[Federal Register Volume 77, Number 112 (Monday, June 11, 2012)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 34464-34775]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Printing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2012-11484]
[[Page 34463]]
Vol. 77
Monday,
No. 112
June 11, 2012
Part II
Department of the Interior
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Fish and Wildlife Service
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50 CFR Part 17
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Listing 38 Species on
Molokai, Lanai, and Maui as Endangered and Designating Critical Habitat
on Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Kahoolawe for 135 Species; Proposed Rule
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 112 / Monday, June 11, 2012 /
Proposed Rules
[[Page 34464]]
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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Fish and Wildlife Service
50 CFR Part 17
[Docket No. FWS-R1-ES-2011-0098; MO 92210-0-0009]
RIN 1018-AX14
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Listing 38 Species
on Molokai, Lanai, and Maui as Endangered and Designating Critical
Habitat on Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Kahoolawe for 135 Species
AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.
ACTION: Proposed rule.
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SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), propose to
list 38 species on the Hawaiian Islands of Molokai, Lanai, and Maui as
endangered under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act).
We are also reaffirming the listing of two endemic Hawaiian plants
currently listed as endangered. We propose to designate critical
habitat for 39 of these 40 plant and animal species. Critical habitat
is not determinable for the plant Cyanea mauiensis. In this document,
we also propose to designate critical habitat for 11 previously listed
plant and animal species that do not have designated critical habitat,
and propose to revise critical habitat for 85 plant species that are
already listed as endangered or threatened. The proposed critical
habitat designation totals 271,062 acres (ac) (109,695 hectares (ha))
on the islands of Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Kahoolawe (collectively
called Maui Nui), and includes both occupied and unoccupied habitat.
Approximately 47 percent of the area being proposed as critical habitat
is already designated as critical habitat for the 85 plant species or
other species. We also propose to delist the plant Gahnia lanaiensis,
due to new information that this species is synonymous with G. lacera,
a widespread species from New Zealand. In addition, we propose name
changes or corrections for 11 endangered plants and 2 endangered birds,
and taxonomic revisions for 2 endangered plant species.
DATES: We will consider comments received on or postmarked on or before
August 10, 2012. Please note that if you are using the Federal
eRulemaking Portal (see ADDRESSES section below), the deadline for
submitting an electronic comment is 11:59 p.m. Eastern Time on this
date. We must receive requests for public hearings, in writing, at the
address shown in the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT section by July
26, 2012.
ADDRESSES: You may submit comments by one of the following methods:
Federal eRulemaking Portal: http://www.regulations.gov.
Search for FWS-R1-ES-2011-0098, which is the docket number for this
proposed rule.
U.S. mail or hand delivery: Public Comments Processing,
Attn: FWS-R1-ES-2011-0098; Division of Policy and Directives
Management; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; 4401 N. Fairfax Drive, MS
2042-PDM; Arlington, VA 22203.
We will post all comments on http://www.regulations.gov. This
generally means that we will post any personal information you provide
us (see the Public Comments section below for more information).
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Loyal Mehrhoff, Field Supervisor,
Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office, 300 Ala Moana Boulevard, Box
50088, Honolulu, HI 96850; by telephone at 808-792-9400; or by
facsimile at 808-792-9581. If you use a telecommunications device for
the deaf (TDD), call the Federal Information Relay Service (FIRS) at
800-877-8339.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Executive Summary
Why we need to publish a rule. This is a proposed rule to list 38
species (35 plants and 3 tree snails) from the island cluster of Maui
Nui (Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Kahoolawe) in the State of Hawaii as
endangered, and concurrently designate 271,062 acres as critical
habitat. In this proposed rule, we are also proposing to revise
critical habitat for 85 plants and proposing to designate critical
habitat for 11 listed plants and animals that do not have designated
critical habitat on these islands. Under the Endangered Species Act, we
must issue a rule to list a species as endangered or threatened and,
concurrently, designate critical habitat at the time a species is
listed as threatened or endangered. We may, as appropriate, revise
critical habitat designations. If adopted as proposed, this rule would
establish an integrated, comprehensive, ecosystem-based critical
habitat designation, which would allow the Service to better
prioritize, direct, and focus conservation and recovery actions.
As part of a settlement agreement, we agreed to submit to the
Federal Register a proposed rule for Maui Nui candidate species in
fiscal year 2012. This action complies with the agreement.
This rule proposes the following:
List 38 plants and animals as endangered species.
Reaffirm the listing for two listed plants with taxonomic
changes.
Designate critical habitat for 37 of the 38 proposed
species and for the two listed plants with taxonomic changes.
Revise designated critical habitat for 85 listed plants.
Designate critical habitat for 11 listed plants and
animals that do not have designated critical habitat on these islands.
One or more of the 38 proposed species are threatened by:
Habitat loss and degradation due to agriculture and urban
development, nonnative feral ungulates (e.g., pigs, goats, axis deer)
and plants, wildfire, hurricanes, flooding, and drought.
Predation or herbivory by nonnative feral ungulates, rats,
snails, and slugs.
Inadequate existing regulatory mechanisms that prevent the
introduction and spread of nonnative plants and animals.
Small number of individuals and populations, and lack of
reproduction in the wild.
This rule proposes critical habitat for 50 species and proposes
critical habitat revisions for 85 listed plants:
A total of 271,062 acres is proposed as critical habitat.
Approximately 47 percent, or 127,407 acres, of the area being proposed
as critical habitat is already designated as critical habitat for
previously listed plant and animal species. Therefore, 53 percent, or
143,655 acres, of the proposed area is newly proposed critical habitat.
The proposed critical habitat units are ecosystem-based
and encompass areas essential for the conservation of multiple species.
The proposed designation includes both occupied and
unoccupied critical habitat, although those areas are not
differentiated in the proposed rule or on the maps.
We are considering excluding approximately 40,973 acres of
privately owned lands on Maui and Molokai. These privately owned lands
include The Nature Conservancy preserves, lands owned by East Maui
Irrigation Company, Haleakala Ranch, Maui Land and Pineapple Company,
and Ulupalakua Ranch.
We are proposing critical habitat on lands owned by the
U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. National Park Service, State of Hawaii, County
of Maui, and private interests.
The basis for our action. Under the Endangered Species Act, we must
issue a rule to list a species as endangered or threatened and,
concurrently, designate critical habitat. We may, as appropriate,
revise critical habitat designations. We are required to list species
solely on the
[[Page 34465]]
basis of the best available scientific and commercial data available. A
critical habitat designation must be based on the best available
scientific data after taking into consideration economic and other
impacts. We can exclude an area from critical habitat if the benefits
of exclusion outweigh the benefits of designation, unless the exclusion
will result in the extinction of the species.
We are preparing an economic analysis. To ensure that we consider
the economic impacts of the proposed critical habitat designation, we
are preparing an economic analysis that will:
Rely on information from previous economic analyses that
were prepared to evaluate the economic impact of critical habitat
designation in the areas of Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Kahoolawe that
are currently designated as critical habitat (47 percent of the
proposed designation).
Update that information to consider economic impacts in
the areas newly proposed as critical habitat in this rule (53 percent
of the proposed designation).
Address any other potential economic impacts that may have
not been sufficiently considered.
We will publish an announcement and seek public comments on the
draft economic analysis when it is completed.
We will seek peer review. We are seeking comments from independent
specialists to ensure that our listing determinations and critical
habitat designations are based on scientifically sound data,
assumptions, and analyses. We have invited these peer reviewers to
comment on our specific assumptions and conclusions regarding the 40
species proposed or reevaluated for listing, and the proposed
designation of critical habitat.
Public Comments
We intend that any final action resulting from this proposal will
be based on the best scientific and commercial data available and be as
accurate and as effective as possible. Therefore, we solicit comments
or suggestions on this proposed rule from the public, other concerned
governmental agencies, the scientific community, industry, or other
interested parties. We are proposing to list a total of 38 species (35
plants and 3 tree snails) as endangered; reevaluate the listing of 2
plant species; designate critical habitat for 39 of the 40 species we
are proposing to list, or are reevaluating for listing, as endangered;
designate critical habitat for 11 currently listed species that do not
have designated critical habitat (9 plants and 2 birds); and revise the
critical habitat designation for 85 plant species on the islands of
Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Kahoolawe. We particularly seek comments
concerning:
(1) Biological, commercial trade, or other relevant data concerning
threats (or the lack thereof) to the 40 species proposed or reevaluated
for listing, and regulations that may be addressing those threats.
(2) Additional information concerning the range, distribution, and
population sizes of each of the 40 species proposed or reevaluated for
listing, including the locations of any additional populations of these
species.
(3) Any information on the biological or ecological requirements of
the 40 species proposed or reevaluated for listing.
(4) The reasons why we should or should not designate areas for any
of the species in this proposal as ``critical habitat'' under section 4
of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act) (16 U.S.C. 1531
et seq.), including whether there are threats to these species from
human activity, the degree to which can be expected to increase due to
the designation, and whether the benefit of designation would outweigh
threats to these species caused by the designation, such that the
designation of critical habitat is prudent.
(5) Whether a revision of critical habitat is warranted for the 85
plant species that are already listed as endangered or threatened under
the Act and that currently have designated critical habitat.
(6) Specific information on:
The amount and distribution of critical habitat for the
species included in this proposed rule;
What areas currently occupied, and that contain the
necessary physical or biological features essential for the
conservation of the species, we should include in the designation and
why;
Whether special management considerations or protections
may be required for the physical or biological features essential to
the conservation of the species in this proposed rule; and
What areas not currently occupied are essential to the
conservation of the species and why.
(7) Land use designations and current or planned activities in the
areas occupied or unoccupied by the species and proposed as critical
habitat, and the possible impacts of these activities on these species,
or of critical habitat on these designations or activities.
(8) Any foreseeable economic, national security, or other relevant
impacts of designating any area as critical habitat. We are
particularly interested in any impacts on small entities, and the
benefits of including or excluding areas that may experience these
impacts.
(9) Whether the benefits of excluding any particular area from
critical habitat outweigh the benefits of including that area as
critical habitat under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, after considering
the potential impacts and benefits of the proposed critical habitat
designation. Under section 4(b)(2), the Secretary may exclude an area
from critical habitat if he or she determines that the benefits of such
exclusion outweigh the benefits of including that particular area as
critical habitat, unless failure to designate that specific area as
critical habitat will result in the extinction of the species. We
request specific information on:
The benefits of including specific areas in the final
designation and supporting rationale;
The benefits of excluding specific areas from the final
designation and supporting rationale; and
Whether any specific exclusions may result in the
extinction of the species and why.
(10) Whether the proposed critical habitat on private lands and
under consideration for exclusion under section 4(b)(2) of the Act
should or should not be excluded and why.
(11) Information on the projected and reasonably likely impact of
climate change on the species included in this proposed rule.
(12) Information on any special management needs or protections
that may be needed in the critical habitat areas we are proposing.
(13) Whether we could improve or modify our approach to designating
critical habitat in any way to provide for greater public participation
and understanding, or to better accommodate public concerns and
comments.
(14) Specific information on ways to improve the clarity of this
rule as it pertains to completion of consultations under section 7 of
the Act.
(15) Comments on our proposal to revise taxonomic classification
with name changes or family changes for 11 plant species and 2 bird
species identified in this proposed rule.
You may submit your comments and materials concerning this proposed
rule by one of the methods listed in the ADDRESSES section. We request
that you send comments only by the methods described in the ADDRESSES
section.
We will post your entire comment--including your personal
identifying information--on http://www.regulations.gov. If you
[[Page 34466]]
provide personal identifying information in your comment, such as your
street address, phone number, or email address, you may request at the
top of your document that we withhold this information from public
review. However, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to do so.
Comments and materials we receive, as well as supporting
documentation we used in preparing this proposed rule, will be
available for public inspection at http://www.regulations.gov, or by
appointment, during normal business hours, at the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (see FOR
FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT).
You may obtain copies of the proposed rule by mail from the Pacific
Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT)
or by visiting the Federal eRulemaking Portal at http://www.regulations.gov.
Background
Maui Nui Species Addressed in This Proposed Rule
The table below (Table 1) provides the common name, scientific
name, listing status, and critical habitat status for the species that
are the subjects of this proposed rule.
Table 1--The Maui Nui Species Addressed in This Proposed Rule
[Note that many of the species share the same common name. ``E'' denotes endangered status under the Act; ``C''
denotes a species currently on the candidate list]
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Scientific name Common name(s) Listing status Critical habitat status
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Species Proposed for Listing as Endangered
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Plants:
Bidens campylotheca ssp. kookoolau.............. Proposed--Endangered Proposed.
pentamera. (C).
Bidens campylotheca ssp. kookoolau.............. Proposed--Endangered Proposed.
waihoiensis. (C).
Bidens conjuncta................. kookoolau.............. Proposed--Endangered Proposed.
(C).
Calamagrostis hillebrandii....... [NCN].................. Proposed--Endangered Proposed.
(C).
Canavalia pubescens.............. awikiwiki.............. Proposed--Endangered Proposed.
(C).
Cyanea asplenifolia.............. haha................... Proposed--Endangered Proposed.
(C).
Cyanea duvalliorum............... haha................... Proposed--Endangered... Proposed.
Cyanea horrida................... haha nui............... Proposed--Endangered... Proposed.
Cyanea kunthiana................. haha................... Proposed--Endangered Proposed.
(C).
Cyanea magnicalyx................ haha................... Proposed--Endangered... Proposed.
Cyanea maritae................... haha................... Proposed--Endangered... Proposed.
Cyanea mauiensis................. haha................... Proposed--Endangered... Not determinable.
Cyanea munroi.................... haha................... Proposed--Endangered... Proposed.
Cyanea obtusa.................... haha................... Proposed--Endangered Proposed.
(C).
Cyanea profuga................... haha................... Proposed--Endangered... Proposed.
Cyanea solanacea................. popolo................. Proposed--Endangered... Proposed.
Cyrtandra ferripilosa............ haiwale................ Proposed--Endangered... Proposed.
Cyrtandra filipes................ haiwale................ Proposed--Endangered Proposed.
(C).
Cyrtandra oxybapha............... haiwale................ Proposed--Endangered Proposed.
(C).
Festuca molokaiensis............. [NCN].................. Proposed--Endangered... Proposed.
Geranium hanaense................ nohoanu................ Proposed--Endangered Proposed.
(C).
Geranium hillebrandii............ nohoanu................ Proposed--Endangered Proposed.
(C).
Mucuna sloanei var. persericea... sea bean............... Proposed--Endangered... Proposed.
Myrsine vaccinioides............. kolea.................. Proposed--Endangered Proposed.
(C).
Peperomia subpetiolata........... alaala wai nui......... Proposed--Endangered Proposed.
(C).
Phyllostegia bracteata........... [NCN].................. Proposed--Endangered Proposed.
(C).
Phyllostegia haliakalae.......... [NCN].................. Proposed--Endangered... Proposed.
Phyllostegia pilosa.............. [NCN].................. Proposed--Endangered... Proposed.
Pittosporum halophilum........... hoawa.................. Proposed--Endangered... Proposed.
Pleomele fernaldii............... hala pepe.............. Proposed--Endangered Proposed.
(C).
Schiedea jacobii................. [NCN].................. Proposed--Endangered... Proposed.
Schiedea laui.................... [NCN].................. Proposed--Endangered... Proposed.
Schiedea salicaria............... [NCN].................. Proposed--Endangered Proposed.
(C).
Stenogyne kauaulaensis........... [NCN].................. Proposed--Endangered... Proposed.
Wikstroemia villosa.............. akia................... Proposed--Endangered... Proposed.
Animals:
Newcombia cumingi................ Newcomb's tree snail... Proposed--Endangered Proposed.
(C).
Partulina semicarinata........... Lanai tree snail....... Proposed--Endangered Proposed.
(C).
Partulina variabilis............. Lanai tree snail....... Proposed--Endangered Proposed.
(C).
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Species Reevaluated for Listing
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Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana.... haha................... Reevaluation of Proposed revision.
Listing--Endangered.
Santalum freycinetianum var. iliahi................. Reevaluation of Proposed.
lainaiense (taxonomic revision Listing--Endangered.
proposed, to S. h. var. lanaiense).
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Status of existing
Scientific name Common name(s) Listing status critical habitat
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Listed Species Without Critical Habitat Designations
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Plants:
Abutilon eremitopetalum.......... [NCN].................. Listed 1991--E......... None--Proposed.
Acaena exigua.................... liliwai................ Listed 1992--E......... None--Proposed.*
Cyanea macrostegia ssp. gibsonii haha................... Listed 1991--E......... None--Proposed.
(taxonomic revision proposed, to
C. gibsonii).
Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. kopa................... Listed 1999--E......... None--Proposed.
remyi (taxonomic revision
proposed, to Kadua cordata ssp.
remyi).
Kokia cookei..................... Cooke's kokio.......... Listed 1979--E......... None--Proposed.*
Labordia tinifolia var. kamakahala............. Listed 1999--E......... None--Proposed.
lanaiensis.
Melicope munroi.................. alani.................. Listed 1999--E......... None--Proposed.
Phyllostegia hispida............. [NCN].................. Listed 2009--E......... None--Proposed.[dagger]
Viola lanaiensis................. [NCN].................. Listed 1991--E......... None--Proposed.
Animals:
Palmeria dolei................... Akohekohe, crested Listed 1967--E......... None--Proposed.[Dagger]
honeycreeper.
Pseudonestor xanthophrys......... Kiwikiu, Maui Listed 1967--E......... None--Proposed.[Dagger]
parrotbill.
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Year of critical
habitat
Scientific name Common name(s) designation--current
proposed action
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Listed Species for Which Revisions to Existing Critical Habitat Are
Proposed
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Adenophorus periens......... pendent kihi fern... 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Alectryon macrococcus....... mahoe............... 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Argyroxiphium sandwicense ahinahina (= 2003--Proposed
ssp. macrocephalum. Haleakala Revision of
silversword). Critical Habitat
Asplenium fragile var. [NCN]............... 2003--Proposed
insulare (taxonomic Revision of
revision proposed, to A. Critical Habitat
peruvianum var. insulare).
Bidens micrantha ssp. kookoolau........... 2003--Proposed
kalealaha. Revision of
Critical Habitat
Bidens wiebkei.............. kookoolau........... 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Bonamia menziesii........... [NCN]............... 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Brighamia rockii............ pua ala............. 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Canavalia molokaiensis...... awikiwiki........... 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Cenchrus agrimonioides...... kamanomano (= 2003--Proposed
sandbur, agrimony). Revision of
Critical Habitat
Centaurium sebaeoides awiwi............... 2003--Proposed
(taxonomic revision Revision of
proposed, to Schenkia Critical Habitat
sebaeoides).
Clermontia lindseyana....... oha wai............. 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. oha wai............. 2003--Proposed
brevipes. Revision of
Critical Habitat
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. oha wai............. 2003--Proposed
mauiensis. Revision of
Critical Habitat
Clermontia peleana.......... oha wai............. 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Clermontia samuelii......... oha wai............. 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Colubrina oppositifolia..... kauila.............. 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Ctenitis squamigera......... pauoa............... 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Cyanea copelandii ssp. haha................ 2003--Proposed
haleakalaensis. Revision of
Critical Habitat
Cyanea dunbarii (spelling haha................ 2003--Proposed
correction proposed, to C. Revision of
dunbariae). Critical Habitat
Cyanea glabra............... haha................ 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. haha................ 2003--Proposed
hamatiflora. Revision of
Critical Habitat
Cyanea lobata............... haha................ 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Cyanea mannii............... haha................ 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Cyanea mceldowneyi.......... haha................ 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Cyanea procera.............. haha................ 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Cyperus trachysanthos....... puukaa.............. 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Cyrtandra munroi............ haiwale............. 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Diellia erecta (taxonomic Asplenium-leaved 2003--Proposed
revision proposed, to diellia. Revision of
Asplenium dielerectum). Critical Habitat
Diplazium molokaiense....... [NCN]............... 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Dubautia plantaginea ssp. naenae.............. 2003--Proposed
humilis. Revision of
Critical Habitat
Eugenia koolauensis......... nioi................ 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Flueggea neowawraea......... mehamehame.......... 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Geranium arboreum........... Hawaiian red- 2003--Proposed
flowered geranium. Revision of
Critical Habitat
Geranium multiflorum........ nohoanu............. 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Gouania hillebrandii........ [NCN]............... 1984--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Gouania vitifolia........... [NCN]............... 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
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Hedyotis coriacea (taxonomic kioele.............. 2003--Proposed
revision proposed, to Kadua Revision of
coriacea **). Critical Habitat
Hedyotis mannii (taxonomic pilo................ 2003--Proposed
revision proposed, to Kadua Revision of
laxiflora). Critical Habitat
Hesperomannia arborescens... [NCN]............... 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Hesperomannia arbuscula..... [NCN]............... 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. kokio keokeo........ 2003--Proposed
immaculatus. Revision of
Critical Habitat
Hibiscus brackenridgei...... mao hau hele........ 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Huperzia mannii............. wawaeiole........... 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Ischaemum byrone............ Hilo ischaemum...... 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Isodendrion pyrifolium...... wahine noho kula.... 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Kanaloa kahoolawensis....... kohe malama malama o 2003--Proposed
kanaloa. Revision of
Critical Habitat
Labordia triflora........... kamakahala.......... 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Lipochaeta kamolensis nehe................ 2003--Proposed
(taxonomic revision Revision of
proposed, to Melanthera Critical Habitat
kamolensis).
Lysimachia lydgatei......... [NCN]............... 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Lysimachia maxima........... [NCN]............... 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Mariscus fauriei (taxonomic [NCN]............... 2003--Proposed
revision proposed, to Revision of
Cyperus fauriei). Critical Habitat
Mariscus pennatiformis [NCN]............... 2003--Proposed
(taxonomic revision Revision of
proposed, to Cyperus Critical Habitat
pennatiformis **).
Marsilea villosa............ ihi ihi............. 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Melicope adscendens......... alani............... 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Melicope balloui............ alani............... 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Melicope knudsenii.......... alani............... 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Melicope mucronulata........ alani............... 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Melicope ovalis............. alani............... 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Melicope reflexa............ alani............... 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Neraudia sericea............ [NCN]............... 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Nototrichium humile......... kului............... 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Peucedanum sandwicense...... makou............... 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Phyllostegia mannii......... [NCN]............... 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Plantago princeps........... laukahi kuahiwi..... 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Platanthera holochila....... [NCN]............... 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Portulaca sclerocarpa....... poe................. 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Pteris lidgatei............. [NCN]............... 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Remya mauiensis............. Maui remya.......... 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Sanicula purpurea........... [NCN]............... 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Schiedea haleakalensis...... [NCN]............... 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Schiedea lydgatei........... [NCN]............... 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Schiedea sarmentosa......... [NCN]............... 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Sesbania tomentosa.......... ohai................ 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Silene alexandri............ [NCN]............... 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Silene lanceolata........... [NCN]............... 2003.
Solanum incompletum......... popolo ku mai....... 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Spermolepis hawaiiensis..... [NCN]............... 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Stenogyne bifida............ [NCN]............... 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Tetramolopium capillare..... pamakani............ 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. [NCN]............... 2003--Proposed
lepidotum. Revision of
Critical Habitat
Tetramolopium remyi......... [NCN]............... 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Tetramolopium rockii........ [NCN]............... 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Vigna o-wahuensis........... [NCN]............... 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense...... ae.................. 2003--Proposed
Revision of
Critical Habitat
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[NCN] = no common name.
* Critical habitat was found to be not prudent at the time of listing,
and therefore was not designated at that time.
[dagger] Critical habitat was found to be prudent but not determinable
at the time of listing.
[Dagger] The requirement that the designation of critical habitat be
considered was enacted in 1978.
** Taxonomic revision proposed in our August 2, 2011 proposed rule
Listing 23 Species on Oahu as Endangered and Designating Critical
Habitat for 124 Species (76 FR 46362).
Previous Federal Actions
Twenty of the 40 species proposed or reevaluated for listing are
candidate species (75 FR 69222; November 10, 2010). Candidate species
are those taxa for which the Service has sufficient information on
their biological status and threats to propose them for listing under
the Act, but for which the development of a listing regulation has been
precluded to date by other higher priority listing activities. The
current candidate species addressed in this proposed listing rule
include the 17 plants Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, B.
campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis, B. conjuncta, Calamagrostis
hillebrandii, Canavalia pubescens, Cyanea asplenifolia, C. kunthiana,
C. obtusa, Cyrtandra filipes, C. oxybapha, Geranium hanaense, G.
hillebrandii, Myrsine vaccinioides, Peperomia subpetiolata,
Phyllostegia bracteata, Pleomele fernaldii, and
[[Page 34469]]
Schiedea salicaria; and the 3 tree snails Newcombia cumingi, Partulina
semicarinata and P. variabilis. The candidate status of all of these
species was most recently assessed and reaffirmed in the November 10,
2010, Review of Native Species That Are Candidates for Listing as
Endangered or Threatened (CNOR) (75 FR 69222).
On May 4, 2004, the Center for Biological Diversity petitioned the
Secretary of the Interior to list 225 species of plants and animals,
including the 20 candidate species listed above, as endangered or
threatened under the Act. Since then, we have published our annual
findings on the May 4, 2004, petition (including our findings on the 20
candidate species listed above) in the CNORs dated May 11, 2005 (70 FR
24870), September 12, 2006 (71 FR 53756), December 6, 2007 (72 FR
69034), December 10, 2008 (73 FR 75176), November 9, 2009 (74 FR
57804), and November 10, 2010 (75 FR 69222). This proposed rule
constitutes a further response to the 2004 petition.
On November 9, 1984, we published a final rule designating 112 ac
(45 ha) on Maui as critical habitat for Gouania hillebrandii (49 FR
44753). On January 9, 2003, we published a final rule designating
approximately 789 ac (320 ha) as critical habitat for 3 plant species
on Lanai (68 FR 1220), and on March 18, 2003, we published a final rule
designating approximately 24,333 ac (9,843 ha) as critical habitat for
41 plant species on Molokai (68 FR 12982). On May 14, 2003, we
published a final rule designating approximately 93,200 ac (37,717 ha)
on the island of Maui and 2,915 ac (1,180 ha) on the island of
Kahoolawe as critical habitat for 60 plant species on Maui and
Kahoolawe (68 FR 25934). We are proposing to revise the 1984 and 2003
critical habitat designations on the islands of Molokai, Lanai, Maui,
and Kahoolawe in this rule. In addition, we are proposing critical
habitat for the listed plants Abutilon eremitopetalum (56 FR 47686,
September 20, 1991), Acaena exigua (57 FR 20772, May 15, 1992), Cyanea
gibsonii (currently listed as Cyanea macrostegia ssp. gibsonii (56 FR
47686, September 20, 1991)), Kadua cordata ssp. remyi (currently listed
as Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi (64 FR 48307, September 3,
1999)), Kokia cookei (44 FR 62470, October 30, 1979), Labordia
tinifolia var. lanaiensis (64 FR 48307, September 3, 1999), Melicope
munroi (64 FR 48307, September 3, 1999), Phyllostegia hispida (74 FR
11319, March 17, 2009), Viola lanaiensis (56 FR 47686, September 20,
1991)), and the birds akohekohe or crested honeycreeper and kiwikiu or
Maui parrotbill (32 FR 4001; March 11, 1967)) for which critical
habitat has not been previously designated.
In addition to the 20 candidate species, we are proposing to list
15 plant species that have been identified as the ``rarest of the
rare'' Hawaiian plant species and in need of immediate conservation
under the multi-agency (Federal, State, and private) Plant Extinction
Prevention Program (PEPP). The goal of PEPP is to prevent the
extinction of plant species that currently have fewer than 50
individuals remaining in the wild on the islands of Kauai, Oahu,
Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii (Hawaii Division of Forestry and
Wildlife (DOFAW) 2010). The 15 species of plants identified by PEPP
from the islands of Molokai, Lanai, or Maui include: Cyanea horrida, C.
magnicalyx, C. maritae, C. mauiensis, C. munroi, C. profuga, C.
solanacea, Festuca molokaiensis, Phyllostegia haliakalae, P. pilosa,
Pittosporum halophilum, Schiedea jacobii, S. laui, Stenogyne
kauaulaensis, and Wikstroemia villosa. We believe these 15 plant
species warrant listing under the Act for the reasons discussed in the
``Summary of Factors Affecting the Species'' section (below). Because
these 15 plant species occur within 5 of the ecosystems identified in
this proposed rule, and share common threats with the other 25 species
in these ecosystems proposed or reevaluated for listing under the Act,
we have included them in this proposed rule to provide them with
protection under the Act in an expeditious manner.
We are also proposing to list three other plant species (Cyanea
duvalliorum, Cyrtandra ferripilosa, and Mucuna sloanei var. persericea)
reported from Maui. We believe these three Maui plant species warrant
listing under the Act for the reasons discussed in the ``Summary of
Factors Affecting the Species'' section (below). Because these three
plant species occur within three of the ecosystems identified in this
proposed rule, and share common threats with the other 37 species
proposed or reevaluated for listing in these ecosystems under the Act,
we have included them in this proposed rule to provide them with
protection under the Act in an expeditious manner.
Finally, we are reevaluating the listing of Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana and Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, both of which have
undergone taxonomic changes since they were originally listed in 1996
and 1986, respectively.
Proposed Taxonomic Changes and Spelling Corrections Since Listing for 2
Bird Species and 11 Plant Species From Maui Nui
Below is a brief discussion on each of the proposed taxonomic or
spelling changes, in alphabetical order by genus, starting with the 2
bird species, followed by 11 plant species. In brief, we propose to
accept the recently adopted Hawaiian common name, kiwikiu, for the Maui
parrotbill. We also propose to add the Hawaiian common name, akohekohe,
to the listing for the crested honeycreeper. Additionally, based on
recent botanical work, we propose to accept various taxonomic changes
and spelling corrections for 11 endangered plant species listed between
1991 and 1999 (Table 1A).
Table 1A--Proposed Taxonomic Changes and Spelling Corrections for 2 Listed Endangered Hawaiian Birds and 11 Listed Endangered Hawaiian Plants
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Name as currently Change in range of
Listing Family listed Proposed new name Type of change listed entity?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Birds:
32 FR 4001................... Fringillidae............. Maui parrotbill Kiwikiu, Maui Add Hawaiian common No.
(Pseudonestor parrotbill name.
xanthophrys) (Pseudonestor
xanthophrys)
32 FR 4001................... Fringillidae............. Crested honeycreeper Akohekohe, crested Add Hawaiian common No.
(Palmeria dolei) honeycreeper name.
(Palmeria dolei)
Plants:
59 FR 49025.................. Aspleniaceae............. Asplenium fragile Asplenium peruvianum New genus........... No.
var. insulare. var. insulare.
[[Page 34470]]
56 FR 55770.................. Gentianaceae............. Centaurium Schenkia sebaeoides. New genus........... No.
sebaeoides.
61 FR 53130.................. Campanulaceae............ Cyanea dunbarii..... Cyanea dunbariae.... Spelling correction. No.
56 FR 47686.................. Campanulaceae............ Cyanea macrostegia Cyanea gibsonii..... From subspecies to No.
ssp. gibsonii. full species.
59 FR 56333.................. Aspleniaceae............. Diellia erecta...... Asplenium New scientific name. No.
dielerectum.
64 FR 48307.................. Rubiaceae................ Hedyotis Kadua cordata ssp. New scientific name. No.
schlechtendahliana remyi.
var. remyi
57 FR 46325.................. Rubiaceae................ Hedyotis mannii..... Kadua laxiflora..... New scientific name. No.
57 FR 20772.................. Asteraceae............... Lipochaeta Melanthera New genus........... No.
kamolensis. kamolensis.
59 FR 10305.................. Cyperaceae............... Mariscus fauriei.... Cyperus fauriei..... New genus........... No.
57 FR 20772.................. Lycopodiaceae............ Phlegmariurus mannii Huperzia mannii..... Consolidate entries. No.
51 FR 3182................... Santalaceae.............. Santalum Santalum haleakalae New genus........... Yes.*
freycinetianum var. var. lanaiense.
lanaiense.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* See ``Proposed TaxoNo.mic Changes Since Listing for Two Maui Nui Plant Species.''
We listed the bird Pseudonestor xanthophrys as an endangered
species in 1967 (32 FR 4001; March 11, 1967). The common name for this
endemic Hawaiian bird in 50 CFR 17.11 is Maui parrotbill. Recently, the
Hawaiian Lexicon Committee proposed the Hawaiian name kiwikiu (meaning
bent or curved as in the blade of a sickle, referring to the bird's
strongly bent beak), and, while it has yet to be adopted by the
American Ornithologists' Union, this name has been adopted by
conservationists and Hawaiian language experts (Maui Forest Bird
Recovery Project (MFBRP) 2010). We therefore propose to accept the
following common names for this endangered bird: Maui parrotbill
(Kiwikiu).
We listed the bird Palmeria dolei as an endangered species in 1967
(32 FR 4001; March 11, 1967). Currently, the common name listed for
this endemic Hawaiian bird in 50 CFR 17.11 is crested honeycreeper.
Although this bird's Hawaiian common name, akohekohe, was originally
listed in 50 CFR 17.11 as well, at some point in time it was
inadvertently deleted from the list of Endangered and Threatened
Wildlife. We propose to reinsert the Hawaiian common name for this
endangered bird, such that the common names will read: crested
honeycreeper (Akohekohe).
We listed Asplenium fragile var. insulare as an endangered species
in 1994 (59 FR 49025; September 26, 1994) following the taxonomic
treatment of Morton (1947, pp. 116-117). However, we are currently
following the more recent, widely used, and accepted Hawaii's Ferns and
Fern Allies by Palmer (2003, pp. 70-71). Palmer placed A. fragile var.
insulare in synonymy with A. peruvianum var. insulare. The recognized
scientific name for this species is A. peruvianum var. insulare. The
range of the species at the time of listing and now has not changed.
Therefore, we propose to recognize the listed species as Asplenium
peruvianum var. insulare.
At the time we listed Centaurium sebaeoides as an endangered
species (56 FR 55770; October 29, 1991), we followed the taxonomic
treatment in Wagner et al.'s (1990a, p. 725) widely used and accepted
Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. However, in 2004, Mansion
published a new classification of Centaurium, resurrecting the
previously published combination Schenkia sebaeoides and placing
Centaurium sebaeoides in synonymy with S. sebaeoides (Mansion 2004, pp.
724-726). The recognized scientific name for this species is S.
sebaeoides. The range of the species at the time of listing and now has
not changed. We therefore propose to recognize the listed species as
Schenkia sebaeoides.
Cyanea dunbarii was misspelled in the final listing rule in 1996
(61 FR 53130; October 10, 1996), based on the misspelling of the
specific epithet in the 1990 version of the Manual of the Flowering
Plants of Hawaii (Lammers in Wagner et al. 1990, p. 448). The
misspelling was corrected to Cyanea dunbariae in the 1999 version of
the Manual (Lammers 1999, p. 448), and is recognized in the 2003
Supplement to the Manual (Wagner and Herbst 2003, p. 15) and in the
Smithsonian Institution's Flora of the Hawaiian Islands Database
(Wagner et al. 2005a). The recognized scientific name for this species
is Cyanea dunbariae. The range of the species at the time of listing
and now has not changed. Therefore, we propose to accept the spelling
of the listed species as Cyanea dunbariae.
At the time we listed Cyanea macrostegia ssp. gibsonii as an
endangered species (56 FR 47686; September 20, 1991), we followed
Lammer's taxonomic treatment in Wagner et al.'s (1990, p. 456) widely
used and accepted Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii.
Determinations made by Lammers on herbarium specimens at Hawaii's
Bishop Museum Herbarium show he recognizes this species as Cyanea
gibsonii (Imada 2011, in litt.) In addition, C. gibsonii is recognized
and accepted in the Smithsonian Institution's Flora of the Hawaiian
Islands Database (Wagner et al. 2005a). The range of the species at the
time of listing and now has not changed. We propose to accept the
listed species name as Cyanea gibsonii.
We listed Diellia erecta as an endangered species in 1994 (59 FR
56333; November 10, 1994), following Wagner (1952, pp. 10-13, 142-158),
and Wagner and Wagner (1992, pp. 30-33). The name for this species has
undergone several revisions, and it is currently recognized as
Asplenium dielerectum (Viane and Reichstein 1991, p. 159; Schneider et
al. 2005, p. 458; Smith et al. 2006, p. 715; Schuettpelz and Pryer
2007, p. 1,044). The range of the species at the time of listing and
now has not changed. We propose to accept the listed species name as
Asplenium dielerectum.
We listed Hedyotis mannii and Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var.
remyi as endangered in 1992 and 1999, respectively (57 FR 46325,
October 8, 1992; 64 FR 48307, September 3, 1999), following the
taxonomic treatments in Wagner et al.'s (1999a, pp. 1,150-1,152) widely
used and accepted Manual of the
[[Page 34471]]
Flowering Plants of Hawaii. In 2005, Terrell et al. (2005, pp. 818-819)
resurrected the genus Kadua for all 21 native Hawaiian members of
Hedyotis, as treated in Wagner et al. (1999a, pp. 1,133-1,156) and
Wagner and Lorence (1998, p. 315-317), as well as 7 other Polynesian
species, based on an analysis of fruit and corolla characters combined
with seed shape and surface features determined by scanning electron
microscopy. In their treatment, Terrell et al. (2005, pp. 818-819)
synonymized Hedyotis mannii with Kadua laxiflora and Hedyotis
schlechtendahliana var. remyi with Kadua cordata ssp. remyi, and these
synonyms are accepted by Wagner et al. in the Smithsonian Institution's
Flora of the Hawaiian Islands Database (2005a). The ranges of the two
species at the time of listing and now have not changed; therefore we
propose to accept the listed species names as Kadua laxiflora and Kadua
cordata ssp. remyi.
