; 457144, 2449549; 456901, 2449549; 457285,
2449395; 457635, 2449536; 457541, 2449482; 457611, 2449549; 457388,
2449419; 456313, 2449442; 457278, 2449394; 457141, 2449391; 456345,
2449426; 456848, 2449384; 456731, 2449379; 456589, 2449387; 456467,
2449400; 456999, 2449392; 457474, 2449457. This unit is also critical
habitat for Kauai 4-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-a, Kauai 4-Cyanea
dolichopoda-a, Kauai 4-Cyrtandra oenobarba-a, Kauai 4-Cyrtandra paliku-
a, Kauai 4-Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia-a, Kauai 4-Lysimachia
iniki-a, Kauai 4-Lysimachia pendens-a, Kauai 4- Lysimachia venosa-a,
and Kauai 4-Platydesma rostrata-a (see paragraphs (a)(1)(vii),
(a)(1)(ix), (a)(1)(xvi), (a)(1)(xvii), (a)(1)(xviii), (a)(1)(xxv),
(a)(1)(xxvi), (a)(1)(xxvii), and (a)(1)(xxix), respectively, of this
section).
(B) Note: Map 5a follows:
[[Page 19103]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.036
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C
[[Page 19104]]
(vii) Kauai 4-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-a
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(B) of this section for the map of this
unit.
* * * * *
(ix) Kauai 4-Cyanea dolichopoda-a
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(B) of this section for the map of this
unit.
* * * * *
(xvi) Kauai 4-Cyrtandra oenobarba-a
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(B) of this section for the map of this
unit.
(xvii)Kauai 4-Cyrtandra paliku-a
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(B) of this section for the map of this
unit.
(xviii) Kauai 4-Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia-a
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(B) of this section for the map of this
unit.
* * * * *
(xxv) Kauai 4-Lysimachia iniki-a
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(B) of this section for the map of this
unit.
(xxvi) Kauai 4-Lysimachia pendens-a
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(B) of this section for the map of this
unit.
(xxvii) Kauai 4- Lysimachia venosa-a
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(B) of this section for the map of this
unit.
* * * * *
(xxix) Kauai 4-Platydesma rostrata-a
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(vi)(B) of this section for the map of this
unit.
* * * * *
(xxxiv) Kauai 7-Canavalia napaliensis-a (37 ac; 15 ha)
(A) This is a unit of the Lowland Mesic ecosystem and consists of
37 ac (15 ha). This unit includes land bounded by the following UTM
Zone 4, NAD 83 coordinates (E, N): 458130, 2424804; 458259, 2424774;
458356, 2424758; 458478, 2424743; 458570, 2424730; 458648, 2424694;
458648, 2424470; 458666, 2424580; 458010, 2424827; 458671, 2424648;
458429, 2424488; 458620, 2424409; 458620, 2424409; 457920, 2424829;
458513, 2424437; 458579, 2424401; 458340, 2424534; 458241, 2424577;
458160, 2424631; 458068, 2424690; 458000, 2424733; 457959, 2424769.
This unit is also critical habitat for Kauai 7-Chamaesyce eleanoriae-a,
Kauai 7-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-b, Kauai 7-Charpentiera densiflora-
a, Kauai 7-Doryopteris angelica-a, Kauai 7-Dubautia kenwoodii-a, Kauai
7-Labordia helleri-a, Kauai 7-Pittosporum napaliense-a, Kauai 7-
Platydesma rostrata-b, Kauai 7-Psychotria hobdyi-a, and Kauai 7-
Tetraplasandra bisattenuata-a (see paragraphs (a)(1)(xxxv),
(a)(1)(xxxvi), (a)(1)(xxxvii), (a)(1)(xxxix), (a)(1)(xl), (a)(1)(xlii),
(a)(1)(xlviii), (a)(1)(xlix), (a)(1)(l), and (a)(1)(liii),
respectively, of this section).
(B) Note: Map 23a follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-S
[[Page 19105]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.037
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C
[[Page 19106]]
(xxxv) Kauai 7-Chamaesyce eleanoriae-a
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(xxxvi) Kauai 7-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-b
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(xxxvii) Kauai 7-Charpentiera densiflora-a
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
* * * * *
(xxxix) Kauai 7-Doryopteris angelica-a
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(xl) Kauai 7-Dubautia kenwoodii-a
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
* * * * *
(xlii) Kauai 7-Labordia helleri-a
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
* * * * *
(xlviii) Kauai 7-Pittosporum napaliense-a
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(xlix) Kauai 7-Platydesma rostrata-b
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(l) Kauai 7-Psychotria hobdyi-a
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
* * * * *
(liii) Kauai 7-Tetraplasandra bisattenuata-a
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(xxxiv)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
* * * * *
(lvii) Kauai 10--Astelia waialealae--a
(A) This is a unit of the Montane Wet ecosystem and consists of 99
ac (40 ha). This unit includes land bounded by the following UTM Zone
4, NAD83 coordinates (E, N): 449000, 2441660; 449004, 2441650; 449006,
2441639; 448995, 2441668; 449009, 2441625; 449012, 2441616; 449030,
2441595; 448925, 2441722; 449037, 2441588; 449017, 2441611; 448986,
2441677; 448972, 2441689; 448957, 2441700; 449043, 2441578; 448933,
2441715; 449060, 2441481; 448915, 2441738; 448913, 2441753; 448914,
2441760; 448913, 2441774; 448915, 2441796; 448910, 2441807; 448900,
2441814; 448939, 2441710; 448964, 2441441; 448677, 2442140; 448892,
2441817; 448916, 2441369; 448918, 2441381; 448922, 2441392; 448930,
2441400; 448936, 2441403; 448940, 2441404; 448945, 2441411; 449065,
2441502; 448952, 2441427; 449046, 2441569; 448971, 2441443; 449003,
2441449; 449032, 2441461; 449040, 2441466; 449049, 2441471; 449053,
2441472; 449064, 2441492; 449066, 2441511; 449061, 2441528; 449050,
2441561; 448948, 2441420; 448764, 2442029; 448684, 2442157; 448675,
2442123; 448677, 2442115; 448683, 2442101; 448694, 2442089; 448710,
2442077; 448718, 2442069; 448723, 2442061; 448728, 2442058; 448736,
2442055; 448682, 2442148; 448755, 2442041; 448917, 2441357; 448768,
2442019; 448773, 2442013; 448777, 2442002; 448781, 2441990; 448787,
2441967; 448789, 2441938; 448803, 2441914; 448813, 2441900; 448814,
2441894; 448817, 2441884; 448746, 2442051; 448707, 2442267; 448884,
2441820; 448877, 2441825; 448850, 2441844; 448840, 2441852; 448697,
2442342; 448711, 2442341; 448721, 2442331; 448724, 2442320; 448723,
2442309; 448722, 2442303; 448944, 2441075; 448712, 2442283; 448890,
2441818; 448706, 2442257; 448705, 2442250; 448699, 2442238; 448692,
2442233; 448684, 2442226; 448678, 2442221; 448673, 2442209; 448671,
2442202; 448674, 2442187; 448680, 2442169; 448718, 2442295; 448601,
2440652; 448638, 2440764; 449173, 2441529; 449106, 2441435; 449078,
2441297; 449111, 2441196; 449121, 2441114; 449121, 2441114; 449068,
2441051; 449006, 2441012; 448887, 2440934; 449249, 2441697; 448678,
2440741; 449275, 2441773; 448601, 2440652; 448599, 2440647; 448600,
2440668; 448601, 2440679; 448606, 2440704; 448612, 2440722; 448615,
2440731; 448619, 2440740; 448622, 2440749; 448954, 2441097; 448777,
2440842; 448640, 2442451; 448682, 2442350; 448677, 2442356; 448673,
2442365; 448671, 2442369; 448665, 2442379; 448657, 2442387; 448648,
2442399; 448643, 2442410; 448642, 2442419; 448642, 2442430; 449201,
2441638; 448831, 2441859; 448650, 2440769; 448637, 2442455; 448880,
2442563; 448917, 2442504; 448983, 2442384; 449024, 2442290; 449064,
2442221; 449090, 2442135; 449115, 2442038; 449148, 2441893; 449244,
2441819; 448642, 2442440; 448940, 2441238; 448630, 2440759; 448969,
2441116; 448971, 2441119; 448972, 2441136; 448973, 2441143; 448972,
2441150; 448967, 2441159; 448961, 2441163; 448949, 2441170; 448941,
2441177; 448820, 2441871; 448934, 2441230; 448948, 2441084; 448944,
2441250; 448946, 2441259; 448948, 2441264; 448948, 2441273; 448948,
2441281; 448944, 2441291; 448935, 2441302; 448928, 2441313; 448925,
2441322; 448920, 2441333; 448930, 2441194; 448837, 2440912; 448663,
2440773; 448678, 2440780; 448691, 2440790; 448711, 2440806; 448720,
2440813; 448727, 2440820; 448735, 2440829; 448745, 2440841; 448764,
2440857; 448788, 2440878; 448964, 2441109; 448811, 2440896; 448919,
2441341; 448841, 2440914; 448861, 2440927; 448877, 2440939; 448918,
2440982; 448940, 2441006; 448941, 2441024; 448943, 2441044; 448943,
2441053; 448943, 2441063; 448926, 2441212; 448802, 2440889; 448933,
2441184. This unit is also critical habitat for Kauai 10-Chamaesyce
remyi var. remyi-c, Kauai 10-Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus-a,
Kauai 10-Dubautia kalalauensis-a, Kauai 10-Dubautia waialealae-a, Kauai
10-Geranium kauaiense-a, Kauai 10-Keysseria erici-a, Kauai 10-Keysseria
helenae-a, Kauai 10-Labordia helleri-b, Kauai 10-Labordia pumila-a,
Kauai 10-Lysimachia daphnoides-a, Kauai 10-Melicope degeneri-a, Kauai
10-Melicope puberula-a, Kauai 10-Myrsine mezii-a, Kauai 10-Phyllostegia
renovans-a, Kauai 10-Platydesma rostrata-c, Kauai 10-Psychotria
grandiflora-a, and Kauai 10-Tetraplasandra flynnii-a (see
[[Page 19107]]
paragraphs (a)(1)(lxi), (a)(1)(lxxvi), (a)(1)(lxxviii), (a)(1)(lxxxi),
(a)(1)(lxxxiii), (a)(1)(lxxxvi), (a)(1)(lxxxvii), (a)(1)(lxxxviii),
(a)(1)(xci), (a)(1)(xciii), (a)(1)(xcviii), (a)(1)(c), (a)(1)(ciii),
(a)(1)(cv), (a)(1)(cviii), (a)(1)(cxi), and (a)(1)(cxv), respectively,
of this section).
(B) Note: Map 35a follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-S
[[Page 19108]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.038
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C
[[Page 19109]]
* * * * *
(lix) Kauai 10-Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-b
(A) This is a unit of the Lowland Wet ecosystem and consists of
2,330 ac (943 ha). This unit is also critical habitat for Kauai 10-
Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-d, Kauai 10-Charpentiera densiflora-b,
Kauai 10-Cyanea eleeleensis-a, Kauai 10-Cyanea kolekoleensis-a, Kauai
10-Cyanea kuhihewa-a, Kauai 10-Cyrtandra oenobarba-b, Kauai 10-Dubautia
imbricata ssp. imbricata-a, Kauai 10-Labordia helleri-c, Kauai 10-
Melicope paniculata-a, Kauai 10-Melicope puberula-b, Kauai 10-
Phyllostegia renovans-b, Kauai 10-Platydesma rostrata-d, Kauai 10-
Stenogyne kealiae-a, Kauai 10-Tetraplasandra bisattenuata-b, and Kauai
10-Tetraplasandra flynii-b, (see paragraphs (a)(1)(lxii), (a)(1)(lxiv),
(a)(1)(lxvii), (a)(1)(lxviii), (a)(1)(lxix), (a)(1)(lxxiii),
(a)(1)(lxxvii), (a)(1)(lxxxix), (a)(1)(xcix), (a)(1)(ci), (a)(1)(cvi),
(a)(1)(cix), (a)(1)(cxiii), (a)(1)(cxiv), and (a)(1)(cxvi),
respectively, of this section).
(1) This unit includes land bounded by the following UTM Zone 4,
NAD83 coordinates (E, N): 450218, 2439675; 451901, 2438605; 451485,
2438695; 451170, 2438845; 450653, 2439686; 450094, 2440396; 450101,
2440409; 450009, 2440531; 450060, 2439401; 450044, 2439436; 450080,
2439502; 450121, 2439558; 450313, 2437467; 450187, 2439652; 452012,
2438334; 450243, 2439684; 450236, 2439581; 450179, 2439451; 450144,
2439400; 450116, 2439393; 450060, 2439401; 450009, 2440531; 449922,
2440494; 449797, 2440464; 449675, 2440467; 450154, 2439614; 451319,
2437948; 450466, 2437546; 450580, 2437507; 450757, 2437431; 450948,
2437416; 451043, 2437429; 451072, 2437437; 451101, 2437491; 451108,
2437503; 451138, 2437581; 451245, 2437644; 451275, 2437714; 452023,
2438472; 451205, 2437885; 452004, 2438389; 451411, 2437910; 451488,
2437910; 451579, 2437997; 451593, 2438098; 451654, 2438137; 451738,
2438169; 451822, 2438170; 451898, 2438217; 451952, 2438225; 451982,
2438287; 449326, 2440266; 451228, 2437792; 450799, 2438248; 449502,
2440462; 450261, 2439193; 450390, 2438961; 450492, 2438803; 450601,
2438722; 450715, 2438722; 450776, 2438704; 450786, 2438622; 450835,
2438510; 450888, 2438416; 450949, 2438380; 450103, 2439293; 450921,
2438291; 450098, 2439272; 450704, 2438180; 450742, 2438065; 450785,
2437968; 450701, 2437933; 450657, 2437930; 450554, 2437925; 450467,
2437958; 450381, 2437976; 450256, 2438015; 450165, 2438076; 448286,
2436668; 451002, 2438334; 449748, 2439830; 450248, 2439634; 449295,
2440144; 449323, 2440106; 449435, 2440131; 449639, 2440133; 449771,
2440087; 449931, 2440046; 450041, 2440031; 450084, 2440003; 450061,
2439947; 449964, 2439881; 450172, 2439295; 449758, 2439861; 449402,
2440381; 449760, 2439660; 449816, 2439481; 449861, 2439257; 449886,
2439054; 449944, 2438939; 449945, 2438937; 450092, 2438827; 450179,
2438817; 450222, 2438885; 450189, 2439030; 450136, 2439186; 449852,
2439858; 449221, 2436668; 449007, 2436513; 449328, 2436406; 449213,
2436403; 449145, 2436465; 449130, 2436544; 449158, 2436572; 449514,
2436395; 449231, 2436635; 449615, 2436301; 449188, 2436712; 449145,
2436768; 449110, 2436794; 449120, 2436671; 449102, 2436620; 449079,
2436605; 450823, 2436692; 449219, 2436602; 449927, 2436216; 450785,
2436606; 450862, 2436552; 450878, 2436459; 450894, 2436334; 450928,
2436285; 450659, 2436369; 449414, 2436418; 450332, 2436229; 449008,
2436511; 449924, 2436215; 449870, 2436206; 449812, 2436172; 449765,
2436128; 449727, 2436090; 449689, 2436186; 449683, 2436195; 450351,
2436329; 448790, 2437520; 449020, 2436554; 448912, 2438027; 448953,
2437948; 448991, 2437897; 449024, 2437853; 448994, 2437683; 448926,
2438111; 448920, 2437538; 449012, 2438179; 448665, 2437510; 448596,
2437431; 448540, 2437294; 448517, 2437230; 448459, 2437218; 448428,
2437261; 448226, 2436801; 450205, 2439505; 449412, 2438461; 448436,
2436335; 450010, 2438158; 449905, 2438254; 449811, 2438272; 449689,
2438311; 449567, 2438395; 448910, 2438029; 449445, 2438454; 449027,
2437802; 449303, 2438449; 449280, 2438423; 449234, 2438327; 449198,
2438248; 449146, 2438227; 449117, 2438215; 449027, 2438184; 449506,
2438446; 450506, 2437164; 450691, 2436909; 450656, 2436941; 450515,
2437040; 450407, 2437210; 450299, 2437233; 448983, 2437578; 450584,
2437009.
(2) This unit includes land bounded by the following UTM Zone 4,
NAD 83 coordinates (E, N): 448864, 2430994; 448915, 2431294; 448870,
2430976; 448747, 2431927; 448866, 2430965; 448877, 2431143; 448890,
2431196; 448902, 2431222; 448896, 2431533; 448792, 2431836; 448857,
2431685; 448875, 2431636; 448879, 2431616; 448879, 2431586; 448904,
2431254; 448883, 2431556; 448907, 2431280; 448580, 2432096; 448909,
2431441; 448926, 2431397; 448922, 2431378; 448920, 2431356; 448871,
2430833; 448858, 2431071; 449196, 2430298; 448319, 2429275; 449002,
2429203; 448999, 2429252; 449004, 2429384; 449017, 2429491; 449053,
2429598; 449076, 2429644; 449139, 2429727; 449175, 2429758; 449262,
2429801; 449318, 2429811; 449326, 2430025; 449290, 2430091; 448866,
2430960; 448995, 2430341; 448858, 2431041; 448902, 2430792; 448947,
2430723; 448983, 2430644; 448991, 2430617; 449290, 2430208; 449026,
2430433; 449260, 2430300; 448959, 2430257; 448970, 2430209; 449020,
2430214; 449086, 2430250; 449107, 2430262; 448869, 2430883; 449011,
2430547; 447154, 2430979; 448122, 2430928; 446849, 2430738; 446921,
2430739; 446961, 2430832; 448892, 2431475; 446996, 2430939; 448686,
2432011; 446996, 2430939; 447214, 2431052; 447347, 2431063; 447367,
2431032; 447520, 2431054; 447836, 2431129; 447989, 2431010; 447038,
2430959; 447800, 2431556; 448534, 2432102; 448512, 2432103; 448509,
2432100; 448291, 2431933; 448077, 2431769; 446723, 2430729; 447808,
2431563; 447073, 2430978; 447681, 2431465; 447305, 2431176; 448877,
2431143; 447222, 2431112; 448868, 2431103; 447039, 2430972; 448011,
2431718; 447907, 2429318; 448615, 2432078; 448288, 2429278; 448283,
2429271; 448109, 2429291; 446993, 2430912; 448055, 2429303; 448174,
2430856; 447613, 2429349; 447532, 2429359; 447492, 2429364; 447530,
2429461; 447517, 2429602; 447489, 2429733; 447465, 2429924; 448370,
2430494; 448055, 2429297; 447481, 2430092; 448175, 2430731; 448297,
2430722; 448369, 2430567; 448340, 2430390; 448312, 2430325; 447855,
2430195; 447580, 2430191; 448297, 2430660; 447684, 2430223; 448070,
2430056; 448138, 2430060; 448199, 2430119; 448260, 2430203.
(B) Note: Map 36a follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-S
[[Page 19110]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.039
[[Page 19111]]
(lx) Kauai 10-Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-c
(A) This is a unit of the Wet Cliff ecosystem and consists of 489
ac (198 ha). This unit includes land bounded by the following UTM Zone
4, NAD 83 coordinates (E, N): 449326, 2440266; 449663, 2440988; 449861,
2440726; 449771, 2440087; 449639, 2440133; 449435, 2440131; 449323,
2440106; 449295, 2440144; 449931, 2440046; 449402, 2440381; 449502,
2440462; 449675, 2440467; 449797, 2440464; 449922, 2440494; 450009,
2440531; 449861, 2440726; 449663, 2440988; 449758, 2439861; 449987,
2440561; 450084, 2440003; 449943, 2438939; 448756, 2439586; 448792,
2439355; 448831, 2439328; 448887, 2439317; 448953, 2439254; 449067,
2439195; 448605, 2440582; 449760, 2439660; 448605, 2440585; 449964,
2439881; 449245, 2439220; 449852, 2439858; 449748, 2439830; 449816,
2439481; 449861, 2439257; 449886, 2439054; 449944, 2438939; 449177,
2439197; 448777, 2440842; 449662, 2441006; 449661, 2441029; 449533,
2441052; 449396, 2441083; 449396, 2441083; 449121, 2441114; 449068,
2441051; 448770, 2439804; 448887, 2440934; 450061, 2439947; 448678,
2440741; 448601, 2440652; 448599, 2440647; 448599, 2440637; 448600,
2440627; 448601, 2440618; 448603, 2440603; 448604, 2440594; 449006,
2441012; 449309, 2439083; 449311, 2439179; 450041, 2440031. This unit
is also critical habitat for Kauai 10-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-e,
Kauai 10-Cyanea dolichopoda-b, Kauai 10-Cyrtandra oenobarba-c, Kauai
10-Cyrtandra paliku-b, Kauai 10-Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia-b,
Kauai 10-Lysimachia iniki-b, Kauai 10-Lysimachia pendens-b, Kauai 10-
Lysimachia venosa-b, and Kauai 10-Platydesma rostrata-e (see paragraphs
(a)(1)(lxiii), (a)(1)(lxvi), (a)(1)(lxxiv), (a)(1)(lxxv), (a)(1)(lxxx),
(a)(1)(xcv), (a)(1)(xcvi), (a)(1)(xcvii), and (a)(1)(cx), respectively,
of this section).
