The Refuge System and the nonprofit NatureServe have pilot tested a methodology to help refuge managers assess the vulnerability of refuge resources to climate change and other stressors. The methodology was applied to two refuges: Sheldon-Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge Complex, OR/NV, and the Eastern Shore of Virginia and Fisherman Island Refuge Complex. An element of the methodology is the use of Expert Workshops to help develop management options for refuges, based on climate change scenarios.

Introduction to the Refuge Resource Vulnerability Assessments
Sheldon Hart National Antelope Refuge Complex Refuge Vulnerability Assessment Report
Eastern Shore of Virginia National Wildlife Refuge Complex Refuge Vulnerability Assessment Report
A Manager's Guide to Refuge Vulnerability Assessment and Alternatives
Refuge Vulnerability Assessment and Alternatives Technical Guide