We listed Lipochaeta kamolensis as an endangered species in 1992
(57 FR 20772; May 15, 1992) following the taxonomic treatment in Wagner
et al.'s (1990a, p. 337) widely used and accepted Manual of the
Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Wagner and Robinson (2001, pp. 539-561)
transferred L. kamolensis, along with 13 other species of Hawaiian
Lipochaeta, to Melanthera based on achene morphology and chromosome
number, while retaining 6 of the Hawaiian species in Lipochaeta.
Lipochaeta kamolensis is recognized as a synonym of Melanthera
kamolensis by Wagner and Robinson (2001) and in the Smithsonian
Institution's Flora of the Hawaiian Islands Database (Wagner et al.
2005a). The accepted scientific name for this species is Melanthera
kamolensis. The range of the species at the time of listing and now has
not changed; therefore we propose to accept the listed species name as
Melanthera kamolensis.
At the time we listed Mariscus fauriei as an endangered species (59
FR 10305; March 4, 1994), we followed the taxonomic treatment by Koyama
in Wagner et al.'s (1990, p. 1,417) widely used and accepted Manual of
the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Since then, Strong and Wagner (1997, p.
39) and, more recently, Wagner and Herbst (2003, pp. 52-53) moved all
Hawaiian species of Mariscus to Cyperus. The accepted scientific name
for this species is Cyperus fauriei. The range of the species at the
time of listing and now has not changed. We therefore propose to accept
the listed species name as Cyperus fauriei.
In 1992, we listed Huperzia mannii (57 FR 20772; May 15, 1992) and
that listing was retained through 1996. However, in 1997, the List of
Endangered and Threatened Plants at 50 CFR 17.12 indicated the species
name as Phlegmariurus mannii, and in 2003, critical habitat was
designated under the species name Phlegmariurus mannii (68 FR 25934;
May 14, 2003). The List of Endangered and Threatened Plants at 50 CFR
17.12 currently has two entries: One for Huperzia mannii, which is out-
of-date because it does not contain the critical habitat information
for this plant, and one for Phlegmariurus mannii, which displays the
current critical habitat information. We are currently following the
widely used and accepted Hawaii's Fern and Fern Allies by Palmer (2003,
p. 256), who recognizes this species as Huperzia mannii, following
Ollgaard's Index of the Lycopodiaceae (1987, 135 pp.). The range of the
species at the time of listing and now has not changed. Therefore, we
propose to remove the entry for Phlegmariurus mannii and recognize the
listed species as Huperzia mannii.
Proposed Taxonomic Changes Since Listing for Two Maui Nui Plant Species
At the time we listed Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana as
endangered (61 FR 53108; October 10, 1996) we followed the taxonomic
treatment of Lammers in Wagner et al. (1990, pp. 451-452). The
distribution of C. grimesiana ssp. grimesiana as recognized at that
time included the islands of Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and Maui.
Subsequently, Lammers (1998, pp. 31-32) recognized morphological
differences in the broadly circumscribed Cyanea grimesiana group and
published new combinations for the plants reported from Maui (C.
mauiensis) and Lanai (C. munroi). Plants reported from Molokai were
identified as either C. munroi or C. grimesiana ssp. grimesiana. In
2004, Lammers (pp. 85-87) recognized further differences in the plants
reported from Maui and described a new species, C. magnicalyx, known
only from west Maui. The range of C. grimesiana ssp. grimesiana now
includes only Oahu and Molokai (Lammers 1998, pp. 31-32; Lammers 2004,
pp. 84-85). Because the range of the listed entity has changed, in this
proposed rule we evaluate the effects of the five factors described in
section 4(a)(1) of the Act on C. grimesiana ssp. grimesiana as
currently recognized to determine whether the species still warrants
its status as endangered under the Act (see Summary of Factors
Affecting the 40 Species Proposed or Reevaluated for Listing, below).
We listed Santalum freycinetianum var. lanaiense as endangered (51
FR 3182; January 24, 1986) in 1986. At that time the species was known
only from the island of Lanai. Our recovery plan for this species,
published in 1995, expanded the range to include west Maui, as well as
Lanai, based on new information (USFWS 1995a, pp. 35-36). In her
revision of the Hawaiian species of Santalum, Harbaugh et al. (2010,
pp. 834-835) moved the plants previously recognized as S.
freycinetianum var. lanaiense to S. haleakalae var. lanaiense. The
range of S. haleakalae var. lanaiense now includes Molokai, Lanai, and
east and west Maui (HBMP 2010; Harbaugh et al. 2010, pp. 834-835).
Because the range of the listed entity has changed, in this proposed
rule we evaluate the effects of the five factors described in section
4(a)(1) of the Act on S. haleakalae var. lanaiense as currently
recognized to determine whether the species still warrants its status
as endangered under the Act (see Summary of Factors Affecting the 40
Species Proposed or Reevaluated for Listing, below).
Proposed Delisting of Gahnia lanaiensis
Gahnia lanaiensis was listed as endangered in 1991 (56 FR 47686;
September 20, 1991). At that time, this species was known from 15 or 16
large ``clumped'' plants growing on the summit of Lanaihale, on the
island of Lanai. The distribution of these plants was considered to be
the entire known range of the species. Gahnia lanaiensis was threatened
due to the small number of individuals remaining and resulting negative
consequences of very small populations which increased the potential
for extinction of the species due to stochastic events; the potential
for destruction of plants due their proximity to a popular hiking and
jeep trail; and habitat degradation and destruction by feral ungulates
and nonnative plants (56 FR 47686; September 20, 1991).
In a recently published paper, Koyama et al. (2010, pp. 29-30)
found that based on spikelet and achene characters, G. lanaiensis is a
complete match for G. lacera, a species endemic to New Zealand. Koyama
further states that G. lacera likely arrived on Lanai, either
intentionally or unintentionally, through the restoration efforts of
George Munro, the Resident Manager of Lanai Ranch from 1911 to 1930
(Koyama 2010, p. 30). Born and raised in New Zealand, Munro is known to
have used seeds of New Zealand's native plants for reforestation
efforts on Lanai (Koyama 2010, p. 30).
Because G. lanaiensis is not believed to be a uniquely valid
species; is synonymous with G. lacera, a species
[[Page 34472]]
endemic to New Zealand where it is known to be common (Piha New Zealand
Plant Conservation Network 2010, in litt.); and is not in danger of
extinction or likely to become an endangered species within the
foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its
range, we propose to delist G. lanaiensis due to error in the original
listing.
An Ecosystem-Based Approach
On the islands of Molokai, Lanai, and Maui, as on most of the
Hawaiian Islands, native species that occur in the same habitat types
(ecosystems) depend on many of the same biological features and the
successful functioning of that ecosystem to survive. We have therefore
organized the species addressed in this proposed rule by common
ecosystem. Although the listing determination for each species is
analyzed separately, we have organized the individual analysis for each
species within the context of the broader ecosystem in which it occurs
to avoid redundancy. In addition, native species that share ecosystems
often face a suite of common factors that may threaten them, and
ameliorating or eliminating these threats for each individual species
often requires the exact same management actions in the exact same
areas. Effective management of these threats often requires
implementation of conservation actions at the ecosystem scale to
enhance or restore critical ecological processes and provide for long-
term viability of those species in their native environment. Thus, by
taking this approach, we hope to not only organize this proposed rule
efficiently, but also to more effectively focus conservation management
efforts on the common threats that occur across these ecosystems. Those
efforts would facilitate restoration of ecosystem functionality for the
recovery of each species, and provide conservation benefits for
associated native species, thereby potentially precluding the need to
list other species under the Act that occur in these shared ecosystems.
In addition, this approach is in concordance with one of the primary
stated purposes of the Act, as stated in section 2(b): ``To provide a
means whereby the ecosystems upon which endangered species and
threatened species depend may be conserved.''
We propose to list Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, B.
campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis, B. conjuncta, Calamagrostis
hillebrandii, Cyanea asplenifolia, C. duvalliorum, C. horrida, C.
kunthiana, C. magnicalyx, C. maritae, C. mauiensis, C. munroi, C.
obtusa, C. profuga, C. solanacea, Cyrtandra ferripilosa, C. filipes, C.
oxybapha, Festuca molokaiensis, Geranium hanaense, G. hillebrandii,
Mucuna sloanei var. persericea, Myrsine vaccinioides, Peperomia
subpetiolata, Phyllostegia bracteata, P. haliakalae, P. pilosa,
Pittosporum halophilum, Pleomele fernaldii, Schiedea jacobii, S. laui,
S. salicaria, Stenogyne kauaulaensis, and Wikstroemia villosa; and
Newcombia cumingi, Partulina semicarinata and P. variabilis, from the
islands of Molokai, Lanai, and Maui as endangered species. We also
propose to list Canavalia pubescens, known from the islands of Niihau,
Kauai, Lanai, and Maui. In addition, we are reevaluating the listing of
two plant species: Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense from the islands
of Molokai, Lanai, and Maui, and Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana,
known from Oahu and Molokai, as endangered species. These 40 species
(37 plants and 3 tree snails) are found in 10 ecosystem types: coastal,
lowland dry, lowland mesic, lowland wet, montane dry, montane wet,
montane mesic, subalpine, dry cliff, and wet cliff (Tables 2A, 2B, and
2C).
Table 2A--Molokai: Species Proposed or Reevaluated for Listing and the
Ecosystems Upon Which They Depend
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ecosystem Species
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Coastal................................... Plants: Pittosporum
halophilum.
Lowland Mesic............................. Plants: Cyanea profuga,
Cyanea solanacea, Cyrtandra
filipes, Festuca
molokaiensis, Phyllostegia
haliakalae, Phyllostegia
pilosa, Santalum haleakalae
var. lanaiense.
Lowland Wet............................... Plants: Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea
solanacea, Cyrtandra
filipes.
Montane Mesic............................. Plants: Cyanea solanacea,
Santalum haleakalae var.
lanaiense.
Montane Wet............................... Plants: Cyanea profuga,
Cyanea solanacea,
Phyllostegia pilosa,
Schiedea laui.
Wet Cliff................................. Plants: Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea
munroi.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 2B--Lanai: Species Proposed or Reevaluated for Listing and the
Ecosystems Upon Which They Depend
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ecosystem Species
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Coastal................................... Plants: Canavalia pubescens.
Lowland Dry............................... Plants: Pleomele fernaldii.
Lowland Mesic............................. Plants: Pleomele fernaldii,
Santalum haleakalae var.
lanaiense.
Lowland Wet............................... Plants: Pleomele fernaldii,
Santalum haleakalae var.
lanaiense,
Animals: Partulina
semicarinata, Partulina
variabilis.
Montane Wet............................... Plants: Santalum haleakalae
var. lanaiense
Animals: Partulina
semicarinata, Partulina
variabilis.
Dry Cliff................................. Plants: Phyllostegia
haliakalae, Pleomele
fernaldii.
Wet Cliff................................. Plants: Cyanea munroi,
Phyllostegia haliakalae,
Pleomele fernaldii,
Santalum haleakalae var.
lanaiense
Animals: Partulina
semicarinata, Partulina
variabilis.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 34473]]
Table 2C--Maui: Species Proposed or Reevaluated for Listing and the
Ecosystems Upon Which They Depend
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ecosystem Species
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lowland Dry............................... Plants: Bidens campylotheca
ssp. pentamera, Canavalia
pubescens, Cyanea obtusa,
Santalum haleakalae var.
lanaiense, Schiedea
salicaria.
Lowland Mesic............................. Plants: Bidens campylotheca
ssp. pentamera, Cyanea
asplenifolia, C. mauiensis
*, Santalum haleakalae var.
lanaiense.
Lowland Wet............................... Plants: Bidens campylotheca
ssp. waihoiensis, Bidens
conjuncta, Cyanea
asplenifolia, Cyanea
duvalliorum, Cyanea
kunthiana, Cyanea
magnicalyx, Cyanea maritae,
Cyrtandra filipes, Mucuna
sloanei var. persericea,
Phyllostegia bracteata,
Santalum haleakalae var.
lanaiense, Wikstroemia
villosa.
Animals: Newcombia cumingi.
Montane Dry............................... Plants: Santalum haleakalae
var. lanaiense.
Montane Mesic............................. Plants: Bidens campylotheca
ssp. pentamera, Cyanea
horrida, Cyanea kunthiana,
Cyanea magnicalyx, Cyanea
obtusa, Cyrtandra
ferripilosa, Cyrtandra
oxybapha, Geranium
hillebrandii, Phyllostegia
bracteata, Santalum
haleakalae var. lanaiense,
Stenogyne kauaulaensis,
Wikstroemia villosa.
Montane Wet............................... Plants: Bidens campylotheca
ssp. pentamera, Bidens
campylotheca ssp.
waihoiensis, Bidens
conjuncta, Calamagrostis
hillebrandii, Cyanea
duvalliorum, Cyanea
horrida, Cyanea kunthiana,
Cyanea maritae, Cyrtandra
ferripilosa, Cyrtandra
oxybapha, Geranium
hanaense, Geranium
hillebrandii, Myrsine
vaccinioides, Peperomia
subpetiolata, Phyllostegia
bracteata, Phyllostegia
pilosa, Schiedea jacobii,
Wikstroemia villosa.
Subalpine................................. Plants: Phyllostegia
bracteata.
Dry Cliff................................. Plants: Bidens campylotheca
ssp. pentamera, Cyanea
mauiensis.*
Wet Cliff................................. Plants: Bidens campylotheca
ssp. pentamera, Bidens
campylotheca ssp.
waihoiensis, Bidens
conjuncta, Cyanea horrida,
Cyanea magnicalyx,
Cyrtandra filipes,
Phyllostegia bracteata,
Phyllostegia haliakalae,
Santalum haleakalae var.
lanaiense.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Not seen since the 1800s.
For each species, we identified and evaluated those factors that
threaten the species and that may be common to all of the species at
the ecosystem level. For example, the degradation of habitat by
nonnative ungulates is considered a threat to 37 of the 40 species
proposed or reevaluated for listing here, and is likely a threat to
many, if not most or even all of the native species within a given
ecosystem. We consider such a threat factor to be an ``ecosystem-level
threat,'' as each individual species within that ecosystem faces a
threat that is essentially identical in terms of the nature of the
impact, its severity, its imminence, and its scope. Beyond ecosystem-
level threats, we further identified and evaluated threat factors that
may be unique to certain species, but do not apply to all species under
consideration within the same ecosystem. For example, the threat of
predation by nonnative snails is unique to the three tree snails in
this proposed rule, and is not applicable to any of the other species
proposed for listing. We have identified such threat factors, which
apply only to certain species within the ecosystems addressed here, as
``species-specific threats.''
An Ecosystem-Based Approach to Determining Primary Constituent Elements
of Critical Habitat
Under section 4(a)(3)(A) of the Act, we are required to designate
critical habitat to the maximum extent prudent and determinable
concurrently with the publication of a final determination that a
species is endangered or threatened. In this proposed rule, we are
proposing to designate critical habitat for 39 of 40 species on the
islands of Molokai, Lanai, and Maui proposed here for listing as
endangered. We are also proposing to designate critical habitat for 11
species that are already listed as endangered but for which critical
habitat has not been previously proposed or designated. In addition, we
are proposing to revise existing critical habitat for 85 listed plant
species on the islands of Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Kahoolawe. When
critical habitat was designated for these Maui Nui plant species in
1984 (49 FR 44573; November 9, 1984) and 2003 (68 FR 1220, January 9,
2003; 68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003), the
areas designated were identified based primarily on where the species
were known to occur at that time. We are proposing to revise critical
habitat for these species because since then, we have learned that many
native Hawaiian plants and animals currently persist only in areas of
marginal habitat where the threats to the species are reduced under
current conditions, but that these species can thrive when reintroduced
into their historical habitats when threats are effectively managed
there. For this reason, we believe it is important to designate habitat
that may currently be unoccupied in cases where we have determined that
habitat to be essential for the recovery of the species. In addition,
because the prior designations focused only on discrete areas occupied
by the species at the time of listing, the designations resulted in an
overlapping and confusing patchwork of critical habitat areas for the
many plant species that could be difficult for the public to interpret.
As explained above, we believe that managing for the conservation of
these multiple species on an ecosystem level will be a more efficient
and effective use of resources to achieve the recovery of these
species, as well as potentially preclude the need to list additional
native species in the future. We believe this ecosystem-based approach
will ultimately provide for greater public understanding of the
conservation and recovery needs for each of the species addressed in
this proposed rule.
In this proposed rule, we propose critical habitat for 135 species
in 100 multiple-species critical habitat units. Although critical
habitat is identified for each species individually, we have found that
the conservation of each depends, at least in part, on the successful
functioning of the physical or biological features of the commonly
shared ecosystem. Each critical habitat unit identified in this
proposed rule contains the physical or biological features essential to
the conservation of those individual species that occupy that
particular unit, or areas essential for the conservation of those
species identified that do not presently occupy that particular unit.
Where the unit is not occupied by a particular species, we believe it
is still essential for the conservation of that species because the
designation allows for the expansion of its range and reintroduction of
individuals into areas where it occurred
[[Page 34474]]
historically, and provides area for recovery in the case of stochastic
events that otherwise hold the potential to eliminate the species from
the one or more locations it is presently found. Under current
conditions, many of these species are so rare in the wild that they are
at high risk of extirpation or even extinction from various stochastic
events, such as hurricanes or landslides. Therefore, building up
resilience and redundancy in these species through the establishment of
multiple, robust populations, is a key component of recovery.
Each of the areas proposed for designation represents critical
habitat for multiple species, based upon their shared habitat
requirements (i.e., physical or biological features) essential for
their conservation. The identification of critical habitat also takes
into account any species-specific conservation needs as appropriate.
For example, the presence of a seasonally wet area within the coastal
ecosystem is essential for the conservation of the plant Marsilea
villosa, but is not a requirement shared by all of the other species
within that same ecosystem; this would be an example of a species-
specific requirement. However, a functioning ecosystem is also
essential to Marsilea villosa because it provides the broader
``ecosystem-level'' physical or biological features that are required
to support its specific life history requirements.
The Islands of Maui Nui
The islands of Maui Nui include Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Kahoolawe
(Figure 1). During the last Ice Age, about 21,000 years ago, when sea
levels were approximately 459 feet (ft) (140 meters (m)) below their
present level, these four islands were connected by a broad lowland
plain and unified as a single island (Nullet et al. 1998, p. 64;
Ziegler 2002, p. 22). This land bridge allowed the movement and
interaction of each island's flora and fauna and contributed to the
present close relationships of their biota (Nullet et al. 1998, p. 64).
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.000
[[Page 34475]]
The island of Molokai is the fifth largest of the eight main
Hawaiian Islands. It was formed from three shield volcanoes and is
about 260 square miles (sq mi) (673 square kilometers (sq km)) in area
(Juvik and Juvik 1998, pp. 11, 13). The volcanoes that make up most of
the land mass of Molokai include the west and east Molokai mountains,
and a volcano that formed Kalaupapa peninsula. The taller and larger
east Molokai mountain rises 4,970 ft (1,514 m) above sea level and
comprises roughly 50 percent of the island's area (Juvik and Juvik
1998, p. 11). Topographically, the windward (north) side of east
Molokai differs from the leeward (south) side. Precipitous cliffs line
the windward coast and deep valleys dissect the coastal area. The
annual rainfall on the windward side of Molokai is 75 to more than 150
inches (in) (200 to more than 375 centimeters (cm)) (Giambelluca and
Schroeder 1998, p. 50).
The island of Lanai is the sixth largest of the eight main Hawaiian
Islands, located southeast of Molokai and northwest of Hawaii Island.
It is located in the lee or rain shadow of the taller west Maui
mountains. Lanai was formed from a single shield volcano and built by
eruptions at its summit and along three rift zones (Clague 1998, p.
42). The island is about 140 sq mi (364 sq km) in area and its highest
point, Lanaihale, has an elevation of 3,366 ft (1,027 m) (Clague 1998,
p. 42; Juvik and Juvik 1998, p. 13; Walker 1999, p. 21). Annual
rainfall on the summit is 30 to 40 in (76 to 102 cm), but is
considerably less, 10 to 20 in (25 to 50 cm), over much of the rest of
the island (Giambelluca and Schroeder 1998, p. 56).
The island of Maui is the second largest of the eight main Hawaiian
Islands, located southeast of Molokai and northwest of Hawaii Island
(Juvik and Juvik 1998, p. 14). It was formed from two shield volcanoes
and resulted in the west Maui mountains which are about 1.3 million
years old and Haleakala on east Maui which is about 750,000 years old
(Juvik and Juvik 1998, p. 14). West and east Maui are connected by the
central Maui isthmus, and the island's total land area is 729 sq mi
(1,888 sq km) (Juvik and Juvik 1998, p. 14; Walker 1999, p. 21). The
west Maui mountains have been eroded by streams that created deep
valleys and ridges. The highest point on west Maui is Puu Kukui at
5,788 ft (1,764 m) in elevation, and with an average rainfall of 400 in
(1,020 cm) per year it is the second wettest spot in Hawaii (Juvik and
Juvik 1998, p. 14; Wagner et al. 1999b, p. 41). East Maui's Haleakala
volcano remains volcanically active, with its last eruption occurring
only 200 years ago (Juvik and Juvik 1998, p. 14). Haleakala rises
10,023 ft (3,055 m) in elevation but lacks the diverse vegetation
typical of the older and more eroded west Maui mountains. Rainfall on
the slopes of Haleakala is about 35 in (89 cm) per year, with its
windward (northeastern) slope receiving the most precipitation.
However, Haleakala's crater is a dry cinder desert because it is above
the level at which precipitation develops and is sheltered from
moisture-laden winds usually associated with orographic (mountain)
rainfall (Giambelluca and Schroeder 1998, p. 55).
The island of Kahoolawe is the smallest of the eight main Hawaiian
Islands, located southeast of Molokai and northwest of Hawaii Island.
The island is about 45 sq mi (116 sq km) in area, and was formed from a
single shield volcano (Clague 1998, p. 42; Juvik and Juvik 1998, pp. 7,
16). The maximum elevation on Kahoolawe is 1,477 ft (450 m) at the
summit of Puu Moaulanui (Juvik and Juvik 1998, pp. 15-16). Kahoolawe is
in the rain shadow of Haleakala and is arid, receiving no more than 25
in (65 cm) of rainfall annually (Juvik and Juvik 1998, p. 16; Mitchell
et al. 2005, pp. 6-66).
The vegetation of the islands of Maui Nui has undergone extreme
alterations because of past and present land use and other activities.
Land with rich soils was altered by the early Hawaiians and, more
recently, converted to agricultural use in the production of sugar and
pineapple (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, p. 45) or pasture. For example, on
Haleakala, on the island of Maui, the upland slopes have been converted
to diversified agriculture and cattle ranches (Juvik and Juvik 1998, p.
16). Archaeological surveys suggest that the early Hawaiians did not
live in the highest areas of Haleakala but instead inhabited the area
temporarily for religious ceremonies, the creation of adzes (tools used
for smoothing or carving wood), and bird hunting (Burney 1997, p. 448).
Intentional and inadvertent introduction of alien plant and animal
species has also contributed to the reduction in range of native
vegetation on the islands of Maui Nui (throughout this rule, the terms
``alien,'' ``feral,'' ``nonnative,'' and ``introduced'' all refer to
species that are not naturally native to the Hawaiian Islands).
Currently, most of the native vegetation on the islands persists on
upper elevation slopes, valleys and ridges; steep slopes; precipitous
cliffs; valley headwalls; and other regions where unsuitable topography
has prevented urbanization and agricultural development, or where
inaccessibility has limited encroachment by nonnative plant and animal
species.
Maui Nui Ecosystems
There are 11 different ecosystems (coastal, lowland dry, lowland
mesic, lowland wet, montane dry, montane mesic, montane wet, subalpine,
alpine, dry cliff, and wet cliff) recognized on the islands of Maui
Nui. The 40 species proposed for listing occur in 10 of these
ecosystems (all except the alpine), which collectively support the 135
species for which critical habitat is proposed. All 11 Maui Nui
ecosystems are described in the following section; see Table 4 (in
``Physical or Biological Features,'' below) for a list of the species
that occur in each ecosystem type.
Coastal
The coastal ecosystem is found on all of the main Hawaiian Islands,
with the highest native species diversity in the least populated
coastal areas of Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, Kahoolawe, Hawaii Island,
and their associated islets. On Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Kahoolawe,
the coastal ecosystem includes mixed herblands, shrublands, and
grasslands, from sea level to 980 ft (300 m) in elevation, generally
within a narrow zone above the influence of waves to within 330 ft (100
m) inland, sometimes extending further inland if strong prevailing
onshore winds drive sea spray and sand dunes into the lowland zone (The
Nature Conservancy (TNC) 2006a). The coastal ecosystem is typically
dry, with annual rainfall of less than 20 in (50 cm); however, windward
rainfall may be high enough (up to 40 in (100 cm)) to support mesic-
associated and sometimes wet-associated vegetation (Gagne and Cuddihy
1999, pp. 54-66). Biological diversity is low to moderate in this
ecosystem, but may include some specialized plants and animals such as
nesting seabirds and the endangered plant Sesbania tomentosa (ohai)
(TNC 2006a). The plants Canavalia pubescens and Pittosporum halophilum,
which are proposed for listing as endangered in this rule, are reported
in this ecosystem on Molokai and Lanai (Hawaii Biodiversity and Mapping
Program (HBMP) 2008; TNC 2007).
Lowland Dry
The lowland dry ecosystem includes shrublands and forests generally
below 3,300 ft (1,000 m) elevation that receive less than 50 in (130
cm) annual rainfall, or are in otherwise prevailingly dry substrate
conditions that range from weathered reddish silty loams to stony clay
soils, rocky ledges with very
[[Page 34476]]
shallow soil, or relatively recent little-weathered lava (Gagne and
Cuddihy 1999, p. 67). Areas consisting of predominantly native species
in the lowland dry ecosystem are now rare; this ecosystem is found on
the islands of Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, Kahoolawe and Hawaii,
and is best represented on the leeward sides of the islands (Gagne and
Cuddihy 1999, p. 67). On the islands of Maui Nui, this ecosystem is
typically found on the leeward side of the mountains (Gagne and Cuddihy
1999, p. 67; TNC 2006b). Native biological diversity is low to moderate
in this ecosystem, and includes specialized animals and plants such as
the Hawaiian owl or pueo (Asio flammeus sandwichensis) and Santalum
ellipticum (iliahialoe or coast sandalwood) (Wagner et al. 1999c, pp.
1,220-1,221; TNC 2006b). The plants Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera,
Canavalia pubescens, Cyanea obtusa, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense,
Pleomele fernaldii, and Schiedea salicaria, which are proposed or
reevaluated for listing as endangered in this rule, are reported from
this ecosystem on Lanai and Maui (HBMP 2008; TNC 2007).
Lowland Mesic
The lowland mesic ecosystem includes a variety of grasslands,
shrublands, and forests, generally below 3,300 ft (1,000 m) elevation,
that receive between 50 and 75 in (130 and 190 cm) annual rainfall (TNC
2006c). In the Hawaiian Islands, this ecosystem is found on Kauai,
Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii, on both windward and leeward sides of
the islands. On the islands of Maui Nui, this ecosystem is typically
found on the leeward slopes of Molokai, Lanai, and Maui (Gagne and
Cuddihy 1999, p. 75; TNC 2006c). Native biological diversity is high in
this system (TNC 2006c). The plants Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera,
Cyanea asplenifolia, C. profuga, C. solanacea, Cyrtandra filipes,
Festuca molokaiensis, Phyllostegia haliakalae, P. pilosa, Pleomele
fernaldii, and Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, which are proposed
or reevaluated for listing as endangered in this rule, are reported in
this ecosystem on this islands of Molokai, Lanai, and Maui (HBMP 2008;
TNC 2007). In addition, Cyanea mauiensis, a species proposed for
listing, may have occurred in this ecosystem on Maui but this species
has not been observed for over 100 years. The species-specific habitat
needs of Cyanea mauiensis are not known.
Lowland Wet
The lowland wet ecosystem is generally found below 3,300 ft (1,000
m) elevation on the windward sides of the main Hawaiian Islands, except
Niihau and Kahoolawe (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, p. 85; TNC 2006d). These
areas include a variety of wet grasslands, shrublands, and forests that
receive greater than 75 in (190 cm) annual precipitation, or are in
otherwise wet substrate conditions (TNC 2006d). On the islands of Maui
Nui, this system is best developed in wet valleys and slopes on
Molokai, Lanai, and Maui (TNC 2006d). Native biological diversity is
high in this system (TNC 2006d). The plants Bidens campylotheca ssp.
waihoiensis, B. conjuncta, Cyanea asplenifolia, C. duvalliorum, C.
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C. kunthiana, C. magnicalyx, C. maritae, C.
solanacea, Cyrtandra filipes, Mucuna sloanei var. persericea,
Phyllostegia bracteata, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, Pleomele
fernaldii, and Wikstroemia villosa; and the tree snails Newcombia
cumingi, Partulina semicarinata, and P. variabilis, which are proposed
or reevaluated for listing as endangered in this rule, are reported in
this ecosystem on Molokai, Lanai, and Maui (HBMP 2008; TNC 2007).
Montane Wet
The montane wet ecosystem is composed of natural communities
(grasslands, shrublands, forests, and bogs) found at elevations between
3,300 and 6,500 ft (1,000 and 2,000 m), in areas where annual
precipitation is greater than 75 in (190 cm) (TNC 2006e). This system
is found on all of the main Hawaiian Islands except Niihau and
Kahoolawe, and only the islands of Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii have areas
above 4,020 ft (1,225 m) (TNC 2006e). On the islands of Maui Nui this
ecosystem is found on Molokai, Lanai, and Maui (TNC 2007). Native
biological diversity is moderate to high (TNC 2006e). The plants Bidens
campylotheca ssp. pentamera, B. campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis, B.
conjuncta, Calamagrostis hillebrandii, Cyanea duvalliorum, C. horrida,
C. kunthiana, C. maritae, C. profuga, C. solanacea, Cyrtandra
ferripilosa, C. oxybapha, Geranium hanaense, G. hillebrandii, Myrsine
vaccinioides, Peperomia subpetiolata, Phyllostegia bracteata, P.
pilosa, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, Schiedea jacobii, S. laui,
and Wikstroemia villosa; and the tree snails Partulina semicarinata and
P. variabilis, which are proposed or reevaluated for listing as
endangered in this rule, are reported in this ecosystem on the islands
of Molokai, Lanai, and Maui (HBMP 2008; TNC 2007).
Montane Mesic
The montane mesic ecosystem is composed of natural communities
(forests and shrublands) found at elevations between 3,300 and 6,500 ft
(1,000 and 2,000 m), in areas where annual precipitation is between 50
and 75 in (130 and 190 cm), or are in otherwise mesic substrate
conditions (TNC 2006f). This system is found on Kauai, Molokai, Maui,
and Hawaii Island (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, pp. 97-99; TNC 2007). Native
biological diversity is moderate, and this habitat is important for
Hawaiian forest birds (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, pp. 98-99; TNC 2006f).
The plants Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Cyanea horrida, C.
kunthiana, C. magnicalyx, C. obtusa, C. solanacea, Cyrtandra
ferripilosa, C. oxybapha, Geranium hillebrandii, Phyllostegia
bracteata, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, Stenogyne kauaulaensis,
and Wikstroemia villosa, which are proposed or reevaluated for listing
as endangered in this rule, are reported in this ecosystem on Molokai
and Maui (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Montane Dry
The montane dry ecosystem is composed of natural communities
(shrublands, grasslands, forests) found at elevations between 3,300 and
6,500 ft (1,000 and 2,000 m), in areas where annual precipitation is
less than 50 in (130 cm), or are in otherwise dry substrate conditions
(TNC 2006g). This system is found on the islands of Maui and Hawaii
(Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, pp. 93-97). The only plant species reevaluated
for listing found in this ecosystem is Santalum haleakalae var.
lanaiense (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Subalpine
The subalpine ecosystem is composed of natural communities
(shrublands, grasslands, forests) found at elevations between 6,500 ft
and 9,800 ft (2,000 and 3,000 m), in areas where annual precipitation
is seasonal, between 15 and 40 in (38 and 100 cm), or are in otherwise
dry substrate conditions (TNC 2006h). Fog drip is an important moisture
supplement (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, pp. 107-110). This system is found
on the islands of Maui and Hawaii (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, pp. 107-
110). Native biological diversity is not high, but specialized
invertebrates and plants (Sophora chrysophylla (mamane), Myoporum
sandwicense (naio), and Deschampsia nubigena (hairgrass)) are reported
in this
[[Page 34477]]
ecosystem (TNC 2006h). The plant Phyllostegia bracteata, which is
proposed as endangered in this rule, is reported in this ecosystem (TNC
2007; HBMP 2008).
Alpine
The alpine ecosystem is composed of natural communities
(shrublands, alpine lake, aeolian (wind-shaped) desert) found at
elevations above 9,800 ft (3000 m), in areas where annual precipitation
is infrequent, with frost and snow, and intense solar radiation (TNC
2006i). Fog drip is an important moisture supplement (Gagne and Cuddihy
1999, pp. 107-110). This system is found on the islands of Maui and
Hawaii (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, pp. 107-110). Native biological
diversity is not high, but highly specialized plants, such as the
threatened Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum (ahinahina),
occur in this ecosystem on Maui (TNC 2006i). None of the species
proposed or reevaluated for listing in this rule are reported from this
ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Dry Cliff
The dry cliff ecosystem is composed of vegetation communities
occupying steep slopes (greater than 65 degrees) in areas that receive
less than 75 in (190 cm) of rainfall annually, or are in otherwise dry
substrate conditions (TNC 2006j). This ecosystem is found on all of the
main Hawaiian Islands except Niihau, and is best represented along the
leeward slopes of Lanai and Maui (TNC 2006j). A variety of shrublands
occur within this ecosystem (TNC 2006j). Native biological diversity is
low to moderate (TNC 2006j). The plants Bidens campylotheca ssp.
pentamera, Phyllostegia haliakalae, and Pleomele fernaldii, which are
proposed as endangered in this rule, are reported in this ecosystem on
Lanai and Maui (HBMP 2008; TNC 2007).
Wet Cliff
The wet cliff ecosystem is generally composed of shrublands on
near-vertical slopes (greater than 65 degrees) in areas that receive
more than 75 in (190 cm) of annual precipitation, or in otherwise wet
substrate conditions (TNC 2006k). This system is found on the islands
of Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii. On the islands of
Maui Nui, this system is typically found along the windward sides of
Molokai, Lanai, and Maui (TNC 2006k). Native biological diversity is
low to moderate (TNC 2006k). The plants Bidens campylotheca ssp.
pentamera, B. campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis, B. conjuncta, Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C.horrida, C. magnicalyx, C. munroi,
Cyrtandra filipes, Phyllostegia bracteata, P. haliakalae, Santalum
haleakalae var. lanaiense, and Pleomele fernaldii; and the tree snails
Partulina semicarinata and P. variabilis, which are proposed or
reevaluated for listing as endangered in this rule, are reported in
this ecosystem on the islands of Molokai, Lanai, and Maui (HBMP 2008;
TNC 2007).
Description of the 40 Species Proposed or Reevaluated for Listing
Below is a brief description of each of the 40 species proposed or
reevaluated for listing, presented in alphabetical order by genus.
Plants are presented first, followed by animals.
Plants
In order to avoid confusion regarding the number of locations of
each species (a location does not necessarily represent a viable
population, as in some cases there may only be one or a very few
representatives of the species present) we use the word ``occurrence''
instead of ``population.'' Each occurrence is composed only of wild
(i.e., not propagated and outplanted) individuals.
Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera (kookoolau), a perennial herb in
the sunflower family (Asteraceae), occurs only on the island of Maui
(Ganders and Nagata 1999, pp. 271, 273). Historically, B. campylotheca
spp. pentamera was found on Maui's eastern volcano (i.e., Haleakala).
Currently, this subspecies is found on east Maui in the montane mesic,
montane wet, dry cliff, and wet cliff ecosystems of Waikamoi Preserve
and Kipahulu Valley (in Haleakala National Park) (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008;
Welton 2008, in litt.; National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBGa) 2009,
pp. 1-2; Fay 2010, in litt.). It is uncertain if plants observed in the
Hana Forest Reserve at Waihoi Valley are Bidens campylotheca ssp.
pentamera (Osterneck 2010, in litt.). On west Maui, B. campylotheca
ssp. pentamera is found on and near cliff walls in the lowland dry and
lowland mesic ecosystems of Papalaua Gulch (West Maui Forest Reserve)
and Kauaula Valley (NTBG 2009a, pp. 1-2; Perlman 2009a, in litt.). The
6 occurrences on east and west Maui total approximately 200
individuals.
Bidens campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis (kookoolau), a perennial herb
in the sunflower family (Asteraceae), occurs only on the island of Maui
(Ganders and Nagata 1999, pp. 271, 273). Historically, B. campylotheca
ssp. waihoiensis was found on Maui's eastern volcano in Waihoi Valley
and Kaumakani ridge (HBMP 2008). Currently, this subspecies is found in
the lowland wet, montane wet, and wet cliff ecosystems in Kipahulu
Valley (Haleakala National Park) and possibly in Waihoi Valley (Hana
Forest Reserve) on east Maui (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Welton 2008, in
litt.). Approximately 200 plants are scattered over an area of about
2.5 miles (4 km) in Kipahulu Valley (Welton 2010a, in litt.). In 1974,
hundreds of individuals were observed in Waihoi Valley along Waiohonu
stream (NTBG 2009b, p. 4).
Bidens conjuncta (kookoolau), a perennial herb in the sunflower
family (Asteraceae), occurs only on the island of Maui (Ganders and
Nagata 1999, pp. 273-274). Historically, this species was known only
from the mountains of west Maui in the Honokohau drainage basin (Sherff
1923, p. 162). Currently, B. conjuncta is found scattered throughout
the upper elevation drainages of the west Maui mountains in the lowland
wet, montane wet, and wet cliff ecosystems, in 9 occurrences totaling
an estimated 7,000 individuals (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer 2008a,
in litt.; Perlman 2010, in litt.).