(B) Note: Map 36b follows:
[[Page 19112]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.040
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C
[[Page 19113]]
(lxi) Kauai 10-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-c
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(lxii) Kauai 10-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-d
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(lxiii) Kauai 10-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-e
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(lxiv) Kauai 10-Charpentiera densiflora-b
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
* * * * *
(lxvi) Kauai 10-Cyanea dolichopoda-b
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(lxvii) Kauai 10-Cyanea eleeleensis-a
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(lxviii) Kauai 10-Cyanea kolekoleensis-a
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(lxix) Kauai 10-Cyanea kuhihewa-a
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
* * * * *
(lxxiii) Kauai 10-Cyrtandra oenobarba-b
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(lxxiv) Kauai 10-Cyrtandra oenobarba-c
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(lxxv) Kauai 10-Cyrtandra paliku-b
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(lxxvi) Kauai 10-Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus-a
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(lxxvii) Kauai 10-Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata-a
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(lxxviii) Kauai 10-Dubautia kalalauensis-a
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
* * * * *
(lxxx) Kauai 10-Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia-b
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(lxxxi) Kauai 10-Dubautia waialealae-a
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
* * * * *
(lxxxiii) Kauai 10-Geranium kauaiense-a
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
* * * * *
(lxxxvi) Kauai 10-Keysseria erici-a
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(lxxxvii) Kauai 10-Keysseria helenae-a
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(lxxxviii) Kauai 10-Labordia helleri-b
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(lxxxix) Kauai 10-Labordia helleri-c
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
* * * * *
(xci) Kauai 10-Labordia pumila-a
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
* * * * *
(xciii) Kauai 10-Lysimachia daphnoides-a
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
* * * * *
(xcv) Kauai 10-Lysimachia iniki-b
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(xcvi) Kauai 10-Lysimachia pendens-b
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(xcvii) Kauai 10-Lysimachia venosa-b
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(xcviii) Kauai 10-Melicope degeneri-a
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
[[Page 19114]]
(xcix) Kauai 10-Melicope paniculata-a
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(c) Kauai 10-Melicope puberula-a
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(ci) Kauai 10-Melicope puberula-b
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
* * * * *
(ciii) Kauai 10-Myrsine mezii-a
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
* * * * *
(cv) Kauai 10-Phyllostegia renovans-a
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cvi) Kauai 10-Phyllostegia renovans-b
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
* * * * *
(cviii) Kauai 10-Platydesma rostrata-c
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cix) Kauai 10-Platydesma rostrata-d
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cx) Kauai 10-Platydesma rostrata-e
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lx)(B) of this section for the map of this
unit.
(cxi) Kauai 10-Psychotria grandiflora-a
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
* * * * *
(cxiii) Kauai 10-Stenogyne kealiae-a
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cxiv) Kauai 10-Tetraplasandra bisattenuata-b
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cxv) Kauai 10-Tetraplasandra flynnii-a
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lvii)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cxvi) Kauai 10-Tetraplasandra flynnii-b
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(lix)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
* * * * *
(cxxx) Kauai 11--Astelia waialealae--b
(A) This is a unit of the Montane Wet ecosystem and consists of
14,096 ac (5,704 ha). This unit is also critical habitat for Kauai 11-
Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-f, Kauai 11-Dryopteris crinalis var.
podosorus-b, Kauai 11-Dubautia kalalauensis-b, Kauai 11-Dubautia
waialealae-b, Kauai 11-Geranium kauaiense-b, Kauai 11-Keysseria erici-
b, Kauai 11-Keysseria helenae-b, Kauai 11-Labordia helleri-d, Kauai 11-
Labordia pumila-b, Kauai 11-Lysimachia daphnoides-b, Kauai 11-Melicope
degeneri-b, Kauai 11-Melicope puberula-c, Kauai 11-Myrsine mezii-b,
Kauai 11-Phyllostegia renovans-c, Kauai 11-Platydesma rostrata-f, Kauai
11-Psychotria grandiflora-b, and Kauai 11-Tetraplasandra flynnii-c (see
paragraphs (a)(1)(cxlii), (a)(1)(clxxvii), (a)(1)(clxxix),
(a)(1)(clxxxv), (a)(1)(cxcix), (a)(1)(ccxvi), (a)(1)(ccxvii),
(a)(1)(ccxxii), (a)(1)(ccxxix), (a)(1)(ccxxxv), (a)(1)(ccxli),
(a)(1)(ccxlix), (a)(1)(cclviii), (a)(1)(cclxvi), (a)(1)(cclxxvii),
(a)(1)(ccxc), and (a)(1)(cccxxxiv), respectively, of this section).
(1) This unit includes land bounded by the following UTM Zone 4,
NAD83 coordinates (E, N): 441848, 2446265; 441620, 2446723; 442005,
2446171; 441982, 2446194; 441963, 2446219; 441943, 2446256; 441929,
2446268; 441897, 2446273; 441879, 2446263; 441852, 2446219; 442039,
2446165; 441834, 2446230; 442059, 2446159; 441855, 2446295; 441856,
2446328; 441868, 2446401; 441864, 2446424; 441847, 2446451; 441836,
2446475; 441829, 2446501; 441829, 2446505; 441674, 2446682; 440599,
2447501; 441838, 2446221; 442317, 2445917; 442501, 2445803; 442492,
2445803; 442467, 2445799; 442448, 2445805; 442444, 2445807; 442435,
2445813; 442430, 2445827; 442430, 2445830; 442428, 2445851; 442019,
2446165; 445907, 2442657; 441584, 2446741; 442273, 2445945; 442261,
2445949; 442202, 2445986; 442175, 2445995; 442100, 2446007; 442082,
2446029; 442072, 2446052; 442067, 2446082; 442073, 2446121; 442071,
2446146; 442381, 2445882; 440800, 2447339; 441648, 2446705; 441083,
2447147; 441058, 2447153; 441039, 2447168; 440969, 2447210; 440941,
2447230; 440888, 2447250; 440873, 2447265; 440865, 2447286; 441113,
2447170; 440842, 2447328; 441133, 2447183; 440740, 2447346; 440722,
2447354; 440710, 2447368; 440699, 2447389; 440693, 2447407; 440695,
2447430; 440703, 2447452; 440703, 2447461; 440693, 2447475; 443497,
2444548; 440858, 2447311; 441373, 2447026; 441549, 2446752; 441532,
2446763; 441521, 2446777; 441476, 2446797; 441455, 2446804; 441434,
2446820; 441405, 2446869; 441402, 2446899; 441403, 2446972; 441095,
2447154; 441398, 2446997; 442710, 2445647; 441363, 2447030; 441317,
2447043; 441283, 2447083; 441268, 2447104; 441240, 2447171; 441231,
2447186; 441219, 2447195; 441201, 2447195; 441172, 2447190; 441148,
2447188; 441399, 2446995; 443193, 2444946; 442711, 2445664; 443294,
2444870; 443290, 2444876; 443281, 2444890; 443271, 2444898; 443260,
2444907; 443252, 2444914; 443240, 2444927; 443234, 2444932; 443307,
2444833; 443196, 2444944; 443309, 2444829; 443177, 2444962; 443175,
2444965; 443163, 2444984; 443158, 2444995; 443156, 2445003; 443153,
2445020; 443153, 2445040; 443152, 2445059; 443150, 2445078; 443144,
2445096; 443215, 2444938; 443403, 2444695; 443483, 2444551; 443478,
2444555; 443464, 2444570; 443459, 2444579; 443452, 2444591; 443447,
2444608; 443444, 2444627; 443443, 2444647; 443440, 2444655; 443301,
2444851; 443423, 2444686; 443122, 2445132; 443385, 2444699; 443373,
2444702; 443366, 2444706; 443352, 2444721;
[[Page 19115]]
443346, 2444728; 443341, 2444740; 443333, 2444758; 443327, 2444778;
443320, 2444796; 443313, 2444815; 443435, 2444664; 442675, 2445453;
442804, 2445357; 442798, 2445359; 442785, 2445364; 442765, 2445370;
442747, 2445377; 442743, 2445378; 442727, 2445386; 442709, 2445399;
442694, 2445414; 443140, 2445105; 442682, 2445433; 442858, 2445342;
442671, 2445471; 442667, 2445490; 442668, 2445494; 442672, 2445510;
442673, 2445515; 442668, 2445560; 442666, 2445576; 442668, 2445590;
442674, 2445604; 440579, 2447511; 442689, 2445419; 442990, 2445276;
442713, 2445661; 443103, 2445152; 443083, 2445171; 443066, 2445190;
443066, 2445209; 443067, 2445215; 443068, 2445227; 443065, 2445247;
443047, 2445260; 443029, 2445263; 442821, 2445353; 443006, 2445268;
442842, 2445347; 442981, 2445284; 442972, 2445292; 442956, 2445301;
442952, 2445303; 442934, 2445314; 442915, 2445323; 442898, 2445330;
442877, 2445336; 442862, 2445341; 443135, 2445115; 443009, 2445266;
438435, 2450985; 438472, 2451261; 438715, 2450373; 438690, 2450392;
438621, 2450415; 438581, 2450423; 438578, 2450438; 438554, 2450559;
438488, 2450686; 438501, 2450796; 438736, 2450325; 438427, 2450964;
438737, 2450311; 438425, 2451047; 438434, 2451069; 438455, 2451089;
438463, 2451098; 438475, 2451113; 438484, 2451141; 438486, 2451163;
438481, 2451188; 438472, 2451209; 440674, 2447485; 438472, 2450910;
438831, 2450010; 439025, 2449671; 439016, 2449687; 438999, 2449702;
438974, 2449738; 438965, 2449767; 438944, 2449813; 438919, 2449853;
438904, 2449863; 438894, 2449879; 438731, 2450342; 438850, 2449982;
438481, 2451287; 438816, 2450028; 438791, 2450036; 438765, 2450051;
438744, 2450081; 438730, 2450109; 438717, 2450158; 438716, 2450162;
438713, 2450206; 438717, 2450241; 438732, 2450286; 438884, 2449918;
438851, 2452395; 438467, 2451228; 438979, 2452233; 439031, 2452285;
439037, 2452297; 439061, 2452327; 439083, 2452342; 439138, 2452428;
439171, 2452514; 439201, 2452565; 438936, 2452213; 438954, 2452430;
438888, 2452163; 438816, 2452396; 438779, 2452391; 438716, 2452393;
438669, 2452384; 438605, 2452379; 438540, 2452374; 438510, 2452340;
438449, 2452330; 438431, 2452414; 438490, 2452605; 439114, 2452513;
438484, 2451690; 438485, 2451346; 438478, 2451359; 438454, 2451380;
438422, 2451414; 438410, 2451464; 438419, 2451509; 438435, 2451571;
438440, 2451600; 438425, 2451652; 438977, 2452232; 438442, 2451682;
439065, 2449586; 438529, 2451692; 438599, 2451708; 438657, 2451738;
438670, 2451754; 438675, 2451766; 438680, 2451783; 438680, 2451858;
438715, 2451908; 438761, 2452013; 438833, 2452090; 438429, 2451670;
440218, 2448446; 439037, 2449642; 440416, 2448314; 440411, 2448336;
440402, 2448352; 440391, 2448353; 440375, 2448361; 440350, 2448395;
440331, 2448411; 440307, 2448418; 440421, 2448239; 440237, 2448434;
440413, 2448216; 440198, 2448467; 440190, 2448485; 440179, 2448496;
440157, 2448511; 440136, 2448537; 440125, 2448578; 440120, 2448633;
440124, 2448663; 440125, 2448690; 440121, 2448718; 440254, 2448428;
440435, 2447959; 440540, 2447539; 440487, 2447571; 440468, 2447593;
440451, 2447620; 440413, 2447711; 440383, 2447794; 440377, 2447819;
440378, 2447845; 440384, 2447871; 440415, 2448290; 440436, 2447941;
440073, 2448762; 440426, 2447974; 440409, 2447991; 440343, 2448005;
440329, 2448016; 440325, 2448033; 440331, 2448061; 440341, 2448084;
440374, 2448123; 440384, 2448138; 440401, 2448191; 440395, 2447896;
439260, 2449242; 439451, 2449000; 439437, 2449023; 439437, 2449066;
439433, 2449078; 439421, 2449088; 439399, 2449097; 439382, 2449107;
439361, 2449126; 439330, 2449145; 440112, 2448732; 439277, 2449220;
439526, 2448944; 439244, 2449261; 439230, 2449287; 439220, 2449318;
439200, 2449362; 439167, 2449414; 439146, 2449435; 439114, 2449463;
439102, 2449480; 439076, 2449548; 442372, 2445885; 439307, 2449169;
439761, 2448926; 439044, 2449631; 440036, 2448815; 440000, 2448878;
439982, 2448899; 439961, 2448915; 439941, 2448924; 439922, 2448928;
439900, 2448928; 439875, 2448932; 439853, 2448941; 439508, 2448984;
439788, 2448929; 439516, 2448971; 439733, 2448930; 439697, 2448941;
439678, 2448950; 439656, 2448949; 439633, 2448940; 439611, 2448928;
439578, 2448906; 439553, 2448909; 439539, 2448922; 440089, 2448747;
439830, 2448945; 439685, 2444334; 440025, 2445056; 439890, 2444912;
439948, 2444922; 439994, 2444883; 440052, 2444784; 440032, 2444731;
439996, 2444642; 439945, 2444540; 439876, 2444423; 439859, 2444782;
439759, 2444342; 439859, 2444723; 439583, 2444266; 439456, 2444205;
439364, 2444192; 439298, 2444154; 439282, 2444110; 439268, 2444068;
439181, 2444032; 439094, 2444009; 439048, 2443913; 439043, 2443859;
439825, 2444344; 439258, 2444658; 437689, 2441877; 439796, 2445123;
439719, 2445133; 439696, 2445110; 439681, 2445072; 439673, 2445011;
439668, 2444981; 439643, 2444902; 439571, 2444823; 439864, 2444845;
439386, 2444762; 438723, 2443923; 439172, 2444564; 439145, 2444538;
439156, 2444527; 439254, 2444472; 439413, 2444371; 439522, 2444418;
439617, 2444459; 439747, 2444522; 439800, 2444594; 439843, 2444655;
439485, 2444800; 437493, 2441868; 437088, 2442647; 437103, 2442643;
437156, 2442615; 437159, 2442579; 437120, 2442503; 437105, 2442445;
437174, 2442422; 437294, 2442356; 437425, 2442191; 438964, 2443837;
437476, 2442051; 437052, 2442940; 437495, 2441869; 437522, 2441879;
437532, 2441880; 437566, 2441876; 437601, 2441867; 437602, 2441867;
437617, 2441866; 437635, 2441866; 437647, 2441866; 437674, 2441875;
437307, 2442101; 437950, 2443233; 440124, 2445056; 438608, 2443916;
438453, 2443825; 438438, 2443814; 438318, 2443723; 438201, 2443629;
438183, 2443628; 438143, 2443587; 438208, 2443477; 437981, 2443476;
437226, 2442709; 437928, 2443310; 437182, 2442830; 437657, 2443231;
437364, 2443298; 437363, 2443282; 437277, 2443228; 437144, 2443208;
437065, 2443211; 437060, 2443212; 436974, 2443182; 436997, 2443061;
438835, 2443883; 437808, 2443397; 435517, 2452192; 439910, 2445087;
436003, 2452334; 435955, 2452326; 435902, 2452378; 435838, 2452443;
435810, 2452427; 435719, 2452378; 435698, 2452376; 435477, 2452358;
436579, 2452559; 435479, 2452304; 436804, 2452559; 435519, 2452190;
435540, 2452168; 435631, 2452072; 435779, 2451881; 435895, 2451700;
435961, 2451591; 436027, 2451466; 436103, 2451262; 436162, 2451016;
436212, 2450766; 435478, 2452345; 438386, 2452854; 445955, 2442594;
445951, 2442593; 445907, 2442657; 444117, 2444107; 444088, 2444202;
444193, 2443965; 444117, 2444107; 438490, 2452605; 438476, 2452702;
436189, 2452365; 438430, 2452817; 436235, 2450550; 438269, 2452930;
438116, 2453088; 438110, 2453148; 438006, 2453313; 437935, 2453510;
437933, 2453512; 437797, 2453318; 437592, 2453026; 437202, 2452948;
437201, 2452932; 438465, 2452788; 443516, 2444546; 438927, 2444790;
438982, 2444746; 439037, 2444786; 439157, 2444829; 439238, 2444846;
439360, 2444907; 439434, 2444999; 439480, 2445095; 439484, 2445120;
436230, 2450590; 439598, 2445317; 438580, 2444854; 439794, 2445352;
[[Page 19116]]
439883, 2445309; 439994, 2445245; 440078, 2445204; 440165, 2445166;
440214, 2445151; 440216, 2445150; 440347, 2445106; 440289, 2445097;
440216, 2445076; 442301, 2445924; 437248, 2447657; 439699, 2445360;
436250, 2450410; 436234, 2450237; 436386, 2449952; 436472, 2449769;
436566, 2449560; 436566, 2449559; 436706, 2449252; 436739, 2449180;
436811, 2449026; 438807, 2444845; 437230, 2447713; 438677, 2444833;
437232, 2447645; 438168, 2444734; 438179, 2444732; 438263, 2444805;
438343, 2444896; 438406, 2444952; 438475, 2444955; 438523, 2444886;
438536, 2444858; 436234, 2450558; 437237, 2447714; 446348, 2441177;
441656, 2441573; 445235, 2441328; 445344, 2441376; 445392, 2441392;
445510, 2441194; 445551, 2441162; 445886, 2441308; 446122, 2441415;
446214, 2441291; 444560, 2441032; 446300, 2441227; 444480, 2440997;
446357, 2441185; 446375, 2441172; 446499, 2441271; 446610, 2441349;
446673, 2441408; 446651, 2441424; 446641, 2441436; 446587, 2441501;
446587, 2441543; 446640, 2441627; 446228, 2441279; 442977, 2441356;
441659, 2441579; 441727, 2441586; 441774, 2441575; 441900, 2441576;
441968, 2441515; 442287, 2441225; 442568, 2441274; 442723, 2441295;
442843, 2441314; 445124, 2441205; 442982, 2441350; 446591, 2442195;
443016, 2441342; 443023, 2441344; 443707, 2441132; 443889, 2441172;
444062, 2441230; 444083, 2441215; 444109, 2441224; 444113, 2441221;
444124, 2441223; 444455, 2440990; 442924, 2441340; 443628, 2444469;
443985, 2444416; 443769, 2444440; 443760, 2444446; 443740, 2444454;
443732, 2444458; 443722, 2444464; 443703, 2444469; 443685, 2444463;
443677, 2444459; 446686, 2441764; 443647, 2444460; 444075, 2444349;
443617, 2444477; 443610, 2444483; 443598, 2444493; 443579, 2444514;
443571, 2444521; 443557, 2444532; 443553, 2444537; 443534, 2444543;
437697, 2441878; 439501, 2445220; 443666, 2444456; 445254, 2443156;
445380, 2441414; 446650, 2442430; 446675, 2442432; 446482, 2442513;
446373, 2442574; 446256, 2442602; 446100, 2442628; 445966, 2442725;
445808, 2442898; 445681, 2442977; 443984, 2444419; 445437, 2443077;
444016, 2444444; 445045, 2443240; 444824, 2443350; 444659, 2443447;
444532, 2443516; 444456, 2443572; 444423, 2443638; 444334, 2443811;
444237, 2444013; 444161, 2444181; 446694, 2442007; 445559, 2443010;
438098, 2442237; 437996, 2442188; 437998, 2442202; 437998, 2442205;
437999, 2442211; 438000, 2442216; 438012, 2442229; 438030, 2442243;
438049, 2442246; 438065, 2442246; 438392, 2442294; 438095, 2442238;
437954, 2442136; 438114, 2442232; 438130, 2442234; 438157, 2442234;
438219, 2442244; 438238, 2442248; 438254, 2442248; 438305, 2442256;
438355, 2442265; 438373, 2442277; 438376, 2442278; 438088, 2442240;
437791, 2442074; 437705, 2441878; 437711, 2441887; 437717, 2441899;
437736, 2441928; 437740, 2441938; 437745, 2441950; 437747, 2441961;
437751, 2441981; 437754, 2441991; 437758, 2441998; 437984, 2442167;
437777, 2442052; 437973, 2442147; 437799, 2442084; 437806, 2442092;
437826, 2442106; 437839, 2442110; 437873, 2442121; 445395, 2441389;
437912, 2442123; 441650, 2441573; 437939, 2442128; 437926, 2442125;
437766, 2442017; 440002, 2440430; 438866, 2442347; 438934, 2442351;
438960, 2442270; 438967, 2442246; 438976, 2442220; 439037, 2442031;
439088, 2441871; 439096, 2441847; 439491, 2440617; 438838, 2442340;
439832, 2440430; 439556, 2440414; 440014, 2440441; 440110, 2440524;
440113, 2440527; 440114, 2440528; 440464, 2440832; 440528, 2440844;
438418, 2442311; 437887, 2442121; 440586, 2440905; 441637, 2441552;
439551, 2440431; 438535, 2442314; 438436, 2442321; 438453, 2442321;
438453, 2442321; 439931, 2440426; 438821, 2442339; 438460, 2442320;
438496, 2442310; 438433, 2442319; 438523, 2442310; 438536, 2442314;
438561, 2442316; 438577, 2442315; 438668, 2442322; 438704, 2442326;
438517, 2442310; 438721, 2442329; 438679, 2442324; 438656, 2442321;
438626, 2442315; 438757, 2442331; 438609, 2442314; 438694, 2442327.
