Historically, Thacher Island provided important nesting grounds for several species of terns. In 1956, 1,125 pairs of arctic, common, and roseate terns were recorded. However, since that time the terns have been displaced by opportunistic herring and black-backed gulls.
 

Thacher Island is home to Cape Ann Light Station, recently designated a National Historic Landmark. A unique feature of this site are the twin light towers. The North Tower is located on refuge property. The South Tower and associated buildings are located on adjacent town property. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service works in partnership with the Thacher Island Association and the Thacher Island Town Committee to manage this important cultural resource.

 Specific Management Goals for Thacher Island National Wildlife Refuge Include: 

 

1.  Protect, restore, and enhance populations of colonial nesting birds, with special emphasis on roseate and common tern 
2. Protect, restore, and enhance native plant and animal populations, with special emphasis on rare or declining species. 
3. Protect, preserve, and where appropriate, restore historical and cultural resources of Thacher Island in partnership with the Town of Rockport and the Thacher Island Association.
4. Provide high quality, compatible, wildlife-dependent public uses that promote wildlife and cultural resource conservation and appreciation of the island.
5. Provide Refuge staffing, operations, and maintenance support to effectively accomplish Refuge goals and objectives.