Calamagrostis hillebrandii (NCN), a perennial in the grass family
(Poaceae), occurs only on the island of Maui (O'Connor 1999, p. 1,509).
Historically, this species was known from Puu Kukui in the west Maui
mountains (Wagner et al. 2005a--Flora of the Hawaiian Islands
database). Currently, this species is found in bogs in the montane wet
ecosystem in the west Maui mountains, from Honokohau to Kahoolewa
ridge, including East Bog and Eke Crater, in three occurrences totaling
a few hundred individuals (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer 2010a, in
litt.).
Canavalia pubescens (awikiwiki), a perennial climber in the pea
family (Fabaceae), is currently found only on the island of Maui,
although it was also historically known from Niihau, Kauai, and Lanai
(Wagner and Herbst 1999, p. 654). On Niihau, this species was known
from one population in Haao Valley that was last observed in 1949 (HBMP
2008). On Kauai, this species was known from six populations ranging
from Awaawapuhi to Wainiha, where it was last observed in 1977 (HBMP
2008). On Lanai, this species was known from Kaena Point to Huawai Bay.
Eight individuals were reported in the coastal ecosystem west of
Hulupoe, but they have not been seen since 1998 (Oppenheimer 2007a, in
litt.; HBMP 2008). At present, the only known occurrence is on east
Maui, from Puu o Kali south to Pohakea, in the lowland
[[Page 34478]]
dry ecosystem (Starr 2006, in litt.; Altenburg 2007, pp. 12-13;
Oppenheimer 2006a, in litt.; 2007a, in litt.). All plants of this
species that formerly were found in the Ahihi-Kinau Natural Area
Reserve on Maui were destroyed by feral goats (Capra hircus) by the end
of 2010 (Fell-McDonald 2010, in litt.). In April of 2010, C. pubescens
totaled as many as 500 individuals; however, with the recent loss of
the plants at Ahihi-Kinau Natural Area Reserve, C. pubescens may
currently total fewer than 200 individuals at a single location.
Cyanea asplenifolia (HAHA), a shrub in the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), is found only on the island of Maui. This species was
known historically from Waihee Valley and Kaanapali on west Maui, and
Halehaku ridge on east Maui (Lammers 1999, p. 445; HBMP 2008). On west
Maui, in the lowland wet ecosystem, there are 3 occurrences totaling 14
individuals in the Puu Kukui Preserve and two occurrences totaling 5
individuals in the West Maui Natural Area Reserve. On east Maui, C.
asplenifolia is found in 1 occurrence each in the lowland mesic
ecosystem in Haleakala National Park (53 individuals) and Kipahulu FR
(140 individuals), and 1 occurrence in the lowland wet ecosystem in the
Makawao FR (5 individuals) (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer 2008b, in
litt, 2010b, in litt.; PEPP 2008, p. 48; Welton and Haus 2008, p. 12;
NTBG 2009c, pp. 3-5; Welton 2010a, in litt.). Currently, C.
asplenifolia is known from 8 occurrences totaling fewer than 200
individuals.
Cyanea duvalliorum (HAHA), a tree in the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), is found only in the east Maui mountains (Lammers
2004, p. 89). This species was described in 2004, after the discovery
of individuals of a previously unknown species of Cyanea at Waiohiwi
Gulch (Lammers 2004, p. 91). Studies of earlier collections of sterile
material extend the historical range of this species on the windward
slopes of Haleakala in the lowland wet and montane wet ecosystems, east
of Waiohiwi Stream, from Honomanu Stream to Wailua Iki Streams, and to
Kipahulu Valley (Lammers 2004, p. 89). In 2007, one individual was
observed in the lowland wet ecosystem of the Makawao FR (NTBG 2009d, p.
2). In 2008, 71 individuals were found in 2 new locations in the
Makawao FR, along with many juveniles and seedlings (NTBG 2009d, p. 2).
Currently there are 2 occurrences with an approximate total of 71
individuals in the montane wet ecosystem near Makawao FR, with an
additional 135 individuals outplanted in Waikamoi Preserve (TNC 2007;
NTBG 2009d, p. 2; Oppenheimer 2010a, in litt.).
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana (HAHA), a shrub in the bellflower
family (Campanulaceae), is known only from Oahu and Molokai (Lammers
2004 p. 84; Lammers 1999, pp. 449, 451; 68 FR 35950, June 17, 2003). On
Molokai, this species was last observed in 1991 in the wet cliff
ecosystem at Wailau Valley (PEPP 2010, p. 45). Currently, on Oahu there
are five to six individuals in four occurrences in the Waianae and
Koolau Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; HBMP 2008).
Cyanea horrida (haha nui), a member of the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), is a palm-like tree found only on the island of Maui.
This species was known historically from the slopes of Haleakala
(Lammers 1999, p. 453; HBMP 2008). Currently, C. horrida is known from
12 occurrences totaling 44 individuals in the montane mesic, montane
wet, and wet cliff ecosystems in Waikamoi Preserve, Hanawai Natural
Area Reserve, and Haleakala National Park on east Maui (TNC 2007; HBMP
2008; PEPP 2009, p. 52; PEPP 2010, p. 46-47; Oppenheimer 2010c, in
litt.; TNCH 2010a, p. 1).
Cyanea kunthiana (HAHA), a shrub in the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), is found only on Maui, and was historically known from
both the east and west Maui mountains (Lammers 1999, p. 453; HBMP
2008). Cyanea kunthiana was known to occur in the montane mesic
ecosystem in the east Maui mountains in upper Kipahulu Valley, in
Haleakala National Park and Kipahulu FR (HBMP 2008). Currently, in the
east Maui mountains, C. kunthiana occurs in the lowland wet and montane
wet ecosystems in Waikamoi Preserve, Hanawi Natural Area Reserve, East
Bog, Kaapahu, and Kipahulu Valley. In the west Maui mountains, C.
kunthiana occurs in the lowland wet and montane wet ecosystems at Eke
Crater, Kahoolewa ridge, and at the junction of the Honokowai, Hahakea,
and Honokohau gulches (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; NTBG 2009e, pp. 1-3;
Perlman 2010, in litt.; Oppenheimer 2010a, in litt.). The 15
occurrences total 165 individuals, although botanists speculate that
this species may total as many as 400 individuals with further surveys
of potential habitat on east and west Maui (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Fay
2010, in litt.; Oppenheimer 2010a, in litt.; Osternak 2010, in litt.).
Cyanea magnicalyx (HAHA), a perennial shrub in the bellflower
family (Campanulaceae), is known from west Maui (Lammers 1999, pp. 449,
451; Lammers 2004, p. 84). Currently, there are seven individuals in
three occurrences on west Maui: Two individuals in Kaluanui, a subgulch
of Honokohau Valley, in the lowland wet ecosystem; four individuals in
Iao Valley in the wet cliff ecosystem; and one individual in a small
drainage south of the Kauaula rim, in the montane mesic ecosystem
(Lammers 2004, p. 87; Perlman 2009b in litt.; Wood 2009, in litt.).
Cyanea maritae (HAHA), a shrub in the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), is found only on Maui (Lammers 2004, p. 92). Sterile
specimens were collected from the northwestern slopes of Haleakala in
the Waiohiwi watershed and east to Kipahulu in the early 1900s. Between
2000 and 2002, fewer than 20 individuals were found in the Waiohiwi
area (Lammers 2004, pp. 92, 93). Currently, there are 4 occurrences,
totaling between 23 to 50 individuals in Kipahulu, Kaapahu, west
Kahakapao, and in the Koolau FR in the lowland wet and montane wet
ecosystems on east Maui (TNC 2007; Oppenheimer 2010b, in litt.; Welton
2010b, in litt.).
Cyanea mauiensis (HAHA), a perennial shrub in the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), was last observed on Maui about 100 years ago (Lammers
2004, pp. 84-85; TNC 2007). Although there are no documented
occurrences of this species known today, botanists believe this species
may still be extant as all potentially suitable lowland mesic and dry
cliff habitat has not been been surveyed.
Cyanea munroi (HAHA), a short-lived shrub in the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), is known from Molokai and Lanai (Lammers 1999, pp.
449, 451; Lammers 2004, pp. 84-87). Currently, there are no known
individuals on Molokai (last observed in 2001), and only two
individuals on Lanai at a single location, in the wet cliff ecosystem
(TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer 2010d, in litt.; Perlman 2008a, in
litt.; Wood 2009a, in litt.).
Cyanea obtusa (HAHA), a shrub in the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), is found only on Maui (Lammers 1999, p. 458).
Historically, this species was found in both the east and west Maui
mountains (Hillebrand 1888, p. 254; HBMP 2008). Not reported since 1919
(Lammers 1999, p. 458), C. obtusa was rediscovered in the early 1980s
at one site each on east and west Maui. However, by 1989, plants in
both locations had disappeared (Hobdy et al. 1991, p. 3; Medeiros 1996,
in litt.). In 1997, 4 individuals were observed in Manawainui Gulch in
Kahikinui, and another occurrence of 5 to 10
[[Page 34479]]
individuals was found in Kahakapao Gulch, both in the montane mesic
ecosystem on east Maui (Wood and Perlman 1997, p. 11; Lau 2001, in
litt.). However, the individuals found at Kahakapao Gulch are now
considered to be Cyanea elliptica or hybrids between C. obtusa and C.
elliptica (PEPP 2007, p. 40). In 2001, several individuals were seen in
Hanaula and Pohakea gulches on west Maui; however, only hybrids are
currently known in this area (NTBG 2009f, p. 3). It is unknown if
individuals of C. obtusa remain at Kahikinui, as access to the area to
ascertain the status of these plants is difficult and has not been
attempted since 2001 (PEPP 2008, p. 55; PEPP 2009, p. 58). Two
individuals were observed on a cliff along Wailaulau Stream in the
montane mesic ecosystem on east Maui in 2009 (Duvall 2010, in litt.).
Currently, this species is known from one occurrence of only a few
individuals in the montane mesic ecosystem on east Maui. Historically,
this species also occurred in the lowland dry ecosystem at Manawainui
on west Maui and at Ulupalakua on east Maui (HBMP 2008).
Cyanea profuga (HAHA), a shrub in the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), occurs only on Molokai (Lammers 1999, pp. 461-462;
Wood and Perlman 2002, p. 4). Historically, this species was found in
Mapulehu Valley and along Pelekunu Trail, and has not been seen in
those locations since the early 1900s (Wood and Perlman 2002, p. 4). In
2002, six individuals were discovered along a stream in Wawaia Gulch
(Wood and Perlman 2002, p. 4). In 2007, seven individuals were known
from Wawaia Gulch, and an additional six individuals were found in
Kumueli (Wood 2005, p. 17; USFWS 2007a; PEPP 2010, p. 55). In 2009,
only four individuals remained at Wawaia Gulch; however, nine were
found in Kumueli Gulch (Bakutis 2010, in litt.; Oppenheimer 2010e, in
litt.; Perlman 2010, in litt.; PEPP 2010, p. 55). Currently, there are
4 occurrences totaling up to 34 individuals in the lowland mesic and
montane wet ecosystems on Molokai (TNC 2007; Bakutis 2010, in litt.;
Perlman 2010, in litt.).
Cyanea solanacea (popolo, haha nui), a shrub in the bellflower
family (Campanulaceae), is found only on Molokai. According to Lammers
(1999, p. 464) and Wagner (et al. 2005a--Flora of the Hawaiian Islands
database) the range of C. solanacea includes Molokai and may also
include west Maui. In his treatment of the species of the Hawaiian
endemic genus Cyanea, Lammers (1999, p. 464) included a few sterile
specimens of Cyanea from Puu Kukui, west Maui and the type specimen
(now destroyed) for C. scabra var. sinuata from west Maui in C.
solanacea. However, Oppenheimer recently reported (Oppenheimer 2010a,
in litt.) that the plants on west Maui were misidentified as C.
solanacea and are actually C. macrostegia. Based on Oppenheimer's
recent field observations, the range of C. solanacea is limited to
Molokai. Historically, Cyanea solanacea ranged from central Molokai at
Kalae, eastward to Pukoo in the lowland mesic, lowland wet, and montane
mesic ecosystems (HBMP 2008). Currently, there are four small
occurrences at Hanalilolilo, near Pepeopae Bog, Kaunakakai Gulch, and
Kawela Gulch, in the montane wet ecosystem. These occurrences total 26
individuals (Bakutis 2010, in litt.; Oppenheimer 2010a, in litt.; TNCH
2011, pp. 21, 57).
Cyrtandra ferripilosa (haiwale), a shrub in the African violet
family (Gesneriaceae), occurs only on Maui (St. John 1987, pp. 497-498;
Wagner and Herbst 2003, p. 29). This species was discovered in 1980 in
the east Maui mountains at Kuiki in Kipahulu Valley (St. John 1987, pp.
497-498; Wagner et al. 2005a--Flora of the Hawaiian Islands database).
Currently, there are a few individuals each in two occurrences at Kuiki
and on the Manawainui plane in the montane mesic and montane wet
ecosystems (Oppenheimer 2010f, in litt.; Welton 2010a, in litt.).
Cyrtandra filipes (haiwale), a shrub in the African violet family
(Gesneriaceae), is found on Maui (Wagner et al. 1999d, pp. 753-754;
Oppenheimer 2006b, in litt.). According to Wagner et al. (1999d, p.
754), the range of C. filipes includes Maui and Molokai. Historical
collections from Kapunakea (1800) and Olowalu (1971) on Maui indicate
it once had a wider range on this island. In 2004, it was believed
there were over 2,000 plants at Honokohau and Waihee in the west Maui
mountains; however, recent studies have shown that these plants do not
match the description for C. filipes (Oppenheimer 2006b, in litt.).
Currently, there are between 134 and 155 individuals in 4 occurrences
in the lowland wet and wet cliff ecosystems at Kapalaoa, Honokowai,
Honolua, and Waihee Valley on west Maui, and approximately 7
individuals at Mapulehu in the lowland mesic ecosystem on Molokai, with
an historical occurrence in the lowland wet ecosystem (Oppenheimer
2010c, in litt.).
Cyrtandra oxybapha (haiwale), a shrub in the African violet family
(Gesneriaceae), is found on Maui (Wagner et al. 1999d, p. 771). This
species was discovered in the upper Pohakea Gulch in Hanaula in the
west Maui mountains in 1986 (Wagner et al. 1989, p. 100; TNC 2007).
Currently, there are 2 known occurrences with a total of 137 to 250
individuals. Cyrtandra oxybapha occurs in the montane wet ecosystem on
west Maui, from Hanaula to Pohakea Gulch. This occurrence totals
between 87 and 97 known individuals, with perhaps as many as 150 or
more (Oppenheimer 2008c, in litt.). The current status of the 50 to 100
individuals in the montane mesic ecosystem in Manawainui Gulch on east
Maui is unknown, as these plants have not been surveyed since 1997
(Oppenheimer 2010a, in litt.).
Festuca molokaiensis (NCN), a member of the grass family (Poaceae),
is found on Molokai (Catalan et al. 2009, p. 54). This species is only
known from the type locality at Kupaia Gulch, in the lowland mesic
ecosystem (Catalan et al. 2009, p. 55). Last seen in 2009, the current
number of individuals is unknown; however, field surveys for F.
molokaiensis at Kupaia Gulch are planned for 2011 (Oppenheimer 2010g,
in litt.). Oppenheimer (2011, pers. comm.) suggests that the drought
over the past couple of years on Molokai may have suppressed the growth
of Festuca molokaiensis and prevented its observation by botanists in
the field. He also suggested that this species may be an annual whose
growth will be stimulated by normal rainfall patterns.
Geranium hanaense (nohoanu), a shrub in the geranium family
(Geraniaceae), is found on Maui (Wagner et al. 1999e, pp. 730-732).
This species was first collected in 1973, from two adjacent montane
bogs on the northeast rift of Haleakala, east Maui (Medeiros and St.
John 1988, pp. 214-220). At that time, there were an estimated 500 to
700 individuals (Medeiros and St. John 1988, pp. 214-220). Currently,
G. hanaense occurs in ``Big Bog'' and ``Mid Camp Bog'' in the montane
wet ecosystem on the northeast rift of Haleakala, with the same number
of estimated individuals (Welton 2008, in litt.; Welton 2010a, in
litt.; Welton 2010b, in litt.).
Geranium hillebrandii (nohoanu), a shrub in the geranium family
(Geraniaceae), is found on Maui (Aedo and Munoz Garmendia 1997; p. 725;
Wagner et al. 1999e, pp. 732-733; Wagner and Herbst 2003, p. 28).
Little is known of the historical locations of G. hillebrandii, other
than the type collection made in the 1800s at Eke Crater, in the west
Maui mountains (Hillebrand 1888, p. 56). Currently, 4 occurrences total
over 10,000 individuals, with the largest 2 occurrences in the west
Maui bogs, from Puu Kukui to East Bog and Kahoolewa ridge. A third
occurrence is at Eke
[[Page 34480]]
Crater and the surrounding area, and the fourth occurrence is at Lihau
(HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer 2010h, in litt.). These occurrences are found
in the montane wet and montane mesic ecosystems on west Maui (TNC
2007).
Mucuna sloanei var. persericea (sea bean), a vine in the pea family
(Fabaceae), is found on Maui (Wilmot-Dear 1990, pp. 27-29; Wagner et
al. 2005a--Flora of the Hawaiian Islands database). In her revision of
Mucuna in the Pacific Islands, Wilmot-Dear recognized this variety from
Maui based on leaf indumentum (covering of fine hairs or bristles)
(Wilmot-Dear 1990, p. 29). At the time of Wilmot-Dear's publication, M.
sloanei var. persericea ranged from Makawao to Wailua Iki, on the
windward slopes of the east Maui mountains (Wagner et al. 2005a--Flora
of the Hawaiian Islands database). Currently, there are possibly a few
hundred individuals in five occurrences: Ulalena Hill, north of
Kawaipapa Gulch, lower Nahiku, Koki Beach, and Piinau Road, all in the
lowland wet ecosystem on east Maui (Duvall 2010, in litt.; Hobdy 2010,
in litt.).
Myrsine vaccinioides (kolea), a shrub in the myrsine family
(Myrsinaceae), is found on Maui (Wagner et al. 1999f, p. 946; HBMP
2008). This species was historically known from shrubby bogs near
Violet Lake on west Maui (Wagner et al. 1999f, p. 946). In 2005, three
occurrences of a few hundred individuals were reported at Eke, Puu
Kukui and near Violet Lake (Oppenheimer 2006c, in litt.). Currently,
there are estimated to be several hundred, but fewer than 1,000,
individuals scattered in the summit area of the west Maui mountains at
Eke Crater, Puu Kukui, Honokowai-Honolua, and Kahoolewa, in the montane
wet ecosystem (Oppenheimer 2010i, in litt.).
Peperomia subpetiolata (alaala wai nui), a perennial herb in the
pepper family (Piperaceae), is found on Maui (Wagner et al. 1999g, p.
1035; HBMP 2008). Historically, P. subpetiolata was known only from the
lower Waikamoi (Kula pipeline) area on the windward side of Haleakala
on east Maui (Wagner et al. 1999g, p. 1,035; HBMP 2008). In 2001, it
was estimated that 40 individuals occurred just west of the Makawao-
Koolau FR boundary, in the montane wet ecosystem. Peperomia cookiana
and P. hirtipetiola also occur in this area, and are known to hybridize
with P. subpetiolata (NTBG 2009g, p. 2; Oppenheimer 2010j, in litt.).
In 2007, 20 to 30 hybrid plants were observed at Maile Trail, and at
three areas near the Waikamoi Flume road (NTBG 2009g, p. 2). Based on
the 2007 and 2010 surveys, all known plants are now considered to be
hybrids mostly between P. subpetiolata and P. cookiana, with a smaller
number of hybrids between P. subpetiolata and P. hirtipetiola (NTBG
2009g, p. 2; Lau 2011, in litt.). Peperomia subpetiolata is recognized
as a valid species and botanists continue to search for plants in its
previously known locations as well as in new locations with potentially
suitable habitat (NTBG 2009g, p. 2; PEPP 2010, p. 96; Lau 2011, pers.
comm.).
Phyllostegia bracteata (NCN), a perennial herb in the mint family
(Lamiaceae), is found on Maui (Wagner et al. 1999h, pp. 814-815).
Historically, this species was known from the east Maui mountains at
Ukulele, Puu Nianiau, Waikamoi Gulch, Koolau Gap, Kipahulu, Nahiku-
Kuhiwa trail, Waihoi Valley, and Manawainui; and from the west Maui
mountains at Puu Kukui and Hanakaoo (HBMP 2008). This species appears
to be short-lived, ephemeral, and disturbance-dependent, in the lowland
wet, montane mesic, montane wet, subalpine, and wet cliff ecosystems
(NTBG 2009h, p. 1). There have been several reported sightings of P.
bracteata between 1981 and 2001, at Waihoi Crater Bog, Waikamoi
Preserve, Waikamoi flume, and Kipahulu on east Maui, and at Pohakea
Gulch on west Maui; however, none of these individuals were extant as
of 2009 (PEPP 2009, pp. 89-90). In 2009, one individual was found at
Kipahulu, near Delta Camp, on east Maui, but was not relocated on a
follow-up survey during that same year (NTBG 2009h, p. 3). Botanists
continue to search for P. bracteata in previously reported locations,
as well as in other areas with potentially suitable habitat (NTBG
2009h, p. 3; PEPP 2009, pp. 89-90).
Phyllostegia haliakalae (NCN), a vine in the mint family
(Lamiaceae), is known from Molokai, Lanai, and east Maui (Wagner 1999,
p. 269). The type specimen was collected by Wawra in 1869 or 1870, in a
dry ravine at the foot of Haleakala. An individual was found in flower
on the eastern slope of Haleakala, in the wet cliff ecosystem, in 2009;
however, this plant has died (TNC 2007; Oppenheimer 2010b, in litt.).
Collections were made before the plant died, and propagules outplanted
in the Puu Mahoe Arboretum (three plants) and Olinda Rare Plant
Facility (four plants) (Oppenheimer 2011b, in litt.). Botanists
continue to search in areas with potentially suitable habitat for this
plant (Oppenheimer 2010b, in litt.). Phyllostegia haliakalae was last
reported from the lowland mesic ecosystem on Molokai in 1928, and from
the dry cliff and wet cliff ecosystems on Lanai in the early 1900s (TNC
2007; HBMP 2008). Currently no individuals are known in the wild on
Maui, Molokai, or Lanai.
Phyllostegia pilosa (NCN), a vine in the mint family (Lamiaceae),
is known from east Maui (Wagner 1999, p. 274). There are two
occurrences totaling seven individuals west of Puu o Kakae on east
Maui, in the montane wet ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). The
individuals identified as P. pilosa on Molokai, at Kamoku Flats
(montane wet ecosystem) and at Mooloa (lowland mesic ecosystem), have
not been observed since the early 1900s (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Pittosporum halophilum (hoawa), a shrub or small tree in the
pittosporum family (Pittosporaceae), is found on Molokai (Wood 2005,
pp. 2, 41). This species was reported from Huelo islet, Mokapu Island,
Okala Island, and Kukaiwaa peninsula. On Huelo islet, there were two
individuals in 1994, and in 2001, only one individual remained (Wood et
al. 2001, p. 12; Wood et al. 2002, pp. 18-19). The current status of
this species on Huelo islet is unknown. On Mokapu Island, there were 15
individuals in the coastal ecosystem in 2001, and in 2005, 10
individuals remained. On Okala Island, there were two individuals in
2005, and one individual on the sea cliff at Kukaiwaa peninsula
(Wainene) (Wood 2005, pp. 2, 41). As of 2010, there were three
occurrences totaling five individuals: Three individuals on Mokapu
Island, one individual on Okala Island, and one individual on Kukaiwaa
peninsula (Bakutis 2010, in litt.; Hobdy 2010, in litt.; Perlman 2010,
in litt.). At least 17 individuals have been outplanted at 3 sites on
the coastline of the nearby Kalaupapa peninsula (Garnett 2010a, in
litt.).
Pleomele fernaldii (hala pepe), a tree in the asparagus family
(Asparagaceae), is found only on the island of Lanai (Wagner et al.
1999i, p. 1,352; Wagner and Herbst 2003, p. 67). Historically known
throughout Lanai, this species is currently found in the lowland dry,
lowland mesic, lowland wet, dry cliff, and wet cliff ecosystems, from
Hulopaa and Kanoa gulches southeast to Waiakeakua and Puhielelu (St.
John 1947, pp. 39-42 cited in St. John 1985, pp. 171, 177-179; HBMP
2006; HBMP 2008; PEPP 2008, p. 75; Oppenheimer 2010d, in litt.).
Currently, there are several hundred to perhaps as many as 1,000
individuals. The number of individuals has decreased by about one-half
in the past 10 years (there were more than 2,000 individuals in 1999),
with very little recruitment observed recently (Oppenheimer 2008d, in
litt.).
[[Page 34481]]
Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense (iliahi, Lanai sandalwood) is a
tree in the sandalwood family (Santalaceae). Currently, S. haleakalae
var. lanaiense is known from Molokai, Lanai, and Maui, in 26
occurrences totaling fewer than 2,000 individuals (Wagner et al. 1999c,
pp. 1,221-1,222; HBMP 2008; Harbaugh et al. 2010, pp. 834-835). On
Molokai, there are more than 12 individuals in 4 occurrences from
Kikiakala to Kamoku Flats and Puu Kokekole, with the largest
concentration at Kumueli Gulch, in the montane mesic and lowland mesic
ecosystems (Harbaugh et al. 2010, pp. 834-835). On Lanai, there are
approximately 10 occurrences totaling 30 to 40 individuals: Kanepuu, in
the lowland mesic ecosystem (5 individuals); the headwaters of Waiopae
Gulch in the lowland wet ecosystem (3 individuals); the windward side
of Hauola on the upper side of Waiopae Gulch in the lowland mesic
ecosystem (1 individual); the drainage to the north of Puhielelu Ridge
and exclosure, in the headwaters of Lopa Gulch in the lowland mesic
ecosystem (3 individuals); 6 occurrences near Lanaihale in the montane
wet ecosystem (21 individuals); and the mountains east of Lanai City in
the lowland wet ecosystem (a few individuals) (HBMP 2008; Harbaugh et
al. 2010, pp. 834-835; HBMP 2010; Wood 2010a, in litt.). On west Maui,
there are eight single individual occurrences: Hanaulaiki Gulch in the
lowland dry ecosystem; Kauaula and Puehuehunui Gulches in the lowland
mesic, montane mesic, and wet cliff ecosystems; Kahanahaiki Gulch and
Honokowai Gulch in the lowland wet ecosystem; Wakihuli in the wet cliff
ecosystem; and Manawainui Gulch in the montane mesic and lowland dry
ecosystems (HBMP 2008; Harbaugh et al. 2010, pp. 834-835; Wood 2010a,
in litt.). On east Maui, there are 4 occurrences (10 individuals) in
Auwahi, in the montane mesic, montane dry, and lowland dry ecosystems
(TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Harbaugh et al. 2010, pp. 834-835).
Schiedea jacobii (NCN), a perennial herb or subshrub in the pink
family (Caryophyllaceae), occurs only on Maui (Wagner et al. 1999j, p.
284). Discovered in 1992, the single occurrence consisted of nine
individuals along wet cliffs between Hanawi Stream and Kuhiwa drainage
(in Hanawi Natural Area Reserve), in the montane wet ecosystem on east
Maui (Wagner et al. 1999j, p. 286). By 1995, only four plants could be
relocated in this location. It appeared that the other five known
individuals had been destroyed by a landslide (Wagner et al. 1999j, p.
286). In 2004, one seedling was observed in the same location, and in
2010, no individuals were relocated (Perlman 2010, in litt.). The State
of Hawaii plans to outplant propagated individuals in a fenced area in
Hanawi Natural Area Reserve in 2011 (Oppenheimer 2010a, in litt.;
Perlman 2010, in litt.).
Schiedea laui (NCN), a perennial herb or subshrub in the pink
family (Caryophyllaceae), is found only on Molokai (Wagner et al.
2005b, pp. 90-92). In 1998, when this species was first observed, there
were 19 individuals located in a cave along a narrow stream corridor at
the base of a waterfall in the Kamakou Preserve, in the montane wet
ecosystem (Wagner et al. 2005b, pp. 90-92). By 2000, only nine
individuals with a few immature plants and seedlings were relocated,
and in 2006, 13 plants were seen (Wagner et al. 2005b, pp. 90-92; PEPP
2007, p. 57). Currently, there are 24 to 34 individuals in the same
location in Kamakou Preserve (Bakutis 2010, in litt.).
Schiedea salicaria (NCN), a shrub in the pink family
(Caryophyllaceae), occurs on Maui (Wagner et al. 1999j, pp. 519-520).
It is historically known from a small area on west Maui, from Lahaina
to Waikapu. Currently, this species is found in three occurrences:
Kaunoahua gulch (500 to 1,000 individuals), Puu Hona (about 50
individuals), and Waikapu Stream (3 to 5 individuals), in the lowland
dry ecosystem on west Maui (TNC 2007; Oppenheimer 2010k, in litt.;
Oppenheimer 2010l, in litt.). Hybrids and hybrid swarms (hybrids that
can interbreed with other hybrids and parent species) between S.
salicaria and S. menziesii are known on the western side of west Maui
(Wagner et al. 2005b, p. 138).
Stenogyne kauaulaensis (NCN), a vine in the mint family
(Lamiaceae), occurs on Maui. This recently described (2008) plant is
found only along the southeastern rim of Kauaula Valley, in the montane
mesic ecosystem on west Maui (TNC 2007; Wood and Oppenheimer 2008, pp.
544-545). At the time S. kauaualuaensis was described, the authors
reported a total of 15 individuals at one occurrence. However, one of
the authors reports that due to the clonal (genetic duplicate) growth
habit of this species, botanists believe it is currently represented by
only three genetically distinct individuals (Oppenheimer 2010k, in
litt.).
Wikstroemia villosa (akia), a shrub or tree in the akia family
(Thymelaeaceae), is found on Maui (Peterson 1999, pp. 1,290-1,291).
Historically known from the lowland wet, montane wet, and montane mesic
ecosystems on east and west Maui, this species is currently known from
a recent discovery (2007) of one individual on the windward side of
Haleakala (on east Maui), in the montane wet ecosystem (Peterson 1999,
p. 1,291; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). As of 2010, there was one individual
and one seedling at the same location (Oppenheimer 2010m, in litt.). In
addition, three individuals have been outplanted in Waikamoi Preserve
(Oppenheimer 2010m, in litt.).
Animals
Newcomb's tree snail (Newcombia cumingi), a member of the family
Achatinellidae and the endemic Hawaiian subfamily Achatinellinae
(Newcomb 1853, p. 25), is known only from the island of Maui (Cowie et
al. 1995, p. 62). All members of this species have sinistral (left-
coiling), oblong, spindle-shaped shells of five to seven whorls that
are coarsely sculptured (Cooke and Kondo 1960, pp. 9, 33). Newcomb's
tree snail reaches an adult length of approximately 0.8 in (21 mm) and
its shell is mottled in shades of brown that blend with the bark of its
native host plant, Metrosideros polymorpha (ohia) (Pilsbry and Cooke
1912-1914, p. 10; Thacker and Hadfield 1998, p. 4). The exact life span
and fecundity of Newcomb's tree snails is unknown, but they attain
adult size within 4 to 5 years (Thacker and Hadfield 1998, p. 2).
Newcomb's tree snail is believed to exhibit the low reproductive rate
of other Hawaiian tree snails belonging to the same family (Thacker and
Hadfield 1998, p. 2). It feeds on fungi and algae that grow on the
leaves and trunks of its host plant (Pilsbry and Cooke 1912-1914, p.
103). Historically, this species was distributed from the west Maui
mountains (near Lahaina and Wailuku) to the slopes of Haleakala
(Makawao) on east Maui (Pilsbry and Cooke 1912-1914, p. 10). In 1994, a
small population of Newcomb's tree snail was found on a single ridge on
the northeastern slope of the west Maui mountains, in the lowland wet
ecosystem (Thacker and Hadfield 1998, p. 3; TNC 2007). Eighty-six
snails were documented in the same location in 1998; however, in 2006,
only nine individuals were located (Thacker and Hadfield 1998, p. 2;
Hadfield 2007, p. 8).
Partulina semicarinata (Lanai tree snail, pupu kani oe), a member
of the family Achatinellidae and the endemic Hawaiian subfamily
Achatinellinae, is known only from the island of Lanai (Pilsbry and
Cooke 1912-1914, p. 86). The shell may coil to the right (dextral) or
left (sinistral), but appears to be
[[Page 34482]]
constant within a population. The oblong to ovate shells of the adult
are 0.6 to 0.8 in (16 to 20 mm) long, have 5 to 7 whorls, and range in
color from rusty brown to white, with some individuals having bands
around the shells. The shell has a distinctive keel that runs along the
last whorl, and is more distinctive in juveniles (Pilsbry and Cooke
1912-1914, pp. 86-88). Adults may attain an age exceeding 15 to 20
years, and reproductive output is low, with an adult snail giving birth
to 4 to 6 live young per year (Hadfield and Miller 1989, pp. 10-12).
Partulina semicarinata is arboreal and nocturnal, and grazes on fungi
and algae growing on leaf surfaces (Pilsbry and Cooke 1912-1914, p.
103). This snail species is found on the following native host plants:
Metrosideros polymorpha, Broussaisia arguta (kanawao), Psychotria spp.
(kopiko), Coprosma spp. (pilo), Melicope spp. (alani), and dead
Cibotium glaucum (tree fern, hapuu). Occasionally the snail is found on
nonnative plants such as Psidium guajava (guava), Cordyline australis
(New Zealand tea tree), and Phormium tenax (New Zealand flax) (Hadfield
1994, p. 2). Historically, P. semicarinata was found in wet and mesic
Metrosideros polymorpha forests on Lanai. There are no historical
population estimates for this snail, but qualitative accounts of
Hawaiian tree snails indicates they were widespread and abundant,
possibly numbering in the tens of thousands between the 1800s and early
1900s (Hadfield 1986, p. 69). In 1993, 105 individuals of P.
semicarinata were found during surveys conducted in its historical
range. Subsequent surveys in 1994, 2000, 2001, and 2005 documented 55,
12, 4, and 29 individuals, respectively, in the lowland wet, montane
wet, and wet cliff ecosystems in central Lanai (Hadfield 2005, pp. 3-5;
TNC 2007).
Partulina variabilis (Lanai tree snail, pupu kani oe), a member of
the family Achatinellidae and the endemic Hawaiian subfamily
Achatinellinae, is known only from the island of Lanai (Pilsbry and
Cooke 1912-1914, p. 86). The shell may coil to the right (dextral) or
left (sinistral), and both types can be found within a single
population. The oblong to ovate shells of the adult are 0.5 to 0.6 in
(14 to 16 mm) long, have 5 to 7 whorls, and have a white base color
with no bands or a variable number of spiral bands around the shells
(Pilsbry and Cooke 1912-1914, pp. 67, 83-86). Adults may attain an age
exceeding 15 to 20 years, and reproductive output is low, with an adult
snail giving birth to 4 to 6 live young per year (Hadfield and Miller
1989, pp. 10-12). Partulina variabilis is arboreal and nocturnal, and
grazes on fungi and algae growing on leaf surfaces (Pilsbry and Cooke
1912-1914, p. 103). This snail is found on the following native host
plants: Metrosideros polymorpha, Broussaisia arguta, Psychotria spp.,
Coprosma spp., Melicope spp., and dead Cibotium glaucum. Occasionally
Partulina variabilis is found on nonnative plants such as Psidium
guajava and Cordyline australis (Hadfield 1994, p. 2). Historically,
Partulina variabilis was found in wet and mesic Metrosideros polymorpha
forests on Lanai. There are no historical population estimates for this
snail, but qualitative accounts of Hawaiian tree snails indicate they
were widespread and abundant, possibly numbering in the tens of
thousands between the 1800s and early 1900s (Hadfield 1986, p. 69). In
1993, 111 individuals of Partulina variabilis were found during surveys
conducted in its historical range. Subsequent surveys in 1994, 2000,
2001, and 2005 documented 175, 14, 6, and 90 individuals, respectively,
in the lowland wet, montane wet, and wet cliff ecosystems in central
Lanai (Hadfield 2005, pp. 3-5; TNC 2007).
Summary of Factors Affecting the 40 Species Proposed or Reevaluated for
Listing
Section 4 of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1533) and its implementing
regulations (50 CFR part 424) set forth the procedures for adding
species to the Federal Lists of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and
Plants. A species may be determined to be an endangered or threatened
species due to one or more of the five factors described in section
4(a)(1) of the Act: (A) The present or threatened destruction,
modification, or curtailment of its habitat or range; (B)
overutilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or
educational purposes; (C) disease or predation; (D) the inadequacy of
existing regulatory mechanisms; and (E) other natural or manmade
factors affecting its continued existence. Listing actions may be
warranted based on any of the above threat factors, singly or in
combination. Each of these factors is discussed below.
In considering what factors might constitute threats to a species;
we must look beyond the exposure of the species to a particular factor
to evaluate whether the species may respond to that factor in a way
that causes actual impacts to the species. If there is exposure to a
factor and the species responds negatively, the factor may be a threat
and, during the status review, we attempt to determine how significant
a threat it is. The threat is significant if it drives, or contributes
to, the risk of extinction of the species such that the species
warrants listing as endangered or threatened as those terms are defined
in the Act. However, the identification of factors that could impact a
species negatively may not be sufficient to warrant listing the species
under the Act. The information must include evidence sufficient to show
that these factors are operative threats that act on the species to the
point that the species meets the definition of endangered or threatened
under the Act.