(2) This unit includes land bounded by the following UTM Zone 4,
NAD 83 coordinates (E, N): 433880, 2448827; 434279, 2447951; 434073,
2448685; 434228, 2448620; 434292, 2448479; 433725, 2448994; 434318,
2448298; 434357, 2447229; 434202, 2447345; 434086, 2447693; 434254,
2447886; 433546, 2449412; 434073, 2447500; 434163, 2447783; 434318,
2448182; 433545, 2449136; 433389, 2449256; 433567, 2449260; 433588,
2449244; 433599, 2449252; 433612, 2449262; 433567, 2449398; 433525,
2449415; 433448, 2449426; 434486, 2447126; 434498, 2449522; 433367,
2449352; 433339, 2449381; 433368, 2449293; 433589, 2449323; 435236,
2449347; 433313, 2449484; 434899, 2449305; 434074, 2449972; 434124,
2449948; 434137, 2449869; 434141, 2449863; 434208, 2449767; 434338,
2449660; 434752, 2449405; 435080, 2449407; 435183, 2449401; 435232,
2449399; 434920, 2449394; 435236, 2449351; 434627, 2447088; 435266,
2448909; 435272, 2448835; 435282, 2448685; 435360, 2447538; 435295,
2447440; 435290, 2447449; 435093, 2447245; 434994, 2447085; 434795,
2447069; 434738, 2447030; 434738, 2447045; 434713, 2447038; 434686,
2447020; 435234, 2449384; 434884, 2449298; 434026, 2449951; 434034,
2449950; 434074, 2449972; 434844, 2449248; 434848, 2449239; 434872,
2449246; 434890, 2449251; 434908, 2449290; 434908, 2449290; 434948,
2449300; 435005, 2449310; 435010, 2449343; 433969, 2449958; 434898,
2449304; 435010, 2449343; 434881, 2449297; 434872, 2449294; 434833,
2449281; 434833, 2449280; 434833, 2449278; 434833, 2449278; 434834,
2449277; 434839, 2449258; 434842, 2449253; 434844, 2449248; 433339,
2449600; 434991, 2449344; 434938, 2449321; 433440, 2449604; 433460,
2449707; 433468, 2449706; 433484, 2449694; 433419, 2449599; 433461,
2449623; 433458, 2449707; 433455, 2449620; 433480, 2449629; 433437,
2449592; 433426, 2449556; 433903, 2449882; 435011, 2449352; 433401,
2449697; 433414, 2449628; 433457, 2449622; 433493, 2449765; 433831,
2449767; 433742, 2449724; 433461, 2449623; 433633, 2449724; 433467,
2449787; 433429, 2449741; 433408, 2449708; 433436, 2449707; 433436,
2449707; 433443, 2449707; 433444, 2449707; 433426, 2449707; 433445,
2449707.
(3) This unit includes land bounded by the following UTM Zone 4,
NAD83 coordinates (E, N): 448881, 2447609; 449040, 2448659; 449045,
2448506; 449032, 2448326; 449044, 2448132; 449087, 2447916; 448981,
2446981; 448979, 2446983; 448980, 2446982; 448980, 2446980; 449012,
2448822; 449105, 2447827; 448702, 2449395; 448235, 2448042; 448931,
2447092; 448577, 2449143; 448641, 2449184; 448610, 2449255; 448623,
2449141; 448613, 2449357; 448987, 2448959; 448812, 2449420; 448906,
2449440; 448959, 2449443; 448964, 2449425; 448952, 2449316; 448954,
2449143; 448593, 2449298; 448511, 2449199; 448321, 2447795; 448887,
2447191; 448577, 2449143; 448440, 2449296; 448382, 2449406; 448328,
2449449; 448242, 2449457; 448099, 2449454; 448059, 2449434; 448056,
2449368; 448091, 2449266; 448119, 2449134; 448122, 2449037; 448288,
2447915; 448834, 2447273; 448763, 2447342; 448088, 2448897; 448412,
2447653; 448669, 2447406; 448133, 2448200; 448042, 2448338; 447976,
2448470;
[[Page 19117]]
447943, 2448562; 447961, 2448628; 448037, 2448780; 448516, 2447525.
(4) This unit includes land bounded by the following UTM Zone 4,
NAD83 coordinates (E, N): 447249, 2443451; 447247, 2443586; 447295,
2443639; 447325, 2443651; 447556, 2443686; 447603, 2443646; 447616,
2443588; 447631, 2443389; 447645, 2443143; 447623, 2443445; 447287,
2443339; 447374, 2443275; 447631, 2443389; 447636, 2443160; 447645,
2443146; 447894, 2443371; 447865, 2443358; 447712, 2443351; 447481,
2443262.
(5) This unit includes land bounded by the following UTM Zone 4,
NAD83 coordinates (E, N): 448470, 2443889; 448141, 2444294; 448479,
2443895; 448470, 2443888; 447864, 2444277; 448479, 2443895; 448609,
2443974; 448591, 2444072; 448566, 2444172; 448548, 2444233; 448510,
2444279; 448464, 2444284; 448299, 2444289; 447925, 2444320; 447843,
2444325; 448458, 2443882; 447942, 2444178; 448003, 2444015; 448008,
2443903; 447967, 2443867; 447932, 2443750; 447904, 2443646; 447921,
2443582; 447949, 2443460; 447939, 2443412; 447996, 2444312.
(B) Note: Map 64a follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-S
[[Page 19118]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.041
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C
[[Page 19119]]
* * * * *
(cxxxiii) Kauai 11-Canavalia napaliensis-b
(A) This is a unit of the Lowland Mesic ecosystem and consists of
2,590 ac (1,048 ha). This unit is also critical habitat for Kauai 11-
Chamaesyce eleanoriae-b, Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-g, Kauai
11-Charpentiera densiflora-c, Kauai 11-Doryopteris angelica-b, Kauai
11-Dubautia kenwoodii-b, Kauai 11-Labordia helleri-e, Kauai 11-
Pittosporum napaliense-b, Kauai 11-Platydesma rostrata-g, Kauai 11-
Psychotria hobdyi-b, and Kauai 11-Tetraplasandra bisattenuata-c (see
paragraphs (a)(1)(cxxxv), (a)(1)(cxliii), (a)(1)(cxlvii),
(a)(1)(clxxvi), (a)(1)(clxxx), (a)(1)(ccxxiii), (a)(1)(cclxxii),
(a)(1)(cclxxviii), (a)(1)(ccxcii), and (a)(1)(cccxxxii), respectively,
of this section).
(1) This unit includes land bounded by the following UTM Zone 4,
NAD83 coordinates (E, N): 429310, 2448345; 429679, 2448361; 427873,
2448495; 429992, 2448363; 428727, 2448356; 428429, 2448252; 428229,
2448295; 428072, 2448380; 429040, 2448343; 427702, 2448480; 427616,
2448566; 427957, 2448626; 428640, 2448616; 428497, 2448745; 430177,
2448336; 429127, 2448025; 428184, 2448758; 427985, 2448814; 428413,
2448542; 429801, 2448080; 430583, 2449736; 428239, 2449004; 428246,
2447831; 428459, 2447934; 428558, 2447963; 428771, 2448066; 428927,
2448067; 429511, 2447984; 429626, 2447973; 430131, 2448232; 429914,
2448112; 429866, 2448131; 430049, 2448165; 430037, 2448217; 430042,
2448265; 430059, 2448285; 430092, 2448290; 430115, 2448276; 429340,
2447983; 430819, 2449646; 430408, 2449802; 430410, 2449802; 430405,
2449796; 428032, 2447946; 430527, 2449754; 427907, 2446845; 430635,
2449693; 430471, 2449787; 430720, 2449646; 430340, 2449778; 430899,
2449674; 430918, 2449717; 430904, 2449834; 430927, 2449905; 430948,
2449965; 431049, 2449934; 431249, 2449791; 430696, 2449656; 430016,
2449884; 429093, 2448894; 428893, 2449066; 428991, 2449270; 429489,
2449345; 429872, 2449507; 430071, 2449494; 430041, 2449682; 430392,
2449798; 430004, 2449889; 430365, 2449787; 430027, 2449878; 430068,
2449856; 430088, 2449848; 430172, 2449815; 430207, 2449804; 430261,
2449795; 430317, 2449781; 428666, 2448993; 429941, 2449841; 430191,
2446386; 428996, 2446347; 430671, 2447997; 430690, 2447765; 430393,
2447748; 430242, 2447664; 430107, 2447429; 430073, 2447126; 430793,
2448310; 430291, 2446570; 430886, 2448507; 429871, 2446234; 429547,
2446209; 429451, 2446226; 429357, 2446224; 429280, 2446207; 429242,
2446209; 429160, 2446277; 428149, 2446847; 430124, 2446907; 431362,
2449169; 431520, 2449691; 431720, 2449620; 431705, 2449569; 431769,
2449447; 431727, 2449372; 431403, 2449436; 431322, 2449418; 430764,
2448188; 431391, 2449273; 428979, 2446425; 431200, 2449070; 431205,
2448983; 431414, 2448890; 431629, 2448739; 431560, 2448675; 431171,
2448699; 430985, 2448705; 430903, 2448664; 431322, 2449372; 427039,
2447867; 429036, 2446320; 427161, 2447669; 427157, 2447676; 427157,
2447711; 427165, 2447729; 427158, 2447803; 427133, 2447817; 427520,
2447201; 427039, 2447866; 427535, 2447190; 427001, 2447889; 426958,
2448061; 426963, 2448149; 427064, 2448142; 427235, 2448086; 427563,
2447928; 427677, 2447929; 427733, 2448045; 427108, 2447853; 428047,
2446484; 428831, 2446497; 428775, 2446510; 428706, 2446470; 428620,
2446396; 428570, 2446443; 428493, 2446458; 428399, 2446395; 427178,
2447664; 428248, 2446467; 427932, 2448032; 427784, 2446844; 429744,
2449390; 427992, 2446846; 431520, 2449691; 428177, 2446890; 428105,
2447006; 427906, 2447077; 427734, 2447192; 428326, 2446439; 429333,
2449272.
(2) This unit includes land bounded by the following UTM Zone 4,
NAD83 coordinates (E, N): 434084, 2450395; 434586, 2450652; 434573,
2450493; 434417, 2450376; 434288, 2450520; 434089, 2450518; 433962,
2450344; 435379, 2451538; 433998, 2450334; 434826, 2450972; 434156,
2450444; 434237, 2450456; 434288, 2450459; 434329, 2450469; 434298,
2450420; 434255, 2450337; 433951, 2450321; 435177, 2451612; 435402,
2451617; 435412, 2451678; 435318, 2451714; 435231, 2451780; 435178,
2451869; 435105, 2451886; 434656, 2450870; 435205, 2451713; 434640,
2451058; 435064, 2451510; 435050, 2451437; 435164, 2451394; 435165,
2451250; 435152, 2451105; 435053, 2450974; 434229, 2450100; 435091,
2451771; 435635, 2451403; 434201, 2450220; 435693, 2450581; 435744,
2450673; 435769, 2450813; 435762, 2450931; 435759, 2450963; 435608,
2450342; 435676, 2451273; 435567, 2450146; 435602, 2451485; 435568,
2451531; 435564, 2451535; 435526, 2451558; 435488, 2451543; 435455,
2451520; 435379, 2451538; 435724, 2451110; 434791, 2450099; 434415,
2450298; 434275, 2450082; 434315, 2450105; 434354, 2450189; 434458,
2450344; 434527, 2450344; 435649, 2450502; 434695, 2450176; 434198,
2450176; 434834, 2450015; 434933, 2449939; 435091, 2449882; 435257,
2449864; 435432, 2449887; 435496, 2449915; 435537, 2449994; 434578,
2450244; 434504, 2450369.
(3) This unit includes land bounded by the following UTM Zone 4,
NAD83 coordinates (E, N): 434600, 2453100; 434431, 2452829; 434289,
2452715; 434275, 2452687; 434275, 2452765; 434274, 2452895; 435095,
2453567; 434458, 2453099; 434814, 2453088; 434628, 2453158; 434656,
2453260; 434769, 2453333; 434911, 2453349; 435025, 2453349; 434330,
2453055; 434735, 2453035; 435237, 2453582; 434890, 2453142; 434915,
2453139; 434902, 2452974; 434943, 2452791; 435055, 2452699; 435187,
2452668; 435284, 2452706; 435360, 2452826; 435353, 2452958; 435266,
2453062; 435177, 2453131; 435129, 2453220; 434569, 2452921; 435534,
2453517; 435067, 2453494; 435279, 2453583; 435145, 2453314; 435221,
2453373; 435488, 2453454; 435129, 2453220; 435626, 2453626; 435703,
2453748; 435563, 2453642; 435772, 2453903; 435792, 2453934; 435775,
2453963; 435675, 2453918; 435620, 2453730; 435741, 2453842; 435376,
2453408.
(4) This unit includes land bounded by the following UTM Zone 4,
NAD83 coordinates (E, N): 439159, 2453759; 439171, 2453735; 439242,
2453562; 439244, 2453448; 439043, 2454237; 439466, 2454892; 439468,
2454903; 439115, 2453850; 439485, 2454824; 439087, 2453909; 439065,
2454132; 439121, 2454259; 439243, 2454297; 439360, 2454300; 439454,
2454376; 439498, 2454643; 439296, 2454804; 439268, 2454731; 439480,
2454475; 438791, 2453685; 439211, 2454615; 439381, 2454833; 439016,
2454063; 439016, 2453962; 439002, 2453918; 438904, 2453772; 438791,
2453608; 438833, 2453598; 438870, 2453588; 438962, 2453532; 439041,
2453446; 439145, 2453405; 439244, 2453448; 439085, 2454310; 439001,
2454179; 439085, 2454397; 439098, 2454498; 438982, 2453510; 438946,
2453845; 439183, 2454600.
(B) Note: Map 66a follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-S
[[Page 19120]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.042
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C
[[Page 19121]]
* * * * *
(cxxxv) Kauai 11-Chamaesyce eleanoriae-b
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxiii)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxiii)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cxxxvi) Kauai 11-Chamaesyce eleanoriae-c
(A) This is a unit of the Dry Cliff ecosystem and consists of 712
ac (288 ha). This unit is also critical habitat for Kauai 11-Lysimachia
scopulensis-a, Kauai 11-Schiedea attenuata-a, and Kauai 11-Stenogyne
kealiae-b (see paragraphs (a)(1)(ccxxxviii), (a)(1)(cccix), and
(a)(1)(cccxxix), respectively, of this section).
(1) This unit includes land bounded by the following UTM Zone 4,
NAD83 coordinates (E, N): 434920, 2449394; 434124, 2449948; 435916,
2450057; 434137, 2449869; 434141, 2449863; 434208, 2449767; 434338,
2449660; 434752, 2449405; 434074, 2449972; 433287, 2450063; 434498,
2449522; 434034, 2449950; 434026, 2449951; 433969, 2449958; 433903,
2449882; 433831, 2449767; 433742, 2449724; 433633, 2449724; 433493,
2449765; 435080, 2449407; 433353, 2449880; 435576, 2449421; 433196,
2450196; 433467, 2449787; 435716, 2449506; 435496, 2449915; 433046,
2450280; 435915, 2449832; 435916, 2450057; 435762, 2450931; 435853,
2450609; 435876, 2450522; 435906, 2450349; 435908, 2450232; 435913,
2450123; 435549, 2449426; 435728, 2449514; 435183, 2449401; 435669,
2449472; 435664, 2449469; 435598, 2449429; 435573, 2449422; 435517,
2449423; 435501, 2449420; 435498, 2449418; 435469, 2449405; 435420,
2449387; 435284, 2449396; 435232, 2449399; 435813, 2449619; 434834,
2450015; 434229, 2450100; 435257, 2449864; 434315, 2450105; 434354,
2450189; 434415, 2450298; 434458, 2450344; 435769, 2450813; 434504,
2450369; 434527, 2450344; 434578, 2450244; 432904, 2450341; 434791,
2450099; 434198, 2450176; 434933, 2449939; 435091, 2449882; 435892,
2449772; 435432, 2449887; 435537, 2449994; 435567, 2450146; 435608,
2450342; 435649, 2450502; 435693, 2450581; 435744, 2450673; 434695,
2450176; 433480, 2450152; 432882, 2450351; 432808, 2450383; 432852,
2450453; 432985, 2450649; 433015, 2450660; 433154, 2450657; 433185,
2450610; 433146, 2450539; 433093, 2450504; 434275, 2450082; 433237,
2450310; 434201, 2450220; 433807, 2450155; 433920, 2450257; 433951,
2450321; 433998, 2450334; 434084, 2450395; 434156, 2450444; 434237,
2450456; 434288, 2450459; 434329, 2450469; 434298, 2450420; 434255,
2450337; 433051, 2450468.
(2) This unit includes land bounded by the following UTM Zone 4,
NAD83 coordinates (E, N): 435055, 2452699; 435912, 2452703; 435448,
2452106; 435379, 2451538; 435455, 2451520; 435488, 2451543; 435526,
2451558; 435564, 2451535; 435568, 2451531; 435537, 2451675; 435516,
2451752; 435744, 2452655; 435461, 2451989; 435318, 2451714; 435472,
2452346; 435476, 2452390; 435474, 2452446; 435495, 2452579; 435560,
2452671; 435574, 2452690; 435596, 2452692; 435668, 2452695; 435284,
2452706; 435483, 2451879; 435031, 2452321; 434814, 2453088; 434735,
2453035; 434569, 2452921; 434431, 2452829; 434289, 2452715; 434275,
2452687; 434275, 2452664; 434475, 2452549; 434646, 2452550; 435402,
2451617; 434902, 2452407; 435412, 2451678; 435003, 2452190; 435131,
2452148; 435118, 2451988; 435062, 2451915; 435105, 2451887; 435105,
2451886; 435178, 2451869; 435231, 2451780; 435859, 2452647; 434789,
2452406; 435858, 2453212; 435772, 2453903; 435792, 2453934; 435807,
2453891; 435744, 2452655; 435812, 2453641; 435817, 2453489; 435839,
2453341; 435741, 2453842; 435880, 2453252; 435805, 2453913; 435833,
2453129; 435816, 2453051; 435815, 2452963; 435839, 2452896; 435922,
2452711; 435914, 2452704; 435912, 2452703; 435880, 2453252; 435353,
2452958; 435881, 2452670; 434890, 2453142; 434915, 2453139; 434902,
2452974; 434943, 2452791; 435802, 2453804; 435360, 2452826; 435703,
2453748; 435266, 2453062; 435534, 2453517; 435187, 2452668; 435626,
2453626; 435177, 2453131; 435488, 2453454; 435376, 2453408; 435221,
2453373; 435145, 2453314; 435129, 2453220.