If we determine that the level of threat posed to a species by one
or more of the five listing factors is such that the species meets the
definition of either endangered or threatened under section 3 of the
Act, that species may then be proposed for listing. The Act defines an
endangered species as ``in danger of extinction throughout all or a
significant portion of its range,'' and a threatened species as
``likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future
throughout all or a significant portion of its range.'' The threats to
each of the individual 40 species proposed for listing here are
summarized in Table 3, and discussed in detail below.
Assumptions
We acknowledge that the specific nature of the threats to the
individual species being proposed for listing are not completely
understood. Scientific research directed toward each of the species
proposed for listing is limited because of their rarity and the
challenging logistics associated with conducting field work in Hawaii
(e.g., areas are typically remote, difficult to access and work in, and
expensive to survey in a comprehensive manner). However, there is
information available on many of the threats that act on Hawaiian
ecosystems, and, for some ecosystems, these threats are well studied
and understood. Each of the native species that occurs in Hawaiian
ecosystems suffers from exposure to those threats to differing degrees.
For the purposes of our listing determination, our assumption is that
the threats that act at the ecosystem level also act on each of the
species that occurs in those ecosystems (although in some cases we have
additionally identified species-specific threats, such as predation by
nonnative invertebrates). Similarly, for the purposes of our critical
habitat determinations, the physical or biological features that
support an adequately functioning ecosystem are
[[Page 34483]]
the physical or biological features required by the species that occur
in those ecosystems (see ``Critical Habitat'' section, below).
The following constitutes a list of ecosystem-level threats that
affect the species proposed or reevaluated for listing in all 11
ecosystems on the islands of Maui Nui:
(1) Foraging and trampling of native plants by ungulates, including
feral pigs (Sus scrofa), goats, cattle (Bos taurus), axis deer (Axis
axis), or mouflon sheep (Ovis gmelini musimon), which can result in
severe erosion of watersheds because these mammals inhabit terrain that
is often steep and remote (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 63). Foraging and
trampling events destabilize soils that support native plant
communities, bury or damage native plants, and have adverse water
quality effects due to runoff over exposed soils.
(2) Disturbance of soils by feral pigs from rooting, which can
create fertile seedbeds for alien plants (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p.
65).
(3) Increased nutrient availability as a result of pigs rooting in
nitrogen-poor soils, which facilitates establishment of alien weeds.
Alien weeds are more adapted to nutrient rich soils than native plants
(Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 63), and rooting activity creates open
areas in forests allowing alien species to completely replace native
stands.
(4) Ungulate destruction of seeds and seedlings of native plant
species (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 63), which facilitates the
conversion of disturbed areas from native to nonnative vegetative
communities.
(5) Rodent damage to plant propagules, seedlings, or native trees,
which changes forest composition and structure (Cuddihy and Stone 1990,
p. 67).
(6) Feeding or defoliation of native plants from alien insects,
which can reduce geographic ranges of some species because of damage
(Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 71).
(7) Alien insect predation on native insects, which affects
pollination of native plant species (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 71).
(8) Significant changes in nutrient cycling processes because of
large numbers of alien invertebrates such as earthworms, ants, slugs,
isopods, millipedes, and snails, resulting in changes to the
composition and structure of plant communities (Cuddihy and Stone 1990,
p. 73).
Each of the above threats is discussed in more detail below, and
summarized in Table 3. The most-often cited effects of nonnative plants
on native plant species are competition and displacement; competition
may be for water, light, or nutrients, or it may involve allelopathy
(chemical inhibition of other plants). Alien plants may displace native
species of plants by preventing their reproduction, usually by shading
and taking up available sites for seedling establishment. Alien plant
invasions may also alter entire ecosystems by forming monotypic stands,
changing fire characteristics of native communities, altering soil-
water regimes, changing nutrient cycling, or encouraging other
nonnative organisms (Smith 1989, pp. 61-69; Vitousek et al. 1987).
[[Page 34484]]
TABLE 3--Summary of Primary Threats Identified for Each of the 40 Maui Nui Species
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Factor A Factor B Factor C Factor D Factor E
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predation/ Predation/ Inadequate Other
Species Ecosystem Agriculture Non native Stochastic Climate Over- Predation/ Herbivory by Herbivory by existing species-
and urban Ungulates plants Fire events change utilization Disease Herbivory by other NN NN regulatory specific
development ungulates vertebrates invertebrates mechanisms threats
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plants
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bidens campylotheca ssp. LD, LM, MM, MW, DC, .............. P, G, D X X H X ........... .......... P, G, D R ............... X HY
pentamera. WC
Bidens campylotheca ssp. LW, MW, WC .............. P, G, D X .......... F, H X ........... .......... P, G, D R S X HY
waihoiensis.
Bidens conjuncta........... LW, MW, WC .............. P, G X .......... H X ........... .......... P, G R S X ..........
Calamagrostis hillebrandii. MW .............. P X .......... H X ........... .......... P ............. ............... X ..........
Canavalia pubescens........ CO, LD X P, G, D, C X X H X ........... .......... P, G, D, C ............. ............... X ..........
Cyanea asplenifolia........ LM, LW .............. P, G, D, C X .......... L, H X ........... .......... P, G, D, C R S X ..........
Cyanea duvalliorum......... LW, MW .............. P X .......... F, H X ........... .......... P R S X ..........
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. LW, WC .............. P, G, D X X L, H X ........... .......... P, G, D R S X LN
grimesiana.
Cyanea horrida............. MM, MW, WC .............. P X .......... DR, F, L, TF, H X ........... .......... P R S X LN
Cyanea kunthiana........... LW, MM, MW .............. P X .......... H X ........... .......... P R S X ..........
Cyanea magnicalyx.......... LW, MM, WC .............. P X X L, TF, H X ........... .......... P R S X LN
Cyanea maritae............. LW, MW .............. P X .......... L, TF, H X ........... .......... P R S X LN, T
Cyanea mauiensis........... LM, DC .............. P X X L, TF, H X ........... .......... P R S X LN
Cyanea munroi.............. WC .............. G, D X .......... TF, H X ........... .......... G, D R S X LN
Cyanea obtusa.............. LD, MM .............. P, G, D, C X X H X ........... .......... P, G, D, C R S X HY, LN
Cyanea profuga............. LM, MW .............. P, G X .......... F, L, RF, TF, H X ........... .......... P, G R S X LN
Cyanea solanacea........... LM, LW, MM, MW .............. P, G X .......... L, H X ........... .......... P, G R S X LN
Cyrtandra ferripilosa...... MM, MW .............. P, G .......... .......... H X ........... .......... P, G ............. ............... X LN
Cyrtandra filipes.......... LM, LW, WC .............. P, G, D X .......... L, H X ........... .......... P, G, D ............. S X ..........
Cyrtandra oxybapha......... MM, MW .............. P, G, C X .......... H X ........... .......... P, G, C ............. ............... X ..........
Festuca molokaiensis....... LM .............. G X X DR, H X ........... .......... G ............. ............... X LN
Geranium hanaense.......... MW .............. P X .......... H X ........... .......... P ............. ............... X ..........
Geranium hillebrandii...... MM, MW .............. P X .......... H X ........... .......... P ............. S X ..........
Mucuna sloanei var. LW .............. P, C X .......... H X ........... .......... P, C R ............... X ..........
persericea.
Myrsine vaccinioides....... MW .............. P X .......... H X ........... .......... P R S X ..........
Peperomia subpetiolata..... MW .............. P X .......... H X ........... .......... P R S X HY, LN
Phyllostegia bracteata..... LW, MM, MW, SB, WC .............. P, C X X H X ........... .......... P, C ............. S X LN
Phyllostegia haliakalae.... LM, DC, WC .............. C X X H X ........... .......... C ............. S X LN
Phyllostegia pilosa........ LM, MW .............. P, G X .......... H X ........... .......... P, G ............. S X LN
Pittosporum halophilum..... CO .............. P X X H X ........... .......... P R ............... X LN
Pleomele fernaldii......... LD, LM, LW, DC, WC .............. D, M X X H X ........... .......... D, M R ............... X NR
Santalum haleakalae var. LD, LM, LW, MD, MM, .............. P, G, D, M X X H X ........... .......... P, G, D, M R S X ..........
lanaiensis. MW, WC
Schiedea jacobii........... MW .............. G, D, C .......... .......... DR, L, TF, H X ........... .......... G, D, C ............. S X LN
Schiedea laui.............. MW .............. ........... X .......... F, L, H X ........... .......... ............. R S X LN
Schiedea salicaria......... LD .............. G, D, C X X H X ........... .......... D, C, G ............. ............... X HY
Stenogyne kauaulaensis..... MM .............. ........... X X DR, L, RF, H X ........... .......... ............. ............. S X LN
Wikstroemia villosa........ LW, MM, MW .............. P X .......... L, H X ........... .......... P R S X LN, T
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Snails
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Newcombia cumingi LW .............. ........... X .......... DR, H X Pt Pt ............. R, JC Flatworm X LN
(Newcomb's tree snail). Pt
Snails
Partulina semicarinata LW, MW, WC .............. D, M .......... .......... DR, H X Pt Pt ............. R, JC Flatworm X LN
(Lanai tree snail). Pt
Snails
Partulina variabilis (Lanai LW, MW, WC .............. D, M .......... .......... DR, H X Pt Pt ............. R, JC Flatworm X LN
tree snail). Pt
Snails
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Factor A = Habitat Modification; Factor B = Overutilization; Factor C = Disease or Predation; Factor D = Inadequacy of Regulatory Mechanisms; Factor E = Other Species-Specific Threats.
CO = Coastal; LD = Lowland Dry; LM = Lowland Mesic; LW = Lowland Wet; MD = Montane Dry; MM = Montane Mesic; MW = Montane Wet; SB = Subalpine; DC = Dry Cliff; WC = Wet Cliff.
P = Pigs; G = Goats; D = Axis Deer; M = Mouflon; C = Cattle; R = Rats; S = Slugs; JC = Jackson's chameleon.
F = Flooding; DR = Drought; H = Hurricane; L = Landslide; T = Trampling; RF = Rockfalls; TF = Treefalls.
LN = Limited Numbers; HY = Hybridization; NN = Nonnative; NR = No Regeneration; Pt = Potential.
[[Page 34485]]
A. The Present or Threatened Destruction, Modification, or Curtailment
of Its Habitat or Range
The Hawaiian Islands are located over 2,000 mi (3,200 km) from the
nearest continent. This isolation has allowed the few plants and
animals that arrived in the Hawaiian Islands to evolve into many highly
varied and endemic species (species that occur nowhere else in the
world). The only native terrestrial mammals in the Hawaiian Islands are
two bat taxa, the extant Hawaiian hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus semotus)
and an extinct, unnamed insectivorous bat (Ziegler 2002, p. 245). The
native plants of the Hawaiian Islands, therefore, evolved in the
absence of mammalian predators, browsers, or grazers. As a result, many
of the native species have lost unneeded defenses against threats such
as mammalian predation and competition with aggressive, weedy plant
species that are typical of continental environments (Loope 1992, p.
11; Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, p. 45; Wagner et al. 1999l, pp. 3-6). For
example, Carlquist (in Carlquist and Cole 1974, p. 29) notes ``Hawaiian
plants are notably free from many characteristics thought to be
deterrents to herbivores (toxins, oils, resins, stinging hairs, coarse
texture).'' Native Hawaiian plants are therefore highly vulnerable to
the impacts of introduced mammals and alien plants. In addition,
species restricted and adapted to highly specialized locations (e.g.,
Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum) are particularly
vulnerable to changes (from nonnative species, hurricanes, fire, and
climate change) in their habitat (Carlquist and Cole 1974, pp. 28-29;
Loope 1992, pp. 3-6; Stone 1989, pp. 88-95).
Habitat Destruction and Modification by Agriculture and Urban
Development
The consequences of past land use practices such as agricultural or
urban development have resulted in little or no native vegetation below
2,000 ft (600 m) throughout the Hawaiian Islands (TNC 2007), largely
impacting the coastal, lowland dry, lowland mesic, and lowland wet
ecosystems. Although agriculture has been declining in importance,
large tracts of former agricultural lands are being converted into
residential areas or left fallow (TNC 2007). In addition, Hawaii's
population increased almost 7 percent in the past 10 years, further
increasing demands on limited land and water resources in the islands
(Hawaii Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism 2010).
Development and urbanization of coastal and lowland dry ecosystems
on Maui are a serious threat to one species proposed for listing in
this rule, Canavalia pubescens, which is dependent on these ecosystems
and is currently found only in east Maui. Two individuals at Palauea-
Keahou were destroyed by development prior to 2001 (Oppenheimer 2000,
in litt.). Future development plans for this area include a golf course
and associated infrastructure (Altenberg 2007, p. 2-5). Currently,
fewer than 20 known individuals of C. pubescens persist in this area
(Altenberg 2010, in litt.).
Habitat Destruction and Modification by Introduced Ungulates
Introduced mammals have greatly impacted the native vegetation, as
well as the native fauna, of the Hawaiian Islands. Impacts to the
native species and ecosystems of Hawaii accelerated following the
arrival of Captain James Cook in 1778. The Cook expedition and
subsequent explorers intentionally introduced a European race of pigs
or boars and other livestock, such as goats, to serve as food sources
for seagoing explorers (Tomich 1986, pp. 120-121; Loope 1998, p. 752).
The mild climate of the islands, combined with the lack of competitors
or predators, led to the successful establishment of large populations
of these introduced mammals, to the detriment of native Hawaiian
species and ecosystems. The presence of introduced alien mammals is
considered one of the primary factors underlying the alteration and
degradation of native plant communities and habitats on Molokai, Lanai,
and Maui. Ten ecosystems (coastal, lowland dry, lowland mesic, lowland
wet, montane dry, montane mesic, montane wet, subalpine, dry cliff, and
wet cliff) on Molokai, Lanai, and Maui and their associated species are
currently threatened by the destruction or degradation of habitat due
to nonnative ungulates (hoofed mammals), including pigs, goats, axis
deer, mouflon, and cattle. Thirty-five of the 37 plant species and both
species of Partulina tree snails (Partulina semicarinata and P.
variabilis) proposed or reevaluated for listing in this rule are
threatened by habitat degradation or destruction by ungulates (Table
3).
Pigs have been described as the most pervasive and disruptive
nonnative influence on the unique native forests of the Hawaiian
Islands, and are widely recognized as one of the greatest current
threats to forest ecosystems in Hawaii (Aplet et al. 1991, p. 56;
Anderson and Stone 1993, p. 195). European pigs, introduced to Hawaii
by Captain James Cook in 1778, hybridized with domesticated Polynesian
pigs, became feral, and invaded forested areas, especially wet and
mesic forests and dry areas at high elevations. The Hawaii Territorial
Board of Agriculture and Forestry started a feral pig eradication
project in the early 1900s that continued through 1958, removing
170,000 pigs from forests Statewide (Diong 1982, p. 63). Feral pigs are
currently present on Niihau, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii.
These feral animals are extremely destructive and have both direct
and indirect impacts on native plant communities. While rooting in the
earth in search of invertebrates and plant material, pigs directly
impact native plants by disturbing and destroying vegetative cover, and
trampling plants and seedlings. It has been estimated that at a
conservative rooting rate of 2 square (sq)-yards (yd) per minute, with
only 4 hours of foraging a day, a single pig could disturb over 1,600
sq-yd of groundcover per week (Anderson et al. 2007, p. 2).
Pigs may also reduce or eliminate plant regeneration by damaging or
eating seeds and seedlings (further discussion of predation by
nonnative ungulates is provided under Factor C, below). Pigs are a
major vector for the establishment and spread of competing invasive
nonnative plant species by dispersing plant seeds on their hooves and
fur, and in their feces (Diong 1982, pp. 169-170), which also serves to
fertilize disturbed soil (Matson 1990, p. 245; Siemann et al. 2009, p.
547). Pigs feed on the fruits of many nonnative plants, such as
Passiflora tarminiana (banana poka) and Psidium cattleianum (strawberry
guava), spreading the seeds of these invasive species through their
feces as they travel in search of food. Pigs also feed on native
plants, such as Hawaiian tree ferns that they root up to eat the core
of the trunk. These cored trunks then fill with rainwater and serve as
breeding sites for introduced mosquitos that spread nonnative avian
malaria, with devastating consequences for Hawaii's native forest birds
(Baker 1975, p. 79). In addition, rooting pigs contribute to erosion by
clearing vegetation and creating large areas of disturbed soil,
especially on slopes (Smith 1985, pp. 190, 192, 196, 200, 204, 230-231;
Stone 1985, pp. 254-255, 262-264; Medeiros et al. 1986, pp. 27-28;
Scott et al. 1986, pp. 360-361; Tomich 1986, pp. 120-126; Cuddihy and
Stone 1990, pp. 64-65; Aplet et al. 1991, p. 56; Loope et al. 1991, pp.
1-21; Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, p. 52). Ten of the Maui Nui ecosystems
(coastal, lowland dry, lowland mesic, lowland
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wet, montane dry, montane mesic, montane wet, subalpine, dry cliff, and
wet cliff) and their associated species are currently threatened by the
destruction or degradation of habitat due to pigs.
Goats native to the Middle East and India were also successfully
introduced to the Hawaiian Islands in the late 1700s. Actions to
control feral goat populations began in the 1920s (Tomich 1986, pp.
152-153); however, they still occupy a wide variety of habitats on
Molokai and Maui and to a lesser degree on Lanai, where they consume
native vegetation, trample roots and seedlings, accelerate erosion, and
promote the invasion of alien plants (van Riper and van Riper 1982, pp.
34-35; Stone 1985, p. 261; Kessler 2010, pers. comm.). Goats are able
to access, and forage in, extremely rugged terrain, and they have a
high reproductive capacity (Clarke and Cuddihy 1980, pp. C-19, C-20;
Culliney 1988, p. 336; Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 64). Because of these
factors, goats are believed to have completely eliminated some plant
species from islands (Atkinson and Atkinson 2000, p. 21). Goats can be
highly destructive to native vegetation, and contribute to erosion by
eating young trees and young shoots of plants before they can become
established, creating trails that damage native vegetative cover,
promoting erosion by destabilizing substrate and creating gullies that
convey water, and dislodging stones from ledges that can cause
rockfalls and landslides and damage vegetation below (Cuddihy and Stone
1990, pp. 63-64). Nine of the described ecosystems on Molokai, Lanai,
and Maui (coastal, lowland dry, lowland mesic, lowland wet, montane
dry, montane mesic, montane wet, dry cliff, and wet cliff) and their
associated species are currently threatened by the destruction or
degradation of habitat due to goats.
Axis deer were first introduced to Molokai in 1868, Lanai in 1920,
and Maui in 1959 (Hobdy 1993, p. 207; Erdman 1996, pers. comm. cited in
Waring 1996, in litt., p. 2; Hess 2008, p. 2). On Molokai, axis deer
have likely spread throughout the island at all elevations (from the
coast to the summit area at 4,961 ft (1,512 m)) (Kessler 2011, pers.
comm.). The most current population estimate of axis deer on Molokai is
between 4,000 and 5,000 individuals (Anderson 2003, p. 130). It is
likely this is an underestimate of the total number of individuals as
it was published almost a decade ago, and little management for deer
control has been implemented. On Lanai, as of 2007, axis deer were
reported to number approximately 6,000 to 8,000 individuals (The Aloha
Insider 2008, in litt.; WCities 2010, in litt.). On Maui, five adults
were released east of Kihei in 1959 (Hobdy 1993, p. 207; Hess 2008, p.
2). By 1968, the population was estimated to be 85 to 90 animals, and
by 1995, there were over 500 individuals on Ulupalakua Ranch alone
(Erdman 1996, pers. comm. cited in Waring 1996, in litt., p. 2). As of
2001, there was concern that their numbers on Maui could expand to
between 15,000 to 20,000 or more individuals within a few years
(Anderson 2001, in litt.; Nishibayashi 2001, in litt.). According to
Medeiros (2010a, pers. comm.) axis deer can be found in all but the
uppermost ecosystems (subalpine and alpine) and montane bogs on Maui.
Medeiros (2010a, pers. comm.) also observed that axis deer are
increasing at such high rates on Maui that native forests are changing
in unprecedented ways. According to Medeiros (2010a, pers. comm.),
native plants will only survive in habitat that is fenced or otherwise
protected from the grazing and trampling effects of axis deer. Kessler
(2010, pers. comm.) and Hess (2010, pers. comm.) report axis deer up to
9,000 ft (2,743 m) in elevation on Maui, and Kessler suggests that no
ecosystem is safe from the negative impacts of these animals. Montane
bogs are also susceptible to impacts from axis deer. As the native
vegetation dies off from the combined effects of grazing and trampling
by axis deer, the soil dries out, and invasive nonnative plants gain a
foothold. Eventually, the bog habitat and its associated native plants
and animals are replaced by a grassland, shrubland, or forest habitat
dominated by nonnative plants.
Axis deer are primarily grazers, but also browse numerous palatable
plant species including those grown as commercial crops (Waring 1996,
p. 3; Simpson 2001, in litt.). They prefer the lower, more openly
vegetated areas for browsing and grazing; however, during episodes of
drought (e.g., from 1998-2001 on Maui (Medeiros 2010a, pers. comm.)),
axis deer move into urban and forested areas in search of food (Waring
1996, in litt., p. 5; Nishibayashi 2001, in litt.). Like goats, axis
deer can be highly destructive to native vegetation and contribute to
erosion by eating young trees and young shoots of plants before they
can become established, creating trails that can damage native
vegetative cover, promoting erosion by destabilizing substrate and
creating gullies that convey water, and by dislodging stones from
ledges that can cause rockfalls and landslides and damage vegetation
below (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, pp. 63-64). Nine of the described Maui
Nui ecosystems (coastal, lowland dry, lowland mesic, lowland wet,
montane dry, montane mesic, montane wet, dry cliff, and wet cliff) and
their associated species are currently threatened by the destruction or
degradation of habitat due to axis deer.
The mouflon sheep (Ovis gmelini musimon), native to Asia Minor, was
introduced to the islands of Lanai and Hawaii in the 1950s as a managed
game species, and has become widely established on these islands
(Tomich 1986, pp. 163-168; Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 66; Hess 2008, p.
1). Mouflon have high reproduction rates; for example, the original
population of 11 individuals on the island of Hawaii has increased to
more than 2,500 in 36 years, even though hunted as a game animal (Hess
2008, p. 3). Mouflon only form large groups when breeding, thus
limiting control techniques and hunting efficiency (Hess 2008, p. 3).
Mouflon sheep are both grazers and browsers, and have decimated vast
areas of native forest and shrubland through browsing and bark
stripping (Stone 1985, p. 271; Cuddihy and Stone 1990, pp. 63, 66; Hess
2008, p. 3). In range studies done on the effects of mouflon grazing
and browsing on the island of Hawaii, plant species found to be most
affected were Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. sandwicense (Mauna Kea
silversword), an endangered species; Acacia koa; Geranium spp.
(hinahina); Sophora chrysophylla; Vaccinium spp. (ohelo); and native
grasses (Giffin 1981, pp. 22-23; Scowcroft and Conrad 1992, pp. 628-
662; Hess 2008, p. 3). Mouflon also create trails and pathways through
thick vegetation, leading to increased runoff and erosion through soil
compaction. In some areas, the interaction of browsing and soil
compaction leads to a change from native rainforest to grassy
scrublands (Hess 2008, p. 3). Seven of the described ecosystems
(coastal, lowland dry, lowland mesic, lowland wet, montane wet, dry
cliff, and wet cliff) on Lanai and their associated species are
currently threatened by the destruction or degradation of habitat due
to mouflon sheep.
Cattle (Bos taurus), the wild progenitors of which were native to
Europe, northern Africa, and southwestern Asia, were introduced to the
Hawaiian Islands in 1793. Large feral herds (as many as 12,000 on the
island of Hawaii) developed as a result of restrictions on killing
cattle decreed by King Kamehameha I (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 40).
While small cattle ranches were developed on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, west
Maui, and
[[Page 34487]]
Kahoolawe, very large ranches of tens of thousands of acres were
created on east Maui and Hawaii Island (Stone 1985, pp. 256, 260;
Broadbent 2010, in litt.). Logging of native Acacia koa was combined
with establishment of cattle ranches, quickly converting native forest
to grassland (Tomich 1986, p. 140; Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 47).
Feral cattle can presently be found on the islands of Maui and Hawaii,
where ranching is still a major commercial activity. According to
Kessler (2011, pers. comm.), there are approximately 300 individuals
roaming east Maui up to the alpine ecosystem (i.e., 1,000 to 9,900 ft
(305 to 3,000 m) elevation) with occasional observations on west Maui.
Cattle eat native vegetation, trample roots and seedlings, cause
erosion, create disturbed areas into which alien plants invade, and
spread seeds of alien plants in their feces and on their bodies. The
forest in areas grazed by cattle degrades to grassland pasture, and
plant cover is reduced for many years following removal of cattle from
an area. In addition, several alien grasses and legumes purposely
introduced for cattle forage have become noxious weeds (Tomich 1986,
pp. 140-150; Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 29). Five of the described
ecosystems (lowland dry, lowland mesic, lowland wet, montane mesic, and
montane wet) on Maui and their associated species are currently
threatened by the destruction or degradation of habitat due to cattle.
In summary, the 40 species proposed or reevaluated for listing and
that are dependent upon the 10 ecosystems identified in this proposed
rule (coastal, lowland dry, lowland mesic, lowland wet, montane dry,
montane mesic, montane wet, subalpine, dry cliff, and wet cliff) are
exposed to both direct and indirect negative impacts of feral ungulates
(pigs, goats, axis deer, mouflon, and cattle). These negative impacts
result in the destruction and degradation of habitat for the native
species on Molokai, Lanai, and Maui. The effects of these nonnative
animals include the destruction of vegetative cover; trampling of
plants and seedlings; direct consumption of native vegetation; soil
disturbance; dispersal of alien plant seeds on hooves and coats, and
through the spread of seeds in feces; and creation of open disturbed
areas conducive to further invasion by nonnative pest plant species.
All of these impacts lead to the subsequent conversion of a plant
community dominated by native species to one dominated by nonnative
species (see ``Habitat Destruction and Modification by Nonnative
Plants,'' below). In addition, because these mammals inhabit terrain
that is often steep and remote (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 59),
foraging and trampling contributes to severe erosion of watersheds and
degradation of streams. As early as 1900, there was increasing concern
expressed about the integrity of island watersheds, due to effects of
ungulates and other factors, leading to the establishment of a
professional forestry program emphasizing soil and water conservation
(Nelson 1989, p. 3).
Habitat Destruction and Modification by Nonnative Plants
Native vegetation on all of the main Hawaiian Islands has undergone
extreme alteration because of past and present land management
practices, including ranching, the deliberate introduction of nonnative
plants and animals, and agricultural development (Cuddihy and Stone
1990, pp. 27, 58). The original native flora of Hawaii (species that
were present before humans arrived) consisted of about 1,000 taxa, 89
percent of which were endemic (species that occur only in the Hawaiian
Islands). Over 800 plant taxa have been introduced from elsewhere, and
nearly 100 of these have become pests (e.g., injurious plants) in
Hawaii (Smith 1985, p. 180; Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 73; Gagne and
Cuddihy 1999, p. 45). Of these 100 nonnative pest plant species, close
to 70 species have altered the habitat of 36 of the 40 species proposed
or reevaluated for listing (only Cyrtandra ferripilosa, Schiedea
jacobii, Partulina semicarinata, and P. variabilis are not directly
impacted by nonnative plants; see Table 3). Some of the nonnative
plants were brought to Hawaii by various groups of people, including
the Polynesians, for food or cultural reasons. Plantation owners (and
the territorial government of Hawaii), alarmed at the reduction of
water resources for their crops caused by the destruction of native
forest cover by grazing feral and domestic animals, introduced
nonnative trees for reforestation. Ranchers intentionally introduced
pasture grasses and other nonnative plants for agriculture, and
sometimes inadvertently introduced weeds as well. Other plants were
brought to Hawaii for their potential horticultural value (Scott et al.
1986, pp. 361-363; Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 73).
Nonnative plants adversely impact native habitat in Hawaii,
including the 10 Maui Nui ecosystems that support the 40 species
proposed or reevaluated for listing, and directly adversely impact 36
of these 40 species, by: (1) Modifying the availability of light; (2)
altering soil-water regimes; (3) modifying nutrient cycling; (4)
altering the fire regime affecting native plant communities (e.g.,
successive fires that burn farther and farther into native habitat,
destroying native plants and removing habitat for native species by
altering microclimatic conditions to favor alien species); and (5)
ultimately, converting native-dominated plant communities to nonnative
plant communities (Smith 1985, pp. 180-181; Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p.
74; D'Antonio and Vitousek 1992, p. 73; Vitousek et al. 1997, p. 6).
Below, we have organized a list of nonnative plants by their ecosystems
followed by a discussion of the specific negative effects of those
nonnative plants on the species proposed or reevaluated for listing
here.
Nonnative Plants in the Coastal Ecosystem
Nonnative plant species that threaten Pittosporum halophilum and
Canavalia pubescens, the two species proposed for listing in this rule
that inhabit the coastal ecosystem on Molokai and Lanai, include the
understory and subcanopy species Cenchrus ciliaris (buffelgrass),
Kalanchoe pinnata (air plant), Lantana camara (lantana), Leucaena
leucocephala (koa haole), and Pluchea carolinensis (sourbush) (HBMP
2008). Nonnative canopy species that threaten the two species proposed
for listing include Acacia farnesiana (klu) and Prosopis pallida
(kiawe) (HBMP 2008). These nonnative plant species pose serious and
ongoing threats to the two species proposed for listing that depend on
this ecosystem (see ``Specific Nonnative Plant Species Impacts,''
below).
Nonnative Plants in the Lowland Dry Ecosystem
Nonnative plant species that threaten the six species (Bidens
campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Canavalia pubescens, Cyanea obtusa,
Pleomele fernaldii, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, and Schiedea
salicaria) proposed or reevaluated for listing in this rule that
inhabit the lowland dry ecosystem on Lanai and Maui include the
understory and subcanopy species Ageratina adenophora (Maui pamakani),
Leucaena leucocephala, and Neonotonia wightii (glycine) (HBMP 2008).
Nonnative canopy species that threaten the six species proposed or
reevaluated for listing include Acacia farnesiana, Prosopis pallida,
and Schinus terebinthifolius (christmasberry) (HBMP 2008). In addition,
the six species proposed or reevaluated for listing are threatened by
the nonnative grasses Andropogon virginicus (broomsedge),
[[Page 34488]]
Cenchrus ciliaris, and Melinis repens (natal redtop) (HBMP 2008). See
``Specific Nonnative Plant Species Impacts'' (below) for specific
threats each of these nonnative plant species pose to the six species
proposed or reevaluated for listing that depend on this ecosystem.
Nonnative Plants in the Lowland Mesic Ecosystem
Nonnative plant species that threaten the 11 species (Bidens
campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Cyanea asplenifolia, Cyanea profuga,
Cyanea solanacea, Cyrtandra filipes, Festuca molokaiensis, Phyllostegia
haliakalae, Phyllostegia pilosa, Pleomele fernaldii, Santalum
haleakalae var. lanaiense, and Schiedea salicaria) proposed or
reevaluated for listing in this rule that inhabit the lowland mesic
ecosystem on Molokai, Lanai, and Maui include the understory and
subcanopy species Clidemia hirta (Koster's curse), Erigeron
karvinskianus (daisy fleabane), Lantana camara, Leptospermum scoparium
(tea tree), Rubus rosifolius (thimbleberry), and Cyathea cooperi
(Australian tree fern) (HBMP 2008). Nonnative canopy species that
threaten the 11 species proposed or reevaluated for listing include
Coffea arabica (Arabian coffee), Psidium cattleianum, Schinus
terebinthifolius, and Szygium cumini (java plum) (HBMP 2008). An
additional species that threatens the 11 species proposed or
reevaluated for listing is the nonnative grass Paspalum conjugatum
(Hilo grass) (HBMP 2008). These nonnative plant species pose serious
and ongoing threats (see ``Specific Nonnative Plant Species Impacts,''
below) to all 11 of the species proposed or reevaluated for listing
that depend on this ecosystem.
Nonnative Plants in the Lowland Wet Ecosystem
Nonnative plant species that threaten the 15 plant species (Bidens
campylotheca waihoiensis, B. conjuncta, Cyanea asplenifolia, C.
duvalliorum, C. grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C. kunthiana, C.
magnicalyx, C. maritae, C. solanacea, Cyrtandra filipes, Mucuna sloanei
var. persericea, Phyllostegia bracteata, Pleomele fernaldii, Santalum
haleakalae var. lanaiense, and Wikstroemia villosa), and the tree snail
species Newcombia cumingi proposed or reevaluated for listing in this
rule that inhabit the lowland wet ecosystem on Molokai, Lanai, and Maui
include the understory and subcanopy species Ageratina adenophora,
Ageratina riparia (Hamakua pamakani), Blechnum appendiculatum, Buddleia
asiatica (dog tail), Chrysophyllum oliviforme (satinleaf), Cinchona
pubescens (quinine), Cinnamomum burmannii (padang cassia), Clidemia
hirta, Coffea arabica, Cordyline fruticosa, Cortaderia jubata (pampas
grass), Juncus planifolius, Leptospermum scoparium, Melastoma sp.,
Rubus rosifolius, and Tibouchina herbacea (glorybush) (Maui Land and
Pineapple Co. (MLP) 2005, p. 11; HBMP 2008; TNCH 2009a, pp. 1-14; East
Maui Watershed Partnership (EMWP) 2009, pp. 29-30). Nonnative canopy
species that threaten the 16 species proposed or reevaluated for
listing include Aleurites moluccana (kukui), Eucalyptus spp. (gum
tree), Fraxinus uhdei (tropical ash), Miconia calvescens (miconia),
Psidium cattleianum, and Psidium guajava (HBMP 2008). Nonnative grasses
that threaten this ecosystem are Axonopus fissifolius (carpetgrass),
Oplismenus hirtellus (basketgrass), and Paspalum conjugatum (HBMP
2008). These nonnative plant species pose serious and ongoing threats
to 16 of the species proposed or reevaluated for listing that depend on
this ecosystem (see ``Specific Nonnative Plant Species Impacts,''
below).
Nonnative Plants in the Montane Dry Ecosystem
Nonnative plant species that threaten the species Santalum
haleakalae var. lanaiense in the montane dry ecosystem on Maui include
the understory and subcanopy species Clidemia hirta, Leptospermum
scoparium, Tibouchina herbacea, and Rubus argutus (Harbaugh et al.
2010, p. 827). Nonnative canopy species that threaten Santalum
haleakalae var. lanaiense include Fraxinus uhdei, Grevillea robusta
(haikukeokeo, silver oak), Morella faya (firetree), Psidium
cattleianum, and Schinus terebinthifolius (Harbaugh et al. 2010, p.
827). Nonnative mat-forming grasses such as Melinis minutiflora
threaten Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense in the montane dry
ecosystem (Harbaugh et al. 2010, p. 827). These nonnative plant species
pose serious and ongoing threats to the plant S. haleakalae var.
lanaiense, which is reevaluated for listing and inhabits the montane
dry ecosystem (see ``Specific Nonnative Plant Species Impacts,''
below).
Nonnative Plants in the Montane Mesic Ecosystem
Nonnative plant species that threaten the 12 species (Bidens
campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Cyanea horrida, C. kunthiana, C.
magnicalyx, C. obtusa, C. solanacea, Cyrtandra oxybapha, Geranium
hillebrandii, Phyllostegia bracteata, Santalum haleakalae var.
lanaiense, Stenogyne kauaulaensis, and Wikstroemia villosa) proposed or
reevaluated for listing in this rule that inhabit the montane mesic
ecosystem on Molokai and Maui include the understory and subcanopy
species Ageratina adenophora, Buddleia asiatica, Cestrum diurnum,
Cortaderia jubata, Lantana camara, Rubus argutus (prickly Florida
blackberry), and Rubus rosifolius (Leeward Haleakala Watershed
Restoration Partnership (LHWRP) 2006, p. 25; HBMP 2008; TNCH 2009a, pp.
1-14). Canopy species that threaten the 12 species proposed or
reevaluated for listing include Eucalyptus spp., Fraxinus uhdei,
Morella faya, Pinus spp., Psidium cattleianum, and Schinus
terebinthifolius (HBMP 2008). Nonnative grasses that threaten this
ecosystem are Andropogon virginicus (broomsedge), Holcus lanatus,
Melinis minutiflora, and Paspalum conjugatum (HBMP 2008). These
nonnative plant species pose serious and ongoing threats (see
``Specific Nonnative Plant Species Impacts,'' below) to 12 of the
species proposed or reevaluated for listing that depend on this
ecosystem.
Nonnative Plants in the Montane Wet Ecosystem
Nonnative plant species that threaten the 20 plant species (Bidens
campylotheca ssp. pentamera, B. campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis, B.
conjuncta, Calamagrostis hillebrandii, Cyanea duvalliorum, C. horrida,
C. kunthiana, C. maritae, C. profuga, C. solanacea, Cyrtandra oxybapha,
Geranium hanaense, G. hillebrandii, Myrsine vaccinioides, Peperomia
subpetiolata, Phyllostegia bracteata, P. pilosa, Santalum haleakalae
var. lanaiense, Schiedea laui, and Wikstroemia villosa) proposed or
reevaluated for listing in this rule that inhabit the montane wet
ecosystem on Molokai and Maui include the understory and subcanopy
species Ageratina adenophora, Ageratina riparia, Ageratum conyzoides
(maile honohono), Buddleia asiatica, Cestrum nocturnum (night cestrum),
Christella dentata, Chrysophyllum oliviforme, Cinchona pubescens,
Cinnamomum burmannii, Clidemia hirta, Conyza bonariensis (hairy
horseweed), Cortaderia jubata, Cuphea carthagenensis (tarweed),
Drymaria cordata (chickweed), Erechtites valeranifolia (fireweed),
Erigeron karvinskianus, Hedychium gardnerianum (kahili ginger),
Hypochoeris radicata (hairy cat's ear), Juncus spp., Lantana camara,
Rubus spp., Cyathea cooperi,
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Tibouchina herbacea, Ulex europaeus (gorse), and Youngia japonica
(oriental hawksbeard) (MLP 2005, p. 11; HBMP 2008; TNCH 2009a, pp. 1-
14; EMoWP 2010, pp. 5-6). Nonnative canopy species that threaten the 20
species proposed or reevaluated for listing include Eucalyptus spp.,
Fraxinus uhdei, Morella faya, Psidium cattleianum, and Schinus
terebinthifolius (HBMP 2008). Nonnative grasses that threaten this
ecosystem are Axonopus fissifolius, Holcus lanatus (common
velvetgrass), Melinis minutiflora (molasses grass), Paspalum
conjugatum, Sacciolepis indica (glenwood grass), and Setaria palmifolia
(palmgrass) (HBMP 2008). These nonnative plant species pose serious and
ongoing threats to the 20 species proposed or reevaluated for listing
that depend on this ecosystem (see ``Specific Nonnative Plant Species
Impacts,'' below).
Nonnative Plants in the Subalpine Ecosystem
Nonnative plant species that threaten Phyllostegia bracteata, the
only species proposed for listing in this rule that inhabits the
subalpine ecosystem (Maui), include the understory and subcanopy
species Cotoneaster pannosus (silver-leaf cotoneaster), Epilobium
billardierianum (willow herb), Passiflora tarmaniana, and Rubus spp.
(Oppenheimer 2010n, in litt.). Nonnative canopy species that threaten
P. bracteata include Cryptomeria japonica (tsugi pine) and Pinus spp.
Nonnative grasses that are a threat to this ecosystem include
Anthoxanthum odoratum (sweet vernalgrass) and Dactylis glomerata
(cocksfoot) (HBMP 2008). These nonnative plant species pose serious and
ongoing threats (see ``Specific Nonnative Plant Species Impacts,''
below) to the plant P. bracteata, which is proposed for listing and
inhabits this ecosystem.
Nonnative Plants in the Dry Cliff Ecosystem
Nonnative plant species that threaten the three species (Bidens
campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Phyllostegia haliakalae, and Pleomele
fernaldii) proposed for listing in this rule that inhabit the dry cliff
ecosystem on Lanai and Maui include the understory and subcanopy
species Ageratina adenophora, Hypochoeris radicata, Lapsana communis
(nipplewort), Lythrum maritimum (loosestrife), Prunella vulgaris, and
Rubus spp. (HBMP 2008). Nonnative grasses that threaten this ecosystem
include Andropogon virginicus, Anthoxantum odoratum, Dactylis
glomerata, and Holcus lanatus (HBMP 2008). These nonnative plant
species pose serious and ongoing threats to all three of the species
proposed for listing that depend on this ecosystem (see ``Specific
Nonnative Plant Species Impacts,'' below).
Nonnative Plants in the Wet Cliff Ecosystem
Nonnative plant threats to the 12 plant species (Bidens
campylotheca ssp. pentamera, B. campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis, B.
conjuncta, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C. horrida, C.
magnicalyx, C. munroi, Cyrtandra filipes, Phyllostegia bracteata, P.
haliakalae, Pleomele fernaldii, and Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense)
proposed or reevaluated for listing in this rule that inhabit the wet
cliff ecosystem on Molokai, Lanai, and Maui include the understory and
subcanopy species Ageratina adenophora, Buddleia asiatica, Juncus
planifolius, Rubus rosifolius, and Tibouchina herbacea (HBMP 2008). The
12 species proposed or reevaluated for listing are also threatened by
the nonnative canopy species Ardisia elliptica (shoebutton ardisia) and
the nonnative grass Oplismenus hirtellus (HBMP 2008). These nonnative
plant species pose serious and ongoing threats to 12 of the species
proposed or reevaluated for listing that depend on this ecosystem (see
``Specific Nonnative Plant Species Impacts,'' below).
Specific Nonnative Plant Species Impacts
Nonnative plants pose serious and ongoing threats to 36 of the 40
species proposed or reevaluated for listing in this proposed rule
throughout their ranges by destroying and modifying habitat. They can
adversely impact microhabitat by modifying the availability of light
and nutrient cycling processes, and altering soil-water regimes. They
can also alter fire regimes affecting native plant habitat, leading to
incursions of fire-tolerant nonnative plant species into native
habitat. Nonnative plants outcompete native plants by growing faster,
and some may release chemicals that inhibit the growth of other plants.
These competitive advantages allow nonnative plants to convert native-
dominated plant communities to nonnative plant communities (Cuddihy and
Stone 1990, p. 74; Vitousek 1992, pp. 33-35). The following list
provides a brief description of the nonnative plants that pose a threat
to 36 of the 40 species proposed or reevaluated for listing here. The
Hawaii-Pacific Weed Risk Assessment is cited in many of the brief
descriptions of the nonnative plants below. This assessment was created
as a research collaboration between the University of Hawaii and the
U.S. Forest Service for use in Hawaii and other high Pacific islands
(i.e., volcanic in origin, as opposed to low-lying atolls), and is an
adaptation of the Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment protocol
developed in the 1990s (Denslow and Daehler 2004, p. 1). The
Australian/New Zealand protocol was developed to screen plants proposed
for introduction into those countries, while the Hawaii-Pacific Weed
Risk Assessment was developed to evaluate species already used in
landscaping, gardening, and forestry, and is used to predict whether or
not a nonnative plant species is likely to become invasive. Not all
nonnative plant species present in Hawaii have been assessed, and
information on species invasiveness is lacking or absent from some of
the descriptions below. In general, all nonnative plant species
displace native Hawaiian plants; here we describe other specific
negative impacts of individual alien plant species when known.
Acacia farnesiana (klu) is a shrub up to 13 ft (4 m) tall,
native to the Neotropics, and formerly cultivated in Hawaii for an
attempted perfume industry. It is now naturalized (i.e., initially
introduced by artificial means from another area, and now established
and reproducing in the wild) and common on all of the main islands
except Niihau (Geesink et al. 1999, p. 641). Acacia farnesiana is
thorny and forms dense thickets, and regenerates quickly after fire.
The seeds are dispersed by ungulates that eat the pods (Pacific Island
Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) 2011a). According to the Hawaii Weed Risk
Assessment for A. farnesiana, this species has a high risk of
invasiveness or a high risk of becoming a serious pest (PIER 2011a).
Ageratina adenophora (Maui pamakani) is native to tropical
America, and has naturalized in dry to wet forest on the islands of
Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and Maui (Wagner et al. 1999m, pp. 254-255).
Ageratina adenophora is a shrub 3 to 5 ft (1 to 1.5 m) tall with
trailing branches that root on contact with soil. It forms dense mats,
which prevent regeneration of native plants (Anderson et al. 1992, p.
315). It is considered a serious weed in agriculture, especially in
rangeland, because it often replaces more desirable vegetation or
native species, and is fatally toxic to horses and most livestock. The
eupatorium gall fly, Procecidochares utilis, was introduced to Hawaii
in 1944, for control of Maui pamakani, and has been successful in
suppression of some of the infestations
[[Page 34490]]
of this invasive nonnative plant (Bess and Haramoto 1959, p. 248).
Ageratina riparia (Hamakua pamakani) is a subshrub that
spreads from a creeping rootstock (Wagner et al. 1999m, p. 255). This
species forms dense mats, preventing regeneration of native plants
(Davis et al. 1992, p. 427).
Ageratum conyzoides (maile honohono) is a perennial herb,
native to Central and South America, and now widespread in Hawaii
(Wagner et al. 1999m, pp. 254-255). This ephemeral herb is found in
disturbed areas, tolerates shade, and can displace native plants. It
produces many thousands of seeds, which spread by wind and water, with
over half the seeds germinating shortly after they are shed (PIER
2007).
Aleurites moluccana (kukui) is a spreading, tall tree
native to the Malesian region, and considered a Polynesian introduction
to Hawaii. It is now a significant component of the mesic valley
vegetation from sea level to 2,300 ft (700 m) on all the main islands
(Wagner et al. 1999n, p. 598). According to the Hawaii Weed Risk
Assessment for A. moluccana, this species has a high risk of
invasiveness or a high risk of becoming a serious pest (PIER 2008a).
The species tolerates a wide range of soil conditions and forms dense
thickets, which increases its competitive abilities over native plants.
Andropogon virginicus (broomsedge) is a perennial
bunchgrass native to northeastern America, now naturalized on Kauai,
Oahu, Molokai, Maui and Hawaii, along roadsides and in disturbed dry to
mesic forest and shrubland (O'Connor 1999, p. 1,497). Seeds are easily
distributed by wind, clothing, vehicles, and feral animals (Smith 1989,
pp. 60-69). Andropogon virginicus may release allelopathic substances
that dramatically decrease native plant reestablishment (Rice 1972, pp.
i, 752-755). This species has become dominant in areas subjected to
natural or human-induced fires (Mueller-Dombois 1972, pp. 1-2).
Andropogon virginicus is on the Hawaii State noxious weed list (Hawaii
Administrative Rules (H.A.R.) Title 4, Subtitle 6, Chapter 68).
Anthoxanthum odoratum (sweet vernalgrass) is a perennial
bunchgrass native to Eurasia, now naturalized on Kauai, Molokai, Maui,
and Hawaii, in pastures, disturbed areas in wet forest, and sometimes
subalpine shrubland (O'Connor 1999, p. 1,498). This species forms
extensive ground cover, and invades disturbed areas, preventing the
reestablishment of native plant species (PIER 2008b).
Ardisia elliptica (shoebutton ardisia) is a branched shrub
native to Sri Lanka that is now naturalized in Hawaii (Wagner et al.
1999f, pp. 932-933). This species is shade-tolerant and can rapidly
form dense, monotypic stands, preventing establishment of other species
(Global Invasive Species Database (GISD) 2005). Its fruit are
attractive to birds, which then spread the seeds over the landscape.
According to the Hawaii Weed Risk Assessment for A. elliptica, this
species has a high risk of invasiveness or a high risk of becoming a
serious pest (PIER 2008c).
Axonopus fissifolius (carpetgrass) is a pasture grass that
forms dense mats with tall foliage. This species does well in soils
with low nitrogen levels, and can outcompete other grasses in wet
forests and bogs. The species is not subject to any major diseases or
insect pests, and recovers quickly from fire. The seeds are readily
spread by water, vehicles, and grazing animals (O'Connor 1999, pp.
1,500-1,502; Cook et al. 2005, p. 4).
Blechnum appendiculatum (NCN) is a fern with fronds to 23
in (60 cm) long that forms large colonies, outcompeting many native
fern species (Palmer 2003, p. 81).
Buddleia asiatica (dog tail) is a shrub or small tree that
can tolerate a wide range of habitats, forms dense thickets, and is
rapidly spreading into wet forest and lava and cinder substrate areas
in Hawaii, displacing native vegetation (Wagner et al. 1999o, p. 415;
PIER 2008d).
Cenchrus ciliaris (buffelgrass) is native to Africa and
tropical Asia and is naturalized in Hawaii (O'Connor 1999, p. 1,512).
It is a fire-adapted grass that provides fuel for fires and recovers
quickly, increasing its cover with each succeeding fire (PIER 2008e),
thereby displacing native plants and altering natural fire regimes.
Cestrum diurnum (day cestrum) is an approximately 6.6-ft
(2-m) tall shrub native to the West Indies, cultivated for its fragrant
flowers, and is now naturalized on Kauai, Oahu, and Molokai (Symon
1999, p. 1,254). This species invades dry and wet areas and forms dense
thickets. Seeds are dispersed by birds; however the seeds are poisonous
to humans and other mammals (Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council (FEPC)
2011).
Cestrum nocturnum (night cestrum), a shrub or small tree
native to the Antilles and Central America, was cultivated in Hawaii
prior to 1871 (Symon 1999, pp. 1,254-1,255). It forms dense,
impenetrable thickets in wet forest and open areas. According to the
Hawaii Weed Risk assessment, this species has a high risk of
invasiveness or a high risk of becoming a serious pest (PIER 2010a).
Christella dentata (NCN) is a medium-sized fern widely
distributed in the tropics and subtropics of the Old World, now
widespread as a weed in the Americas. In Hawaii, this species is most
common in disturbed mesic habitats, but also occurs in varied habitats
including undisturbed sites on all major islands. Christella dentata
hybridizes with the endemic species C. cyatheoides, forming extensive
clones of the sterile hybrid (Palmer 2003, pp. 88-90).
Chrysophyllum oliviforme (satinleaf) is a small tree
native to the United States (Florida), West Indies, and Central
America, and is naturalized in Hawaii (Pennington 1999, p. 1,231; PIER
2006). Birds easily disperse the fleshy fruit, and the species can
become a dominant component in forest habitat (Pennington 1999, p.
1,231; MLP 2002, pp. A1-A4). According to the Hawaii Weed Risk
Assessment for C. oliviforme, this species has a high risk of
invasiveness or a high risk of becoming a serious pest (PIER 2006).
Cinchona pubescens (quinine) is a tree that is 13 to 33 ft
(4 to 10 m) tall with a dense canopy. It is native to Central and South
America, and is widely cultivated for quinine. A small plantation was
started on Maui in 1868, and this species was planted by State
foresters on Oahu, Maui, and Hawaii between 1928 and 1947 (Wagner et
al. 1999a, p. 1,120). It reproduces with wind-dispersed seeds and also
vegetatively via multiple suckers up to several meters away from the
adult tree and aggressively replaces and shades out native vegetation
(GISD 2011).
Cinnamomum burmannii (padang cassia), a tree native to
Indonesia, is cultivated and now naturalized on Oahu, Maui, Lanai, and
Hawaii (van der Werff 1999, p. 846). Seeds are bird-dispersed (Starr et
al. 2003). On Maui, this species is included in the weed control
program at Puu Kukui Preserve, as it can become a dominant component in
forest habitat (MLP 2002, p. 20).
Clidemia hirta (Koster's curse), a noxious shrub in the
Melastoma family, forms a dense understory, shades out native plants,
and prevents their regeneration (Wagner et al. 1985, p. 41; Smith 1989,
p. 64). All plants in the Melastoma family are on the Hawaii State
noxious weed list (H.A.R. Title 4, Subtitle 6, Chapter 68).
Coffea arabica (Arabian coffee) is a shrub or tree up to
16.5 ft (5 m) tall, native to Ethiopia, and widely cultivated in Hawaii
as a commercial crop. It was naturalized in Hawaii by the mid-1800s in
mesic to wet disturbed
[[Page 34491]]
sites, usually in valleys or along streambeds (Wagner et al. 1999a, pp.
1,120-1,121). This species is shade tolerant, and can form dense stands
in the forest understory, displacing and shading out native plants. The
seeds are dispersed by birds and rats (PIER 2008f).
Conyza bonariensis (hairy horseweed) is an annual herb
common in various urban and nonurban areas in Hawaii, generally in
relatively dry habitats, sometimes in disturbed mesic to wet forest, on
Kure Atoll, Midway Atoll, Laysan, French Frigate Shoals, and all of the
main islands (Wagner et al. 1999m, p. 288), where it displaces native
plants.
Cordyline fruticosa (ki, ti), a shrub that is 6.6 to 11.5
ft (2 to 3.5 m) tall, is considered a Polynesian introduction to
Hawaii. It was extensively cultivated and occurs widely in mesic
valleys and forests (Wagner et al. 1999i, pp. 1,348-1,350). It can
become a dominant element of the understory (Department of Land and
Natural Resources (DLNR) 1989).
Cortaderia jubata (pampas grass), a large, clump-forming,
perennial herb, was first discovered in 1987, on east Maui, where it
has escaped cultivation and is becoming invasive on the slopes of
Haleakala. This species is a serious pest in California, and is on the
Hawaii State noxious weed list (Staples and Herbst 2005, p. 744).
Cortaderia jubata produces abundant seed and spreads readily (Staples
and Herbst 2005, p. 744).
Cotoneaster pannosus (silver-leaf cotoneaster) is a shrub
native to China that is occasionally cultivated (Volcano, Hawaii Island
and Kula, Maui) in Hawaii (Wagner et al. 1999p, p. 1,100). Previously
thought to be contained within the vicinity of cultivated plants, this
species has become a threat to native forest (Oppenheimer 2010n, in
litt.). The attractive, bird-dispersed fruits of this species,
aggressive root systems, and tendency of all cotoneasters to shade and
smother sun-loving, native plants contribute to the invasiveness of
this species (PIER 2010b).
Cryptomeria japonica (Japanese cedar, Tsugi) is a
pyramidal, evergreen tree native to China and Japan, which is 50 to 60
ft (15 to 18 m) tall and has dense foliage (North Carolina State
University 2006; University of Connecticut 2006). Cryptomeria japonica
has life-history traits of an invasive species, including small seed
mass, short juvenile period, and short intervals between large seed
crops (Richardson and Rejmanek 2004, p. 321).
Cuphea carthagenensis (tarweed) is an annual or short-
lived perennial herb naturalized in mesic to wet disturbed sites on
Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii (Wagner et al. 1999q, p. 866).
This species was also recently documented on Lanai (PIER 2010c). Cuphea
carthagenensis forms dense, shrubby mats that displace or prevent the
establishment of native forest species (Hawaii National Park 1959, p.
7; Wagner et al. 1999q, p. 866).
Cyathea cooperi (Australian tree fern) is a tree fern
native to Australia that was brought to Hawaii for use in landscaping
(Medeiros et al. 1992, p. 27). It can achieve high densities in native
Hawaiian forests, grows up to 1 ft (0.3 m) in height per year (Jones
and Clemesha 1976, p. 56), and can displace native species. Understory
disturbance by feral pigs facilitates the establishment of this species
(Medeiros et al. 1992, p. 30), and it has been known to spread over 7
mi (12 km) through windblown dispersal of spores from plant nurseries
(Medeiros et al. 1992, p. 29).
Dactylis glomerata (cocksfoot) is a tufted, perennial
grass native to Europe that is widely cultivated and naturalized in
Hawaii, now abundant in pastures and along trails and roadsides on
Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii (O'Connor 1999, pp. 1,520-
1,521). This species becomes established in disturbed sites and forms
dense swards that suppress native grasses and herbaceous species (PIER
2010d).
Drymaria cordata (chickweed) is a straggling herb
naturalized in shaded, moist sites including native montane wet habitat
on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii (Wagner et al. 1999j, p.
505). While seldom a weed of cultivated areas, it is known to invade
plantation crops such as tea and coffee, as well as pastures, lawns,
gardens, riverbanks, ditches, and even sandbars in rivers (PIER 2010e).
Drymaria cordata can displace or prevent the establishment of native
understory and subcanopy plants.
Epilobium billardierianum (willow herb) is a perennial
herb naturalized in open sites in wet forest to disturbed grassland,
especially on open lava, in pastures, and along roadsides on Kauai,
Oahu, Maui, and Hawaii (Wagner et al. 1999r, p. 995). Epilobium
billardierianum dominates subalpine areas on Maui (Anderson et al.
1992, p. 328).
Erechtites valerianifolia (fireweed) is a tall (up to 8 ft
(2.5 m)), widely distributed, annual herb that produces thousands of
wind-dispersed seeds, and outcompetes native plants (Wagner et al.
1999m, p. 314).
Erigeron karvinskianus (daisy fleabane) reproduces and
spreads rapidly by stem layering and regrowth of broken roots to form
dense mats. This species crowds out and displaces ground level plants
(Weeds of Blue Mountains Bushland 2008).
Eucalyptus spp. (gum tree) are tall trees or shrubs, and
almost all of the more than 600 species are native to Australia. In the
past, over 90 species and thousands of individuals were planted by
Hawaii State foresters on all the main Hawaiian Islands except Niihau
and Kahoolawe in an attempt to protect watersheds (Cuddihy and Stone
1990, p. 51; Chippendale 1999, p. 949). Approximately 30 species are
reported to be spreading beyond the forestry plantings. Three of these
species represent the greatest threat to native habitat in Hawaii,
including E. grandis (flooded gum), E. paniculata (gray ironbark), and
E. saligna (Sydney blue gum), and were the principal species used for
reforestation (Chippendale 1999, p. 958). Eucalyptus trees are quick-
growing, can reach 180 ft (55 m) in height, reproduce from wind-
dispersed seeds, and outcompete and replace native forest species (PIER
2011b). According to the Hawaii Weed Risk Assessment for Eucalyptus,
these species have a high risk of invasiveness or a high risk of
becoming a serious pest (PIER 2011b).
Fraxinus uhdei (tropical ash) is a tree up to 79 ft (24 m)
tall, which is native to central and southern Mexico. In Hawaii, over
300,000 trees were planted by State foresters on all the main islands
from 1924 to 1960 (Wagner et al. 1999s, p. 991). Fraxinus uhdei
reproduces by wind-dispersed seed. This species is considered a serious
threat to the mesic native Acacia-Metrosideros (koa-ohia) forests at
Waikamoi, on east Maui (TNC 2006l, p. A5). It spreads rapidly along
watercourses and forms dense, monotypic stands (Holt 1992, pp. 525-
535).
Grevillea robusta (silk oak) is a large evergreen tree, 26
to 98 ft (8 to 20 m) tall, native to Australia. Over two million trees
were planted in Hawaii between 1919 and 1959 in an effort to reduce
erosion and to provide timber. Grevillea robusta is aggressive, is
drought-tolerant, and forms dense, monotypic stands (Santos et al.
1992, p. 342). The leaves produce an allelopathic substance that
inhibits the establishment of all species, including itself (Smith
1985, p. 191).
Hedychium gardnerianum (kahili ginger) is native to India
(Nagata 1999, p. 1,623). This showy ginger was introduced for
ornamental purposes,
[[Page 34492]]
and was first collected in 1954, at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
(Wester 1992, pp. 99-154). Kahili ginger grows over 3.3 ft (1 m) tall
in open light environments; however it will readily grow in full shade
beneath a forest canopy (Smith 1985, pp. 191-192). It forms vast, dense
colonies, displacing other plant species, and reproduces by rhizomes
where already established. The conspicuous, fleshy, red seeds are
dispersed by fruit-eating birds as well as humans. Ginger reduces the
amount of nitrogen in the Metrosideros forest canopy in Hawaii (Asner
and Vitousek 2005, in litt.). It may also block stream edges, altering
water flow (GISD 2007).
Holcus lanatus (common velvetgrass), native to Europe, is
naturalized in Hawaii and occurs on poor, moist soils (O'Connor 1999,
p. 1,151). Velvetgrass is an aggressive weed, growing rapidly from
basal shoots or prolific seed, and therefore can become dominant if not
controlled (Smith 1985, p. 192). Velvetgrass gradually forces other
plants out, reducing species diversity. Allelopathy may also play a
role in the dominance of velvetgrass over other grasses (Remison and
Snaydon in Pitcher and Russo 2005, p. 2).
Hypochoeris radicata (hairy cat's ear) is a perennial herb
up to 2 ft (0.6 m) tall, native to Eurasia. In Hawaii, it is
naturalized in wet and dry disturbed sites on all the main islands
(Wagner et al. 1999m, p. 327). It has a deep, succulent taproot favored
by feral pigs, which dig up large areas searching for the roots (Smith
1985, p. 192). Seeds are produced in large numbers and dispersed by
wind. It regenerates rapidly from the crown of the taproot after fire
(Smith 1985, p. 192).
Juncus effusus (Japanese mat rush) is a perennial herb
widely distributed in temperate regions and naturalized in Hawaii in
ponds, streams, and open boggy sites. It was brought to Hawaii as a
source of matting material, but grew too slowly to be of commercial
value (Coffey 1999, p. 1,453). This plant spreads by seeds and
rhizomes, and forms dense mats that crowd out native plants (United
States Department of Agriculture--Agricultural Research Division--
National Genetic Resources Program (USDA-ARS-NGRP) 2011).
Juncus ensifolius (dagger-leaved rush), a perennial herb
native to the western United States, is naturalized in Hawaii and
occurs in standing water of marshy areas (Coffey 1999, p. 1,453). This
weedy colonizer can tolerate environmental stress and outcompete native
species (Pojar and MacKinnon 1994).
Juncus planifolius (bog rush) is a perennial herb that is
naturalized on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii, in moist, open,
disturbed depressions on margins of forests and in bogs (Coffey 1999,
pp. 1,453-1,454). This species forms dense mats and has the potential
to displace native plants by preventing establishment of native
seedlings (Medeiros et al. 1991, pp. 22-23).
Kalanchoe pinnata (air plant), a perennial herb, is widely
established in many tropical and subtropical areas. In Hawaii, it was
naturalized prior to 1871, and is abundant in low-elevation, disturbed
areas on all the main islands except Niihau and Kahoolawe (Wagner et
al. 1999t, p. 568). The air plant can reproduce vegetatively at indents
along the leaf, usually after the leaf has broken off the plant and is
lying on the ground, where a new plant can take root (Motooka et al.
2003a). Kalanchoe pinnata can form dense stands that prevent
reproduction of native species (Motooka et al. 2003a; Randall 2007--
Global Compendium of Weeds Database).
Lantana camara (lantana), a malodorous, branched shrub up
to 10 ft (3 m) tall, was brought to Hawaii as an ornamental plant.
Lantana is aggressive and thorny, and forms thickets, crowding out and
preventing the establishment of native plants (Davis et al. 1992, p.
412; Wagner et al. 1999u, p. 1,320).
Lapsana communis (nipplewort) is an annual herb
naturalized in relatively wet, disturbed areas such as disturbed wet
forest, between elevations of 3,117 to 10,597 ft (950 to 3,230 m), on
Maui and Hawaii (Wagner et al. 1999m, p. 331). Lapsana communis is
identified as an invasive species in Hawaii (USDA-NRCS 2011a).
Leptospermum scoparium (tea tree) is a shrub or small tree
native to New Zealand and Australia, now widely naturalized in Hawaii.
It forms thickets and has allelopathic properties that prevent the
growth of native plants (Smith 1985, p. 193).
Leucaena leucocephala (koa haole), a shrub native to the
neotropics, is now found on all of the main Hawaiian Islands. It is a
nitrogen-fixer and an aggressive competitor that often forms the
dominant element of the vegetation in low-elevation, dry, disturbed
areas (Geesink et al. 1999, pp. 679-680).
Lythrum maritimum (loosestrife) is a many-branched shrub
occurring in mesic, open, disturbed habitats, especially in pastures,
on windward coastal cliffs, in margins of wet forest, and on lava, from
sea level up to 8,040-ft (0 to 2,450-m) elevation on all of the main
Hawaiian Islands except Niihau and Kahoolawe (Wagner et al. 1999q, pp.
867-868). Lythrum maritimum is identified as an invasive species in
Hawaii (USDA-NRCS 2011b).
Melastoma spp. Plants in the genus Melastoma are
ornamental shrubs native to southeast Asia; all members of the genus
are on the Hawaii State noxious weed list (H.A.R. Title 4, Subtitle 6,
Chapter 68). Melastoma species have high germination rates, rapid
growth, early maturity, ability of fragments to root, possible asexual
reproduction, and efficient seed dispersal (especially by birds that
are attracted by copious production of berries) (Smith 1985, p. 194;
University of Florida Herbarium 2006). These characteristics enable the
plants to be aggressive competitors in Hawaiian ecosystems.
Melinis minutiflora (molasses grass) is a perennial grass
up to 3 ft (1 m) tall that forms dense mats and crowds out other
plants. These mats also provide fuel for more intense fires that
destroy native plants (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 89; O'Connor 1999, p.
1,562).
Melinis repens (natal redtop), a perennial grass native to
Africa, is now widely naturalized in the tropics and in Hawaii. It
invades disturbed, dry areas from coastal regions to subalpine forest
(O'Connor 1999, p. 1,588). Dense stands of natal redtop can contribute
to recurrent fires (Desert Museum 2011).
Miconia calvescens (miconia), a tree native to the
neotropics, first appeared on Oahu and the island of Hawaii as an
introduced garden plant, and has escaped from cultivation (Almeda 1999,
p. 903). Miconia is now also found on Kauai and Maui (Wagner and Herbst
2003, p. 34). Miconia is remarkable for its 2- to 3-ft (70-cm) long,
dark purple leaves. It reproduces in dense shade, eventually shading
out all other plants to form a monoculture. A single mature plant
produces millions of seeds per year, which are spread by birds,
ungulates, and humans (Motooka et al. 2003b). According to the Hawaii
Weed Risk Assessment for M. calvescens, this species has a high risk of
invasiveness or a high risk of becoming a serious pest (PIER 2010f).
This species, as well all plants in the Melastoma family, are on the
Hawaii State noxious weed list (H.A.R. Title 4, Subtitle 6, Chapter
68).
Morella faya (firetree) is an evergreen shrub or small
tree that forms monotypic stands, has the ability to fix nitrogen, and
alters the successional ecosystems in areas it invades, displacing
native vegetation through competition. It is also a prolific fruit
producer (average of 400,000 fruits per individual shrub or tree per
year), and the fruit are spread by frugivorous (fruit-
[[Page 34493]]
eating) birds and feral pigs (Vitousek 1990, pp. 8-9; Wagner et al.
1999v, p. 931; PIER 2008g). This species is on the Hawaii State noxious
weed list (H.A.R. Title 4, Subtitle 6, Chapter 68).
Neonotonia wightii (glycine), a twining herb native to
Central and South America, is widely naturalized in Hawaii. Glycine
forms dense clumps, and can cover and smother other plants (Geesink et
al. 1999, p. 674; PIER 2010g).
Oplismenus hirtellus (basketgrass) is a perennial grass
that forms a dense groundcover, is sometimes climbing, and roots at the
nodes, enabling its rapid spread. It also has sticky seeds that attach
to visiting animals and birds that then carry them to new areas where
they are deposited, resulting in the spread of this species (O'Connor
1999, p. 1,565; Johnson 2005). This species displaces native plants of
forest floors and trailsides (Motooka et al. 2003c).
Paspalum conjugatum (Hilo grass) is a perennial grass that
is found in wet habitats, and forms a dense ground cover. Its small
hairy seeds are easily transported on humans and animals, or are
carried by the wind through native forests, where it establishes and
displaces native vegetation (University of Hawaii Botany Department
1998; Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 83; Motooka et al. 2003d; PIER 2008h).
Passiflora tarminiana (banana poka), a vine native to
South America, is widely cultivated for its fruit (Escobar 1999, pp.
1,007-1,014). First introduced to Hawaii in the 1920s, it is now a
serious pest in mesic forest, where it overgrows and smothers the
forest canopy. Seeds are readily dispersed by humans, birds, and feral
pigs (La Rosa 1992, pp. 281-282). Fallen fruit encourage rooting and
trampling by pigs (Diong 1982, pp. 157-158). Field releases of
biocontrol agents to control the spread of this species have not been
successful to date.
Pinus spp. (pine trees) are tall, evergreen trees or
shrubs native to all continents and some oceanic islands, but are not
native to any of the Hawaiian Islands. Pinus caribaea, P. elliottii, P.
patula, P. pinaster, P. radiata, and P. taeda are found on Molokai,
Lanai, and Maui (Little and Skolmen 1989, pp. 56-60; Oppenheimer 2003,
pp. 18-19; PIER 2011c). Pinus species were primarily planted by Hawaii
State foresters for reforestation and erosion control (Little and
Skolmen 1989, pp. 56-60; Oppenheimer 2003, pp. 18-19; PIER 2010h).
Pinus species are known to establish readily, create dense stands that
shade out native plants and prevent regeneration, outcompete native
plants for soil water and nutrients, change soil chemistry, promote
growth of weed seeds dropped by perching birds, and are highly
flammable (Oppenheimer 2010o, in litt.; PIER 2010h). On east Maui,
Pinus species are a threat at higher elevations because they are
invading pastures and native subalpine shrublands (Oppenheimer 2002,
pp. 19-23; Oppenheimer 2010o, in litt.).
Pluchea carolinensis (sourbush) is native to Mexico, the
West Indies, and South America (Wagner et al. 1999m, p. 351). These 3-
to 6-ft (1- to 2-m) tall, fast-growing shrubs form thickets in dry
habitats and can tolerate saline conditions. They are widespread in
Hawaii from coastal areas up to almost 3,000 ft (900 m). The seeds are
wind-dispersed (Francis 2004, in litt.). The species is adapted to a
wide variety of soils and sites, and it tolerates excessively well to
poorly-drained soil conditions, the full range of soil textures, acid
and alkaline reactions, salt and salt spray, and compaction. It quickly
invades burned areas, but being early successional, is soon replaced by
other species. These adaptive capabilities increase the species'
competitive abilities over native plants.
Prosopis pallida (kiawe), a tree up to 66 ft (20 m) tall,
was introduced to Hawaii in 1828, and its seeds were used as fodder for
ranch animals. This species is now a dominant component of the
vegetation in low-elevation, dry, disturbed sites, and it is well
adapted to dry habitats. It overshadows other vegetation and has deep
tap roots that significantly reduce available water for native dry-land
plants. This plant fixes nitrogen and can outcompete native species
(Geesink et al. 1999, pp. 692-693; PIER 2011c).
Prunella vulgaris (self-heal) is a perennial herb in the
mint family. This species is naturalized in mesic, disturbed areas,
especially pastures and along streambeds in wet forest from 2,690 to
7,415 ft (820 to 2,260 m) in elevation on the islands of Molokai, Maui,
and Hawaii (Wagner et al. 1999h, pp. 828-829). Prunella vulgaris is
reported as an invasive species in Hawaii (USDA-NRCS 2011c).
Psidium cattleianum (strawberry guava) is a tall shrub or
tree that forms dense stands in which few other plants can grow,
displacing native vegetation through competition. The fruit is eaten by
feral pigs and birds that disperse the seeds throughout the forest
(Smith 1985, p. 200; Wagner et al. 1985, p. 24).
Psidium guajava (guava) is a tall shrub or tree that forms
dense stands in disturbed forest and excludes native species. The seeds
are spread by feral pigs and alien birds, and this species can also
regenerate from underground parts by suckering (Wagner et al. 1999w, p.
972).
Rubus argutus (prickly Florida blackberry) is a prickly
bramble with long, arching stems, and reproduces both vegetatively and
by seed. It readily sprouts from underground runners, and is quickly
spread by frugivorous birds (Tunison 1991, p. 2; Wagner et al. 1999p,
p. 1,107; U.S. Army 2006, pp. 2-1-21-2-1-22). This species, which
displaces native vegetation through competition, is on the Hawaii State
noxious weed list (H.A.R. Title 4, subtitle 6, Chapter 68).
Rubus rosifolius (thimbleberry) is an erect to trailing
shrub that forms dense thickets and outcompetes native plant species.
It easily reproduces from roots left in the ground, and seeds are
spread by birds and feral animals (GISD 2008; PIER 2008i).
Sacciolepis indica (glenwood grass) is an annual grass
that invades disturbed and open areas in wet habitats, and prevents the
establishment of native plants. Its seeds are dispersed by sticking to
animal fur (PIER 2011d; Motooka et al. 2003e).
Schinus terebinthifolius (christmasberry) forms dense
thickets in all habitats, and its red berries are attractive to and
dispersed by birds (Smith 1989, p. 63). Schinus seedlings grow very
slowly and can survive in dense shade, exhibiting vigorous growth when
the canopy is opened after a disturbance (Brazilian Pepper Task Force
1997). Because of these attributes, S. terebinthifolius is able to
displace native vegetation through competition.
Setaria palmifolia (palmgrass), native to tropical Asia,
was first collected on Hawaii Island in 1903 (O'Connor 1999, p. 1,592).
A large-leafed, perennial herb, this species reaches approximately 6.5
ft (2 m) in height at maturity, and shades out native vegetation.
Palmgrass is resistant to fire and recovers quickly after being burned
(Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 83).
Syzygium cumini (java plum) is a tree native to India,
Ceylon, and the Malesian region, and is widely cultivated and
naturalized throughout the tropics. In Hawaii, it is naturalized in
mesic valleys and disturbed forests (Wagner et al. 1999w, p. 975). This
species forms dense cover, excluding all other species, and prevents
the reestablishment of native lowland forest plants. The large black
fruit is dispersed by frugivorous birds and feral pigs (PIER 2008j).
Tibouchina herbacea (glorybush), an herb or shrub up to 3
ft (1 m) tall, is native to southern Brazil, Uruguay,
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and Paraguay. In Hawaii, it is naturalized and abundant in disturbed
mesic to wet forest on the islands of Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii
(Almeda 1999, p. 915). It forms dense thickets, crowding out all other
plant species, and inhibits regeneration of native plants (Motooka et
al. 2003f). All members of this genus are on the Hawaii State noxious
weed list (H.A.R. Title 4, Subtitle 6, Chapter 68).
Ulex europaeus (gorse), a woody legume up to 12 ft (4 m)
tall and covered with spines, is native to western Europe (Geesink
1999, pp. 715-716). It is cultivated as a hedge and fodder plant, and
was inadvertently introduced to Hawaii before 1910, with the
establishment of the wool industry (Tulang 1992, pp. 577-583; Geesink
1999, pp. 715-716). Gorse spreads numerous seeds by explosive opening
of the pods (Mallinson 2011). It can rapidly form extensive dense and
impenetrable infestations, and competes with native plants, preventing
their establishment. Dense patches can also present a fire hazard
(Mallinson 2011). Over 20,000 ac (8,094 ha) are infested by gorse on
the island of Hawaii, and over 15,000 ac (6,070 ha) are infested on
Maui (Tulang 1992, pp. 577-583).
Youngia japonica (oriental hawksbeard), an annual herb 3
ft (1 m) tall and native to southeastern Asia, is now a pantropical
weed (Wagner et al. 1999m, p. 377). In Hawaii, it occurs in moist,
disturbed sites, and can invade nearly intact native wet forest where
it displaces native species (Wagner et al. 1999m, p. 377).