(B) Note: Map 67a follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-S
[[Page 19122]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.043
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C
[[Page 19123]]
* * * * *
(cxl) Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-d
(A) This is a unit of the Lowland Wet ecosystem and consists of
2,618 ac (1,060 ha). This unit is also critical habitat for Kauai 11-
Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-h, Kauai 11-Charpentiera densiflora-d,
Kauai 11-Cyanea eleeleensis-b, Kauai 11-Cyanea kolekoleensis-b, Kauai
11-Cyanea kuhihewa-b, Kauai 11-Cyrtandra oenobarba-d, Kauai 11-Dubautia
imbricata ssp. imbricata-b, Kauai 11-Labordia helleri-f, Kauai 11-
Melicope paniculata-b, Kauai 11-Melicope puberula-d, Kauai 11-
Phyllostegia renovans-d, Kauai 11-Platydesma rostrata-h, Kauai 11-
Stenogyne kealiae-c, Kauai 11-Tetraplasandra bisattenuata-d, and Kauai
11-Tetraplasandra flynii-d (see paragraphs (a)(1)(cxliv),
(a)(1)(cxlviii), (a)(1)(cli), (a)(1)(clii), (a)(1)(cliii),
(a)(1)(clxiii), (a)(1)(clxxviii), (a)(1)(ccxxiv), (a)(1)(ccxlviii),
(a)(1)(ccl), (a)(1)(cclxvii), (a)(1)(cclxxix), (a)(1)(cccxxx),
(a)(1)(cccxxxiii), and (a)(1)(cccxxxv) respectively, of this section).
(1) This unit includes land bounded by the following UTM Zone 4,
NAD83 coordinates (E, N): 439674, 2454816; 440829, 2456531; 440674,
2456209; 440674, 2456209; 440498, 2455883; 440318, 2455684; 440265,
2455650; 440437, 2456434; 441321, 2455601; 440968, 2454371; 441022,
2454452; 441060, 2454503; 441116, 2454605; 441175, 2454734; 441201,
2454902; 441196, 2455050; 441203, 2455144; 441204, 2455238; 439597,
2454271; 441257, 2455421; 440812, 2453929; 441354, 2455706; 441400,
2455825; 441459, 2455917; 441541, 2456046; 441561, 2456125; 441543,
2456184; 441556, 2456273; 441574, 2456339; 441574, 2456384; 441564,
2456402; 441227, 2455309; 439928, 2453312; 439377, 2452849; 439390,
2452876; 439414, 2452909; 439464, 2452963; 439473, 2452985; 439481,
2453022; 439503, 2453046; 439553, 2453082; 439600, 2453107; 439618,
2453112; 440902, 2454287; 439788, 2453246; 440828, 2454112; 440061,
2453330; 440216, 2453312; 440430, 2453245; 440521, 2453222; 440539,
2453242; 440554, 2453392; 440588, 2453586; 440685, 2453700; 440805,
2453832; 441338, 2456446; 439646, 2453139; 438605, 2452379; 441501,
2456407; 439055, 2453168; 439012, 2453084; 438938, 2452886; 438872,
2452703; 438787, 2452586; 439373, 2452840; 438691, 2452533; 438684,
2452527; 438617, 2452469; 439307, 2453234; 438540, 2452374; 439402,
2453308; 438669, 2452384; 438716, 2452393; 438779, 2452391; 438816,
2452396; 438851, 2452395; 438954, 2452430; 439114, 2452513; 439201,
2452565; 439225, 2452608; 439322, 2452763; 438550, 2452386; 439705,
2455362; 439372, 2452836; 441231, 2456494; 440834, 2456579; 440867,
2456555; 440437, 2456434; 440319, 2456582; 440302, 2456453; 440131,
2455839; 439992, 2455240; 439972, 2455227; 439183, 2453214; 439766,
2455332; 441434, 2456415; 439659, 2455337; 439664, 2455162; 439671,
2454996; 439635, 2454556; 439595, 2454252; 439571, 2454009; 439545,
2453798; 439499, 2453587; 439453, 2453425; 439827, 2455286.
(2) This unit includes land bounded by the following UTM Zone 4,
NAD83 coordinates (E, N): 437020, 2453189; 435477, 2452358; 435941,
2452670; 435881, 2452670; 435859, 2452647; 435744, 2452655; 435744,
2452655; 435668, 2452695; 435596, 2452692; 435579, 2452684; 435560,
2452671; 435495, 2452579; 436027, 2452670; 435476, 2452390; 435810,
2452427; 435698, 2452376; 435719, 2452378; 435838, 2452443; 435955,
2452326; 436003, 2452334; 436189, 2452365; 436579, 2452559; 436804,
2452559; 437201, 2452932; 437201, 2452932; 435474, 2452446; 437541,
2453313; 435902, 2452378; 436122, 2452693; 437202, 2452948; 437592,
2453026; 437797, 2453318; 437675, 2453322; 437408, 2453303; 437279,
2453284; 437072, 2453217; 437144, 2453246; 436929, 2453132; 436865,
2453080; 436370, 2452779; 436152, 2452704; 436156, 2452702; 437746,
2453322; 436849, 2453037; 436289, 2452750; 436289, 2452751; 436230,
2452707; 436547, 2452854; 436556, 2452755; 436617, 2452681; 436668,
2452719; 436783, 2452859.
(3) This unit includes land bounded by the following UTM Zone 4,
NAD83 coordinates (E, N): 446053, 2443486; 445952, 2443580; 446981,
2444484; 446142, 2443241; 445804, 2443684; 446282, 2443149; 446918,
2444619; 446104, 2443348; 447039, 2444332; 447126, 2444222; 447271,
2444151; 447573, 2443995; 447576, 2443919; 445601, 2443759; 446555,
2445050; 447507, 2443875; 447387, 2443832; 447525, 2444041; 444938,
2444714; 446880, 2443495; 447257, 2443817; 446806, 2444770; 446697,
2444890; 446605, 2444969; 446565, 2445119; 446615, 2445149; 446102,
2445409; 445418, 2443802; 444984, 2444620; 445009, 2444513; 445012,
2444375; 444988, 2444177; 445001, 2443989; 445072, 2443925; 445224,
2443866; 446305, 2445519; 446994, 2442927; 446674, 2443625; 446456,
2443857; 446573, 2443696; 446918, 2444619; 446771, 2443591; 446964,
2443367; 446176, 2444094; 447035, 2443034; 446024, 2444124; 446915,
2442876; 446884, 2442866; 446775, 2442871; 446694, 2442917; 446590,
2443009; 446526, 2443067; 446401, 2443101; 447022, 2443176; 446142,
2444537; 446985, 2443802; 446860, 2443759; 446738, 2443759; 446647,
2443816; 446614, 2443869; 446586, 2443953; 446533, 2444139; 446339,
2444002; 446342, 2444424; 447097, 2443835; 445951, 2444583; 445795,
2444540; 445727, 2444471; 445716, 2444349; 445736, 2444232; 445790,
2444143; 445920, 2444117; 446459, 2444299.
(4) This unit includes land bounded by the following UTM Zone 4,
NAD83 coordinates (E, N): 448432, 2447019; 447903, 2444783; 448513,
2444734; 448070, 2445147; 447289, 2445280; 447290, 2445278; 447361,
2445143; 447455, 2445039; 448629, 2445470; 447763, 2444809; 448699,
2445511; 447992, 2444811; 448076, 2444859; 448152, 2444890; 448229,
2444872; 448272, 2444798; 448279, 2444742; 448386, 2444722; 447626,
2444886; 447985, 2447674; 448180, 2447012; 448099, 2447086; 448061,
2447208; 448030, 2447292; 447961, 2447328; 447898, 2447376; 448658,
2445334; 447964, 2447547; 447413, 2447271; 447960, 2447776; 447907,
2447792; 448254, 2446981; 447397, 2447323; 448180, 2447012; 448450,
2446319; 448577, 2445718; 447903, 2447455; 448762, 2446566; 449384,
2445679; 449351, 2445830; 449234, 2445954; 449125, 2446061; 449008,
2446171; 448932, 2446245; 449330, 2445539; 448871, 2446421; 448828,
2446507; 448696, 2446769; 448661, 2446881; 448582, 2446983; 448518,
2447032; 448345, 2446991; 448661, 2444721; 447568, 2447493; 448889,
2446339; 449086, 2444624; 448760, 2444688; 448714, 2446647; 449284,
2445379; 448923, 2444619; 448956, 2444594; 449025, 2444591; 448854,
2444652; 449177, 2444680; 449226, 2444703; 449340, 2444954; 449294,
2444695; 449376, 2444651; 449391, 2444608; 449459, 2444635; 449346,
2444938; 449302, 2445178; 448981, 2444568; 449312, 2445026.
(B) Note: Map 70a follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-S
[[Page 19124]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.044
[[Page 19125]]
(cxli) Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-e
(A) This is a unit of the Wet Cliff ecosystem and consists of 190
ac; 77 ha. This unit includes land bounded by the following UTM Zone 4,
NAD83 coordinates (E, N): 436103, 2451262; 436027, 2451466; 435961,
2451591; 435895, 2451700; 435779, 2451881; 435540, 2452168; 435479,
2452304; 436162, 2451016; 435519, 2452190; 435517, 2452192; 435631,
2452072; 436212, 2450766; 436230, 2450590; 436234, 2450558; 436235,
2450550; 436250, 2450410; 436234, 2450237; 436107, 2450051; 436007,
2449993; 435478, 2452345; 435913, 2450123; 435941, 2449899; 436186,
2450120; 435635, 2451403; 435941, 2449899; 435915, 2449832; 435916,
2450057; 435908, 2450232; 435876, 2450522; 435853, 2450609; 435762,
2450931; 435759, 2450963; 435906, 2450349; 435676, 2451273; 435477,
2452358; 435602, 2451485; 435568, 2451531; 435537, 2451675; 435516,
2451752; 435483, 2451879; 435461, 2451989; 435448, 2452106; 435472,
2452346; 435476, 2452390; 435724, 2451110. This unit is also critical
habitat for Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-i, Kauai 11-Cyanea
dolichopoda-c, Kauai 11-Cyrtandra oenobarba-e, Kauai 11-Cyrtandra
paliku-c, Kauai 11-Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia-c, Kauai 11-
Lysimachia iniki-c, Kauai 11-Lysimachia pendens-c, Kauai 11- Lysimachia
venosa-c, and Kauai 11-Platydesma rostrata-i (see paragraphs
(a)(1)(cxlv), (a)(1)(cl), (a)(1)(clxiv), (a)(1)(clxv), (a)(1)(clxxxiv),
(a)(1)(ccxxxvi), (a)(1)(ccxxxvii), (a)(1)(ccxxxix), and (a)(1)(cclxxx),
respectively, of this section).
(B) Note: Map 70b follows:
[[Page 19126]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.045
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C
[[Page 19127]]
(cxlii) Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-f
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxx)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxx)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cxliii) Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-g
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxiii)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxiii)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cxliv) Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-h
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cxlv) Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-i
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxli)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxli)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cxlvi) Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-j
(A) This is a unit of the Montane Mesic ecosystem and consists of
2,790 ac (1,129 ha). This unit is also critical habitat for Kauai 11-
Diellia mannii-a, Kauai 11-Labordia helleri-g, Kauai 11-Myrsine
knudsenii-a, Kauai 11-Myrsine mezii-c, Kauai 11-Platydesma rostrata-j,
Kauai 11-Psychotria grandiflora-c, Kauai 11-Stenogyne kealiae-d, and
Kauai 11-Tetraplasandra flynnii-e (see paragraphs (a)(1)(clxxii),
(a)(1)(ccxxv), (a)(1)(ccliii), (a)(1)(cclix), (a)(1)(cclxxxi),
(a)(1)(ccxci), (a)(1)(ccxxxi), and (a)(1)(cccxxxvi), respectively, of
this section).
(1) This unit includes land bounded by the following UTM Zone 4,
NAD83 coordinates (E, N): 434254, 2447886; 430671, 2447997; 430191,
2445898; 429898, 2446100; 429871, 2446234; 430191, 2446386; 430291,
2446570; 430124, 2446907; 430073, 2447126; 430107, 2447429; 430242,
2447664; 431205, 2448983; 430690, 2447765; 430442, 2445640; 430764,
2448188; 430793, 2448310; 430886, 2448507; 430903, 2448664; 430985,
2448705; 431171, 2448699; 431560, 2448675; 431629, 2448739; 432609,
2447647; 430393, 2447748; 431069, 2446331; 432320, 2447497; 432195,
2447587; 432136, 2447629; 432133, 2447631; 432081, 2447668; 432073,
2447674; 432001, 2447726; 431323, 2447013; 431211, 2446394; 430204,
2445809; 431112, 2446394; 430323, 2445779; 431058, 2446300; 431007,
2446203; 430944, 2446145; 430939, 2446061; 430902, 2445976; 430854,
2445930; 430826, 2445805; 430857, 2445727; 430824, 2445631; 431200,
2449070; 431101, 2446447; 432882, 2450351; 432579, 2450036; 432552,
2450080; 432551, 2450083; 432531, 2450116; 432534, 2450174; 432530,
2450196; 432565, 2450262; 432560, 2450267; 432740, 2450249; 431414,
2448890; 432808, 2450383; 432486, 2449909; 432904, 2450341; 433046,
2450280; 432827, 2447751; 432932, 2447668; 433014, 2447717; 433109,
2447775; 433094, 2447922; 432827, 2447751; 434318, 2448182; 432796,
2450365; 431904, 2449665; 431362, 2449169; 431391, 2449273; 431322,
2449372; 431322, 2449418; 431403, 2449436; 431727, 2449372; 431769,
2449447; 431705, 2449569; 431720, 2449620; 432504, 2449961; 431919,
2449578; 432498, 2449952; 432046, 2449781; 432052, 2449783; 432113,
2449740; 432217, 2449712; 432251, 2449685; 432259, 2449679; 432344,
2449744; 432419, 2449806; 432441, 2449848; 431905, 2449660; 431805,
2449591; 434202, 2447345; 434612, 2446807; 434073, 2448685; 434228,
2448620; 434292, 2448479; 434318, 2448298; 434279, 2447951; 434163,
2447783; 433725, 2448994; 434073, 2447500; 433545, 2449136; 434357,
2447229; 434486, 2447126; 434627, 2447088; 434686, 2447020; 434682,
2447017; 434657, 2446977; 434652, 2446933; 434086, 2447693; 433401,
2449697; 431875, 2449780; 432639, 2447624; 433046, 2450280; 433196,
2450196; 433287, 2450063; 433353, 2449880; 433429, 2449741; 433880,
2448827; 433399, 2449709; 433408, 2449708; 433339, 2449600; 433313,
2449484; 433339, 2449381; 433368, 2449293; 433368, 2449292; 433369,
2449255; 433389, 2449256; 433407, 2449708; 433257, 2446958; 434392,
2446421; 434386, 2446429; 434103, 2446297; 434090, 2446098; 434086,
2446095; 433862, 2446165; 433606, 2446193; 434400, 2446429; 433397,
2446440; 432672, 2447598; 432918, 2447407; 433577, 2447086; 433467,
2449787; 433706, 2447138; 433746, 2447766; 433562, 2447841; 433527,
2447856; 434641, 2446663; 433449, 2446235; 434533, 2446441; 434631,
2446528; 434623, 2446526; 434620, 2446512; 434628, 2446479; 434625,
2446467; 434618, 2446459; 434201, 2446573; 434558, 2446439; 434403,
2446435; 434514, 2446449; 434423, 2446441; 434582, 2446443; 434416,
2446441; 434500, 2446448; 434434, 2446428; 434447, 2446420; 434457,
2446416; 434471, 2446422.
(2) This unit includes land bounded by the following UTM Zone 4,
NAD83 coordinates (E, N): 431975, 2446280; 432548, 2444752; 432135,
2444807; 432674, 2444970; 431873, 2444849; 431730, 2445114; 431645,
2445326; 432001, 2445941; 431950, 2444792; 432559, 2446255; 432659,
2446240; 432948, 2446150; 433067, 2445928; 432912, 2445580; 432758,
2445304; 432674, 2444970; 432377, 2444722.
(B) Note: Map 70c follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-S
[[Page 19128]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.046
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C
[[Page 19129]]
(cxlvii) Kauai 11-Charpentiera densiflora-c
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxiii)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxiii)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cxlviii) Kauai 11-Charpentiera densiflora-d
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
* * * * *
(cl) Kauai 11-Cyanea dolichopoda-c
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxli)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxli)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cli) Kauai 11-Cyanea eleeleensis-b
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(clii) Kauai 11-Cyanea kolekoleensis-b
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cliii) Kauai 11-Cyanea kuhihewa-b
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
* * * * *
(clxiii) Kauai 11-Cyrtandra oenobarba-d
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(clxiv) Kauai 11-Cyrtandra oenobarba-e
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxli)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxli)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(clxv) Kauai 11-Cyrtandra paliku-c
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxli)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxli)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
* * * * *
(clxxii) Kauai 11-Diellia mannii-a
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxlvi)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxlvi)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
* * * * *
(clxxvi) Kauai 11-Doryopteris angelica-b
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxiii)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxiii)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(clxxvii) Kauai 11-Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus-b
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxx)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxx)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(clxxviii) Kauai 11-Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata-b
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(clxxix) Kauai 11-Dubautia kalalauensis-b
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxx)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxx)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(clxxx) Kauai 11-Dubautia kenwoodii-b
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxiii)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxiii)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
* * * * *
(clxxxiv) Kauai 11-Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia-c
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxli)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxli)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(clxxxv) Kauai 11-Dubautia waialealae-b
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxx)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxx)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
* * * * *
(cxcix) Kauai 11-Geranium kauaiense-b
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxx)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxx)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
* * * * *
(ccxvi) Kauai 11-Keysseria erici-b
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxx)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxx)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(ccxvii) Kauai 11-Keysseria helenae-b
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxx)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxx)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
* * * * *
(ccxxii) Kauai 11-Labordia helleri-d
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxx)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxx)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(ccxxiii) Kauai 11-Labordia helleri-e
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxiii)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxiii)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(ccxxiv) Kauai 11-Labordia helleri-f
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(ccxxv) Kauai 11-Labordia helleri-g
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxlvi)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxlvi)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
* * * * *
(ccxxix) Kauai 11-Labordia pumila-b
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxx)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxx)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
* * * * *
(ccxxxv) Kauai 11-Lysimachia daphnoides-b
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxx)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxx)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
[[Page 19130]]
(ccxxxvi) Kauai 11-Lysimachia iniki-c
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxli)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxli)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(ccxxxvii) Kauai 11-Lysimachia pendens-c
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxli)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxli)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(ccxxxviii) Kauai 11-Lysimachia scopulensis-a
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxvi)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxvi)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(ccxxxix) Kauai 11-Lysimachia venosa-c
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxli)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxli)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
* * * * *
(ccxli) Kauai 11-Melicope degeneri-b
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxx)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxx)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
* * * * *
(ccxlviii) Kauai 11-Melicope paniculata-b
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(ccxlix) Kauai 11-Melicope puberula-c
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxx)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxx)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(ccl) Kauai 11-Melicope puberula-d
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
* * * * *
(ccliii) Kauai 11-Myrsine knudsenii-a
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxlvi)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxlvi)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
* * * * *
(cclviii) Kauai 11-Myrsine mezii-b
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxx)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxx)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cclix) Kauai 11-Myrsine mezii-c
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxlvi)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxlvi)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
* * * * *
(cclxvi) Kauai 11-Phyllostegia renovans-c
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxx)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxx)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cclxvii) Kauai 11-Phyllostegia renovans-d
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
* * * * *
(cclxxii) Kauai 11-Pittosporum napaliense-b
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxiii)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxiii)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
* * * * *
(cclxxvii) Kauai 11-Platydesma rostrata-f
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxx)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxx)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cclxxviii) Kauai 11-Platydesma rostrata-g
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxiii)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxiii)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cclxxix) Kauai 11-Platydesma rostrata-h
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cclxxx) Kauai 11-Platydesma rostrata-i
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxli)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxli)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cclxxxi) Kauai 11-Platydesma rostrata-j
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxlvi)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxlvi)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
* * * * *
(ccxc) Kauai 11-Psychotria grandiflora-b
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxx)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxx)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(ccxci) Kauai 11-Psychotria grandiflora-c
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxlvi)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxlvi)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(ccxcii) Kauai 11-Psychotria hobdyi-b
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxiii)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxiii)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
* * * * *
(cccix) Kauai 11-Schiedea attenuata-a
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxvi)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxvi)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
* * * * *
(cccxxix) Kauai 11-Stenogyne kealiae-b
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxvi)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxvi)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cccxxx) Kauai 11-Stenogyne kealiae-c
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cccxxxi) Kauai 11-Stenogyne kealiae-d
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxlvi)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxlvi)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
[[Page 19131]]
(cccxxxii) Kauai 11-Tetraplasandra bisattenuata-c
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxiii)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxxiii)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cccxxxiii) Kauai 11-Tetraplasandra bisattenuata-d
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cccxxxiv) Kauai 11-Tetraplasandra flynnii-c
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxx)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxxx)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cccxxxv) Kauai 11-Tetraplasandra flynnii-d
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxl)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cccxxxvi) Kauai 11-Tetraplasandra flynnii-e
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxlvi)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cxlvi)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
* * * * *
(cccli) Kauai 18--Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-f
(A) This is a unit of the Wet Cliff ecosystem and consists of 296
ac (120 ha). This unit includes lands bounded by the following UTM Zone
4, NAD83 coordinates (E, N): 450192, 2441100; 450045, 2441036; 449907,
2441014; 449732, 2441017; 449661, 2441029; 449662, 2441006; 449663,
2440988; 450391, 2441245; 449861, 2440726; 450358, 2441446; 449987,
2440561; 449861, 2440726; 450478, 2441377; 450009, 2440531; 450480,
2441446; 450309, 2440710; 450188, 2441428; 450030, 2441469; 449977,
2441622; 450043, 2441776; 450987, 2441509; 450061, 2441818; 451012,
2441536; 450204, 2441935; 450313, 2442034; 450493, 2441438; 450738,
2441687; 450390, 2442146; 450854, 2441404; 450786, 2441366; 450732,
2441298; 450694, 2441214; 450762, 2441153; 450892, 2441119; 450971,
2441101; 451006, 2441096; 451065, 2441045; 451024, 2440992; 450235,
2440578; 451009, 2440898; 450036, 2440543; 450976, 2440839; 450923,
2441455; 450866, 2440829; 450759, 2440839; 450630, 2440857; 450492,
2440870; 450439, 2440863; 450352, 2440802; 450263, 2440642; 450209,
2440565; 450148, 2440581; 450981, 2440954; 450959, 2441758; 450649,
2441819; 450519, 2441677; 450483, 2441603; 450567, 2441606; 450649,
2441639; 450942, 2442140; 450855, 2441735; 450807, 2441995; 451040,
2441587; 451048, 2441778; 451104, 2441763; 451135, 2441750; 451127,
2441727; 451071, 2441643; 450459, 2442263; 451207, 2442613; 450538,
2442344; 450573, 2442334; 450550, 2442082; 450540, 2442051; 450598,
2442069; 450759, 2442234; 450927, 2442387; 451072, 2442509; 451307,
2442664; 451370, 2442679; 451385, 2442651; 451299, 2442539; 451115,
2442323; 450942, 2442140. This unit is also critical habitat for Kauai
18-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-k, Kauai 18-Cyanea dolichopoda-d, Kauai
18-Cyrtandra oenobarba-f, Kauai 18-Cyrtandra paliku-d, Kauai 18-
Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia-d, Kauai 18-Lysimachia iniki-d,
Kauai 18-Lysimachia pendens-d, Kauai 18- Lysimachia venosa-d, and Kauai
18-Platydesma rostrata-k (see paragraphs (a)(1)(ccclii),
(a)(1)(cccliii), (a)(1)(cccliv), (a)(1)(ccclv), (a)(1)(ccclvi),
(a)(1)(ccclvii), (a)(1)(ccclviii), (a)(1)(ccclix), and (a)(1)(ccclx),
respectively, of this section).