Habitat Destruction and Modification by Fire
Fire is an increasing, human-exacerbated threat to native species
and native ecosystems in Hawaii. The historical fire regime in Hawaii
was characterized by infrequent, low severity fires, as few natural
ignition sources existed (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 91; Smith and
Tunison 1992, pp. 395-397). It is believed that prior to human
colonization, fuel was sparse and inflammable in wet plant communities
and seasonally flammable in mesic and dry plant communities. The
primary ignition sources were volcanism and lightning (Baker et al.
2009, p. 43). Natural fuel beds were often discontinuous, and rainfall
in many areas on most islands was, and is, moderate to high. Fires
inadvertently or intentionally ignited by the original Polynesians in
Hawaii probably contributed to the initial decline of native vegetation
in the drier plains and foothills. These early settlers practiced
slash-and-burn agriculture that created open lowland areas suitable for
the later colonization of nonnative, fire-adapted grasses (Kirch 1982,
pp. 5-6, 8; Cuddihy and Stone 1990, pp. 30-31). Beginning in the late
18th century, Europeans and Americans introduced plants and animals
that further degraded native Hawaiian ecosystems. Pasturage and
ranching, in particular, created high fire-prone areas of nonnative
grasses and shrubs (D'Antonio and Vitousek 1992, p. 67). Although fires
were historically infrequent in mountainous regions, extensive fires
have recently occurred in lowland dry and lowland mesic areas, leading
to grass-fire cycles that convert forest to grasslands (D'Antonio and
Vitousek 1992, p. 77).
Because several Hawaiian plants show some tolerance of fire, Vogl
proposed that naturally occurring fires may have been important in the
development of the original Hawaiian flora (Vogl 1969 in Cuddihy and
Stone 1990, p. 91; Smith and Tunison 1992, p. 394). However, Mueller-
Dombois (1981 in Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 91) points out that most
natural vegetation types of Hawaii would not carry fire before the
introduction of alien grasses, and Smith and Tunison (1992, p. 396)
state that native plant fuels typically have low flammability. Because
of the greater frequency, intensity, and duration of fires that have
resulted from the introduction of nonnative plants (especially
grasses), fires are now destructive to native Hawaiian ecosystems
(Brown and Smith 2000, p. 172), and a single grass-fueled fire can kill
most native trees and shrubs in the burned area (D'Antonio and Vitousek
1992, p. 74).
Fire represents a threat to many of the native plant species found
in the coastal, lowland dry, lowland mesic, montane dry, montane mesic,
and dry cliff ecosystems addressed in this proposed rule. The plant
species proposed or reevaluated for listing here are threatened by fire
are Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Canavalia pubescens, C.
magnicalyx, C. mauiensis, C. obtusa, Festuca molokaiensis, Phyllostegia
bracteata, P. haliakalae, Pittosporum halophilum, Pleomele fernaldii,
Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, Schiedea salicaria, and Stenogyne
kauaulaensis (see Table 3). Fire can destroy dormant seeds of these
species as well as plants themselves, even in steep or inaccessible
areas. Successive fires that burn farther and farther into native
habitat destroy native plants and remove habitat for native species by
altering microclimate conditions favorable to alien plants. Alien plant
species most likely to be spread as a consequence of fire are those
that produce a high fuel load, are adapted to survive and regenerate
after fire, and establish rapidly in newly burned areas. Grasses
(particularly those that produce mats of dry material or retain a mass
of standing dead leaves) that invade native forests and shrublands
provide fuels that allow fire to burn areas that would not otherwise
easily burn (Fujioka and Fujii 1980, in Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 93;
D'Antonio and Vitousek 1992, pp. 70, 73-74; Tunison et al. 2002, p.
122). Native woody plants may recover from fire to some degree, but
fire shifts the competitive balance toward alien species (National Park
Service 1989, in Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 93). On a post-burn survey
at Puuwaawaa on the island of Hawaii, an area of native Diospyros
forest with undergrowth of the nonnative grass Pennisetum setaceum,
Takeuchi noted that ``no regeneration of native canopy is occurring
within the Puuwaawaa burn area'' (Takeuchi 1991, p. 2). Takeuchi (1991,
pp. 4, 6) also stated that ``burn events served to accelerate a decline
process already in place, compressing into days a sequence which would
ordinarily take decades,'' and concluded that in addition to increasing
the number of fires, the nonnative Pennisetum acted to suppress the
establishment of native plants after a fire.
For decades, fires have impacted rare or endangered species and
areas previously designated or proposed for critical habitat
designation in this rule (Gima 1998, in litt.; Pacific Disaster Center
2011; Hamilton 2009, in litt.; Honolulu Advertiser, 2010). The islands
of Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Kahoolawe have experienced 1,291 brush
fires between the years 1972 and 1999 that burned a total of 64,248 ac
(26,000 ha) (Pacific Disaster Center 2011; County of Maui 2009, Chapter
3, p. 3). Between 2000 and 2003, the annual number of wildfires on
Molokai, Lanai, and Maui jumped from 118 to 271, many of which each
consumed more than 5,000 ac (2,023 ha) (Pacific Disaster Center 2011).
During the summer of 1998, a raging fire that began in Kaunakakai
consumed over 15,000 ac (6,070 ha) on Molokai, including a portion of
the Molokai Forest Reserve, consuming roughly 10 percent of the entire
island (Gima 1998, in litt.). Molokai experienced three 10,000 ac
(4,047 ha) wildfires between the years 2003 and 2004 (Pacific Disaster
Center 2011). In late August through early September 2009, a massive
wildfire burned for days and consumed approximately 8,000 ac (3,237
ha), including 600 ac (243 ha) of the remote Makakupaia section of the
[[Page 34495]]
Molokai Forest Reserve, a small portion of TNC's Kamakou Preserve, and
encroached upon Onini Gulch, Kalamaula and Kawela (Hamilton 2009, in
litt.). Three species reported from Molokai's coastal and lowland mesic
ecosystems (Festuca molokaiensis, Phyllostegia haliakalae, and
Pittosporum halophilum) are threatened by fire because individuals of
these species or their habitat are located in or near areas that were
burned in previous fires.
The island of Lanai has experienced several wildfires in the last
decade. In 2006, a wildfire burned 600 ac (243 ha) between Manele Road
and the Palawai basin (2.5 mi (4 km) south of Lanai City) (The Maui
News 2006, in litt.). In 2007, a brush fire occurred in the Mahana
area, burning an estimated 30 ac (12 ha), and in 2008, another 1,000 ac
(405 ha) were burned by wildfire in the Palawai basin (The Maui News
2007, in litt.; KITV Honolulu 2008, in litt.). All known individuals of
Pleomele fernaldii lie just southeast of the area burned during the
Mahana fire and east of the Palawai basin fires. Many of these
individuals could be decimated by one large fire.
Between the years 2007 and 2010, wildfires burned more than 8,650
ac (3,501 ha) on west Maui (Shimogawa 2010, in litt.; Honolulu
Advertiser 2010, in litt.). In 2007, a fire that started along
Honoapiilani Highway on the south coast of west Maui burned a total of
1,350 ac (546 ha), encroached into the West Maui Natural Area Reserve
(Panaewa section), and threatened the proposed plants Phyllostegia
bracteata and Schiedea salicaria (HDLNR 1989, pp. 53-63; KITV 2007, in
litt.). In May 2010, another fire occurred farther south along the same
highway, moved up the ridges of Olowalu, and eventually encompassed
1,100 ac (445 ha). Later the same year, a fire that started at Maalaea
initially destroyed 200 ac (81 ha), and because of strong winds and
drought conditions, continued to burn for 8 days, moved up Kealaloloa
and nearby ridges, and encompassed a total of 6,200 ac (2,509 ha). This
fire is on record as the largest brush fire that has occurred on Maui.
Nine species reported from Maui's lowland dry, lowland mesic, montane
dry, montane mesic, and dry cliff ecosystems (Bidens campylotheca ssp.
pentamera, Canavalia pubescens, C. magnicalyx, C. mauiensis, C. obtusa,
Phyllostegia bracteata, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, Schiedea
salicaria, and Stenogyne kauaulaensis) are threatened by fire because
individuals of these species or their habitat are located in or near
areas that were burned in previous fires or in areas at risk for fire
due to the presence of highly flammable nonnative grasses and pine
trees.
Habitat Destruction and Modification by Hurricanes
Hurricanes adversely impact native Hawaiian terrestrial habitat,
including each of the 10 Maui Nui ecosystems addressed here and their
associated species identified in this proposed rule. They do this by
destroying native vegetation, opening the canopy and thus modifying the
availability of light, and creating disturbed areas conducive to
invasion by nonnative pest species (see ``Specific Nonnative Plant
Species Impacts,'' above) (Asner and Goldstein 1997, p. 148; Harrington
et al. 1997, pp. 539-540). Because many Hawaiian plant and animal
species, including the 40 species proposed or reevaluated for listing
here, persist in low numbers and in restricted ranges, natural
disasters, such as hurricanes, can be particularly devastating
(Mitchell et al. 2005, pp. 3-4).
Hurricanes affecting Hawaii were only rarely reported from ships in
the area from the 1800s until 1949. Between 1950 and 1997, 22
hurricanes passed near or over the Hawaiian Islands, 5 of which caused
serious damage (Businger 1998, pp. 1-2). In November 1982, Hurricane
Iwa struck the Hawaiian Islands, with wind gusts exceeding 100 miles
per hour (mph) (161 kilometers per hour (kph)), causing extensive
damage, especially on the islands of Niihau, Kauai, and Oahu (Businger
1998, pp. 2, 6). Many forest trees were destroyed (Perlman 1992, pp. 1-
9), which opened the canopy and facilitated the invasion of nonnative
plants (Kitayama and Mueller-Dombois 1995, p. 671). Competition with
nonnative plants is a threat to each of the 10 ecosystems that support
the 40 species proposed or reevaluated for listing here, and to 35 of
the 37 plant species addressed in this proposed rule, as described in
the ``Specific Nonnative Plant Species Impacts'' section above.
Biologists have reported that hurricanes are a threat to the three tree
snails proposed for listing (Newcombia cumingi, Partulina semicarinata,
and P. variabilis). High winds and intense rains from hurricanes can
dislodge snails from the leaves and branches of their host plants and
deposit them on the forest floor where they may be crushed by falling
vegetation or exposed to predation by nonnative rats and snails (see
``Disease or Predation,'' below) (Hadfield 2011, pers. comm.). Although
there is historical evidence of only one hurricane that approached from
the east and impacted the islands of Maui and Hawaii (Businger 1998, p.
3), damage by future hurricanes could further decrease the remaining
native plant-dominated habitat areas that support the 40 species
proposed or reevaluated for listing in 10 of the described ecosystems
(coastal, lowland dry, lowland mesic, lowland wet, montane dry, montane
mesic, montane wet, subalpine, dry cliff, and wet cliff) (Bellingham et
al. 2005, p. 681).
Habitat Destruction and Modification Due to Landslides, Rockfalls,
Treefalls, Flooding, and Drought
Landslides, rockfalls, treefalls, and flooding destabilize
substrates, damage and destroy individual plants, and alter
hydrological patterns, which result in changes to native plant and
animal communities. In the open sea near Hawaii, rainfall averages 25
to 30 in (635 to 762 mm) per year, yet the islands may receive up to 15
times this amount in some places, caused by orographic features
(physical geography of mountains) (Wagner et al. 1999b; adapted from
Price (1983) and Carlquist (1980)), pp. 38 and 39). During storms, rain
may fall at 3 in (76 mm) per hour or more, and sometimes may reach
nearly 40 in (1,000 mm) in 24 hours, causing destructive flash-flooding
in streams and narrow gulches (Wagner et al. 1999b; adapted from Price
(1983) and Carlquist (1980)), pp. 38-39). Due to the steep topography
of much of the areas on Molokai, Lanai, and Maui where these 40 species
remain, erosion and disturbance caused by introduced ungulates
exacerbate the potential for landslides, rockfalls, or flooding, which
in turn threaten native plants. For those species that occur in small
numbers in highly restricted geographic areas, such events have the
potential to eradicate all individuals of a population, or even all
populations of a species, resulting in extinction.
Landslides, rockfalls, and treefalls likely adversely impact 14 of
the species addressed in this proposed rule, including Cyanea
asplenifolia, C. grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C. horrida, C. magnicalyx,
C. maritae, C. mauiensis, C. munroi, C. profuga, C. solanacea,
Cyrtandra filipes, Schiedea jacobii, S. laui, Stenogyne kauaulaensis,
and Wikstroemia villosa, as documented in observations by field
botanists and surveyors (HBMP 2008). Monitoring data from PEPP and the
HBMP suggest that these 14 species are threatened by landslides or
falling rocks, as they are found in landscape settings susceptible to
these events (e.g., steep slopes and cliffs). Field survey data
presented by Oppenheimer documented the direct damage from landslides
to individuals
[[Page 34496]]
of Cyanea solanacea located along a stream bank and steep slope beneath
a cliff (PEPP 2007, p. 41). Since Cyanea solanacea is known from a
total of 26 individuals in steep-walled stream valleys, one or several
landslides could lead to near extirpation or even extinction of the
species by direct destruction of the individual plants, mechanical
damage to individual plants that could lead to their death,
destabilization of the cliff habitat leading to additional landslides,
and alteration of hydrological patterns (e.g., affecting the
availability of soil moisture). Perlman (2009b, in litt.) noted the
threat of rolling or falling rocks to one population of Cyanea
magnicalyx.
Monitoring data presented by HBMP and the PEPP program suggest that
flooding is a likely threat to five plant species included in this
proposed listing, Bidens campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis, Cyanea
duvalliorum, C. horrida, C. profuga, and Schiedea laui. Field survey
data presented by PEPP (2008, pp. 107-108) and by Bakutis (2010, in
litt.) suggest that catastrophic flooding or landslides are possible at
one population of Schiedea laui located in a cave along a narrow stream
corridor at the base of a waterfall in the Kamakou Preserve.
Four plant species, Cyanea horrida, Festuca molokaiensis, Schiedea
jacobii, and Stenogyne kaualaensis, and the three tree snails proposed
for listing in this proposed rule may also be affected by habitat loss
or degradation associated with droughts, which are not uncommon in the
Hawaiian Islands. Between 1860 and 2006, there have been 30 periods of
Statewide drought that have also affected the islands of Molokai,
Lanai, and Maui (Giambelluca et al. 1991, pp. 3-4; Hawaii Commission on
Water Resource Management 2009a and 2009b). In 2006, Maui County was
designated a primary disaster area because of a severe drought from
April to September 2006 (Pacific Disaster Center, 2010). It is
suggested that Festuca molokaiensis, a purported annual plant, has not
been observed at its known location in recent years due to drought
conditions on Molokai (Oppenheimer 2011, pers. comm.). Drought also
leads to an increase in the number of forest and brush fires
(Giambelluca et al. 1991, p. v), causing a reduction of native plant
cover and habitat (D'Antonio and Vitousek 1992, pp. 77-79) and a
reduction in availability of host plants for the three tree snails.
Recent episodes of drought have also driven axis deer farther into
urban and forested areas for food, increasing their negative impacts to
native vegetation from herbivory and trampling (see ``Disease and
Predation,'' below) (Waring 1996, in litt., p. 5; Nishibayashi 2001, in
litt.).
Habitat Destruction and Modification by Climate Change
Climate change will be a particular challenge for the conservation
of biodiversity because the introduction and interaction of additional
stressors may push species beyond their ability to survive (Lovejoy
2005, pp. 325-326). The synergistic implications of climate change and
habitat fragmentation are the most threatening facet of climate change
for biodiversity (Hannah et al. 2005, p. 4). The magnitude and
intensity of the impacts of global climate change and increasing
temperatures on native Hawaiian ecosystems are unknown. Currently,
there are no climate change studies that specifically address impacts
to the Maui Nui ecosystems discussed here or the 40 species proposed or
reevaluated for listing that are associated with these ecosystems.
Based on the best available information, climate change impacts could
lead to the loss of native species that comprise the communities in
which the 40 species occur (Pounds et al. 1999, pp. 611-612; Still et
al. 1999, p. 610; Benning et al. 2002, pp. 14,246-14,248; Allen et al.
2010, pp. 660-662; Sturrock et al. 2011, p. 144; Towsend et al. 2011,
p. 15; Warren 2011, pp. 221-226). In addition, weather regime changes
(droughts, floods) will likely result from increased annual average
temperatures related to more frequent El Ni[ntilde]o episodes in Hawaii
(Giambelluca et al. 1991, p. v). Future changes in precipitation and
the forecast of those changes are highly uncertain because they depend,
in part, on how the El Ni[ntilde]o-La Ni[ntilde]a weather cycle (a
disruption of the ocean atmospheric system in the tropical Pacific
having important global consequences for weather and climate) might
change (State of Hawaii 1998, pp. 2-10). The 40 species proposed or
reevaluated for listing may be especially vulnerable to extinction due
to anticipated environmental changes that may result from global
climate change, due to their small population size and highly
restricted ranges. Environmental changes that may affect these species
are expected to include habitat loss or alteration and changes in
disturbance regimes (e.g., storms and hurricanes).
Climate Change and Ambient Temperature
The average ambient air temperature (at sea level) is projected to
increase by about 4.1 degrees Fahrenheit ([deg]F) (2.3 [deg]Centigrade
(C)) with a range of 2.7 [deg]F to 6.7 [deg]F (1.5 [deg]C to 3.7
[deg]C) by 2100 worldwide (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) 2007). These changes would increase the monthly average
temperature of the Hawaiian Islands from the current value of 74 [deg]F
(23.3 [deg]C) to between 77 [deg]F to 86 [deg]F (25 [deg]C to 30
[deg]C). Historically, temperature has been rising over the last 100
years with the greatest increase after 1975 (Alexander et al. 2006, pp.
1-22; Giambelluca et al. 2008, p. 1). The rate of increase at low
elevation (0.16 [deg]F; 0.09 [deg]C) per decade is below the observed
global temperature rise of 0.32 [deg]F (0.18 [deg]C) per decade (IPCC
2007). However, at high elevations, the rate of increase (0.48 [deg]F
(0.27 [deg]C) per decade) greatly exceeds the global rate (IPCC 2007).
Overall, the daily temperature range in Hawaii is decreasing,
resulting in a warmer environment, especially at higher elevations and
at night. In the main Hawaiian Islands, predicted changes associated
with increases in temperature include a shift in vegetation zones
upslope, shift in animal species' ranges, changes in mean precipitation
with unpredictable effects on local environments, increased occurrence
of drought cycles, and increases in the intensity and number of
hurricanes (Loope and Giambelluca 1998, pp. 514-515; U.S. Global Change
Research Program (US-GCRP) 2009). In addition, weather regime changes
(e.g., droughts, floods) will likely result from increased annual
average temperatures related to more frequent El Ni[ntilde]o episodes
in Hawaii (Giambelluca et al. 1991, p. v). However, despite
considerable progress made by expert scientists toward understanding
the impacts of climate change on many of the processes that contribute
to El Ni[ntilde]o variability, it is not possible to say whether or not
El Ni[ntilde]o activity will be affected by climate change (Collins et
al. 2010, p. 391).
The warming atmosphere is creating a plethora of anticipated and
unanticipated environmental changes such as melting ice caps, decline
in annual snow mass, sea-level rise, ocean acidification, increase in
storm frequency and intensity (e.g., hurricanes, cyclones, and
tornadoes), and altered precipitation patterns that contribute to
regional increases in floods, heat waves, drought, and wildfires that
also displace species and alter or destroy natural ecosystems (Pounds
et al. 1999, pp. 611-612; IPCC 2007; Marshall et al. 2008, p. 273; U.S.
Climate Change Science Program 2008; Flannigan et al. 2009, p. 483; US-
GCRP 2009; Allen et al. 2010, pp. 660-662; Warren 2011, pp. 221-226).
These
[[Page 34497]]
environmental changes are predicted to alter species migration
patterns, lifecycles, and ecosystem processes such as nutrient cycles,
water availability, and decomposition (IPCC 2007; Pounds et al. 1999,
pp. 611-612; Sturrock et al. 2011, p. 144; Townsend et al. 2011, p. 15;
Warren 2011, pp. 221-226). The species extinction rate is predicted to
increase congruent with ambient temperature increase (US-GCRP 2009).
Climate Change and Precipitation
As global surface temperature rises, the evaporation of water vapor
increases, resulting in higher concentrations of water vapor in the
atmosphere, further resulting in altered global precipitation patterns
(U.S. National Science and Technology Council (US-NSTC) 2008; US-GCRP
2009). While annual global precipitation has increased over the last
100 years, the combined effect of increases in evaporation and
evapotranspiration is causing land surface drying in some regions
leading to a greater incidence and severity of drought (US-NSTC 2008;
US-GCRP 2009). Over the the past 100 years, the Hawaiian Islands have
experienced an annual decline in precipitation of just over 9 percent
(US-NSTC 2008). Other data on precipitation in Hawaii, which includes
sea level precipitation and the added orographic effects, show a steady
and significant decline of about 15 percent over the last 15 to 20
years (Chu and Chen 2005, p. 4,881-4,900; Diaz et al. 2005, pp. 1-3).
Exact future changes in precipitation in Hawaii and the forecast of
those changes are uncertain because they depend, in part, on how the El
Ni[ntilde]o-La Ni[ntilde]a weather cycle might change (State of Hawaii
1998, pp. 2-10).
In the oceans around Hawaii, the average annual rainfall at sea
level is about 25 in (63.5 cm). The orographic features of the islands
increase this annual average to about 70 in (177.8 cm) but can exceed
240 in (609.6 cm) in the wettest mountain areas. Rainfall is
distributed unevenly across each high island, and rainfall gradients
are extreme (approximately 25 in (63.5 cm) per mile), creating both
very dry and very wet areas. Global climate modeling predicts that, by
2100, net precipitation at sea level near the Hawaiian Islands will
decrease in winter by about 4 to 6 percent, with no significant change
during summer (IPCC 2007). Downscaling of global climate models
indicates that wet-season (winter) precipitation will decrease by 5
percent to 10 percent, while dry-season (summer) precipitation will
increase by about 5 percent (Timm and Diaz 2009, pp. 4,261-4,280).
These data are also supported by a steady decline in stream flow
beginning in the early 1940s (Oki 2004, p. 1). Altered seasonal
moisture regimes can have negative impacts on plant growth cycles and
overall negative impacts on natural ecosystems (US-GCRP 2009). Long
periods of decline in annual precipitation result in a reduction in
moisture availability, an increase in drought frequency and intensity,
and a self-perpetuating cycle of nonnative plants, fire, and erosion
(US-GCRP 2009; Warren 2011, pp. 221-226) (see ``Habitat Destruction and
Modification by Fire,'' above). These impacts may negatively affect the
40 species proposed or reevaluted for listing here and the 10
ecosystems that support them.
Climate Change, and Tropical Cyclone Frequency and Intensity
A tropical cyclone is the generic term for a medium to large scale
low-pressure system over tropical or subtropical waters with organized
convection (i.e., thunderstorm activity) and definite cyclonic surface
wind circulation (counterclockwise direction in the Northern
Hemisphere) (Holland 1993, pp. 1-8). In the Northeast Pacific Ocean,
east of the International Date Line, once a tropical cyclone reaches an
intensity with winds of at least 74 mi per hour (33 m per second) it is
considered a hurricane (Neumann 1993, pp. 1-2). Climate modeling has
projected changes in tropical cyclone frequency and intensity due to
global warming over the next 100 to 200 years (Vecchi and Soden 2007,
pp. 1,068-1,069, Figures 2 and 3; Emanuel et al. 2008, p. 360, Figure
8; Yu et al. 2010, p. 1,371, Figure 14). The frequency of hurricanes
generated by tropical cyclones is projected to decrease in the central
Pacific (e.g., the main and Northwestern Hawaiian Islands) while storm
intensity (strength) is projected to increase by a few percent over
this period (Vecchi and Soden 2007, pp. 1,068-1,069, Figures 2 and 3;
Emanuel et al. 2008, p. 360, Figure 8; Yu et al. 2010, p. 1,371, Figure
14). There are no climate model predictions for a change in the
duration of Pacific tropical cyclone storm season (which generally runs
from May through November).
In general, tropical cyclones with the intensities of hurricanes
have been a rare occurrence in the Hawaiian Islands. From the 1800s
until 1949, hurricanes were only rarely reported from ships in the
area. Between 1950 and 1997, 22 hurricanes passed near or over the
Hawaiian Islands, 5 of which caused serious damage (Businger 1998, in
litt., pp. 1-2). Hurricanes may cause destruction of native vegetation
and open the native canopy, allowing for invasion by nonnative plant
species which compete for space, water, and nutrients, and alter basic
water and nutrient cycling processes leading to decreased growth and
reproduction for all 37 plant species proposed or reevaluated for
listing in this proposed rule (see Table 3) (Perlman 1992, in litt.,
pp. 1-9; Kitayama and Mueller-Dombois 1995, p. 671). Hurricanes also
constitute a threat to the three proposed tree snails (Newcombia
cumingi, Partulina semicarinata and P. variabilis) as a result of their
high winds that may dislodge snails from their host trees, thereby
increasing the likelihood of mortality caused by falling vegetation and
ground-based predators, such as nonnative rats (Rattus spp.) and snails
(see ``Disease or Predation,'' below). Although there is historical
evidence of only one hurricane that approached from the east and
impacted the islands of Maui and Hawaii (Businger 1998, p.3), damage by
future hurricanes could further decrease the remaining native plant-
dominated habitat areas that support the 40 species proposed or
reevaluated for listing in 10 of the described ecosystems (coastal,
lowland dry, lowland mesic, lowland wet, montane dry, montane mesic,
montane wet, subalpine, dry cliff, and wet cliff) (Bellingham et al.
2005, p. 681).
Climate Change, and Sea Level Rise and Coastal Inundation
On a global scale, sea level is rising as a result of thermal
expansion of warming ocean water; the melting of ice sheets, glaciers,
and ice caps; and the addition of water from terrestrial systems
(Climate Institute 2011). Sea level rose at an average rate of 0.1 in
(1.8 mm) per year between 1961 and 2003 (IPCC 2007, p. 5), and the
predicted increase by the end of this century, without accounting for
ice sheet flow, ranges from 0.6 ft to 2.0 ft (0.18 m to 0.6 m) (IPCC
2007, p. 13). When ice sheet and glacial melt are incorporated into
models, the average estimated increase in sea level by the year 2100 is
approximately 3 to 4 ft (0.9 to 1.2 m), with some estimates as high as
6.6 ft (2.0 m) to 7.8 ft (2.4 m) (Rahmstorf 2007, pp. 368-370; Pfeffer
et al. 2008, p. 1,340; Fletcher 2009, p. 7; US-GCRP 2009, p. 18). There
is no specific information available on how sea level rise and coastal
inundation will impact the coastal ecosystems on Maui and Molokai where
two of the proposed species, Canavalia pubescens and Pittosporum
halophilum, are currently found.
[[Page 34498]]
Increased interannual variability of ambient temperature,
precipitation, hurricanes, and sea level rise and inundation would
provide additional stresses on the 10 ecosystems and each of the
associated 40 species proposed or reevaluated for listing in this
proposed rule because they are highly vulnerable to disturbance and
related invasion of nonnative species. The probability of a species
going extinct as a result of such factors increases when its range is
restricted, habitat decreases, and population numbers decline (IPCC
2007, p. 8). The 40 species have limited environmental tolerances,
ranges, restricted habitat requirements, small population sizes, and
low numbers of individuals. Therefore, we would expect these species to
be particularly vulnerable to projected environmental impacts that may
result from changes in climate and subsequent impacts to their habitats
(e.g., Loope and Giambelluca 1998, pp. 504-505; Pounds et al. 1999, pp.
611-612; Still et al. 1999, p. 610; Benning et al. 2002, pp. 14,246-
14,248, Giambelluca and Luke 2007, pp. 13-18). Based on the above
information, we conclude that changes in environmental conditions that
result from climate change are likely to negatively impact these 40
species, and we do not anticipate a reduction in this potential threat
in the near future.
Summary of Habitat Destruction and Modification
The threats to the habitats of each of the 40 species proposed or
reevaluated for listing in this proposed rule are occurring throughout
the entire range of each of the species. These threats include land
conversion by agriculture and urbanization, nonnative ungulates and
plants, fire, natural disasters, and climate change, and the
interaction of these threats.
Development and urbanization of coastal and lowland dry habitat on
Maui represents a serious and ongoing threat to approximately 20
individuals of Canavalia pubescens remaining at Palauea-Keahou.
The effects from ungulates are serious and ongoing because
ungulates currently occur in the 10 ecosystems that support the 40
species proposed or reevaluated for listing in this rule. Ungulates
directly threaten 35 of the 37 plant species, and 2 of the 3 snail
species (Partulina semicarinata and P. variabilis) proposed or
reevaluated for listing in this rule (see Table 3), because they cause:
(1) Trampling and grazing that directly impact the plant communities,
which include the plant species proposed or reevaluated for listing,
and impact host plants used by Partulina semicarinata and P. variabilis
for foraging, shelter, and reproduction; (2) increased soil
disturbance, leading to mechanical damage to individuals of the plant
species proposed or reevaluated for listing, and plants used by the two
tree snails for foraging, shelter, and reproduction; and (3) creation
of open, disturbed areas conducive to weedy plant invasion and
establishment of alien plants from dispersed fruits and seeds, which
results over time in the conversion of a community dominated by native
vegetation to one dominated by nonnative vegetation (leading to all of
the negative impacts associated with nonnative plants, listed below).
These threats are expected to continue or increase without ungulate
control or eradication.
Nonnative plants represent a serious and ongoing threat to 36 of
the 40 species proposed or reevaluated for listing (35 plant species
and the tree snail Newcombia cumingi; see Table 3) through habitat
destruction and modification because they: (1) Adversely impact
microhabitat by modifying the availability of light; (2) alter soil-
water regimes; (3) modify nutrient cycling processes; (4) alter fire
characteristics of native plant habitat, leading to incursions of fire-
tolerant nonnative plant species into native habitat; and (5)
outcompete, and possibly directly inhibit the growth of, native plant
species. Each of these threats can convert native-dominated plant
communities to nonnative plant communities (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p.
74; Vitousek 1992, pp. 33-35). This conversion has negative impacts on,
and threatens, 35 of the 37 plant species addressed here, as well as
the native plant species upon which Newcombia cumingi depends for
essential life-history needs.
The threat from fire to 13 of the 40 species proposed or
reevaluated for listing in this proposed rule that depend on coastal,
lowland dry, lowland mesic, montane dry, montane mesic, and dry cliff
ecosystems (Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Canavalia pubescens,
Cyanea magnicalyx, C. mauiensis, C. obtusa, Festuca molokaiensis,
Phyllostegia bracteata, P. haliakalae, Pittosporum halophilum, Pleomele
fernaldii, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiensis, Schiedea salicaria, and
Stenogyne kauaulaensis; see Table 3) is serious and ongoing because
fire damages and destroys native vegetation, including dormant seeds,
seedlings, and juvenile and adult plants. Many nonnative invasive
plants, particularly fire-tolerant grasses, outcompete native plants
and inhibit their regeneration (D'Antonio and Vitousek 1992, pp. 70,
73-74; Tunison et al. 2002, p. 122). Successive fires that burn farther
and farther into native habitat destroy native plants and remove
habitat for native species by altering microclimatic conditions and
creating conditions favorable to alien plants. The threat from fire is
unpredictable but increasing in frequency in ecosystems that have been
invaded by nonnative, fire-prone grasses.
Natural disasters such as hurricanes adversely impact native
Hawaiian terrestrial habitat including the 10 ecosystems addressed here
and all 37 plant species proposed or reevaluated for listing in this
rule because they open the forest canopy, modify available light, and
create disturbed areas that are conducive to invasion by nonnative pest
plants (Asner and Goldstein 1997, p. 148; Harrington et al. 1997, pp.
346-347). In addition, hurricanes threaten the three tree snail species
in this proposed rule because strong winds and intense rainfall can
dislodge individual snails from their host plants and deposit them on
the ground where they may be crushed by falling debris or eaten by
nonnative rats and snails. The impacts of hurricanes and other
stochastic natural events can be particularly devastating to the 40
species proposed or reevaluated for listing because, as a result of
other threats, they now persist in low numbers or occur in restricted
ranges and are therefore less resilient to such disturbances, rendering
them highly vulnerable to extirpation. Furthermore, a particularly
destructive hurricane holds the potential of driving a localized
endemic species to extinction in a single event. Hurricanes pose an
ongoing and ever-present threat because they can happen at any time,
although their occurrence is not predictable.
Landslides, rockfalls, treefalls, and flooding adversely impact 16
of the species proposed or reevaluated for listing (Bidens campylotheca
ssp. waihoiensis, Cyanea asplenifolia, C. duvalliorum, C. grimesiana
ssp. grimesiana, C. horrida, C. magnicalyx, C. maritae, C. mauiensis,
C. munroi, C. profuga, C. solanacea, Cyrtandra filipes, Schiedea
jacobii, S. laui, Stenogyne kauaulaensis, and Wikstroemia villosa; see
Table 3) by destabilizing substrates, damaging and destroying
individual plants, and altering hydrological patterns, which result in
habitat destruction or modification and changes to native plant and
animal communities. Drought threatens four plant species--Cyanea
horrida, Festuca molokaiensis, Schiedea jacobii, and Stenogyne
kauaulaesis--and all three tree snails--Newcombia cumingi, Partulina
[[Page 34499]]
semicarinata, and P. variabilis--by the loss or degradation of habitat
due to death of individual native plants and host tree species, as well
as an increase in forest and brush fires. These threats are serious and
have the potential to occur at any time, although their occurrence is
not predictable.
Changes in environmental conditions that may result from global
climate change include increasing temperatures, decreasing
precipitation, increasing storm intensities, and sea level rise and
coastal inundation. The consequent impacts on the 40 species proposed
or reevaluated for listing here are related to changes in microclimatic
conditions in their habitats. These changes may lead to the loss of
native species due to direct physiological stress, the loss or
alteration of habitat, or changes in disturbance regimes (e.g.,
droughts, fire, storms, and hurricanes). Because the specific and
cumulative effects of climate change on the 40 species are presently
unknown, we are not able to determine the magnitude of this possible
threat with confidence.
B. Overutilization for Commercial, Recreational, Scientific, or
Educational Purposes
Plants
We are not aware of any threats to the 37 plant species addressed
in this proposed rule that would be attributed to overutilization for
commercial, recreational, scientific, or educational purposes.
Tree Snails
Tree snails can be found around the world in tropical and
subtropical regions and have been valued as collectibles for centuries.
Evidence of tree snail trading among prehistoric Polynesians was
discovered by a genetic characterization of the enigmatic multi-
archipelagic distribution of the Tahitian endemic Partula hyalina and
related taxa (Lee et al. 2007, pp. 2,907, 2,910). In their study, Lee
et al. (2007, pp. 2,908-2,910) found evidence that Partula hyalina had
been traded as far away as Mangaia in the Southern Cook Islands, a
distance of over 500 mi (805 km). The endemic Hawaiian tree snails
within the family Achatinellidae (subfamily Achatinellinae) were
extensively collected for scientific as well as recreational purposes
by Europeans in the 18th to early 20th centuries (Hadfield 1986, p.
322). During the 1800s, collectors observed 500 to 2,000 snails per
tree, and sometimes collected over 4,000 snails in just several hours
(Hadfield 1986, p. 322). We may infer that the repeated collections of
hundreds to thousands of individuals at a time by early collectors
resulted in decreased population sizes and reduction of reproduction
potential due to the removal of potential breeding adults. The
Achatinellinae do not reach reproductive age until nearly 10 years old,
after which they produce only 4 to 6 offspring per year (Hadfield 2011,
pers. comm.). The allure of tree snails persists to this day, and there
is a market for rare tree snails that may serve as an incentive to
collect them. A search of the Internet (e.g., eBay.com, google.com)
reveals Web sites that offer Hawaiian tree snail shells for sale,
including other species of the endemic Hawaiian tree snail genus
Partulina. Based on the history of collection of endemic Hawaiian tree
snails, the market for Hawaiian tree snail shells, and the
vulnerability of the small populations of Newcombia cumingi, Partulina
semicarinata, and P. variabilis to the negative impacts of any
collection, we consider the potential overcollection of these three
Hawaiian tree snails to pose a serious and ongoing threat, because it
can occur at any time, although its occurrence is not predictable.
Summary of Overutilization for Commercial, Recreational, Scientific, or
Educational Purposes
We have no evidence to suggest that overutilization for commercial,
recreational, scientific, or educational purposes poses a threat to any
the 37 plant species proposed or reevaluated for listing. We consider
the three species of tree snails vulnerable to the impacts of
overutilization due to collection for trade or market. Based on the
history of collection of endemic Hawaiian tree snails, the market for
Hawaiian tree snail shells, and the inherent vulnerability of the small
populations of Newcombia cumingi, Partulina semicarinata, and P.
variabilis to the removal of breeding adults, we consider collection to
pose a serious and ongoing threat to these species.
C. Disease or Predation
Disease
We are not aware of any threats to the 37 plant species addressed
in this proposed rule that would be attributable to disease. Disease is
a potential threat to the three tree snails proposed in this rule,
Newcombia cumingi, Partulina semicarinata, and P. variabilis; evidence
for this is based on attempts to raise these species in captivity. Due
to the extremely low numbers and threat of extinction of Hawaiian tree
snails in the wild, captive breeding of over 20 species has been
implemented over the past decade. Hadfield (2010, pers. comm.) notes
that individuals of Newcombia cumingi do not survive long in captivity,
and individuals of Partulina spp. sometimes die off for unknown reasons
(Hadfield 2011, pers. comm.). According to Hadfield (2011, pers.
comm.), the London Zoo found evidence of protozoan presence in a non-
Hawaiian species of Partulina, which is indicative of disease. Hadfield
(2011, pers. comm.) also suggests there is a negative correlation
between reproductive potential in Hawaiian tree snails and time in
captivity, likely due to inbreeding depression or environmental
conditions, including disease.
Because we have no evidence that disease may be impacting natural
populations of the three tree snail species, we cannot conclude that
this threat may have contributed to the current population status of
Newcombia cumingi, Partulina semicarinata, and P. variabilis such that
listing of any of the three species would be warranted based on this
factor. However, we note that disease is a potential threat to captive
bred Hawaiian tree snails and may be of particular concern for
Newcombia cumingi, which is not successfully surviving or reproducing
in captivity, potentially due to disease, and is only known from nine
individuals in one location in the wild. Recovery of this species will
likely depend on successful captive propagation and eventual
translocation to protected sites in the wild.
Predation and Herbivory
Hawaii's plants and animals evolved in nearly complete isolation
from continental influences. Successful colonization of these remote
volcanic islands was infrequent, and many organisms never succeeded in
establishing populations. As an example, Hawaii lacks any native ants
or conifers, has very few families of birds, and has only a single
extant native land mammal, a bat (Loope 1998, p. 748). In the absence
of any grazing or browsing mammals, plants that became established did
not need mechanical or chemical defenses against mammalian herbivory
such as thorns, prickles, and production of toxins. As the evolutionary
pressure to either produce or maintain such defenses was lacking,
Hawaiian plants either lost or never developed these adaptations
(Carlquist 1980, p. 173). Likewise native Hawaiian birds and insects
experienced no evolutionary pressure to develop anti-predator
mechanisms against mammals or invertebrates that were not
[[Page 34500]]
historically present on the island. The native flora and fauna of the
islands are thus particularly vulnerable to the impacts of introduced
nonnative species, as discussed below.
Introduced Ungulates
In addition to the habitat impacts discussed above (see ``Habitat
Destruction and Modification by Introduced Ungulates'' under Factor A),
introduced ungulates threaten the following 35 plant species in this
proposal by grazing and browsing individual plants (this information is
also presented in Table 3): Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera (pigs,
goats, and axis deer), B. campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis (pigs, goats,
and axis deer), B. conjuncta (pigs and goats), Calamagrostis
hillebrandii (pigs), Canavalia pubescens (pigs, goats, cattle, and axis
deer), Cyanea asplenifolia (pigs, goats, cattle, and axis deer), C.
duvalliorum (pigs), C. grimesiana ssp. grimesiana (pigs, goats, and
axis deer), C. horrida (pigs), C. kunthiana (pigs), C. magnicalyx
(pigs), C. maritae (pigs), C. mauiensis (pigs), C. munroi (goats and
axis deer), C. obtusa (pigs, goats, cattle, and axis deer), C. profuga
(pigs and goats), C. solanacea (pigs and goats), Cyrtandra ferripilosa
(pigs and goats), C. filipes (pigs, goats, and axis deer), C. oxybapha
(pigs, goats, and cattle), Festuca molokaiensis (goats), Geranium
hanaense (pigs), G. hillebrandii (pigs), Mucuna sloanei var. persericea
(pigs and cattle), Myrsine vaccinioides (pigs), Peperomia subpetiolata
(pigs), Phyllostegia bracteata (pigs and cattle), P. haliakalae
(cattle), P. pilosa (pigs and goats), Pittosporum halophilum (pigs),
Pleomele fernaldii (axis deer and mouflon), Santalum haleakalae var.
lanaiense (pigs, goats, axis deer, and mouflon), Schiedea jacobii
(goats, cattle, and axis deer), S. salicaria (goats, cattle, and axis
deer), and Wikstroemia villosa (pigs).
We have direct evidence of ungulate damage to some of these
species, but for many, due to their remote locations or lack of study,
ungulate damage is presumed based on the known presence of these
introduced ungulates in the areas where these species occur and the
results of studies conducted in Hawaii and elsewhere (Diong 1982, p.
160). For example, in a study conducted by Diong (1982, p. 160) on
Maui, feral pigs were observed browsing on young shoots, leaves, and
fronds of a wide variety of plants, of which over 75 percent were
endemic species. A stomach content analysis in this study showed that
60 percent of the pigs' food source consisted of the endemic Cibotium
(hapuu, tree fern). Pigs were observed to fell plants and remove the
bark from native plant species within the genera Cibotium, Clermontia,
Coprosma, Hedyotis, Psychotria, and Scaevola, resulting in larger trees
being killed over a few months of repeated feeding (Diong 1982, p.
144). Beach (1997, pp. 3-4) found that feral pigs in Texas spread
disease and parasites, and their rooting and wallowing behavior led to
spoilage of watering holes and loss of soil through leaching and
erosion. Rooting activities also decreased the survivability of some
plant species through disruption at root level of mature plants and
seedlings (Beach 1997, pp. 3-4; Anderson et al. 2007, pp. 2-3). In
Hawaii, pigs dig up forest ground cover consisting of delicate and rare
species of orchids, ferns, mints, lobeliads, and other taxa, including
roots, tubers, and rhizomes (Stone and Anderson 1988, p. 137). In
addition, there are direct observations of pig herbivory on four of the
plant species proposed for listing in this rule, including Cyanea
magnicalyx (PEPP 2010, p. 49), C. maritae (PEPP 2010, p. 50), Peperomia
subpetiolata (PEPP 2010, p. 97), and Phyllostegia pilosa (PEPP 2009, p.
93). As pigs occur in 10 ecosystems (coastal, lowland dry, lowland
mesic, lowland wet, montane dry, montane mesic, montane wet, subalpine,
dry cliff, and wet cliff) on Molokai and Maui, the results of the
studies described above suggest that pigs can also alter these
ecosystems and directly damage or destroy native plants.
Feral goats thrive on a variety of food plants, and are
instrumental in the decline of native vegetation in many areas (Cuddihy
and Stone 1990, p. 64). Feral goats trample roots and seedlings, cause
erosion, and promote the invasion of alien plants. They are able to
forage in extremely rugged terrain and have a high reproductive
capacity (Clarke and Cuddihy 1980, p. C-20; van Riper and van Riper
1982, pp. 34-35; Tomich 1986, pp. 153-156; Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p.
64). Goats were observed to browse on native plant species in the
following genera: Argyroxiphium, Canavalia, Plantago, Schiedea, and
Stenogyne (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 64). A study on the island of
Hawaii demonstrated that Acacia koa seedlings are unable to survive due
to browsing and grazing by goats (Spatz and Mueller-Dombois 1973, p.
874). If goats are maintained at constantly high numbers, mature trees
will eventually die, and with them the root systems that support
suckers and vegetative reproduction. One study demonstrated a positive
height-growth response of Acacia koa suckers to the 3-year exclusion of
goats (1968-1971) inside a fenced area, whereas suckers were similarly
abundant, but very small, outside of the fenced area (Spatz and
Mueller-Dombois 1973, p. 873). Another study at Puuwaawaa on the island
of Hawaii demonstrated that prior to management actions in 1985,
regeneration of endemic shrubs and trees in the goat-grazed area was
almost totally lacking, contributing to the invasion of the forest
understory by exotic grasses and weeds. After the removal of grazing
animals in 1985, A. koa and Metrosideros spp. seedlings were observed
germinating by the thousands (HDLNR 2002, p. 52). Based on a comparison
of fenced and unfenced areas, it is clear that goats can devastate
native ecosystems (Loope et al. 1988, p. 277). As goats occur in nine
of the described ecosystems (coastal, lowland dry, lowland mesic,
lowland wet, montane dry, montane mesic, montane wet, dry cliff, and
wet cliff), on Molokai, Lanai, and Maui, the results of the studies
described above suggest that goats can also alter these ecosystems and
directly damage or destroy native plants.
Axis deer were introduced to Molokai in 1868, Lanai in 1920, and
Maui in 1959. Most of the available information on axis deer in the
Hawaiian Islands concerns observations and reports from the island of
Maui. On Maui, axis deer were introduced as a game animal, but their
numbers have steadily increased, especially in recent years on
Haleakala (Luna 2003, p. 44). During the 4-year El Ni[ntilde]o drought
from 1998 through 2001, Maui experienced an 80 to 90 percent decline in
shrub and vine species caused by deer browsing and girdling of young
saplings. High mortality of rare and native plant species was observed
(Medeiros 2010, pers. comm.). Axis deer consume progressively less
palatable plants until no edible vegetation is left (Hess 2008, p. 3).
Axis deer are highly adaptable to changing conditions, and are
characterized as ``plastic'' (meaning flexible in their behavior) by
Ables (1977, cited in Anderson in litt. 1999, p. 5). They exhibit a
high degree of opportunism regarding their choice of forage (Dinerstein
1987, cited in Anderson 1999, p. 5) and can be found in all but the
highest elevation ecosystems (subalpine and alpine) and montane bogs,
according to Medeiros (2010, pers. comm.).
Axis deer on Maui follow a cycle of grazing and browsing in open
lowland grasslands during the rainy season (November-March) and then
migrate to the lava flows of montane mesic forests during the dry
summer months to graze
[[Page 34501]]
and browse native plants (Medeiros 2010, pers. comm.). Axis deer favor
the native plants Abutilon menziesii (an endangered species), Erythrina
sandwicensis (wiliwili), and Sida fallax (ilima) (Medeiros 2010, pers.
comm.). During the driest months of summer (July-August), axis deer can
be found along Maui's coastal roads as they search for food. Hunting
pressure appears to drive the deer into native forests, particularly
the lower rainforests up to 4,000 to 5,000 ft (1,220 and 1,525 m) in
elevation (Medeiros 2010, pers. comm.), and according to Kessler and
Hess (2010, pers. comms.) axis deer can be found up to 9,000 ft (2,743
m) elevation.
Other native Hawaiian plant species have been reported as grazed
and browsed by axis deer. For example, on Lanai, grazing by axis deer
has been reported as a major threat to the endangered Gardenia
brighamii (nau) (Mehrhoff 1993, p. 11), and on Molokai, browsing by
axis deer has been reported on Erythrina sandwicensis and Nototrichium
sandwicense (kului) (Medeiros et al. 1996, pp. 11, 19). Swedberg and
Walker (1978, cited in Anderson 2003, pp. 124-125) reported that in the
upper forests of Lanai, the native plants Osteomeles anthyllidifolia
(uulei) and Leptecophylla tameiameiae (pukiawe) comprised more than 30
percent of axis deer rumen volume. Other native plant species consumed
by axis deer include Abutilon menziesii and Geranium multiflorum
(nohoanu) (both endangered species); the species Bidens campylotheca
ssp. pentamera and B. campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis, which are proposed
for listing in this rule; and Achyranthes splendens (NCN), Chamaesyce
lorifolia (akoko), Diospyros sandwicensis (lama), Lipochaeta rockii
var. dissecta (nehe), Osmanthus sandwicensis (ulupua), Panicum torridum
(kakonakona), and Santalum ellipticum (laau ala) (Anderson 2002,
poster; Perlman 2009c, in litt., pp. 4-5). As axis deer occur in nine
of the described ecosystems on Molokai, Lanai, and Maui (coastal,
lowland dry, lowland mesic, lowland wet, montane dry, montane mesic,
montane wet, dry cliff, and wet cliff), the results from the studies
above, in addition to the direct observations from field biologists,
suggest that axis deer can also alter these ecosystems and directly
damage or destroy native plants.
Mouflon sheep graze native vegetation, trample undergrowth, spread
weeds, and cause erosion. On the island of Hawaii, mouflon browsing led
to the decline in the largest population of the endangered
Argyroxiphium kauense (kau silversword, Mauna Loa silversword, or
ahinahina) located on the former Kahuku Ranch, reducing it from a
``magnificent population of several thousand'' (Degener et al. 1976,
pp. 173-174) to fewer than 2,000 individuals (unpublished data in
Powell 1992, in litt., p. 312) over a period of 10 years (1974-1984).
The native tree Sophora chrysophylla is also a preferred browse species
for mouflon. According to Scowcroft and Sakai (1983, p. 495), mouflon
eat the shoots, leaves, flowers, and bark of this species. Bark
stripping on the thin bark of a young tree is potentially lethal.
Mouflon are also reported to strip bark from Acacia koa trees (Hess
2008, p. 3) and to seek out the threatened plant Silene hawaiiensis
(Benitez et al. 2008, p. 57). In the Kahuku section of Hawaii Volcanoes
National Park, mouflon sheep jumped the park boundary fence and reduced
one population of S. hawaiiensis to half its original size over a 3-
year period (Belfield and Pratt 2002, p. 8). Other native species
browsed by mouflon include Geranium cuneatum ssp. cuneatum (hinahina,
silver geranium), G. cuneatum ssp. hypoleucum (hinahina, silver
geranium), and Sanicula sandwicensis (NCN) (Benitez et al. 2008, pp.
59, 61). On Lanai, mouflon sheep were once cited as one of the greatest
threats to the endangered Gardenia brighamii (Mehrhoff 1993, p. 11),
although fencing has now proven to be an effective mechanism against
mouflon herbivory on this plant (Mehrhoff 1993, pp. 22-23). While
mouflon sheep were introduced to the islands of Lanai and Hawaii as a
managed game species, a private game ranch on Maui has added mouflon to
its stock and it is likely that over time some individuals may escape
(Hess 2010, pers. comm.; Kessler 2010, pers. comm.). As mouflon occur
in seven of the described ecosystems (coastal, lowland dry, lowland
mesic, lowland wet, montane wet, dry cliff, and wet cliff) on Lanai,
the data from the studies above, in addition to direct observation of
field biologists, suggest that mouflon can also alter these ecosystems
and directly damage or destroy native plants.
Cattle, either feral or domestic, are considered one of the most
important factors in the destruction of Hawaiian forests (Baldwin and
Fagerlund 1943, pp. 118-122). Captain George Vancouver of the British
Royal Navy is attributed with introducing cattle to the Hawaiian
Islands in 1793 (Fischer 2007, p. 350) by way of a gift to King
Kamehameha I on the island of Hawaii. Over time, cattle became
established on all of the main Hawaiian Islands, and historically feral
cattle were found on the islands of Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui,
Kahoolawe, and Hawaii. Currently, feral cattle are found only on Maui
and Hawaii, typically in accessible forests and certain coastal and
lowland leeward habitats (Tomich 1986, pp. 140-144). In Hawaii
Volcanoes National Park on the island of Hawaii, Cuddihy reported that
there were twice as many native plant species as nonnatives found in
areas that had been fenced to exclude feral cattle, whereas on the
adjacent, nonfenced cattle ranch, there were twice as many nonnative
plant species as natives (Cuddihy 1984, pp. 16, 34). Skolmen and Fujii
(1980, pp. 301-310) found that Acacia koa seedlings were able to
reestablish in a moist Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha forest on
Hawaii Island after the area was fenced to exclude feral cattle
(Skolmen and Fujii 1980, pp. 301-310). Cattle eat native vegetation,
trample roots and seedlings, cause erosion, create disturbed areas
conducive to invasion by nonnative plants, and spread seeds of
nonnative plants in their feces and on their bodies. As feral cattle
occur in five of the described ecosystems (lowland dry, lowland mesic,
lowland wet, montane mesic, and montane wet) on Maui, the results from
the above studies, in addition to the direct observations from field
biologists, suggest that feral cattle can alter these ecosystems and
directly damage or destroy native plants.
The blackbuck antelope (Antelope cervicapra) is an endangered
antelope from India brought to a private game reserve on Molokai about
10 years ago from an Indian zoo (Kessler 2010, pers. comm.). According
to Kessler (2010, pers. comm.), at some time in the last 10 years, a
few individuals escaped from the game reserve and established a wild
population of an unknown number of individuals on the lower, dry plains
of western Molokai. Blackbuck primarily use grassland habitat for
grazing. In India, foraging consumption and nutrient digestibility are
high in the moist winter months and low in the dry summer months (Jhala
1997, pp. 1,348; 1,351). Although most plant species are grazed
intensely when they are green, some are grazed only after they are dry
(Jhala 1997, pp. 1,348; 1,351). While the habitat effects from the
blackbuck antelope are unknown at this time, we consider these
ungulates a potential threat to native plant species, including the 10
plant species found on Molokai (Kessler 2010, pers. comm.), because
blackbuck antelope have foraging and grazing habits similar to feral
goats, cattle, axis deer and mouflon.
[[Page 34502]]
Other Introduced Vertebrates
Rats
There are three species of introduced rats in the Hawaiian Islands.
Studies of Polynesian rat (Rattus exulans) DNA suggest they first
appeared in the Hawaiian Islands along with emigrants from the
Marquesas about 400 A.D., with a second interaction around 1100 A.D
(Ziegler 2002, p. 315). The black rat (R. rattus) and the Norway rat
(R. norvegicus) most likely arrived in the Hawaiian Islands more
recently, as stowaways on ships sometime in the late 19th century
(Atkinson and Atkinson 2000, p. 25). The Polynesian rat and the black
rat are primarily found in the wild, in dry to wet habitats, while the
Norway rat is typically found in manmade habitats such as urban areas
or agricultural fields (Tomich 1986, p. 41). The black rat is widely
distributed among the main Hawaiian Islands and can be found in a broad
range of ecosystems up to 9,744 ft (2,970 m), but it is most common at
low-to mid-elevations (Tomich 1986, pp. 38-40). While Sugihara (1997,
p. 194) found both the black and Polynesian rats up to 6,972-ft (2,125-
m) elevation on Maui, the Norway rat was not seen at the higher
elevations in his study. Rats occur in 9 of the described ecosystems
(coastal, lowland dry, lowland mesic, lowland wet, montane dry, montane
mesic, montane wet, dry cliff, and wet cliff), and predation by rats
threatens 23 of the 37 plant species, and all 3 species of tree snails,
proposed or reevaluated for listing (see Table 3).
Rat Impacts on Plants
Rats impact native plants by eating fleshy fruits, seeds, flowers,
stems, leaves, roots, and other plant parts (Atkinson and Atkinson
2000, p. 23), and can seriously affect regeneration. Research on rats
in forests in New Zealand has also demonstrated that, over time,
differential regeneration as a consequence of rat predation may alter
the species composition of forested areas (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, pp.
68-69). Rats have caused declines or even the total elimination of
island plant species (Campbell and Atkinson 1999, cited in Atkinson and
Atkinson 2000, p. 24). In the Hawaiian Islands, rats may consume as
much as 90 percent of the seeds produced by some trees, or in some
cases prevent the regeneration of forest species completely (Cuddihy
and Stone 1990, pp. 68-69). All three species of rat (black, Norway,
and Polynesian) have been reported to seriously threaten many
endangered and threatened Hawaiian plants (Stone 1985, p. 264; Cuddihy
and Stone 1990, pp. 67-69). Plants with fleshy fruits are particularly
susceptible to rat predation, including some of the species proposed or
reevaluated for listing here. For example, the fruits of plants in the
bellflower family (e.g., Cyanea spp.) appear to be a target of rat
predation (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, pp. 67-69). In addition to all 12
species of Cyanea (Cyanea asplenifolia, C. duvalliorum, C. grimesiana
ssp. grimesiana, C. horrida, C. kunthiana, C. magnicalyx, C. maritae,
C. mauiensis, C. munroi, C. obtusa, C. profuga, and C. solanacea), 11
other species of plants proposed or reevaluated for listing here are
threatened by rat predation, including Bidens campylotheca ssp.
pentamera, B. campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis, B. conjucta (Bily et al.
2003, pp. 1-16), Mucuna sloanei var. persericea, Myrsine vaccinioides,
Peperomia subpetiolata, Pittosporum halophilum, Pleomele fernaldii,
Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, Schiedea laui, and Wikstroemia
villosa (HBMP 2008; Harbaugh et al. 2010, p. 835). As rats occur in
nine of the described ecosystems (coastal, lowland dry, lowland mesic,
lowland wet, montane dry, montane mesic, montane wet, dry cliff, and
wet cliff) on Molokai, Lanai, and Maui, the results from the above
studies, in addition to direct observations from field biologists,
suggest that rats can directly damage or destroy native plants.
Rat Impacts on Tree Snails
Rats (Rattus spp.) have been suggested as the invasive animal
responsible for likely the greatest number of animal extinctions on
islands throughout the world, including extinctions of various snail
species (Towns et al. 2006, p. 88). In the Hawaiian Islands, rats are
known to prey upon endemic arboreal snails (Hadfield et al. 1993, p.
621). In the Waianae Mountains of Oahu, Meyer and Shiels (2009, p. 344)
found shells of the endemic Oahu tree snail (Achatinella mustelina)
with characteristic rat damage (e.g., damage to the shell opening and
cone tip), but noted that rat crushing of shells may limit the ability
to adequately quantify the threat. On Lanai, Hobdy (1993, p. 208) found
numerous shells of Partulina variabilis, one of the tree snails
proposed for listing, on the ground with damage characteristic of rat
predation. Likewise in a 2005 survey on Lanai, Hadfield (2005, pp. 3-4)
found shells of Partulina semicarinata on the ground with
characteristic rat damage; P. semicarinata is also proposed for
listing. Surveys in 2009 led Hadfield and colleagues to conclude that
populations of Partulina redfieldi (a tree snail endemic to lowland and
montane forests on Molokai) had declined by 85 percent since 1995 due
to rat predation (Hadfield and Saufler 2009, p. 1). On Maui, rat
predation on the tree snail species Newcombia cumingi, which is
proposed for listing, has led to a decrease in the number of
individuals (Hadfield 2006 in litt., p. 3; 2007, p. 9; 2011, pers.
comm.). As rats are found in nine of the described ecosystems on Lanai
and Maui (the islands on which Newcombia cumingi, Partulina
semicarinata, and P. variabilis occur), including the three ecosystems
(lowland wet, montane wet, and wet cliff) in which the three tree
snails proposed for listing are found, the results of the above
studies, in addition to direct observations from field biologists,
suggest that rats directly damage or destroy Hawaiian tree snails and
are a serious and ongoing threat to the three tree snail species
proposed for listing here.
Jackson's Chameleon
Several dozen Jackson's chameleons (Chamaeleo jacksonii), native to
Kenya and Tanzania, were introduced to Hawaii in the early 1970s
through the pet trade (Holland et al. 2010, p. 1,438). Inter-island
transport of Jackson's chameleons for the pet trade was unrestricted
until 1997, when they were classified as ``injurious wildlife,'' and
export as well as inter-island transport was prohibited (State of
Hawaii 1996, H.A.R. 13-124-3; Holland et al. 2010, p. 1,439).
Currently, there are established populations on all of the main
Hawaiian Islands, with the greatest number of individuals on the
islands of Hawaii, Maui, and Oahu (Holland et al. 2010, p. 1,438).
Jackson's chameleons prey on native insects and tree snails, including
the endangered Oahu tree snail (Achatinella mustelina) (Holland et al.
2010, p. 1,438; Hadfield 2011, pers. comm.). Jackson's chameleons may
be expanding their range in the wild from low-elevation to higher
elevation pristine native forest, which may result in catastrophic
impacts to native ecosystems and the species supported by those
ecosystems, including the lowland wet ecosystems on Maui and Lanai that
support the tree snails Newcombia cumingi, Partulina semicarinata, and
P. variabilis, and the montane wet and wet cliff ecosystems on Lanai
that support P. semicarinata and P. variabilis. Because Jackson's
chameleons are likely found in, or expanding their range into, all of
the ecosystems in which the three tree snails proposed for listing are
found, and are known to prey on tree snails, predation by Jackson's
chameleon is a
[[Page 34503]]
potentially serious threat to the tree snails Newcombia cumingi,
Partulina semicarinata, and P. variabilis.
Invertebrates
Nonnative Slugs
Predation by nonnative snails and slugs adversely impacts 26 of the
37 plant species (Bidens campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis, B. conjuncta,
Cyanea asplenifolia, C. duvalliorum, C. grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C.
horrida, C. kunthiana, C. magnicalyx, C. maritae, C. mauiensis, C.
munroi, C. obtusa, C. profuga, C. solanacea, Cyrtandra filipes,
Geranium hillebrandii, Myrsine vaccinioides, Peperomia subpetiolata,
Phyllostegia bracteata, P. haliakalae, P. pilosa, Santalum haleakalae
var. lanaiense, Schiedea jacobii, S. laui, Stenogyne kauaulaensis, and
Wikstroemia villosa; see Table 3) proposed or reevaluated for listing
here through mechanical damage, destruction of plant parts, and
mortality (Mitchell et al. 2005; Joe 2006, p. 10; HBMP 2008; PEPP 2008,
pp. 48-49, 52-53, 57, 70; PEPP 2010, pp. 1-121). On Oahu, slugs have
been reported to destroy Cyanea calycina and Cyrtandra kaulantha in the
wild, and have been observed eating leaves and fruit of wild and
cultivated individuals of Cyanea (Mehrhoff 1995, in litt.; U.S. Army
Garrison 2005, pp. 3-34, 3-51). In addition, slugs have damaged
individuals of other Cyanea and Cyrtandra species in the wild (Wood
2001, in litt.; Sailer and Kier 2002, in litt., p. 3; PEPP 2007, p. 38;
PEPP 2008, pp. 23, 49, 52-53, 57).
Little is known about predation of certain rare plants by slugs;
however, information in the U.S. Army's 2005 ``Status Report for the
Makua Implementation Plan'' indicates that slugs can be a threat to all
species of Cyanea (U.S. Army Garrison 2005, p. 3-51). Research
investigating slug herbivory and control methods shows that slug
impacts on seedlings of Cyanea spp. results in up to 80 percent
seedling mortality (U.S. Army Garrison 2005, p. 3-51). Slug damage has
also been reported on other Hawaiian plants including Argyroxiphium
grayanum (greensword), Alsinidenron sp., Hibiscus sp., Schiedea kaalae
(maolioli), Solanum sandwicense (popolo aiakeakua), and Urera sp.
(Gagne 1983, p. 190-191; Sailer, pers. comm. cited in Joe 2006, pp. 28-
34).
Joe and Daehler (2008, p. 252) found that native Hawaiian plants
are more vulnerable to slug damage than nonnative plants. In
particular, they found that the individuals of the endangered plants
Cyanea superba and Schiedea obovata had 50 percent higher mortality
when exposed to slugs when compared to individuals of the same species
that were protected within slug exclosures. As slugs are found in eight
of the described ecosystems (lowland dry, lowland mesic, lowland wet,
montane dry, montane mesic, montane wet, dry cliff, and wet cliff) on
Molokai, Lanai, and Maui, the data from the above studies, in addition
to direct observations from field biologists, suggest that slugs can
directly damage or destroy native plants.
Nonnative Snails
Several species of nonnative snails have been inadvertently
introduced to Hawaii. However, in 1955, the rosy wolf snail (Euglandina
rosea) was purposely introduced to Hawaii from Florida in an attempt to
control another nonnative, the giant African snail (Achatina fulica).
The giant African snail is commonly found in Honolulu gardens and is
one of the largest snails in the world, in addition to being recognized
as one of the world's most damaging pests to crop plants (Peterson
1957, pp. 643-658; Stone and Anderson 1988, p. 134). The rosy wolf
snail is now found on all of the main Hawaiian Islands and has expanded
its range on those islands to include cooler, mid-elevation forests
where many endemic tree snails are found. This nonnative snail is
likely responsible for the decline and extinction of many of Hawaii's
native tree snails (Stone and Anderson 1988, p. 134; Hadfield et al.
1993, p. 621; Hadfield 2010a, in litt.). In 1979, the rosy wolf snail
decimated a population of the endangered Oahu tree snail (Achatinella
mustelina), as well as all other tree snails at the same study site
(Hadfield and Mountain 1980, p. 357). According to Hadfield (2007, pp.
6-9), the rosy wolf snail is currently the greatest threat to the only
known population of Newcombia cumingi, proposed for listing here. In
addition, the nonnative garlic snail (Oxychilus alliarius), a predator
on the smaller achatinellid snails, may be a potential threat to
Newcombia cumingi (Hadfield 2010a, in litt.). Hadfield (2007, pp. 6-9)
reported finding many shells of the garlic snail within the habitat of
N. cumingi on Maui. As the rosy wolf snail can be found in three of the
described ecosystems (lowland wet, montane wet, and wet cliff) on Lanai
and Maui (the islands on which N. cumingi, Partulina semicarinata, and
P. variabilis occur), the results from the studies above, in addition
to observations by field biologists, suggest that the rosy wolf snail
has the potential to severely impact the three tree snails proposed for
listing in this rule.
Nonnative Flatworms
The extinction of native land snails on several Pacific Islands has
been attributed to the terrestrial flatworm Platydemus manokwari
(Sugiura 2010, p. 1,499). This flatworm has decimated populations of
native tree snails on Guam (Hopper and Smith 1992, pp. 78, 82-83). In
the Hawaiian Islands, Platydemus manokwari has been found on the
islands of Oahu and Hawaii, and is likely on all of the main islands
(Miller 2011, pers. comm.). Although P. manokwari has not been reported
from the same locations as the three tree snails proposed for listing,
it is a potential threat to these species because it likely co-occurs
on the islands of Molokai, Lanai, and Maui, and it is a known predator
on tree snails.
Summary of Disease or Predation
We are unaware of any information that indicates that disease is a
threat to the 37 plant species. Disease is a potential threat to the
three species of tree snails proposed for listing, as recovery of these
species likely will include captive propagation and disease is
suspected to be a cause of currently unsuccessful captive propagation
of Newcombia cumingi, Partulina semicarinata, and P. variabilis.
However, at this time, we have no evidence to suggest that disease is
acting on the wild populations such that it may be considered a
contributing factor that has led to their endangerment; therefore we
cannot conclude that any of these three tree snails species is
endangered because of disease.
We consider predation by nonnative animal species (pigs, goats,
axis deer, mouflon sheep, cattle, rats, Jackson's chameleon, slugs,
snails, and flatworms) to pose an ongoing threat to all 40 species
proposed or reevaluated for listing throughout their ranges for the
following reasons:
(1) Observations and reports have documented that pigs, goats, axis
deer, mouflon sheep, and cattle browse and trample 35 of the 37 plant
species (see Table 3), in addition to other studies demonstrating the
negative impacts of ungulate browsing and trampling on native plant
species of the islands (Spatz and Mueller-Dombois 1973, p. 874; Diong
1982, p. 160; Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 67).
(2) Nonnative rats and slugs cause mechanical damage to plants and
destruction of plant parts (branches, fruits, and seeds), and are
considered a threat to 30 of the 37 plant species proposed or
reevaluated for listing (see
[[Page 34504]]
Table 3). All 40 species proposed or reevaluated for listing are
impacted by either introduced ungulates, as noted in item 1, above, or
nonnative rats and slugs, or both.
(3) Rat damage has been observed on shells of dead individuals of
the tree snails Partulina variabilis and P. semicarinata on Lanai, as
well as on other native tree snails on Oahu and Molokai, indicating
rats are a likely cause of mortality of these species. Predation by
rats has been linked with the dramatic declines of some populations of
native tree snails (Hobdy 1993, p. 208; Hadfield and Saufler 2009, p.
1; Meyer and Shields 2009, p. 344). Rat predation has been documented
on the tree snail species Newcombia cumingi (Hadfield 2006 in litt., p.
3; Hadfield 2007, p. 9; Hadfield 2010a, in litt.). Because rats are
found in all of the ecosystems in which the three tree snails proposed
for listing are found, and rats are known to prey on tree snails, we
consider predation by rats to be a serious and ongoing threat to
Newcombia cumingi, Partulina semicarinata, and P. variabilis.
(4) Jackson's chameleon, which preys on native insects and tree
snails, has established populations in the wild on all the main
Hawaiian Islands. Jackson's chameleon is likely found in, or is in the
process of expanding its range to include, all of the ecosystems which
support the three tree snails proposed for listing. Predation by this
nonnative reptile is a potentially serious threat to Newcombia cumingi,
Partulina semicarinata, and P. variabilis.
(5) Hawaiian tree snails are vulnerable to predation by the
nonnative rosy wolf snail, which is found on all the main Hawaiian
Islands and whose range likely overlaps that of the three tree snail
species proposed for listing. We therefore consider Newcombia cumingi,
Partulina semicarinata, and P. variabilis to be threatened by predation
by the nonnative rosy wolf snail. In addition, the nonnative garlic
snail may be a potential threat to the proposed N. cumingi because it
is a known predator on smaller tree snails in the same family as N.
cumingi and shells of the garlic snail have been found in N. cumingi
habitat (Stone and Anderson 1988, p. 134; Hadfield et al. 1993, p. 621;
Hadfield 2010a, in litt.).
(6) The nonnative flatworm, Platydemus manokwari, is a potential
threat to all three species of tree snails proposed for listing
(Hadfield 2010b, in litt.; Sugiura 2010, pp. 1,499-1,501) because this
flatworm has decimated native tree snail populations on other Pacific
Islands and likely occurs on all the main Hawaiian Islands, including
the islands of Lanai and Maui, where the three tree snails are found.
These threats are serious and ongoing, act in concert with other
threats to the species, and are expected to continue or increase in
magnitude and intensity into the future without effective management
actions to control or eradicate them. In addition, negative impacts to
native Hawaiian plants on Molokai from grazing and browsing by the
blackbuck antelope are likely should this nonnative ungulate increase
in numbers and range on the island. The combined threat of ungulate,
rat, and invertebrate predation on native Hawaiian flora and fauna
suggests the need for immediate implementation of recovery and
conservation methodologies.
D. The Inadequacy of Existing Regulatory Mechanisms
Inadequate Habitat Protection
Currently, there are no existing Federal, State, or local laws,
treaties, or regulations that specifically conserve or protect the 40
species proposed or reevaluated for listing in this rule, or adequately
address the threats described in this proposed rule. Although the State
of Hawaii's Plant Extinction Prevention Program supports conservation
of the plant species by securing seeds or cuttings from the rarest and
most critically endangered native species for propagation, the program
is non-regulatory and has not yet been able to directly address broad-
scale threats to plants by invasive species.
Nonnative ungulates pose a major ongoing threat to 35 of the 37
plant species through destruction and degradation of terrestrial
habitat, and through direct predation of 35 of the plant species (see
Table 3). The State of Hawaii provides game mammal (feral pigs and
goats, axis deer, and mouflon sheep) hunting opportunities on 15 State-
designated public hunting areas on the islands of Molokai, Lanai, and
Maui (State of Hawaii 1999, H.A.R. 13-123; HDLNR 2009, pp. 20-21). The
State's management objectives for game animals range from maximizing
public hunting opportunities (e.g., ``sustained yield'') in some areas
to removal by State staff, or their designees, in other areas (State of
Hawaii, H.A.R. 13-123). Thirty-four of the 37 plant species have
populations in areas where terrestrial habitat may be manipulated for
game enhancement and game populations are maintained at prescribed
levels using public hunting (HBMP 2008; State of Hawaii, H.A.R. 13-
123). Public hunting areas are not fenced, and game mammals have
unrestricted access to most areas across the landscape, regardless of
underlying land-use designation. While fences are sometimes built to
protect areas from game mammals, the current number and locations of
fences are not adequate to prevent habitat degradation and destruction
for 37 of the 40 species, and the direct predation of 35 of the 37
plant species on Molokai, Lanai, and Maui (see Table 3).
The capacity of Federal and State agencies and their
nongovernmental partners in Hawaii to mitigate the effects of
introduced pests, such as ungulates and weeds, is limited due to the
large number of taxa currently causing damage (Coordinating Group on
Alien Pest Species (CGAPS) 2009). Many invasive weeds established on
Molokai, Lanai, and Maui have currently limited but expanding ranges
and are of concern. Resources available to reduce the spread of these
species and counter their negative ecological effects are limited.
Control of established pests is largely focused on a few invasive
species that cause significant economic or environmental damage to
public and private lands. Comprehensive control of an array of invasive
pests and management to reduce disturbance regimes that favor certain
invasive species remains limited in scope. If current levels of funding
and regulatory support for invasive species control are maintained on
Molokai, Lanai, and Maui, the Service expects existing programs to
continue to exclude or, on a very limited basis, control invasive
species only in high-priority areas. Threats from established pests
(e.g., nonnative ungulates, weeds, and invertebrates) are ongoing and
expected to continue into the future.
Inadequate Protection From Introduction of Nonnative Species
Currently, four agencies are responsible for inspection of goods
arriving in Hawaii (CGAPS 2009). The Hawaii Department of Agriculture
(HDOA) inspects domestic cargo and vessels and focuses on pests of
concern to Hawaii, especially insects or plant diseases not yet known
to be present in the State. The U.S. Department of Homeland Security-
Customs and Border Protection (CBP) is responsible for inspecting
commercial, private, and military vessels and aircraft and related
cargo and passengers arriving from foreign locations. CBP focuses on a
wide range of quarantine issues involving non-propagative plant
materials (processed and unprocessed); wooden packing materials,
timber, and products; internationally regulated commercial species
under the Convention in
[[Page 34505]]
International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES); federally listed
noxious seeds and plants; soil; and pests of concern to the greater
United States, such as pests of mainland U.S. forests and agriculture.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture-Animal and Plant Health Inspection
Service-Plant Protection and Quarantine (USDA-APHIS-PPQ) inspects
propagative plant material, provides identification services for
arriving plants and pests, conducts pest risk assessments, trains CBP
personnel, conducts permitting and preclearance inspections for
products originating in foreign countries, and maintains a pest
database that, again, has a focus on pests of wide concern across the
United States (HDOA 2009). The Service inspects arriving wildlife
products, enforces the injurious wildlife provisions of the Lacey Act
(18 U.S.C. 42; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.), and prosecutes CITES
violations.
The State of Hawaii's unique biosecurity needs are not recognized
by Federal import regulations. Under the USDA-APHIS-PPQ's commodity
risk assessments for plant pests, regulations are based on species
considered threats to the mainland United States and do not address
many species that could be pests in Hawaii (Hawaii Legislative
Reference Bureau (HLRB 2002; USDA-APHIS-PPQ 2010; CGAPS 2009).
Interstate commerce provides the pathway for invasive species and
commodities infested with non-federal quarantine pests to enter Hawaii.