(B) Note: Map 217a follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-S
[[Page 19132]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.047
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C
[[Page 19133]]
(ccclii) Kauai 18-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-k
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccli)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccli)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cccliii) Kauai 18-Cyanea dolichopoda-d
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccli)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccli)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cccliv)Kauai 18-Cyrtandra oenobarba-f
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccli)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccli)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(ccclv) Kauai 18-Cyrtandra paliku-d
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccli)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccli)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(ccclvi) Kauai 18-Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia-d
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccli)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccli)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(ccclvii) Kauai 18-Lysimachia iniki-d
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccli)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccli)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(ccclviii) Kauai 18-Lysimachia pendens-d
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccli)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccli)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(ccclix) Kauai 18-Lysimachia venosa-d
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccli)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccli)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(ccclx) Kauai 18-Platydesma rostrata-k
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccli)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccli)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(ccclxi) Kauai 19-Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-g
(A) This is a unit of the Wet Cliff ecosystem and consists of 23 ac
(9 ha). This unit includes land bounded by the following UTM Zone 4,
NAD83 coordinates (E, N): 457006, 2449562; 456297, 2449627; 456152,
2449645; 456213, 2449635; 456892, 2449577; 456297, 2449627; 456355,
2449622; 456429, 2449624; 456528, 2449621; 456587, 2449619; 456683,
2449611; 457144, 2449549; 456823, 2449588; 456116, 2449661; 457123,
2449562; 456901, 2449549; 456313, 2449442; 456256, 2449472; 456187,
2449533; 456154, 2449589; 456126, 2449635; 456742, 2449603. This unit
is also critical habitat for Kauai 19-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-l,
Kauai 19-Cyanea dolichopoda-e, Kauai 19-Cyrtandra oenobarba-g, Kauai
19-Cyrtandra paliku-e, Kauai 19-Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia-e,
Kauai 19-Lysimachia iniki-e, Kauai 19-Lysimachia pendens-e, Kauai 19-
Lysimachia venosa-e, and Kauai 19-Platydesma rostrata-l (see paragraphs
(a)(1)(ccclxii), (a)(1)(ccclxiii), (a)(1)(ccclxiv), (a)(1)(ccclxv),
(a)(1)(ccclxvi), (a)(1)(ccclxvii), (a)(1)(ccclxviii), (a)(1)(ccclxix),
and (a)(1)(ccclxx), respectively, of this section).
(B) Note: Map 217b follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-S
[[Page 19134]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.048
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C
[[Page 19135]]
(ccclxii) Kauai 19-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-l
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxi)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxi)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(ccclxiii) Kauai 19-Cyanea dolichopoda-e
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxi)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxi)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(ccclxiv) Kauai 19-Cyrtandra oenobarba-g
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxi)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxi)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(ccclxv) Kauai 19-Cyrtandra paliku-e
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxi)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxi)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(ccclxvi) Kauai 19-Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia-e
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxi)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxi)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(ccclxvii) Kauai 19-Lysimachia iniki-e
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxi)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxi)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(ccclxviii) Kauai 19-Lysimachia pendens-e
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxi)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxi)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(ccclxix) Kauai 19-Lysimachia venosa-e
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxi)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxi)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(ccclxx) Kauai 19-Platydesma rostrata-l
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxi)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxi)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(ccclxxi) Kauai 20-Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-h
(A) This is a unit of the Lowland Wet ecosystem and consists of 65
ac (26 ha). This unit includes land bounded by the following UTM Zone
4, NAD83 coordinates (E, N): 440498, 2455883; 440674, 2456209; 440674,
2456209; 440829, 2456531; 440867, 2456555; 440834, 2456579; 440382,
2456676; 440343, 2456672; 440329, 2456652; 440319, 2456582; 440437,
2456434; 440265, 2455650; 440318, 2455684; 440318, 2455684. This unit
is also critical habitat for Kauai 20-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-m,
Kauai 20-Charpentiera densiflora-e, Kauai 20-Cyanea eleeleensis-c,
Kauai 20-Cyanea kolekoleensis-c, Kauai 20-Cyanea kuhihewa-c, Kauai 20-
Cyrtandra oenobarba-h, Kauai 20-Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata-c,
Kauai 20-Labordia helleri-h, Kauai 20-Melicope paniculata-c, Kauai 20-
Melicope puberula-e, Kauai 20-Phyllostegia renovans-e, Kauai 20-
Platydesma rostrata-m, Kauai 20-Stenogyne kealiae-e, Kauai 20-
Tetraplasandra bisattenuata-e, and Kauai 20-Tetraplasandra flynnii-f,
(see paragraphs (a)(1)(ccclxxii), (a)(1)(ccclxxiii), (a)(1)(ccclxxiv),
(a)(1)(ccclxxv), (a)(1)(ccclxxvi), (a)(1)(ccclxxvii),
(a)(1)(ccclxxviii), (a)(1)(ccclxxix), (a)(1)(ccclxxx),
(a)(1)(ccclxxxi), (a)(1)(ccclxxxii), (a)(1)(ccclxxxiii),
(a)(1)(ccclxxxiv), (a)(1)(ccclxxxv), and (a)(1)(ccclxxxvi),
respectively, of this section).
(B) Note: Map 217c follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-S
[[Page 19136]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.049
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C
[[Page 19137]]
(ccclxxii) Kauai 20-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-m
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxi)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxi)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(ccclxxiii) Kauai 20-Charpentiera densiflora-e
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxi)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxi)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(ccclxxiv) Kauai 20-Cyanea eleeleensis-c
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxi)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxi)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(ccclxxv) Kauai 20-Cyanea kolekoleensis-c
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxi)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxi)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(ccclxxvi) Kauai 20-Cyanea kuhihewa-c
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxi)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxi)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(ccclxxvii) Kauai 20-Cyrtandra oenobarba-h
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxi)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxi)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(ccclxxviii) Kauai 20-Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata-c
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxi)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxi)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(ccclxxix) Kauai 20-Labordia helleri-h
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxi)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxi)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(ccclxxx) Kauai 20-Melicope paniculata-c
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxi)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxi)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(ccclxxxi) Kauai 20-Melicope puberula-e
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxi)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxi)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(ccclxxxii) Kauai 20-Phyllostegia renovans-e
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxi)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxi)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(ccclxxxiii) Kauai 20-Platydesma rostrata-m
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxi)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxi)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(ccclxxxiv) Kauai 20-Stenogyne kealiae-e
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxi)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxi)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(ccclxxxv) Kauai 20-Tetraplasandra bisattenuata-e
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxi)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxi)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(ccclxxxvi) Kauai 20-Tetraplasandra flynnii-f
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxi)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxi)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(ccclxxxvii) Kauai 21-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-n
(A) This is a unit of the Montane Mesic ecosystem and consists of 8
ac (3 ha). This unit includes land bounded by the following UTM Zone 4,
NAD83 coordinates (E, N): 431626, 2445435; 432001, 2445941; 431736,
2445617; 432001, 2445941; 431645, 2445326. This unit is also critical
habitat for Kauai 21-Diellia mannii-b, Kauai 21-Labordia helleri-i,
Kauai 21-Myrsine knudsenii-b, Kauai 21-Myrsine mezii-d, Kauai 21-
Platydesma rostrata-n, Kauai 21-Psychotria grandiflora-d, Kauai 21-
Stenogyne kealiae-f, and Kauai 21-Tetraplasandra flynnii-g (see
paragraphs (a)(1)(ccclxxxviii), (a)(1)(ccclxxxix), (a)(1)(cccxc),
(a)(1)(cccxci), (a)(1)(cccxcii), (a)(1)(cccxciii), (a)(1)(cccxciv), and
(a)(1)(cccxcv), respectively, of this section).
(B) Note: Map 217d follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-S
[[Page 19138]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.050
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C
[[Page 19139]]
(ccclxxxviii) Kauai 21-Diellia mannii-b
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(B) of this section for the map
of this unit.
(ccclxxxix) Kauai 21-Labordia helleri-i
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(B) of this section for the map
of this unit.
(cccxc) Kauai 21-Myrsine knudsenii-b
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(B) of this section for the map
of this unit.
(cccxci) Kauai 21-Myrsine mezii-d
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(B) of this section for the map
of this unit.
(cccxcii) Kauai 21-Platydesma rostrata-o
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(B) of this section for the map
of this unit.
(cccxciii) Kauai 21-Psychotria grandiflora-d
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(B) of this section for the map
of this unit.
(cccxciv) Kauai 21-Stenogyne kealiae-f
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(B) of this section for the map
of this unit.
(cccxcv) Kauai 21-Tetraplasandra flynnii-g
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(ccclxxxvii)(B) of this section for the map
of this unit.
(cccxcvi) Kauai 22-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-o
(A) This is a unit of the Montane Mesic ecosystem and consists of
139 ac (56 ha). This unit includes land bounded by the following UTM
Zone 4, NAD83 coordinates (E, N): 438012, 2440389; 437687, 2439960;
438227, 2440730; 438149, 2440714; 438111, 2440652; 438112, 2440588;
438028, 2440577; 438243, 2440830; 438014, 2440437; 438253, 2440854;
437922, 2440355; 437912, 2440201; 437870, 2440140; 437827, 2440132;
437817, 2440071; 437785, 2440013; 438023, 2440484; 437335, 2440180;
437586, 2439743; 437636, 2439819; 437586, 2439743; 437529, 2439721;
438287, 2440738; 437450, 2440047; 437335, 2440329; 437336, 2440335;
437602, 2440771; 437987, 2441027; 438159, 2440914; 438249, 2440857;
437545, 2439761. This unit is also critical habitat for Kauai 22-
Diellia mannii-c, Kauai 22-Labordia helleri-j, Kauai 22-Myrsine
knudsenii-c, Kauai 22-Myrsine mezii-e, Kauai 22-Platydesma rostrata-o,
Kauai 22-Psychotria grandiflora-e, Kauai 22-Stenogyne kealiae-g, and
Kauai 22-Tetraplasandra flynnii-h (see paragraphs (a)(1)(cccxcvii),
(a)(1)(cccxcviii), (a)(1)(cccxcix), (a)(1)(cd), (a)(1)(cdi),
(a)(1)(cdii), (a)(1)(cdiii), and (a)(1)(cdiv), respectively, of this
section).
(B) Note: Map 217e follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-S
[[Page 19140]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.051
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C
[[Page 19141]]
(cccxcvii) Kauai 22-Diellia mannii-c
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxcvi)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxcvi)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cccxcviii) Kauai 22-Labordia helleri-j
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxcvi)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxcvi)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cccxcix) Kauai 22-Myrsine knudsenii-c
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxcvi)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxcvi)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cd) Kauai 22-Myrsine mezii-e
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxcvi)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxcvi)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdi) Kauai 22-Platydesma rostrata-o
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxcvi)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxcvi)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdii) Kauai 22-Psychotria grandiflora-e
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxcvi)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxcvi)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdiii) Kauai 22-Stenogyne kealiae-g
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxcvi)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxcvi)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdiv) Kauai 22-Tetraplasandra flynnii-h
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxcvi)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cccxcvi)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdv) Kauai 23-Astelia waialealae-c
(A) This is a unit of the Montane Wet ecosystem and consists of 0.4
ac (0.2 ha). This unit includes land bounded by the following UTM Zone
4, NAD83 coordinates (E, N): 444193, 2443965; 444088, 2444202; 444117,
2444107; 444088, 2444202. This unit is also critical habitat for Kauai
23-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-p, Kauai 23-Dryopteris crinalis var.
podosorus-c, Kauai 23-Dubautia kalalauensis-c, Kauai 23-Dubautia
waialealae-c, Kauai 23-Geranium kauaiense-c, Kauai 23-Keysseria erici-
c, Kauai 23-Keysseria helenae-c, Kauai 23-Labordia helleri-k, Kauai 23-
Labordia pumila-c, Kauai 23-Lysimachia daphnoides-c, Kauai 23-Melicope
degeneri-c, Kauai 23-Melicope puberula-f, Kauai 23-Myrsine mezii-f,
Kauai 23-Phyllostegia renovans-f, Kauai 23-Platydesma rostrata-p, Kauai
23-Psychotria grandiflora-f, and Kauai 23-Tetraplasandra flynnii-i (see
paragraphs (a)(1)(cdvi), (a)(1)(cdvii), (a)(1)(cdviii), (a)(1)(cdix),
(a)(1)(cdx), (a)(1)(cdxi), (a)(1)(cdxii), (a)(1)(cdxiii),
(a)(1)(cdxiv), (a)(1)(cdxv), (a)(1)(cdxvi), (a)(1)(cdxvii),
(a)(1)(cdxviii), (a)(1)(cdxix), (a)(1)(cdxx), (a)(1)(cdxxi), and
(a)(1)(cdxxii), respectively, of this section).
(B) Note: Map 217f follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-S
[[Page 19142]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.052
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C
[[Page 19143]]
(cdvi) Kauai 23-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-p
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdv)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdv)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdvii) Kauai 23-Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus-c
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdv)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdv)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdviii) Kauai 23-Dubautia kalalauensis-c
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdv)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdv)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdix) Kauai 23-Dubautia waialealae-c
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdv)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdv)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdx) Kauai 23-Geranium kauaiense-c
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdv)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdv)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdxi) Kauai 23-Keysseria erici-c
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdv)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdv)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdxii) Kauai 23-Keysseria helenae-c
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdv)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdv)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdxiii) Kauai 23-Labordia helleri-k
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdv)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdv)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdxiv) Kauai 23-Labordia pumila-c
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdv)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdv)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdxv) Kauai 23-Lysimachia daphnoides-c
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdv)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdv)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdxvi) Kauai 23-Melicope degeneri-c
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdv)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdv)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdxvii) Kauai 23-Melicope puberula-f
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdv)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdv)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdxviii) Kauai 23-Myrsine mezii-f
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdv)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdv)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdxix) Kauai 23-Phyllostegia renovans-f
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdv)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdv)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdxx) Kauai 23-Platydesma rostrata-p
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdv)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdv)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdxxi) Kauai 23-Psychotria grandiflora-f
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdv)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdv)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdxxii) Kauai 23-Tetraplasandra flynnii-i
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdv)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdv)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdxxiii) Kauai 24-Astelia waialealae-d
(A) This is a unit of the Montane Wet ecosystem and consists of
0.04 ac (0.01 ha). This unit includes land bounded by the following UTM
Zone 4, NAD83 coordinates (E, N): 445955, 2442594; 445955, 2442594;
445951, 2442593; 445907, 2442657. This unit is also critical habitat
for Kauai 24-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-q, Kauai 24-Dryopteris
crinalis var. podosorus-d, Kauai 24-Dubautia kalalauensis-d, Kauai 24-
Dubautia waialealae-d, Kauai 24-Geranium kauaiense-d, Kauai 24-
Keysseria erici-d, Kauai 24-Keysseria helenae-d, Kauai 24-Labordia
helleri-l, Kauai 24-Labordia pumila-d, Kauai 24-Lysimachia daphnoides-
d, Kauai 24-Melicope degeneri-d, Kauai 24-Melicope puberula-g, Kauai
24-Myrsine mezii-g, Kauai 24-Phyllostegia renovans-g, Kauai 24-
Platydesma rostrata-q, Kauai 24-Psychotria grandiflora-g, and Kauai 24-
Tetraplasandra flynnii-j (see paragraphs (a)(1)(cdxxiv), (a)(1)(cdxxv),
(a)(1)(cdxxvi), (a)(1)(cdxxvii), (a)(1)(cdxxviii), (a)(1)(cdxxix),
(a)(1)(cdxxx), (a)(1)(cdxxxi), (a)(1)(cdxxxii), (a)(1)(cdxxxiii),
(a)(1)(cdxxxiv), (a)(1)(cdxxxv), (a)(1)(cdxxxvi), (a)(1)(cdxxxvii),
(a)(1)(cdxxxviii), (a)(1)(cdxxxix), and (a)(1)(cdxl), respectively, of
this section).
(B) Note: Map 217g follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-S
[[Page 19144]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.053
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C
[[Page 19145]]
(cdxxiv) Kauai 24-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-q
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxiii)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxiii)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdxxv) Kauai 24-Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus-d
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxiii)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxiii)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdxxvi) Kauai 24-Dubautia kalalauensis-d
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxiii)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxiii)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdxxvii) Kauai 24-Dubautia waialealae-d
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxiii)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxiii)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdxxviii) Kauai 24-Geranium kauaiense-e
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxiii)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxiii)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdxxix) Kauai 24-Keysseria erici-d
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxiii)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxiii)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdxxx) Kauai 24-Keysseria helenae-d
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxiii)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxiii)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdxxxi) Kauai 24-Labordia helleri-l
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxiii)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxiii)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdxxxii) Kauai 24-Labordia pumila-d
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxiii)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxiii)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdxxxiii) Kauai 24-Lysimachia daphnoides-d
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxiii)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxiii)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdxxxiv) Kauai 24-Melicope degeneri-d
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxiii)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxiii)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdxxxv) Kauai 24-Melicope puberula-g
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxiii)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxiii)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdxxxvi) Kauai 24-Myrsine mezii-g
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxiii)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxiii)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdxxxvii) Kauai 24-Phyllostegia renovans-g
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxiii)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxiii)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdxxxviii) Kauai 24-Platydesma rostrata-q
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxiii)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxiii)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdxxxix) Kauai 24-Psychotria grandiflora-g
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxiii)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxiii)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdxl) Kauai 24-Tetraplasandra flynnii-j
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxiii)(A) of this section for the
textual description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxxiii)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdxli) Kauai 25-Astelia waialealae-e
(A) This is a unit of the Montane Wet ecosystem and consists of 64
ac (26 ha). This unit includes land bounded by the following UTM Zone
4, NAD83 coordinates (E, N): 448428, 2442750; 448440, 2442604; 448443,
2442627; 448443, 2442636; 448447, 2442663; 448447, 2442675; 448447,
2442688; 448443, 2442699; 448437, 2442711; 448438, 2442565; 448428,
2442738; 448464, 2442531; 448431, 2442766; 448432, 2442775; 448435,
2442791; 448437, 2442805; 448442, 2442821; 448462, 2442858; 448432,
2442727; 448536, 2442523; 448481, 2442894; 448637, 2442455; 448634,
2442459; 448623, 2442466; 448615, 2442472; 448602, 2442477; 448587,
2442486; 448449, 2442536; 448550, 2442513; 448441, 2442549; 448530,
2442527; 448515, 2442533; 448505, 2442534; 448488, 2442531; 448474,
2442530; 448455, 2442534; 448880, 2442563; 448566, 2442503; 448512,
2443792; 448522, 2443706; 448507, 2443727; 448504, 2443735; 448502,
2443743; 448504, 2443752; 448509, 2443760; 448513, 2443769; 448669,
2443477; 448512, 2443783; 448552, 2443643; 448500, 2443823; 448473,
2443878; 448470, 2443888; 448479, 2443895; 448609, 2443974; 448614,
2443950; 448634, 2443800; 448469, 2442871; 448513, 2443779; 448518,
2443559; 448588, 2443466; 448591, 2443484; 448589, 2443493; 448582,
2443508; 448577, 2443516; 448569, 2443527; 448560, 2443535; 448553,
2443539; 448538, 2443682; 448518, 2443552; 448546, 2443665; 448523,
2443570; 448527, 2443576; 448533, 2443587; 448544, 2443601; 448549,
2443613; 448551, 2443621; 448552, 2443630; 448674, 2443301; 448528,
2443546; 448579, 2443112; 448587, 2443214; 448586, 2443203; 448582,
2443190; 448582, 2443172; 448582, 2443162; 448583, 2443151; 448585,
2443140; 448657, 2443629; 448585, 2443122; 448592, 2443254; 448562,
2443086; 448545, 2443051; 448529, 2443019; 448507, 2442976; 448498,
2442952; 448490, 2442930; 448486, 2442910; 448585, 2443461; 448586,
2443129; 448584, 2443388; 448651, 2443187; 448653, 2443075; 448696,
2442955; 448765, 2442787; 448805, 2442677; 448861, 2442593; 448880,
2442563; 448578, 2443441; 448589, 2443224; 448576, 2443405; 448591,
2443241; 448590, 2443369; 448595, 2443352; 448593, 2443325; 448590,
2443306; 448591, 2443291; 448592, 2443277; 448592, 2443261; 448477,
2442887; 448572, 2443417. This unit is also critical habitat for Kauai
25-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-r, Kauai 25-Dryopteris crinalis var.
podosorus-e, Kauai 25-Dubautia kalalauensis-e, Kauai 25-Dubautia
waialealae-e, Kauai 25-Geranium kauaiense-e, Kauai 25-Keysseria erici-
e, Kauai 25-Keysseria helenae-e, Kauai 25-Labordia helleri-
[[Page 19146]]
m, Kauai 25-Labordia pumila-e, Kauai 25-Lysimachia daphnoides-e, Kauai
25-Melicope degeneri-e, Kauai 25-Melicope puberula-h, Kauai 25-Myrsine
mezii-h, Kauai 25-Phyllostegia renovans-h, Kauai 25-Platydesma
rostrata-r, Kauai 25-Psychotria grandiflora-h, and Kauai 25-
Tetraplasandra flynnii-k (see paragraphs (a)(1)(cdxlii),
(a)(1)(cdxliii), (a)(1)(cdxliv), (a)(1)(cdxlv), (a)(1)(cdxlvi),
(a)(1)(cdxlvii), (a)(1)(cdxlviii), (a)(1)(cdxlix), (a)(1)(cdl),
(a)(1)(cdli), (a)(1)(cdlii), (a)(1)(cdliii), (a)(1)(cdliv),
(a)(1)(cdlv), (a)(1)(cdlvi), (a)(1)(cdlvii), and (a)(1)(cdlviii),
respectively, of this section).
(B) Note: Map 217h follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-S
[[Page 19147]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13AP10.054
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C
[[Page 19148]]
(cdxlii) Kauai 25-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-r
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxli)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxli)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdxliii) Kauai 25-Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus-e
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxli)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxli)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdxliv) Kauai 25-Dubautia kalalauensis-d
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxli)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxli)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdxlv) Kauai 25-Dubautia waialealae-e
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxli)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxli)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdxlvi) Kauai 25-Geranium kauaiense-f
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxli)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxli)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdxlvii) Kauai 25-Keysseria erici-e
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxli)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxli)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdxlviii) Kauai 25-Keysseria helenae-e
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxli)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxli)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdxlix) Kauai 25-Labordia helleri-m
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxli)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxli)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdl) Kauai 25-Labordia pumila-e
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxli)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxli)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdli) Kauai 25-Lysimachia daphnoides-e
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxli)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxli)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdlii) Kauai 25-Melicope degeneri-e
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxli)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxli)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdliii) Kauai 25-Melicope puberula-h
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxli)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxli)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdliv) Kauai 25-Myrsine mezii-h
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxli)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxli)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdlv) Kauai 25-Phyllostegia renovans-h
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxli)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxli)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdlvi) Kauai 25-Platydesma rostrata-r
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxli)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxli)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdlvii) Kauai 25-Psychotria grandiflora-h
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxli)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxli)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(cdlviii) Kauai 25-Tetraplasandra flynnii-k
(A) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxli)(A) of this section for the textual
description of this unit.
(B) See paragraph (a)(1)(cdxli)(B) of this section for the map of
this unit.
(CDLIX) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR
KAUAI
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unit name Species occupied Species unoccupied
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 4-Chamaesyce remyi var. Chamaesyce remyi
kauaiensis-a var. kauaiensis
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 4-Chamaesyce remyi var. Chamaesyce remyi
remyi-a var. remyi
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 4-Cyanea dolichopoda-a Cyanea
dolichopoda
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 4-Cyrtandra oenobarba-a Cyrtandra
oenobarba
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 4-Cyrtandra paliku-a Cyrtandra paliku Cyrtandra paliku
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 4-Dubautia plantaginea Dubautia
ssp. magnifolia-a plantaginea ssp.
magnifolia
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 4-Lysimachia iniki-a Lysimachia iniki
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 19149]]
Kauai 4-Lysimachia pendens-a Lysimachia
pendens
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 4-Lysimachia venosa-a Lysimachia venosa
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 4-Platydesma rostrata-a Platydesma
rostrata
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 7-Canavalia napaliensis-a Canavalia
napaliensis
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 7-Chamaesyce eleanoriae-a Chamaesyce
eleanoriae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 7-Chamaesyce remyi var. Chamaesyce remyi Chamaesyce remyi
remyi-b var. remyi var. remyi
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 7-Charpentiera densiflora- Charpentiera
a densiflora
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 7-Doryopteris angelica-a Doryopteris
angelica
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 7-Dubautia kenwoodii-a Dubautia kenwoodii
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 7-Labordia helleri-a Labordia helleri
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 7-Pittosporum napaliense-a Pittosporum
napaliense
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 7-Platydesma rostrata-b Platydesma
rostrata
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 7-Psychotria hobdyi-a Psychotria hobdyi
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 7-Tetraplasandra Tetraplasandra Tetraplasandra
bisattenuata-a bisattenuata bisattenuata
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Astelia waialealae-a Astelia waialealae Astelia waialealae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Chamaesyce remyi var. Chamaesyce remyi
kauaiensis-b var. kauaiensis
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Chamaesyce remyi var. Chamaesyce remyi Chamaesyce remyi
kauaiensis-c var. kauaiensis var. kauaiensis
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Chamaesyce remyi var. Chamaesyce remyi Chamaesyce remyi
remyi-c var. remyi var. remyi
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Chamaesyce remyi var. Chamaesyce remyi Chamaesyce remyi
remyi-d var. remyi var. remyi
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Chamaesyce remyi var. Chamaesyce remyi
remyi-e var. remyi
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Charpentiera densiflora- Charpentiera
b densiflora
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Cyanea dolichopoda-b Cyanea dolichopoda
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Cyanea eleeleensis-a Cyanea eleeleensis
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Cyanea kolekoleensis-a Cyanea
kolekoleensis
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Cyanea kuhihewa-a Cyanea kuhihewa
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Cyrtandra oenobarba-b Cyrtandra Cyrtandra
oenobarba oenobarba
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 19150]]
Kauai 10-Cyrtandra oenobarba-c Cyrtandra Cyrtandra
oenobarba oenobarba
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Cyrtandra paliku-b Cyrtandra paliku
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Dryopteris crinalis Dryopteris Dryopteris
var. podosorus-a crinalis var. crinalis var.
podosorus podosorus
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Dubautia imbricata ssp. Dubautia imbricata Dubautia imbricata
imbricata-a ssp. imbricata ssp. imbricata
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Dubautia kalalauensis-a Dubautia
kalalauensis
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Dubautia plantaginea Dubautia Dubautia
ssp. magnifolia-b plantaginea ssp. plantaginea ssp.
magnifolia magnifolia
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Dubautia waialealae-a Dubautia Dubautia
waialealae waialealae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Geranium kauaiense-a Geranium kauaiense Geranium kauaiense
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Keysseria erici-a Keysseria erici Keysseria erici
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Keysseria helenae-a Keysseria helenae Keysseria helenae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Labordia helleri-b Labordia helleri Labordia helleri
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Labordia helleri-c Labordia helleri
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Labordia pumila-a Labordia pumila Labordia pumila
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Lysimachia daphnoides-a Lysimachia Lysimachia
daphnoides daphnoides
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Lysimachia iniki-b Lysimachia iniki Lysimachia iniki
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Lysimachia pendens-b Lysimachia pendens Lysimachia pendens
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Lysimachia venosa-b Lysimachia venosa
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Melicope degeneri-a Melicope Melicope
paniculata paniculata
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Melicope paniculata-a Melicope Melicope
paniculata paniculata
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Melicope puberula-a Melicope puberula Melicope puberula
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Melicope puberula-b Melicope puberula
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Myrsine mezii-a Myrsine mezii Myrsine mezii
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Phyllostegia renovans-a Phyllostegia Phyllostegia
renovans renovans
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Phyllostegia renovans-b Phyllostegia Phyllostegia
renovans renovans
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Platydesma rostrata-c Platydesma Platydesma
rostrata rostrata
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Platydesma rostrata-d Platydesma Platydesma
rostrata rostrata
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Platydesma rostrata-e Platydesma Platydesma
rostrata rostrata
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 19151]]
Kauai 10-Psychotria grandiflora- Psychotria
a grandiflora
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Stenogyne kealiae-a Stenogyne kealiae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Tetraplasandra Tetraplasandra Tetraplasandra
bisattenuata-b bisattenuata bisattenuata
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Tetraplasandra flynnii- Tetraplasandra
a flynnii
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 10-Tetraplasandra flynnii- Tetraplasandra
b flynnii
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Astelia waialealae-b Astelia waialealae Astelia waialealae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Canavalia napaliensis-b Canavalia Canavalia
napaliensis napaliensis
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Chamaesyce eleanoriae-b Chamaesyce Chamaesyce
eleanoriae eleanoriae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Chamaesyce eleanoriae-c Chamaesyce Chamaesyce
eleanoriae eleanoriae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. Chamaesyce remyi Chamaesyce remyi
kauaiensis-d var. kauaiensis var. kauaiensis
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. Chamaesyce remyi
kauaiensis-e var. kauaiensis
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. Chamaesyce remyi Chamaesyce remyi
remyi-f var. remyi var. remyi
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. Chamaesyce remyi Chamaesyce remyi
remyi-g var. remyi var. remyi
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. Chamaesyce remyi Chamaesyce remyi
remyi-h var. remyi var. remyi
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. Chamaesyce remyi Chamaesyce remyi
remyi-i var. remyi var. remyi
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. Chamaesyce remyi Chamaesyce remyi
remyi-j var. remyi var. remyi
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Charpentiera densiflora- Charpentiera Charpentiera
c densiflora densiflora
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Charpentiera densiflora- Charpentiera Charpentiera
d densiflora densiflora
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Cyanea dolichopoda-c Cyanea dolichopoda
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Cyanea eleeleensis-b Cyanea eleeleensis
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Cyanea kolekoleensis-b Cyanea
kolekoleensis
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Cyanea kuhihewa-b Cyanea kuhihewa
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Cyrtandra oenobarba-d Cyrtandra Cyrtandra
oenobarba oenobarba
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Cyrtandra oenobarba-e Cyrtandra
oenobarba
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Cyrtandra paliku-c Cyrtandra paliku
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Diellia mannii-a Diellia mannii Diellia mannii
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Doryopteris angelica-b Doryopteris Doryopteris
angelica angelica
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 19152]]
Kauai 11-Dryopteris crinalis Dryopteris Dryopteris
var. podosorus-b crinalis var. crinalis var.
podosorus podosorus
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Dubautia imbricata ssp. Dubautia imbricata
imbricata-b ssp. imbricata
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Dubautia kalalauensis-b Dubautia Dubautia
kalalauensis kalalauensis
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Dubautia kenwoodii-b Dubautia kenwoodii
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Dubautia plantaginea Dubautia
ssp. magnifolia-c plantaginea ssp.
magnifolia
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Dubautia waialealae-b Dubautia Dubautia
waialealae waialealae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Geranium kauaiense-b Geranium kauaiense Geranium kauaiense
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Keysseria erici-b Keysseria erici Keysseria erici
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Keysseria helenae-b Keysseria helenae Keysseria helenae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Labordia helleri-d Labordia helleri Labordia helleri
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Labordia helleri-e Labordia helleri Labordia helleri
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Labordia helleri-f Labordia helleri Labordia helleri
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Labordia helleri-g Labordia helleri Labordia helleri
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Labordia pumila-b Labordia pumila Labordia pumila
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Lysimachia daphnoides-b Lysimachia Lysimachia
daphnoides daphnoides
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Lysimachia iniki-c Lysimachia iniki
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Lysimachia pendens-c Lysimachia
pendens
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Lysimachia scopulensis- Lysimachia Lysimachia
a scopulensis scopulensis
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Lysimachia venosa-c Lysimachia venosa
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Melicope degeneri-b Melicope degeneri Melicope degeneri
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Melicope paniculata-b Melicope Melicope
paniculata paniculata
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Melicope puberula-c Melicope puberula Melicope puberula
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Melicope puberula-d Melicope puberula Melicope puberula
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Myrsine knudsenii-a Myrsine knudsenii Myrsine knudsenii
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Myrsine mezii-b Myrsine mezii Myrsine mezii
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Myrsine mezii-c Myrsine mezii
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 19153]]
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Phyllostegia renovans-c Phyllostegia Phyllostegia
renovans renovans
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Phyllostegia renovans-d Phyllostegia Phyllostegia
renovans renovans
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Pittosporum napaliense- Pittosporum Pittosporum
b napaliense napaliense
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Platydesma rostrata-f Platydesma Platydesma
rostrata rostrata
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Platydesma rostrata-g Platydesma Platydesma
rostrata rostrata
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Platydesma rostrata-h Platydesma Platydesma
rostrata rostrata
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Platydesma rostrata-i Platydesma
rostrata
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Platydesma rostrata-j Platydesma Platydesma
rostrata rostrata
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Psychotria grandiflora- Psychotria Psychotria
b grandiflora grandiflora
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Psychotria grandiflora- Psychotria Psychotria
c grandiflora grandiflora
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Psychotria hobdyi-b Psychotria hobdyi Psychotria hobdyi
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Schiedea attenuata-a Schiedea attenuata Schiedea attenuata
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Stenogyne kealiae-b Stenogyne kealiae Stenogyne kealiae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Stenogyne kealiae-c Stenogyne kealiae Stenogyne kealiae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Stenogyne kealiae-d Stenogyne kealiae Stenogyne kealiae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Tetraplasandra Tetraplasandra
bisattenuata-c bisattenuata
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Tetraplasandra Tetraplasandra
bisattenuata-d bisattenuata
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Tetraplasandra flynnii- Tetraplasandra Tetraplasandra
c flynnii flynnii
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Tetraplasandra flynnii- Tetraplasandra
d flynnii
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 11-Tetraplasandra flynnii- Tetraplasandra Tetraplasandra
e flynnii flynnii
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 18-Chamaesyce remyi var. Chamaesyce remyi Chamaesyce remyi
kauaiensis-f var. kauaiensis var. kauaiensis
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 18-Chamaesyce remyi var. Chamaesyce remyi
remyi-k var. remyi
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 18-Cyanea dolichopoda-d Cyanea dolichopoda
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 18-Cyrtandra oenobarba-f Cyrtandra Cyrtandra
oenobarba oenobarba
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 18-Cyrtandra paliku-d Cyrtandra paliku
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 18-Dubautia plantaginea Dubautia Dubautia
ssp. magnifolia-d plantaginea ssp. plantaginea ssp.
magnifolia magnifolia
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 18-Lysimachia iniki-d Lysimachia iniki Lysimachia iniki
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 18-Lysimachia pendens-d Lysimachia pendens Lysimachia pendens
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 18-Lysimachia venosa-d Lysimachia venosa
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 19154]]
Kauai 18-Platydesma rostrata-k Platydesma Platydesma
rostrata rostrata
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 19-Chamaesyce remyi var. Chamaesyce remyi
kauaiensis-g var. kauaiensis
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 19-Chamaesyce remyi var. Chamaesyce remyi
remyi-l var. remyi
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 19-Cyanea dolichopoda-e Cyanea dolichopoda
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 19-Cyrtandra oenobarba-g Cyrtandra
oenobarba
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 19-Cyrtandra paliku-e Cyrtandra paliku Cyrtandra paliku
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 19-Dubautia plantaginea Dubautia
ssp. magnifolia-e plantaginea ssp.
magnifolia
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 19-Lysimachia iniki-e Lysimachia iniki
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 19-Lysimachia pendens-e Lysimachia
pendens
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 19- Lysimachia venosa-e Lysimachia venosa
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 19-Platydesma rostrata-l Platydesma
rostrata
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 20-Chamaesyce remyi var. Chamaesyce remyi
kauaiensis-h var. kauaiensis
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 20-Chamaesyce remyi var. Chamaesyce remyi Chamaesyce remyi
remyi-m var. remyi var. remyi
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 20-Charpentiera densiflora- Charpentiera Charpentiera
e densiflora densiflora
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 20-Cyanea eleeleensis-c Cyanea eleeleensis
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 20-Cyanea kolekoleensis-c Cyanea
kolekoleensis
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 20-Cyanea kuhihewa-c Cyanea kuhihewa
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 20-Cyrtandra oenobarba-h Cyrtandra
oenobarba
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 20-Dubautia imbricata ssp. Dubautia imbricata Dubautia imbricata
imbricata-c ssp. imbricata ssp. imbricata
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 20-Labordia helleri-h Labordia helleri Labordia helleri
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 20-Melicope paniculata-c Melicope
paniculata
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 20-Melicope puberula-e Melicope puberula
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 20-Phyllostegia renovans-e Phyllostegia Phyllostegia
renovans renovans
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 20-Platydesma rostrata-m Platydesma
rostrata
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 20-Stenogyne kealiae-e Stenogyne kealiae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 20-Tetraplasandra Tetraplasandra
bisattenuata-e bisattenuata
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 20-Tetraplasandra flynii-f Tetraplasandra
flynii
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 21-Chamaesyce remyi var. Chamaesyce remyi
remyi-n var. remyi
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 21-Diellia mannii-b Diellia mannii Diellia mannii
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 21-Labordia helleri-i Labordia helleri
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 21-Myrsine knudsenii-b Myrsine knudsenii
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 21-Myrsine mezii-d Myrsine mezii
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 21-Platydesma rostrata-n Platydesma
rostrata
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 21-Psychotria grandiflora- Psychotria
d grandiflora
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 21-Stenogyne kealiae-f Stenogyne kealiae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 19155]]
Kauai 21-Tetraplasandra flynnii- Tetraplasandra
g flynnii
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 22-Chamaesyce remyi var. Chamaesyce remyi
remyi-o var. remyi
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 22-Diellia mannii-c Diellia mannii
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 22-Labordia helleri-j Labordia helleri
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 22-Myrsine knudsenii-c Myrsine knudsenii
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 22-Myrsine mezii-e Myrsine mezii Myrsine mezii
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 22-Platydesma rostrata-o Platydesma
rostrata
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 22-Psychotria grandiflora- Psychotria
e grandiflora
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 22-Stenogyne kealiae-g Stenogyne kealiae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 22-Tetraplasandra flynnii- Tetraplasandra
h flynnii
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 23-Astelia waialealae-c Astelia waialealae Astelia waialealae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 23-Chamaesyce remyi var. Chamaesyce remyi Chamaesyce remyi
remyi-p var. remyi var. remyi
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 23-Dryopteris crinalis Dryopteris Dryopteris
var. podosorus-c crinalis var. crinalis var.
podosorus podosorus
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 23-Dubautia kalalauensis-c Dubautia
kalalauensis
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 23-Dubautia waialealae-c Dubautia Dubautia
waialealae waialealae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 23-Geranium kauaiense-c Geranium kauaiense Geranium kauaiense
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 23-Keysseria erici-c Keysseria erici Keysseria erici
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 23-Keysseria helenae-c Keysseria helenae Keysseria helenae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 23-Labordia helleri-k Labordia helleri Labordia helleri
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 23-Labordia pumila-c Labordia pumila Labordia pumila
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 23-Lysimachia daphnoides-c Lysimachia Lysimachia
daphnoides daphnoides
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 23-Melicope degeneri-c Melicope degeneri Melicope degeneri
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 23-Melicope puberula-f Melicope puberula Melicope puberula
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 23-Myrsine mezii-f Myrsine mezii Myrsine mezii
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 23-Phyllostegia renovans-f Phyllostegia Phyllostegia
renovans renovans
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 23-Platydesma rostrata-p Platydesma Platydesma
rostrata rostrata
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 23-Psychotria grandiflora- Psychotria
f grandiflora
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 23-Tetraplasandra flynnii- Tetraplasandra
i flynnii
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 24-Astelia waialealae-d Astelia waialealae Astelia waialealae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 24-Chamaesyce remyi var. Chamaesyce remyi Chamaesyce remyi
remyi-q var. remyi var. remyi
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 24-Dryopteris crinalis Dryopteris Dryopteris
var. podosorus-d crinalis var. crinalis var.
podosorus podosorus
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 24-Dubautia kalalauensis-d Dubautia
kalalauensis
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 24-Dubautia waialealae-d Dubautia Dubautia
waialealae waialealae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 24-Geranium kauaiense-d Geranium kauaiense Geranium kauaiense
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 24-Keysseria erici-d Keysseria erici Keysseria erici
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 24-Keysseria helenae-d Keysseria helenae Keysseria helenae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 24-Labordia helleri-l Labordia helleri Labordia helleri
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 19156]]
Kauai 24-Labordia pumila-d Labordia pumila Labordia pumila
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 24-Lysimachia daphnoides-d Lysimachia Lysimachia
daphnoides daphnoides
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 24-Melicope degeneri-d Melicope degeneri Melicope degeneri
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 24-Melicope puberula-g Melicope puberula Melicope puberula
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 24-Myrsine mezii-g Myrsine mezii Myrsine mezii
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 24-Phyllostegia renovans-g Phyllostegia Phyllostegia
renovans renovans
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 24-Platydesma rostrata-q Platydesma Platydesma
rostrata rostrata
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 24-Psychotria grandiflora- Psychotria
g grandiflora
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 24-Tetraplasandra flynnii- Tetraplasandra
j flynnii
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 25-Astelia waialealae-e Astelia waialealae Astelia waialealae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 25-Chamaesyce remyi var. Chamaesyce remyi Chamaesyce remyi
remyi-r var. remyi var. remyi
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 25-Dryopteris crinalis Dryopteris Dryopteris
var. podosorus-e crinalis var. crinalis var.
podosorus podosorus
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 25-Dubautia kalalauensis-e Dubautia
kalalauensis
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 25-Dubautia waialealae-e Dubautia Dubautia
waialealae waialealae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 25-Geranium kauaiense-e Geranium kauaiense Geranium kauaiense
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 25-Keysseria erici-e Keysseria erici Keysseria erici
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 25-Keysseria helenae-e Keysseria helenae Keysseria helenae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 25-Labordia helleri-m Labordia helleri Labordia helleri
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 25-Labordia pumila-e Labordia pumila Labordia pumila
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 25-Lysimachia daphnoides-e Lysimachia Lysimachia
daphnoides daphnoides
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 25-Melicope degeneri-e Melicope degeneri Melicope degeneri
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 25-Melicope puberula-h Melicope puberula Melicope puberula
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 25-Myrsine mezii-h Myrsine mezii Myrsine mezii
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 25-Phyllostegia renovans-h Phyllostegia Phyllostegia
renovans renovans
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 25-Platydesma rostrata-r Platydesma Platydesma
rostrata rostrata
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 25-Psychotria grandiflora- Psychotria
h grandiflora
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai 25-Tetraplasandra flynnii- Tetraplasandra
k flynnii
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * *
(b) * * *
(1) * * *
FAMILY AMARANATHACEAE: Charpentiera densiflora (PAPALA)
Kauai 7-Charpentiera densiflora-a, Kauai 10-Charpentiera
densiflora-b, Kauai 11-Charpentiera densiflora-c, Kauai 11-Charpentiera
densiflora-d, and Kauai 20-Charpentiera densiflora-e, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Charpentiera densiflora on Kauai.
(i) In units Kauai 7-Charpentiera densiflora-a, and Kauai 11-
Charpentiera densiflora-c, the primary constituent elements of critical
habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (914 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 inches (127 to 190 centimeters).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Kauai 10-Charpentiera densiflora-b, Kauai 11-
Charpentiera densiflora-d, and Kauai 20-Charpentiera densiflora-e, the
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (914 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
[[Page 19157]]
(C) Substrate: Clays, ashbeds, deep well-drained soils, lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
* * * * *
FAMILY ARALIACEAE: Tetraplasandra bisattenuata (NCN)
Kauai 7-Tetraplasandra bisattenuata-a, Kauai 10-Tetraplasandra
bisattenuata-b, Kauai 11-Tetraplasandra bisattenuata-c, Kauai 11-
Tetraplasandra bisattenuata-d, and Kauai 20-Tetraplasandra
bisattenuata-e, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(a)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Tetraplasandra
bisattenuata on Kauai.
(i) In units Kauai 7-Tetraplasandra bisattenuata-a, and Kauai 11-
Tetraplasandra bisattenuata-c, the primary constituent elements of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (914 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 inches (127 to 190 centimeters).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Kauai 10-Tetraplasandra bisattenuata-b, Kauai 11-
Tetraplasandra bisattenuata-d, and Kauai 20-Tetraplasandra
bisattenuata-e, the primary constituent elements of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (914 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
(C) Substrate: Clays, ashbeds, deep well-drained soils, lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
FAMILY ARALIACEAE: Tetraplasandra flynnii (NCN)
Kauai 10-Tetraplasandra flynnii-a, Kauai 10-Tetraplasandra flynnii-
b, Kauai 11-Tetraplasandra flynnii-c, Kauai 11-Tetraplasandra flynnii-
d, Kauai 11-Tetraplasandra flynnii-e, Kauai 20-Tetraplasandra flynnii-
f, Kauai 21-Tetraplasandra flynnii-g, Kauai 22-Tetraplasandra flynnii-
h, Kauai 23-Tetraplasandra flynnii-i, Kauai 24-Tetraplasandra flynnii-
j, and Kauai 25-Tetraplasandra flynnii-k, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of this section, constitute critical
habitat for Tetraplasandra flynnii on Kauai.
(i) In units Kauai 11-Tetraplasandra flynnii-e, Kauai 21-
Tetraplasandra flynnii-g, and Kauai 22-Tetraplasandra flynnii-h, the
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,000 to 5,243 ft (914 to 1,598 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 inches (127 to 190 centimeters).
(C) Substrate: Weathered aa lava flows, rocky mucks, thin silty
loams, deep volcanic ash soils.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Metrosideros, Psychotria, Tetraplasandra,
Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Cheirodendron, Coprosma, Kadua, Ilex, Myoporum,
Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Dryopteris, Leptecophylla, Poa, Scaevola,
Sophora.
(ii) In units Kauai 10-Tetraplasandra flynnii-a, Kauai 11-
Tetraplasandra flynnii-c, Kauai 23-Tetraplasandra flynnii-i, Kauai 24-
Tetraplasandra flynnii-j, and Kauai 25-Tetraplasandra flynnii-k, the
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,000 to 5,243 ft (914 to 1,598 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(iii) In units Kauai 10-Tetraplasandra flynii-b, Kauai 11-
Tetraplasandra flynii-d, and Kauai 20-Tetraplasandra flynnii-f, the
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (914 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
(C) Substrate: Clays, ashbeds, deep well-drained soils, lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
FAMILY ASTELIACEAE: Astelia waialealae (PAINIU)
Kauai 10-Astelia waialealae-a, Kauai 11-Astelia waialealae-b, Kauai
23-Astelia waialealae-c, Kauai 24-Astelia waialealae-d, and Kauai 25-
Astelia waialealae-e, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(a)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Astelia
waialealae on Kauai. Within these units, the primary constituent
elements of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: 3,000 to 5,243 ft (914 to 1,598 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190
centimeters).
(iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(vii) Hummocks in bogs.
FAMILY ASTERACEAE: Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata (NAENAE)
Kauai 10-Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata-a, Kauai 11-Dubautia
imbricata ssp. imbricata-b, and Kauai 20-Dubautia imbricata ssp.
imbricata-c, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)
of this section, constitute critical habitat for Dubautia imbricata
ssp. imbricata on Kauai. Within these units, the primary constituent
elements of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (914 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190
centimeters).
(iii) Substrate: Clays, ashbeds, deep well-drained soils, lowland
bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(v) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
FAMILY ASTERACEAE: Dubautia kalalauensis (NAENAE)
Kauai 10-Dubautia kalalauensis-a, Kauai 11-Dubautia kalalauensis-b,
Kauai 23-Dubautia kalalauensis-c, Kauai 24-Dubautia kalalauensis-d, and
Kauai 25-Dubautia kalalauensis-e, identified in the legal descriptions
in paragraph (a)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Dubautia kalalauensis on Kauai. Within these units, the primary
constituent elements of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: 3,000 to 5,243 ft (914 to 1,598 m).
[[Page 19158]]
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190
centimeters).
(iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
FAMILY ASTERACEAE: Dubautia kenwoodii (NAENAE)
Kauai 7-Dubautia kenwoodii-a and Kauai 11-Dubautia kenwoodii-b,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for Dubautia kenwoodii on Kauai.
Within these units, the primary constituent elements of critical
habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (914 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 inches (127 to 190
centimeters).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
* * * * *
FAMILY ASTERACEAE: Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia (NAENAE)
Kauai 4-Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia-a, Kauai 10-Dubautia
plantaginea ssp. magnifolia-b, Kauai 11-Dubautia plantaginea ssp.
magnifolia-c, Kauai 18-Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia-d, and
Kauai 19-Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia-e, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia on Kauai.
Within these units, the primary constituent elements of critical
habitat are:
(i) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
(ii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(iii) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(iv) Understory: Ferns, Bryophytes, Coprosoma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
* * * * *
FAMILY ASTERACEAE: Dubautia waialealae (NAENAE)
Kauai 10-Dubautia waialealae-a, Kauai 11-Dubautia waialealae-b,
Kauai 23-Dubautia waialealae-c, Kauai 24-Dubautia waialealae-d, and
Kauai 25-Dubautia waialealae-e, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (a)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Dubautia waialealae on Kauai. Within these units, the primary
constituent elements of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: 3,000 to 5,243 ft (914 to 1,598 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190
centimeters).
(iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(vii) Bogs.
* * * * *
FAMILY ASTERACEAE: Keysseria erici (NCN)
Kauai 10-Keysseria erici-a, Kauai 11-Keysseria erici-b, Kauai 23-
Keysseria erici-c, Kauai 24-Keysseria erici-d, and Kauai 25-Keysseria
erici-e, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of
this section, constitute critical habitat for Keysseria erici on Kauai.
Within these units, the primary constituent elements of critical
habitat are:
(i) Elevation: 3,000 to 5,243 ft (914 to 1,598 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190
centimeters).
(iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(vii) Bogs.
FAMILY ASTERACEAE: Keysseria helenae (NCN)
Kauai 10-Keysseria helenae-a, Kauai 11-Keysseria helenae-b, Kauai
23-Keysseria helenae-c, Kauai 24-Keysseria helenae-d, and Kauai 25-
Keysseria helenae-e, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(a)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Keysseria
helenae on Kauai. Within these units, the primary constituent elements
of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: 3,000 to 5,243 ft (914 to 1,598 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190
centimeters).
(iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(vii) Bogs.
* * * * *
FAMILY CAMPANULACEAE: Cyanea dolichopoda (HAHA)
Kauai 4-Cyanea dolichopoda-a, Kauai 10-Cyanea dolichopoda-b, Kauai
11-Cyanea dolichopoda-c, Kauai 18-Cyanea dolichopoda-d, and Kauai 19-
Cyanea dolichopoda-e, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(a)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Cyanea
dolichopoda on Kauai. Within these units, the primary constituent
elements of critical habitat are:
(i) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
(ii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(iii) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(iv) Understory: Ferns, Bryophytes, Coprosoma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
FAMILY CAMPANULACEAE: Cyanea eleeleensis (HAHA)
Kauai 10-Cyanea eleeleensis-a, Kauai 11-Cyanea eleeleensis-b, and
Kauai 20-Cyanea eleeleensis-c, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (a)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Cyanea eleeleensis on Kauai. Within these units, the primary
constituent elements of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (914 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190
centimeters).
(iii) Substrate: Clays, ashbeds, deep well-drained soils, lowland
bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(v) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
FAMILY CAMPANULACEAE: Cyanea kolekoleensis (HAHA)
Kauai 10-Cyanea kolekoleensis-a, Kauai 11-Cyanea kolekoleensis-b,
and Kauai 20-Cyanea kolekoleensis-c, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of this section, constitute critical
habitat for Cyanea kolekoleensis on Kauai. Within these units, the
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are:
[[Page 19159]]
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (914 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190
centimeters).
(iii) Substrate: Clays, ashbeds, deep well-drained soils, lowland
bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(v) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
FAMILY CAMPANULACEAE: Cyanea kuhihewa (HAHA)
Kauai 10-Cyanea kuhihewa-a, Kauai 11-Cyanea kuhihewa-b, and Kauai
20-Cyanea kuhihewa-c, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(a)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Cyanea kuhihewa
on Kauai. Within these units, the primary constituent elements of
critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (914 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190
centimeters).
(iii) Substrate: Clays, ashbeds, deep well-drained soils, lowland
bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(v) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
* * * * *
FAMILY CARYOPHYLLACEAE: Schiedea attenuata (NCN)
Kauai 11-Schiedea attenuata-a, identified in the legal description
in paragraph (a)(1) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for
Schiedea attenuata on Kauai. Within this unit, the primary constituent
elements of critical habitat are:
(i) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
(ii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(iii) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(iv) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
* * * * *
FAMILY EUPHORBIACEAE: Chamaesyce eleanoriae (AKOKO)
Kauai 7-Chamaesyce eleanoriae-a, Kauai 11-Chamaesyce eleanoriae-b,
and Kauai 11-Chamaesyce eleanoriae-c, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of this section, constitute critical
habitat for Chamaesyce eleanoriae on Kauai.
(i) In units Kauai 7-Chamaesyce eleanoriae-a and Kauai 11-
Chamaesyce eleanoriae-b, the primary constituent elements of critical
habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (914 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 inches (127 to 190 centimeters).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In unit Kauai 11-Chamaesyce eleanoriae-c, the primary
constituent elements of critical habitat are:
(A) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
(B) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(C) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(D) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
* * * * *
FAMILY EUPHORBIACEAE: Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis (AKOKO)
Kauai 4-Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-a, Kauai 10-Chamaesyce
remyi var. kauaiensis-b, Kauai 10-Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-c,
Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-d, Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi
var. kauaiensis-e, Kauai 18-Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-f, Kauai
19-Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-g, and Kauai 20-Chamaesyce remyi
var. kauaiensis-h, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(a)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Chamaesyce
remyi var. kauaiensis on Kauai.
(i) In units Kauai 10-Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-b, Kauai 11-
Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-d, and Kauai 20-Chamaesyce remyi var.
kauaiensis-h, the primary constituent elements of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (914 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
(C) Substrate: Clays, ashbeds, deep well-drained soils, lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(ii) In units Kauai 4-Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-a, Kauai 10-
Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-c, Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var.
kauaiensis-e, Kauai 18-Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-f, and Kauai
19-Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis-g, the primary constituent elements
of critical habitat are:
(A) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
(B) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(C) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(D) Understory: Ferns, Bryophytes, Coprosoma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
FAMILY EUPHORBIACEAE: Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi (AKOKO)
Kauai 4-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-a, Kauai 7-Chamaesyce remyi
var. remyi-b, Kauai 10-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-c, Kauai 10-
Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-d, Kauai 10-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-e,
Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-f, Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var.
remyi-g, Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-h, Kauai 11-Chamaesyce
remyi var. remyi-i, Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-j, Kauai 18-
Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-k, Kauai 19-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-l,
Kauai 20-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-m, Kauai 21-Chamaesyce remyi var.
remyi-n, Kauai 22-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-o, Kauai 23-Chamaesyce
remyi var. remyi-p, Kauai 24-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-q, and Kauai
25-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-r, identified in the legal descriptions
in paragraph (a)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi on Kauai.
(i) In units Kauai 7-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-b and Kauai 11-
Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-g, the primary constituent elements of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (914 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 inches (127 to 190 centimeters).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Kauai 10-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-d, Kauai 11-
Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-h, and Kauai 20-Chamaesyce remyi var.
remyi-
[[Page 19160]]
m, the primary constituent elements of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (914 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
(C) Substrate: Clays, ashbeds, deep well-drained soils, lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(iii) In units Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-j, Kauai 21-
Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-n, and Kauai 22-Chamaesyce remyi var.
remyi-o, the primary constituent elements of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,000 to 5,243 ft (914 to 1,598 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 inches (127 to 190 centimeters).
(C) Substrate: Weathered aa lava flows, rocky mucks, thin silty
loams, deep volcanic ash soils.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Metrosideros, Psychotria, Tetraplasandra,
Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Cheirodendron, Coprosma, Kadua, Ilex, Myoporum,
Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Dryopteris, Leptecophylla, Poa, Scaevola,
Sophora.
(iv) In units Kauai 10-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-c, Kauai 11-
Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-f, Kauai 23-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-p,
Kauai 24-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-q, and Kauai 25-Chamaesyce remyi
var. remyi-r, the primary constituent elements of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,000 to 5,243 ft (914 to 1,598 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(v) In units Kauai 4-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-a, Kauai 10-
Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-e, Kauai 11-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-i,
Kauai 18-Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi-k, and Kauai 19-Chamaesyce remyi
var. remyi-l, the primary constituent elements of critical habitat are:
(A) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
(B) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(C) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(D) Understory: Ferns, Bryophytes, Coprosoma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
* * * * *
FAMILY FABACEAE: Canavalia napaliensis (AWIKIWIKI)
Kauai 7-Canavalia napaliensis-a and Kauai 11-Canavalia napaliensis-
b, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for Canavalia napaliensis on
Kauai. Within these units, the primary constituent elements of critical
habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (914 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 inches (127 to 190
centimeters).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
* * * * *
FAMILY GERANIACEAE: Geranium kauaiense (NOHOANU)
Kauai 10-Geranium kauaiense-a, Kauai 11-Geranium kauaiense-b, Kauai
23-Geranium kauaiense-c, Kauai 24-Geranium kauaiense-d, and Kauai 25-
Geranium kauaiense-e, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(a)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Geranium
kauaiense on Kauai. Within these units, the primary constituent
elements of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: 3,000 to 5,243 ft (914 to 1,598 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190
centimeters).
(iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(vii) Bogs.
* * * * *
FAMILY GESNERIACEAE: Cyrtandra oenobarba (HAIWALE)
Kauai 4-Cyrtandra oenobarba-a, Kauai 10-Cyrtandra oenobarba-b,
Kauai 10-Cyrtandra oenobarba-c, Kauai 11-Cyrtandra oenobarba-d, Kauai
11-Cyrtandra oenobarba-e, Kauai 18-Cyrtandra oenobarba-f, Kauai 19-
Cyrtandra oenobarba-g, and Kauai 20-Cyrtandra oenobarba-h, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Cyrtandra oenobarba on Kauai.
(i) In units Kauai 10-Cyrtandra oenobarba-b, Kauai 11-Cyrtandra
oenobarba-d, and Kauai 20-Cyrtandra oenobarba-h, the primary
constituent elements of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (914 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
(C) Substrate: Clays, ashbeds, deep well-drained soils, lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(ii) In units Kauai 4-Cyrtandra oenobarba-a, Kauai 10-Cyrtandra
oenobarba-c, Kauai 11-Cyrtandra oenobarba-e, Kauai 18-Cyrtandra
oenobarba-f, and Kauai 19-Cyrtandra oenobarba-g, the primary
constituent elements of critical habitat are:
(A) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
(B) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(C) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(D) Understory: Ferns, Bryophytes, Coprosoma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
FAMILY GESNERIACEAE: Cyrtandra paliku (HAIWALE)
Kauai 4-Cyrtandra paliku-a, Kauai 10-Cyrtandra paliku-b, Kauai 11-
Cyrtandra paliku-c, Kauai 18-Cyrtandra paliku-d, and Kauai 19-Cyrtandra
paliku-e, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of
this section, constitute critical habitat for Cyrtandra paliku on
Kauai. Within these units, the primary constituent elements of critical
habitat are:
(i) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
(ii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(iii) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(iv) Understory: Ferns, Bryophytes, Coprosoma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
* * * * *
[[Page 19161]]
FAMILY LAMIACEAE: Phyllostegia renovans (NCN)
Kauai 10-Phyllostegia renovans-a, Kauai 10-Phyllostegia renovans-b,
Kauai 11-Phyllostegia renovans-c, Kauai 11-Phyllostegia renovans-d,
Kauai 20-Phyllostegia renovans-e, Kauai 23-Phyllostegia renovans-f,
Kauai 24-Phyllostegia renovans-g, and Kauai 25-Phyllostegia renovans-h,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for Phyllostegia renovans on
Kauai.
(i) In units Kauai 10-Phyllostegia renovans-b, Kauai 11-
Phyllostegia renovans-d, and Kauai 20-Phyllostegia renovans-e, the
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (914 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
(C) Substrate: Clays, ashbeds, deep well-drained soils, lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(ii) In units Kauai 10-Phyllostegia renovans-a, Kauai 11-
Phyllostegia renovans-c, Kauai 23-Phyllostegia renovans-f, Kauai 24-
Phyllostegia renovans-g, and Kauai 25-Phyllostegia renovans-h, the
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,000 to 5,243 ft (914 to 1,598 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
* * * * *
FAMILY LAMIACEAE: Stenogyne kealiae (NCN)
Kauai 10-Stenogyne kealiae-a, Kauai 11-Stenogyne kealiae-b, Kauai
11-Stenogyne kealiae-c, Kauai 11-Stenogyne kealiae-d, Kauai 20-
Stenogyne kealiae-e, Kauai 21-Stenogyne kealiae-f, and Kauai 22-
Stenogyne kealiae-g, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(a)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Stenogyne
kealiae on Kauai.
(i) In units Kauai 10-Stenogyne kealiae-a, Kauai 11-Stenogyne
kealiae-c, and Kauai 20-Stenogyne kealiae-e, the primary constituent
elements of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (914 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
(C) Substrate: Clays, ashbeds, deep well-drained soils, lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(ii) In units Kauai 11-Stenogyne kealiae-d, Kauai 21-Stenogyne
kealiae-f, and Kauai 22-Stenogyne kealiae-g, the primary constituent
elements of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,000 to 5,243 ft (914 to 1,598 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 inches (127 to 190 centimeters).
(C) Substrate: Weathered aa lava flows, rocky mucks, thin silty
loams, deep volcanic ash soils.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Metrosideros, Psychotria, Tetraplasandra,
Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Cheirodendron, Coprosma, Kadua, Ilex, Myoporum,
Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Dryopteris, Leptecophylla, Poa, Scaevola,
Sophora.
(iii) In unit Kauai 11-Stenogyne kealiae-b, the primary constituent
elements of critical habitat are:
(A) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
(B) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(C) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(D) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
FAMILY LOGANIACEAE: Labordia helleri (KAMAKAHALA)
Kauai 7-Labordia helleri-a, Kauai 10-Labordia helleri-b, Kauai 10-
Labordia helleri-c, Kauai 11-Labordia helleri-d, Kauai 11-Labordia
helleri-e, Kauai 11-Labordia helleri-f, Kauai 11-Labordia helleri-g,
Kauai 20-Labordia helleri-h, Kauai 21-Labordia helleri-i, Kauai 22-
Labordia helleri-j, Kauai 23-Labordia helleri-k, Kauai 24-Labordia
helleri-l, and Kauai 25-Labordia helleri-m, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of this section, constitute critical
habitat for Labordia helleri on Kauai.
(i) In units Kauai 7-Labordia helleri-a and Kauai 11-Labordia
helleri-e, the primary constituent elements of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (914 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 inches (127 to 190 centimeters).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Kauai 10-Labordia helleri-c, Kauai 11-Labordia
helleri-f, and Kauai 20-Labordia helleri-h, the primary constituent
elements of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (914 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
(C) Substrate: Clays, ashbeds, deep well-drained soils, lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(iii) In units Kauai 11-Labordia helleri-g, Kauai 21-Labordia
helleri-i, and Kauai 22-Labordia helleri-j, the primary constituent
elements of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,000 to 5,243 ft (914 to 1,598 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 inches (127 to 190 centimeters).
(C) Substrate: Weathered aa lava flows, rocky mucks, thin silty
loams, deep volcanic ash soils.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Metrosideros, Psychotria, Tetraplasandra,
Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Cheirodendron, Coprosma, Kadua, Ilex, Myoporum,
Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Dryopteris, Leptecophylla, Poa, Scaevola,
Sophora.
(iv) In units Kauai 10-Labordia helleri-b, Kauai 11-Labordia
helleri-d, Kauai 23-Labordia helleri-k, Kauai 24-Labordia helleri-l,
and Kauai 25-Labordia helleri-m, the primary constituent elements of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,000 to 5,243 ft (914 to 1,598 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
[[Page 19162]]
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
* * * * *
FAMILY LOGANIACEAE: Labordia pumila (KAMAKAHALA)
Kauai 10-Labordia pumila-a, Kauai 11-Labordia pumila-b, Kauai 23-
Labordia pumila-c, Kauai 24-Labordia pumila-d, and Kauai 25-Labordia
pumila-e, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of
this section, constitute critical habitat for Labordia pumila on Kauai.
Within these units, the primary constituent elements of critical
habitat are:
(i) Elevation: 3,000 to 5,243 ft (914 to 1,598 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190
centimeters).
(iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(vii) Bogs.
* * * * *
FAMILY MYRSINACEAE: Lysimachia daphnoides (LEHUA MAKANOE)
Kauai 10-Lysimachia daphnoides-a, Kauai 11-Lysimachia daphnoides-b,
Kauai 23-Lysimachia daphnoides-c, Kauai 24-Lysimachia daphnoides-d, and
Kauai 25-Lysimachia daphnoides-e, identified in the legal descriptions
in paragraph (a)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Lysimachia daphnoides on Kauai. Within these units, the primary
constituent elements of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: 3,000 to 5,243 ft (914 to 1,598 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190
centimeters).
(iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(vii) Hummocks in bogs.
FAMILY MYRSINACEAE: Lysimachia iniki (NCN)
Kauai 4-Lysimachia iniki-a, Kauai 10-Lysimachia iniki-b, Kauai 11-
Lysimachia iniki-c, Kauai 18-Lysimachia iniki-d, and Kauai 19-
Lysimachia iniki-e, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(a)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Lysimachia
iniki on Kauai. Within these units, the primary constituent elements of
critical habitat are:
(i) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
(ii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(iii) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(iv) Understory: Ferns, Bryophytes, Coprosoma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
FAMILY MYRSINACEAE: Lysimachia pendens (NCN)
Kauai 4-Lysimachia pendens-a, Kauai 10-Lysimachia pendens-b, Kauai
11-Lysimachia pendens-c, Kauai 18-Lysimachia pendens-d, and Kauai 19-
Lysimachia pendens-e, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(a)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Lysimachia
pendens on Kauai. Within these units, the primary constituent elements
of critical habitat are:
(i) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
(ii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(iii) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(iv) Understory: Ferns, Bryophytes, Coprosoma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
FAMILY MYRSINACEAE: Lysimachia scopulensis (NCN)
Kauai 11-Lysimachia scopulensis-a, identified in the legal
description in paragraph (a)(1) of this section, constitutes critical
habitat for Lysimachia scopulensis on Kauai. Within this unit, the
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are:
(i) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
(ii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(iii) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(iv) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
FAMILY MYRSINACEAE: Lysimachia venosa (NCN)
Kauai 4-Lysimachia venosa-a, Kauai 10-Lysimachia venosa-b, Kauai
11-Lysimachia venosa-c, Kauai 18-Lysimachia venosa-d, and Kauai 19-
Lysimachia venosa-e, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(a)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Lysimachia
venosa on Kauai. Within these units, the primary constituent elements
of critical habitat are:
(i) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
(ii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(iii) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(iv) Understory: Ferns, Bryophytes, Coprosoma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
FAMILY MYRSINACEAE: Myrsine knudsenii (KOLEA)
Kauai 11-Myrsine knudsenii-a, Kauai 21-Myrsine knudsenii-b, and
Kauai 22-Myrsine knudsenii-c, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (a)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Myrsine knudsenii on Kauai. Within these units, the primary constituent
elements of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: 3,000 to 5,243 ft (914 to 1,598 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 inches (127 to 190
centimeters).
(iii) Substrate: Weathered aa lava flows, rocky mucks, thin silty
loams, deep volcanic ash soils.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Metrosideros, Psychotria, Tetraplasandra,
Zanthoxylum.
(v) Subcanopy: Cheirodendron, Coprosma, Kadua, Ilex, Myoporum,
Myrsine.
(vi) Understory: Bidens, Dryopteris, Leptecophylla, Poa, Scaevola,
Sophora.
* * * * *
FAMILY MYRSINACEAE: Myrsine mezii (KOLEA)
Kauai 10-Myrsine mezii-a, Kauai 11-Myrsine mezii-b, Kauai 11-
Myrsine mezii-c, Kauai 21-Myrsine mezii-d, Kauai 22-Myrsine mezii-e,
Kauai 23-Myrsine mezii-f, Kauai 24-Myrsine mezii-g, and Kauai 25-
Myrsine mezii-h, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(a)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Myrsine mezii
on Kauai.
(i) In units Kauai 11-Myrsine mezii-c, Kauai 21-Myrsine mezii-d,
and Kauai 22-Myrsine mezii-e, the primary constituent elements of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,000 to 5,243 ft (914 to 1,598 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 inches (127 to 190 centimeters).
(C) Substrate: Weathered aa lava flows, rocky mucks, thin silty
loams, deep volcanic ash soils.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Metrosideros, Psychotria, Tetraplasandra,
Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Cheirodendron, Coprosma, Kadua, Ilex, Myoporum,
Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Dryopteris, Leptecophylla, Poa, Scaevola,
Sophora.
[[Page 19163]]
(ii) In units Kauai 10-Myrsine mezii-a, Kauai 11-Myrsine mezii-b,
Kauai 23-Myrsine mezii-f, Kauai 24-Myrsine mezii-g, and Kauai 25-
Myrsine mezii-h, the primary constituent elements of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: 3,000 to 5,243 ft (914 to 1,598 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
* * * * *
FAMILY PITTOSPORACEAE: Pittosporum napaliense (HOAWA)
Kauai 7-Pittosporum napaliense-a and Kauai 11-Pittosporum
napaliense-b, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)
of this section, constitute critical habitat for Pittosporum napaliense
on Kauai. Within these units, the primary constituent elements of
critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (914 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 inches (127 to 190
centimeters).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
* * * * *
FAMILY RUBIACEAE: Psychotria grandiflora (KOPIKO)
Kauai 10-Psychotria grandiflora-a, Kauai 11-Psychotria grandiflora-
b, Kauai 11-Psychotria grandiflora-c, Kauai 21-Psychotria grandiflora-
d, Kauai 22-Psychotria grandiflora-e, Kauai 23-Psychotria grandiflora-
f, Kauai 24-Psychotria grandiflora-g, and Kauai 25-Psychotria
grandiflora-h, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)
of this section, constitute critical habitat for Psychotria grandiflora
on Kauai.
(i) In units Kauai 11-Psychotria grandiflora-c, Kauai 21-Psychotria
grandiflora-d, and Kauai 22-Psychotria grandiflora-e, the primary
constituent elements of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,000 to 5,243 ft (914 to 1,598 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 inches (127 to 190 centimeters).
(C) Substrate: Weathered aa lava flows, rocky mucks, thin silty
loams, deep volcanic ash soils.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Metrosideros, Psychotria, Tetraplasandra,
Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Cheirodendron, Coprosma, Kadua, Ilex, Myoporum,
Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Dryopteris, Leptecophylla, Poa, Scaevola,
Sophora.
(ii) In units Kauai 10-Psychotria grandiflora-a, Kauai 11-
Psychotria grandiflora-b, Kauai 23-Psychotria grandiflora-f, Kauai 24-
Psychotria grandiflora-g, and Kauai 25-Psychotria grandiflora-h, the
primary constituent elements of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,000 to 5,243 ft (914 to 1,598 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
FAMILY RUBIACEAE: Psychotria hobdyi (KOPIKO)
Kauai 7-Psychotria hobdyi-a and Kauai 11-Psychotria hobdyi-b,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for Psychotria hobdyi on Kauai.
Within these units, the primary constituent elements of critical
habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (914 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 inches (127 to 190
centimeters).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
FAMILY RUTACEAE: Melicope degeneri (ALANI)
Kauai 10-Melicope degeneri-a, Kauai 11-Melicope degeneri-b, Kauai
23-Melicope degeneri-c, Kauai 24-Melicope degeneri-d, and Kauai 25-
Melicope degeneri-e, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(a)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Melicope
degeneri on Kauai. Within these units, the primary constituent elements
of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: 3,000 to 5,243 ft (914 to 1,598 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190
centimeters).
(iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
* * * * *
FAMILY RUTACEAE: Melicope paniculata (ALANI)
Kauai 10-Melicope paniculata-a, Kauai 11-Melicope paniculata-b, and
Kauai 20-Melicope paniculata-c, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (a)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Melicope paniculata on Kauai. Within these units, the primary
constituent elements of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (914 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190
centimeters).
(iii) Substrate: Clays, ashbeds, deep well-drained soils, lowland
bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(v) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
FAMILY RUTACEAE: Melicope puberula (ALANI)
Kauai 10-Melicope puberula-a, Kauai 10-Melicope puberula-b, Kauai
11-Melicope puberula-c, Kauai 11-Melicope puberula-d, Kauai 20-Melicope
puberula-e, Kauai 23-Melicope puberula-f, Kauai 24-Melicope puberula-g,
and Kauai 25-Melicope puberula-h, identified in the legal descriptions
in paragraph (a)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Melicope puberula on Kauai.
(i) In units Kauai 10-Melicope puberula-b, Kauai 11-Melicope
puberula-d, and Kauai 20-Melicope puberula-e, the primary constituent
elements of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (914 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
(C) Substrate: Clays, ashbeds, deep well-drained soils, lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
[[Page 19164]]
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(ii) In units Kauai 10-Melicope puberula-a, Kauai 11-Melicope
puberula-c, Kauai 23-Melicope puberula-f, Kauai 24-Melicope puberula-g,
and Kauai 25-Melicope puberula-h, the primary constituent elements of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,000 to 5,243 ft (914 to 1,598 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
FAMILY RUTACEAE: Platydesma rostrata (PILO KEA LAU LII)
Kauai 4-Platydesma rostrata-a, Kauai 7-Platydesma rostrata-b, Kauai
10-Platydesma rostrata-c, Kauai 10-Platydesma rostrata-d, Kauai 10-
Platydesma rostrata-e, Kauai 11-Platydesma rostrata-f, Kauai 11-
Platydesma rostrata-g, Kauai 11-Platydesma rostrata-h, Kauai 11-
Platydesma rostrata-i, Kauai 11-Platydesma rostrata-j, Kauai 18-
Platydesma rostrata-k, Kauai 19-Platydesma rostrata-l, Kauai 20-
Platydesma rostrata-m, Kauai 21-Platydesma rostrata-n, Kauai 22-
Platydesma rostrata-o, Kauai 23-Platydesma rostrata-p, Kauai 24-
Platydesma rostrata-q, and Kauai 25-Platydesma rostrata-r, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Platydesma rostrata on Kauai.
(i) In units Kauai 7-Platydesma rostrata-b and Kauai 11-Platydesma
rostrata-g, the primary constituent elements of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (914 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 inches (127 to 190 centimeters).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Kauai 10-Platydesma rostrata-d, Kauai 11-Platydesma
rostrata-h, and Kauai 20-Platydesma rostrata-m, the primary constituent
elements of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (914 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
(C) Substrate: Clays, ashbeds, deep well-drained soils, lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(iii) In units Kauai 11-Platydesma rostrata-j, Kauai 21-Platydesma
rostrata-n, and Kauai 22-Platydesma rostrata-o, the primary constituent
elements of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,000 to 5,243 ft (914 to 1,598 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 inches (127 to 190 centimeters).
(C) Substrate: Weathered aa lava flows, rocky mucks, thin silty
loams, deep volcanic ash soils.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Metrosideros, Psychotria, Tetraplasandra,
Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Cheirodendron, Coprosma, Kadua, Ilex, Myoporum,
Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Dryopteris, Leptecophylla, Poa, Scaevola,
Sophora.
(iv) In units Kauai 10-Platydesma rostrata-c, Kauai 11-Platydesma
rostrata-f, Kauai 23-Platydesma rostrata-p, Kauai 24-Platydesma
rostrata-q, and Kauai 25-Platydesma rostrata-r, the primary constituent
elements of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,000 to 5,243 ft (914 to 1,598 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(v) In units Kauai 4-Platydesma rostrata-a, Kauai 10-Platydesma
rostrata-e, Kauai 11-Platydesma rostrata-i, Kauai 18-Platydesma
rostrata-k, and Kauai 19-Platydesma rostrata-l, the primary constituent
elements of critical habitat are:
(A) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190 centimeters).
(B) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(C) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(D) Understory: Ferns, Bryophytes, Coprosoma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
* * * * *
(2) * * *
* * * * *
FAMILY ASPLENIACEAE: Diellia mannii (NCN)
Kauai 11-Diellia mannii-a, Kauai 21-Diellia mannii-b, and Kauai 22-
Diellia mannii-c, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(a)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Diellia mannii
on Kauai. Within these units, the primary constituent elements of
critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: 3,000 to 5,243 ft (914 to 1,598 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 inches (127 to 190
centimeters).
(iii) Substrate: Weathered aa lava flows, rocky mucks, thin silty
loams, deep volcanic ash soils.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Metrosideros, Psychotria, Tetraplasandra,
Zanthoxylum.
(v) Subcanopy: Cheirodendron, Coprosma, Kadua, Ilex, Myoporum,
Myrsine.
(vi) Understory: Bidens, Dryopteris, Leptecophylla, Poa, Scaevola,
Sophora.
* * * * *
FAMILY DRYOPTERIDACEAE: Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus (PALAPALAI
AUMAKUA)
Kauai 10-Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus-a, Kauai 11-Dryopteris
crinalis var. podosorus-b, Kauai 23-Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus-
c, Kauai 24-Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus-d, and Kauai 25-
Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus-e, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of this section, constitute critical
habitat for Dryopteris crinalis var. podosorus on Kauai. Within these
units, the primary constituent elements of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: 3,000 to 5,243 ft (914 to 1,598 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 inches (190
centimeters).
(iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
* * * * *
FAMILY PTERIDACEAE: Doryopteris angelica (NCN)
Kauai 7-Doryopteris angelica-a and Kauai 11-Doryopteris angelica-b,
[[Page 19165]]
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for Doryopteris angelica on Kauai.
Within these units, the primary constituent elements of critical
habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,000 ft (914 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 inches (127 to 190
centimeters).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
* * * * *
Dated: January 21, 2010
Thomas L. Strickland
Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks
[FR Doc. 2010-1904 Filed 4-12-10; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4310-55-S