Pests of quarantine concern for Hawaii may be intercepted at Hawaiian
ports by Federal agents but are not always acted on by them because
these pests are not regulated under Federal mandates. Hence, Federal
protection against pest species of concern to Hawaii has historically
been inadequate. It is possible for the USDA to grant Hawaii protective
exemptions under the ``Special Local Needs Rule,'' when clear and
comprehensive arguments for both agricultural and conservation issues
are provided; however, this exemption procedure operates on a case-by-
case basis and is extremely time-consuming to satisfy. Therefore, that
avenue may only provide minimal protection against the large diversity
of foreign pests that threaten Hawaii.
Adequate staffing, facilities, and equipment for Federal and State
pest inspectors and identifiers in Hawaii devoted to invasive species
interdiction are critical biosecurity gaps (HLRB 2002; USDA-APHIS-PPQ
2010; CGAPS 2009). State laws have recently been passed that allow the
HDOA to collect fees for quarantine inspection of freight entering
Hawaii (e.g., Act 36 (2011) H.R.S. 150A-5.3). Legislation enacted in
2011 (H.B. 1568) requires commercial harbors and airports in Hawaii to
provide biosecurity and to facilitate cargo inspections. The
introduction of new pests to the State of Hawaii is a significant risk
to federally listed species.
Nonnative Animal Species
Vertebrate Species
The State of Hawaii's laws prohibit the importation of all animals
unless they are specifically placed on a list of allowable species
(HLRB 2002; CGAPS 2010). The importation and interstate transport of
invasive vertebrates is federally regulated by the Service under the
Lacey Act as ``injurious wildlife'' (Fowler et al. 2007, pp. 353-359);
the current list of vertebrates considered as ``injurious wildlife'' is
provided at 50 CFR 16. The law in its current form has limited
effectiveness in preventing invasive vertebrate introductions into the
State of Hawaii.
Invertebrate Species
Predation by nonnative invertebrate pests (flatworms, slugs,
snails) adversely impacts 26 of the plant species and the 3 tree snails
proposed or reevaluated for listing in this rule (see Table 3). It is
likely that the introduction of most nonnative invertebrate pests to
the State has been and continues to be accidental and incidental to
other intentional and permitted activities. Although Hawaii State
government and Federal agencies have regulations and some controls in
place (see above), the introduction and movement of nonnative
invertebrate pest species between islands and from one watershed to the
next continues. For example, an average of 20 new alien invertebrate
species were introduced to Hawaii per year since 1970, an increase of
25 percent over the previous totals between 1930 and 1970 (TNCH 1992,
p. 8). Existing regulatory mechansisms therefore appear inadequate to
ameliorate the threat of introductions of nonnative invertebrates, and
we have no evidence to suggest that any change to this situation is
anticipated in the future.
Nonative Plant Species
Nonnative plants destroy and modify habitat throughout the ranges
of 36 of the 40 species being addressed in this proposed rule (see
Table 3, above). As such, they represent a serious and ongoing threat
to each of these species. In addition, nonnative plants have been shown
to outcompete native plants and convert native-dominated plant
communities to nonnative plant communities (See ``Habitat Destruction
and Modification by Nonnative Plants,'' above).
The State of Hawaii allows the importation of most plant taxa, with
limited exceptions, if shipped from domestic ports (HLRB 2002; USDA-
APHIS-PPQ 2010; CGAPS 2009). Hawaii's plant import rules (H.A.R. 4-70)
regulate the importation of 13 plant taxa of economic interest;
regulated crops include pineapple, sugarcane, palms, and pines. Certain
horticultural crops (e.g., orchids) may require import permits and have
pre-entry requirements that include treatment or quarantine or both
either prior to or following entry into the State. The State noxious
weed list (H.A.R. 4-68) and USDA-APHIS-PPQ's Restricted Plants List
restrict the import of a limited number of noxious weeds. If not
specifically prohibited, current Federal regulations allow plants to be
imported from international ports with some restrictions. The Federal
Noxious Weed List (see 7 CFR 360.200) includes few of the many globally
known invasive plants, and plants in general do not require a weed risk
assessment prior to importation from international ports. The USDA-
APHIS-PPQ is in the process of finalizing rules to include a weed risk
assessment for newly imported plants. Although the State has general
guidelines for the importation of plants, and regulations are in place
regarding the plant crops mentioned above, the intentional or
inadvertent introduction of nonnative plants outside the regulatory
process and movement of species between islands and from one watershed
to the next continues, and represent a threat to native flora for the
reasons described above. In addition, government funding is inadequate
to provide for sufficient inspection services and monitoring.
In 1995, CGAPS, a partnership comprised primarily of managers from
every major Federal, State, County, and private agency and organization
involved in invasive species work in Hawaii, was formed in an effort to
improve communication, increase collaboration, and promote public
awareness (CGAPS 2009). This group facilitated the formation of the
Hawaii Invasive Species Council (HISC), which was created by
gubernatorial executive order in 2002, to coordinate local initiatives
for the prevention and control of invasive species by providing policy
level direction and planning for the State departments responsible for
invasive species issues. In 2003, the Governor signed into law Act 85,
which conveys statutory authority to the HISC to continue to coordinate
approaches among the various State and Federal
[[Page 34506]]
agencies, and international and local initiatives for the prevention
and control of invasive species (HDLNR 2003, p. 3-15; HISC 2009; H.R.S.
194-2(a)). Some of the recent priorities for the HISC include
interagency efforts to control nonnative species such as the plants
Miconia calvescens (miconia) and Cortaderia spp. (pampas grass), coqui
frogs (Eleutherodactylus coqui), and ants (HISC 2009). In early 2009,
HISC projected that, due to a tighter economy in Hawaii and anticipated
budget cuts in State funding support of up to 50 percent, there will be
a serious setback in conservation achievements, and the loss of
experienced, highly trained staff (HISC 2009).
On the basis of the above information, existing regulatory
mechanisms do not adequately protect the 40 species being addressed in
this proposed rule from the threat of new introductions of nonnative
species, and the continued expansion of nonnative species populations
on and between islands and watersheds. Nonnative species may prey upon,
modify or destroy habitat, or directly compete with one or more of the
40 species for food, space, and other necessary resources. Because
current Federal, State, and local laws, treaties, and regulations are
inadequate to prevent the introduction and spread of nonnative species
from outside the State of Hawaii, as well as between islands and
watersheds, the impacts from these introduced threats are ongoing and
are expected to continue into the future.
Summary of Inadequacy of Existing Regulatory Mechanisms
We consider the threat of inadequate regulatory mechanisms to be
ongoing and we expect it to continue into the future, for the following
reasons:
(1) The State's current management of nonnative game mammals is
inadequate to prevent the degradation and destruction of habitat of 35
of the 37 plant species (Factor A) and predation of 35 of the 37 plant
species (Factor C).
(2) Existing State and Federal regulatory mechanisms are not
effectively preventing the introduction and spread of nonnative species
from outside the State of Hawaii and between islands and watersheds
within the State of Hawaii. Habitat-altering nonnative plant species
(Factor A) and predation by nonnative animal species (Factor C) pose a
major ongoing threat to all 40 species proposed or reevaluated for
listing in this proposed rule.
Information indicates that the existing regulatory mechanisms are
inadequate to prevent the spread of nonnative species and to provide
for the maintenance of habitat for the 40 species proposed or
reevaluated for listing under the Act. The inadequacy of existing
regulatory mechanisms is considered a serious threat, both now and into
future, to all 40 species proposed or reevaluated for listing.
E. Other Natural or Manmade Factors Affecting Their Continued Existence
Other factors threatening some or all of the 40 species include
small numbers of populations and small population sizes, hybridization,
lack of regeneration, and human trampling as a result of hiking and
other activities. Each threat is discussed in detail below, along with
identification of which species are affected by these threats.
Small Number of Individuals and Populations
Species that are endemic to single islands are inherently more
vulnerable to extinction than are widespread species, because of the
increased risk of genetic bottlenecks, random demographic fluctuations,
climate change effects, and localized catastrophes such as hurricanes,
landslides, rockfalls, drought, and disease outbreaks (Pimm et al.
1988, p. 757; Mangel and Tier 1994, p. 607). These problems are further
magnified when populations are few and restricted to a very small
geographic area, and when the number of individuals in each population
is very small. Populations with these characteristics face an increased
likelihood of stochastic extinction due to changes in demography, the
environment, genetics, or other factors (Gilpin and Soul[eacute] 1986,
pp. 24-34). Small, isolated populations often exhibit reduced levels of
genetic variability, which diminishes the species' capacity to adapt
and respond to environmental changes, thereby lessening the probability
of long-term persistence (e.g., Barrett and Kohn 1991, p. 4; Newman and
Pilson 1997, p. 361). Very small, isolated populations are also more
susceptible to reduced reproductive vigor due to ineffective
pollination (plants), inbreeding depression (plants and snails), and
hybridization (plants). The problems associated with small population
size and vulnerability to random demographic fluctuations or natural
catastrophes are further magnified by synergistic interactions with
other threats, such as those discussed above (see Factors A and C,
above).
Plants
The following 20 plant species in this proposal are threatened by
limited numbers (that is, they total fewer than 50 individuals): Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C. horrida, C. magnicalyx, C. maritae, C.
mauiensis, C. munroi, C. obtusa, C. profuga, C. solanacea, Cyrtandra
ferripilosa, Festuca molokaiensis, Peperomia subpetiolata, Phyllostegia
bracteata, P. haliakalae, P. pilosa, Pittosporum halophilum, Schiedea
jacobii, S. laui, Stenogyne kauaulaensis, and Wikstroemia villosa. We
consider these species highly vulnerable to extinction due to threats
associated with small population size because:
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana has not been observed
since 1991 on Molokai (PEPP 2010, p. 45).
The only known wild occurrences of Cyanea horrida, C.
magnicalyx, C. maritae, and C. munroi are threatened either by
flooding, landslides, or tree falls, or a combination of these, because
of their locations in lowland wet, montane wet, and wet cliff
ecosystems (TNC 2007; TNCH 2010a; HBMP 2008; PEPP 2009, pp. 23-24, 49-
58).
The last confirmed observation of Cyanea mauiensis in the
wild was over 100 years ago. Botanists believe individuals of this
species still remain, as potentially suitable habitat has not been
searched. There are no tissues, propagules, or seeds in storage or
propagation (Lammers 2004, pp. 84-85; TNC 2007).
Cyanea obtusa is highly threatened by feral pigs, goats,
axis deer, and cattle, and the only two known individuals of this
species are not protected from direct predation or from fire (Lau 2001,
in litt.; PEPP 2007, p. 40; HBMP 2008; PEPP 2008, p. 55; Duvall 2010,
in litt.).
Cyanea profuga and C. solanacea are known from fewer than
five scattered occurrences that are threatened by habitat destruction
or direct predation by nonnative pigs and goats, as well as by
landslides, rock and tree falls, or flooding, or a combination of
these, in the montane wet ecosystem (HBMP 2008; PEPP 2009, pp. 23-24,
49-58; Bakutis 2010, in litt.; Perlman 2010, in litt.; Oppenheimer
2010a, in litt.; TNCH 2011, pp. 21, 57).
Cyrtandra ferripilosa is known from two disparate
occurrences totaling only a few individuals that are not protected from
direct predation by nonnative pigs and goats (Oppenheimer 2010f, in
litt.; Welton 2010b, in litt.).
Festuca molokaiensis, known only from its original
collection location on Molokai, has not been relocated for 2 years.
Threats to this species include habitat destruction or direct predation
by nonnative goats, nonnative plants, and fire (Oppenheimer 2011a,
pers. comm.).
Historically known from lower Waikamoi on east Maui, the
[[Page 34507]]
identification of wild individuals of Peperomia subpetiolata has not
been confirmed since 2001, although hybrids between this species and
other species of Peperomia are reported in this area (HBMP 2008; NTBG
2009g, p. 2; Oppenheimer 2010a, in litt.; PEPP 2010, p. 96).
Only one individual of Phyllostegia bracteata was known as
recently as 2009, but even this single individual was not relocated
later in the same year. Botanists continue to search potentially
suitable habitat near the last known location for this ephemeral
species (NTBG 2009h, p. 3; PEPP 2009, pp. 89-90; Oppenheimer 2010c, in
litt.).
The last known wild individual of Phyllostegia haliakalae
on Maui had died by 2010, although there are outplantings of this
species near the location of this individual. Botanists continue to
search potentially suitable habitat on Maui for this species.
Phyllostegia haliakalae has not been relocated on Molokai or Lanai for
close to 100 years (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer 2010c, in litt.;
Oppenheimer 2011b, in litt.).
The seven known individuals of Phyllostegia pilosa are not
protected from direct predation by feral pigs and goats on Maui. This
species has not been observed on Molokai for over 100 years (TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008).
Pittosporum halophilum is known from three disparate
locations, each with one to three individuals, on Molokai and its
offshore islets. These individuals are not protected from predation by
feral pigs or rats, or from the threat of fire (Wood 2005, pp. 2, 41;
Bakutis 2010, in litt.; Hobdy 2010, in litt.; Perlman 2010, in litt.).
The only known wild individuals of Schiedea jacobii were
likely destroyed by landslides because of their location in the montane
wet ecosystem. The State plans to outplant propagated individuals in
Hanawi Natural Area Reserve in 2011 (Wagner et al. 1999j, p. 286; HBMP
2008; Oppenheimer 2010a, in litt., Perlman 2010, in litt.).
The 24 to 34 individuals of Schiedea laui are threatened
by flooding and landslides due to their location in a grotto (HBMP
2008; Bakutis 2010, in litt.).
Stenogyne kauaulaensis is only known from three
individuals located on steep slopes. These plants are imminently
threatened by landslides and rockfalls, in addition to drought and fire
in the montane mesic ecosystem on west Maui (Wood and Oppenheimer 2008,
pp. 544-545; Oppenheimer 2010a, in litt.).
Wikstroemia villosa is known only from a single
occurrence, with two individuals (Peterson 1999, p. 1,291; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer 2010a, in litt.).
Tree Snails
Like most native island biota, the endemic Hawaiian tree snails are
particularly sensitive to disturbances due to low population numbers
and small geographic ranges (Hadfield et al. 1993, p. 610). We consider
the three tree snail species vulnerable to extinction due to threats
associated with low numbers of individuals and populations because:
Newcombia cumingi is known only from a single wild
population of nine individuals and has not been successfully maintained
in captivity (Hadfield 2007, pp. 2, 8; Hadfield 2008, p. 10).
The only known wild populations of Newcombia cumingi,
Partulina semicarinata, and P. variabilis are imminently threatened by
predation by nonnative rats, Jackson's chameleons, and snails (Solem
1990, p. 35; Hadfield 1986, p. 325; Hadfield et al. 1993, p. 611;
Hadfield 2007, p. 9; Hadfield 2009, p. 11; Hadfield and Saufler 2009,
p. 1595; Holland et al. 2010, p. 1,437).
The number of individuals of Partulina semicarinata and P.
variabilis has declined by approximately 50 percent between 1993 and
2005 at known locations (Hadfield 2005, p. 305).
Hybridization
Natural hybridization is a frequent phenomenon in plants and can
lead to the formation of new species (Orians 2000, p. 1,949), or
sometimes to the decline of species through genetic assimilation or
``introgression'' (Ellstrand 1992, pp. 77, 81; Levin et al. 1996, pp.
10-16; Rhymer and Simberloff 1996, p. 85). Hybridization, however, is
especially problematic for rare species that come into contact with
species that are abundant or more common (Rhymer and Simberloff 1996,
p. 83). We consider hybridization to threaten five species in this
proposed rule because it may lead to extinction of one or both of the
original genotypically distinct species. Hybrids have been reported
between Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera and B. campylotheca ssp.
waihoiensis, two subspecies proposed for listing that occur in close
proximity on east Maui. On east Maui, the species Cyanea obtusa is
known from two individuals, but only hybrids between C. obtusa and the
more abundant C. elliptica are known on west Maui. The current status
of the species Peperomia subpetiolata is unknown because only hybrids
between P. subpetiolata and P. cookiana, and perhaps P. hertapetiola,
are known from its historically reported locations on east Maui. The
species Schiedea salicaria hybridizes with the uncommon S. menziesii in
the west Maui mountains. According to Wagner et al. (2005b, p. 138),
one or more of the three known occurrences of S. salicaria may
represent a ``hybrid swarm'' between the two species (hybrids can
interbreed among themselves and also with the parent species).
Regeneration
Lack of, or low levels of, regeneration (reproduction and
recruitment) in the wild has been observed and is a threat to Pleomele
fernaldii (Oppenheimer 2010a, in litt.). Although there are currently
approximately several hundred to 1,000 individuals, very little
recruitment has been observed at the known locations over the past 10
years (Oppenheimer 2008d, in litt.). The reasons for this are not
clearly understood.
Human Trampling and Hiking
Human impacts, including trampling by hikers, have been documented
as a threat to Cyanea maritae and Wikstroemia villosa (Oppenheimer
2010o, in litt.; PEPP 2010, p. 51; Welton 2010b, in litt.). Individuals
climbing and hiking off established trails could trample individual
plants and contribute to soil compaction and erosion, preventing growth
and establishment of seedlings (Oppenheimer 2010a, in litt.) because
this has been observed with other native species (Wood 2001, in litt.;
MLP 2005, p. 23).
Summary of Other Natural or Manmade Factors Affecting Their Continued
Existence
We consider the threat from limited number of populations and few
(less than 50) individuals to be a serious and ongoing threat to the 20
plant species proposed for listing (Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana,
C. horrida, C. magnicalyx, C. maritae, C. mauiensis, C. munroi, C.
obtusa, C. profuga, C. solanacea, Cyrtandra ferripilosa, Festuca
molokaiensis, Peperomia subpetiolata, Phyllostegia bracteata, P.
haliakalae, P. pilosa, Pittosporum halophilum, Schiedea jacobii, S.
laui, Stenogyne kauaulaensis, and Wikstroemia villosa) because (1)
these species may experience reduced reproductive vigor due to
ineffective pollination or inbreeding depression; (2) they may
experience reduced levels of genetic variability, leading to diminished
capacity to adapt and respond to environmental changes,
[[Page 34508]]
thereby lessening the probability of long-term persistence; and (3) a
single catastrophic event may result in extirpation of remaining
populations and extinction of the species. This threat applies to the
entire range of each species.
The threat to the three tree snails Newcombia cumingi, Partulina
semicarinata, and P. variabilis from limited numbers of populations and
individuals is ongoing and is expected to continue into the future
because (1) these species may experience reduced reproductive vigor due
to inbreeding depression; (2) they may experience reduced levels of
genetic variability leading to diminished capacity to adapt and respond
to environmental changes, thereby lessening the probability of long-
term persistence; (3) a single catastrophic event (e.g., hurricane,
drought) may result in extirpation of remaining populations and
extinction of these species; and (4) species with few known locations,
such as N. cumingi, P. semicarinata, and P. variabilis, are less
resilient to threats that might otherwise have a relatively minor
impact on widely distributed species. For example, the reduced
availability of host trees or an increase in predation of the tree
snail adults that might be absorbed in a widely distributed species
could result in a significant decrease in survivorship or reproduction
of a species with limited distribution. The limited distribution of
these three species thus magnifies the severity of the impact of the
other threats discussed in this proposed rule.
The threat to Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, B. campylotheca
ssp. waihoiensis, Cyanea obtusa, Peperomia subpetiolata, and Schiedea
salicaria from hybridization is ongoing and expected to continue into
the future because hybrids are reported between these species and
other, more abundant species, and no efforts are being implemented in
the wild to prevent potential hybridizations. We consider the threat to
Pleomele fernaldii from lack of regeneration to be ongoing and to
continue into the future because the reasons for the lack of
recruitment in the wild are unknown and uncontrolled, and any
competition from nonnative plants or habitat modification by ungulates
or fire, or predation by ungulates or rats, could lead to the
extirpation of this species. Ongoing human activities (e.g., trampling
and hiking) are a threat to Cyanea maritae and Wikstroemia villosa and
are expected to continue into the future because field biologists have
reported trampling of vegetation near populations of Cyanea maritae and
the two remaining wild individuals of Wikstroemia villosa, and the
effects of these activities could lead to injury and death of
individual plants, potentially resulting in extirpation from the wild.
Proposed Determination for 40 Species
We have carefully assessed the best scientific and commercial
information available regarding threats to each of the 40 species
proposed or reevaluated for listing. We find that all of these species
face threats which are ongoing and expected to continue into the future
throughout their ranges from the present destruction and modification
of their habitats from nonnative feral ungulates and nonnative plants
(Factor A). Thirteen of the plant species (Bidens campylotheca ssp.
pentamera, Canavalia pubescens, C. magnicalyx, C. mauiensis, C. obtusa,
Festuca molokaiensis, Phyllostegia bracteata, P. haliakalae,
Pittosporum halophilum, Pleomele fernaldii, Santalum haleakale var.
lanaiense, Schiedea salicaria, and Stenogyne kauaulaensis) are
threatened by habitat destruction and modification from fire, and 16
plant species (Bidens campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis, Cyanea
asplenifolia, C. duvalliorum, C. grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C.
horrida, C. magnicalyx, C. maritae, C. mauiensis, C. munroi, C.
profuga, C. solanacea, Cyrtandra filipes, Schiedea jacobii, S. laui,
Stenogyne kauaulaensis, and Wikstroemia villosa) are threatened by the
destruction and modification of their habitats from landslides,
rockfalls, treefalls, or flooding. Habitat loss or degradation due to
drought threatens Cyanea horrida, Festuca molokaiensis, Schiedea
jacobii, and Stenogyne kauaulaensis as well as the tree snails
Newcombia cumingi, Partulina semicarinata, and P. variabilis. In
addition, we are concerned about the effects of projected climate
change on all species, particularly rising temperatures, but recognize
there is limited information on the exact nature of impacts that these
species may experience (Factor A).
Overcollection for commercial and recreational purposes poses a
serious potential threat to all three tree snail species (Factor B).
Predation and herbivory on all 37 plant species by feral pigs, goats,
cattle, axis deer, mouflon, rats, and slugs poses a serious and ongoing
threat, as does predation of all three tree snail species (N. cumingi,
P. semicarinata, and P. variabilis) by rats, nonnative snails, and
potentially Jackson's chameleon (Factor C). The inadequacy of existing
regulatory mechanisms (i.e., inadequate protection of habitat and
inadequate protection from the introduction of nonnative species) poses
a serious and ongoing threat to all 40 species (Factor D). There are
serious and ongoing threats to 20 plant species (Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, C. horrida, C. magnicalyx, C. maritae, C. mauiensis, C.
munroi, C. obtusa, C. profuga, C. solanacea, Cyrtandra ferripilosa,
Festuca molokaiensis, Peperomia subpetiolata, Phyllostegia bracteata,
P. haliakalae, P. pilosa, Pittosporum halophilum, Schiedea jacobii, S.
laui, Stenogyne kauaulaensis, and Wikstroemia villosa) and the three
tree snails due to factors associated with small numbers of populations
and individuals; to Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, B. campylotheca
ssp. waihoiensis, Cyanea obtusa, Peperomia subpetiolata, and Schiedea
salicaria from hybridization; to Pleomele fernaldii from the lack of
regeneration in the wild; and to Cyanea maritae and Wikstroemia villosa
from hiking and trampling (Factor E) (see Table 3). These threats are
exacerbated by these species' inherent vulnerability to extinction from
stochastic events at any time because of their endemism, small numbers
of individuals and populations, and restricted habitats.
The Act defines an endangered species as any species that is ``in
danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its
range'' and a threatened species as any species ``that is likely to
become endangered throughout all or a significant portion of its range
within the foreseeable future.'' We find that each of these endemic
species is presently in danger of extinction throughout its entire
range, based on the immediacy, severity, and scope of the threats
described above. Therefore, on the basis of the best available
scientific and commercial information, we propose to list, or in the
case of Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana and Santalum haleakalae var.
lanaiense to retain the listing of, the following 40 species as
endangered in accordance with section 3(6) of the Act: the plants
Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Bidens campylotheca ssp.
waihoiensis, Bidens conjuncta, Calamagrostis hillebrandii, Canavalia
pubescens, Cyanea asplenifolia, Cyanea duvalliorum, Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea horrida, Cyanea kunthiana, Cyanea magnicalyx,
Cyanea maritae, Cyanea mauiensis, Cyanea munroi, Cyanea obtusa, Cyanea
profuga, Cyanea solanacea, Cyrtandra ferripilosa, Cyrtandra filipes,
Cyrtandra oxybapha, Festuca molokaiensis, Geranium hanaense, Geranium
hillebrandii, Mucuna sloanei var. persericea, Myrsine vaccinioides,
Peperomia subpetiolata, Phyllostegia
[[Page 34509]]
bracteata, Phyllostegia haliakalae, Phyllostegia pilosa, Pittosporum
halophilum, Pleomele fernaldii, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense,
Schiedea jacobii, Schiedea laui, Schiedea salicaria, Stenogyne
kauaulaensis, and Wikstroemia villosa; and the tree snails Newcombia
cumingi, Partulina semicarinata, and Partulina variabilis.
Under the Act and our implementing regulations, a species may
warrant listing if it is endangered or threatened throughout all or a
significant portion of its range. Each of the 40 Maui Nui species
proposed or reevaluated for listing in this rule is highly restricted
in its range, and the threats occur throughout its range. Therefore, we
assessed the status of each species throughout its entire range. In
each case, the threats to the survival of these species occur
throughout the species' range and are not restricted to any particular
portion of that range. Accordingly, our assessment and proposed
determination applies to each species throughout its entire range.
Available Conservation Measures
Conservation measures provided to species listed as endangered or
threatened under the Act include recognition, recovery actions,
requirements for Federal protection, and prohibitions against certain
activities. Recognition through listing results in public awareness and
conservation by Federal, State, and local agencies, private
organizations, and individuals. The Act encourages cooperation with the
States and requires that recovery actions be carried out for all listed
species. The protection measures required of Federal agencies and the
prohibitions against certain activities involving listed animals and
plants are discussed, in part, below.
The primary purpose of the Act is the conservation of endangered
and threatened species and the ecosystems upon which they depend. The
ultimate goal of such conservation efforts is the recovery of these
listed species, so that they no longer need the protective measures of
the Act. Subsection 4(f) of the Act requires the Service to develop and
implement recovery plans for the conservation of endangered and
threatened species. The recovery planning process involves the
identification of actions that are necessary to halt or reverse the
species' decline by addressing the threats to its survival and
recovery. The goal of this process is to restore listed species to a
point where they are secure, self-sustaining, and functioning
components of their ecosystems.
Recovery planning includes the development of a recovery outline
shortly after a species is listed, preparation of a draft and final
recovery plan, and revisions to the plan as significant new information
becomes available. The recovery outline guides the immediate
implementation of urgent recovery actions and describes the process to
be used to develop a recovery plan. The recovery plan identifies site-
specific management actions that will achieve recovery of the species,
measurable criteria that help to determine when a species may be
downlisted or delisted, and methods for monitoring recovery progress.
Recovery plans also establish a framework for agencies to coordinate
their recovery efforts and provide estimates of the cost of
implementing recovery tasks. Recovery teams (comprised of species
experts, Federal and State agencies, non-government organizations, and
stakeholders) are often established to develop recovery plans. When
completed, the recovery outlines, draft recovery plans, and the final
recovery plans will be available from our Web site (http://www.fws.gov/endangered), or from our Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (see
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT).
Implementation of recovery actions generally requires the
participation of a broad range of partners, including other Federal
agencies, States, non-governmental organizations, businesses, and
private landowners. Examples of recovery actions include habitat
restoration (e.g., restoration of native vegetation), research, captive
propagation and reintroduction, and outreach and education. The
recovery of many listed species cannot be accomplished solely on
Federal lands because their range may occur primarily or solely on non-
Federal lands. To achieve recovery of these species requires
cooperative conservation efforts on private and State lands.
If these species are listed, funding for recovery actions will be
available from a variety of sources, including Federal budgets, State
programs, and cost share grants for non-Federal landowners, the
academic community, and non-governmental organizations. In addition,
under section 6 of the Act, the State of Hawaii would be eligible for
Federal funds to implement management actions that promote the
protection and recovery of the 40 species. Information on our grant
programs that are available to aid species recovery can be found at:
http://www.fws.gov/grants.
Although these species are only proposed for listing under the Act
at this time, please let us know if you are interested in participating
in recovery efforts for these species. Additionally, we invite you to
submit any new information on these species whenever it becomes
available and any information you may have for recovery planning
purposes (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT).
Section 7(a) of the Act, as amended, requires Federal agencies to
evaluate their actions with respect to any species that is proposed or
listed as endangered or threatened with respect to its critical
habitat, if any is designated. Regulations implementing this
interagency cooperation provision of the Act are codified at 50 CFR
part 402. Section 7(a)(1) of the Act mandates that all Federal agencies
shall utilize their authorities in furtherance of the purposes of the
Act by carrying out programs for the conservation of endangered and
threatened species listed under section 4 of the Act. Section 7(a)(2)
of the Act requires Federal agencies to ensure that activities they
authorize, fund, or carry out are not likely to jeopardize the
continued existence of a listed species or result in destruction or
adverse modification of critical habitat. If a Federal action may
affect the continued existence of a listed species or its critical
habitat, the responsible Federal agency must enter into consultation
with the Service.
For the 40 plants and animals proposed or reevaluated for listing
as endangered species in this rule, Federal agency actions that may
require consultation as described in the preceding paragraph include,
but are not limited to, actions within the jurisdiction of the Natural
Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and branches of the
Department of Defense (DOD). Examples of these types of actions include
activities funded or authorized under the Farm Bill Program,
Environmental Quality Incentives Program, Ground and Surface Water
Conservation Program, Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq.),
Partners for Fish and Wildlife Program, and DOD construction activities
related to training or other military missions.
The Act and its implementing regulations set forth a series of
general prohibitions and exceptions that apply to all endangered
wildlife and plants. The prohibitions, codified at 50 CFR 17.21 and
17.61, apply. These prohibitions, in part, make it illegal for any
person subject to the jurisdiction of the United States to take
(includes harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap,
capture, or collect; or to attempt any of these), import, export,
[[Page 34510]]
ship in interstate commerce in the course of commercial activity, or
sell or offer for sale in interstate or foreign commerce any listed
wildlife species. It is also illegal to possess, sell, deliver, carry,
transport, or ship any such wildlife that has been taken illegally. In
addition, for plants listed as endangered, the Act prohibits the
malicious damage or destruction on areas under Federal jurisdiction and
the removal, cutting, digging up, or damaging or destroying of such
plants in knowing violation of any State law or regulation, including
State criminal trespass law. Certain exceptions to the prohibitions
apply to agents of the Service and State conservation agencies.
We may issue permits to carry out otherwise prohibited activities
involving endangered or threatened wildlife and plant species under
certain circumstances. Regulations governing permits are codified at 50
CFR 17.22 and 17.62 for endangered species. With regard to endangered
wildlife, a permit must be issued for the following purposes: for
scientific purposes, to enhance the propagation and survival of the
species, and for incidental take in connection with otherwise lawful
activities. Requests for copies of the regulations regarding listed
species and inquiries about prohibitions and permits may be addressed
to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Region, Ecological Services,
Eastside Federal Complex, 911 NE. 11th Avenue, Portland, OR 97232-4181
(telephone 503-231-6131; facsimile 503-231-6243).
It is our policy, as published in the Federal Register on July 1,
1994 (59 FR 34272), to identify to the maximum extent practicable at
the time a species is listed, those activities that would or would not
constitute a violation of section 9 of the Act. The intent of this
policy is to increase public awareness of the effect of a proposed
listing on proposed and ongoing activities within the range of species
proposed for listing. The following activities could potentially result
in a violation of section 9 of the Act; this list is not comprehensive:
(1) Unauthorized collecting, handling, possessing, selling,
delivering, carrying, or transporting of the species, including import
or export across State lines and international boundaries, except for
properly documented antique specimens of these taxa at least 100 years
old, as defined by section 10(h)(1) of the Act;
(2) Introduction of nonnative species that compete with or prey
upon the 40 species proposed or reevaluated for listing, such as the
introduction of competing, nonnative plants or animals to the State of
Hawaii; and
(3) The unauthorized release of biological control agents that
attack any life stage of these 40 species.
Questions regarding whether specific activities would constitute a
violation of section 9 of the Act should be directed to the Pacific
Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT).
Requests for copies of the regulations concerning listed animals and
general inquiries regarding prohibitions and permits may be addressed
to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Region, Ecological
Services, Endangered Species Permits, Eastside Federal Complex, 911 NE.
11th Avenue, Portland, OR 97232-4181 (telephone 503-231-6131; facsimile
503-231-6243).
Federal listing of the 38 species proposed for listing in this rule
(we are not including the 2 already listed species that are being
reevaluted for listing) would automatically invoke State listing under
Hawaii's Endangered Species law (H.R.S. 195D 1-32) and supplement the
protection available under other State laws. These protections prohibit
take of these species and encourage conservation by State government
agencies. Further, the State may enter into agreements with Federal
agencies to administer and manage any area required for the
conservation, management, enhancement, or protection of endangered
species (H.R.S. 195D-5). Funds for these activities could be made
available under section 6 of the Act (Cooperation with the States).
Thus, the Federal protection afforded to these species by listing them
as endangered species would be reinforced and supplemented by
protection under State law.
Critical Habitat
Background
Critical habitat is defined in section 3 of the Act as:
(i) The specific areas within the geographical area occupied by a
species, at the time it is listed in accordance with the Act, on which
are found those physical or biological features
(I) Essential to the conservation of the species and
(II) Which may require special management considerations or
protection; and
(ii) Specific areas outside the geographical area occupied by a
species at the time it is listed, upon a determination that such areas
are essential for the conservation of the species.
Conservation, as defined under section 3 of the Act, means the use
of all methods and procedures that are necessary to bring an endangered
or threatened species to the point at which the measures provided under
the Act are no longer necessary. Such methods and procedures include,
but are not limited to, all activities associated with scientific
resources management, such as research, census, law enforcement,
habitat acquisition and maintenance, propagation, live trapping,
transplantation, and, in the extraordinary case where population
pressures within a given ecosystem cannot otherwise be relieved, may
include regulated taking.
Critical habitat receives protection under section 7 of the Act
through the prohibition against Federal agencies carrying out, funding,
or authorizing the destruction or adverse modification of critical
habitat. Section 7(a)(2) of the Act requires consultation on Federal
actions that may affect critical habitat. The designation of critical
habitat does not affect land ownership or establish a refuge,
wilderness, reserve, preserve, or other conservation area. Such
designation does not allow the government or public access to private
lands. Such designation does not require implementation of restoration,
recovery, or enhancement measures by the landowner. Where a landowner
seeks or requests Federal agency funding or authorization that may
affect a listed species or critical habitat, the consultation
requirements of section 7(a)(2) of the Act would apply, but in the
event of a destruction or adverse modification finding, the Federal
action agency's and the applicant's obligation is not to restore or
recover the species, but to implement reasonable and prudent
alternatives to avoid destruction or adverse modification of critical
habitat.
For inclusion in a critical habitat designation, the habitat within
the geographical area occupied by the species at the time of listing
must contain the physical or biological features essential to the
conservation of the species, and be included only if those features may
require special management considerations or protection. Critical
habitat designations identify, to the extent known using the best
scientific and commercial data available, habitat areas that provide
essential life cycle needs of the species. Under the Act and
regulations at 50 CFR 424.12(e), we can designate critical habitat in
areas outside the geographical area occupied by the species at the time
it is listed only when we determine that those areas are essential for
the
[[Page 34511]]
conservation of the species and that designation limited to those areas
occupied at the time of listing would be inadequate to ensure the
conservation of the species.
Section 4 of the Act requires that we designate critical habitat on
the basis of the best scientific and commercial data available.
Further, our Policy on Information Standards Under the Endangered
Species Act (published in the Federal Register on July 1, 1994 (59 FR
34271)), the Information Quality Act (section 515 of the Treasury and
General Government Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 2001 (Pub. L.
106-554; H.R. 5658)), and our associated Information Quality
Guidelines, provide criteria, establish procedures, and provide
guidance to ensure that our decisions are based on the best scientific
data available. They require our biologists, to the extent consistent
with the Act and with the use of the best scientific data available, to
use primary and original sources of information as the basis for
recommendations to designate critical habitat.
When we are determining which areas should be proposed as critical
habitat, our primary source of information is generally the information
developed during the listing process for the species. Additional
information sources may include the recovery plan for the species;
articles in peer-reviewed journals; conservation plans developed by
States and counties; scientific status surveys and studies; biological
assessments; or other unpublished materials and expert opinion or
personal knowledge.
Habitat is often dynamic, and species may move from one area to
another over time. Furthermore, we recognize that critical habitat
designated at a particular point in time may not include all of the
habitat areas that we may later determine to be necessary for the
recovery of the species, as additional scientific information may
become available in the future. For these reasons, a critical habitat
designation does not signal that habitat outside the designated area is
unimportant or may not be required for recovery of the species.
The information currently available on the effects of global
climate change and increasing temperatures does not make sufficiently
precise estimates of the location and magnitude of the effects to allow
us to incorporate this information into our current designation of
critical habitat, nor are we currently aware of any climage change
information specific to the habitat of any of the species being
addressed in this proposed rule that would indicate what areas may
become important to the species in the future. Therefore, we are unable
to determine what additional areas, if any, may be appropriate to
include in the proposed critical habitat for these species; however, we
specifically request information from the public on the currently
predicted effects of climate change on the species addressed in this
proposed rule and their habitat. Furthermore, we recognize that
designation of critical habitat may not include all of the habitat
areas we may eventually determine are necessary for the recovery of the
species, based on scientific data now available to the Service. For
these reasons, a critical habitat designation does not signify that
habitat outside of the designated area is unimportant or may not be
required for the recovery of the species.
Areas that are important to the conservation of the species, but
are outside the critical habitat designation, will continue to be
subject to conservation actions we implement under section 7(a)(1) of
the Act. Areas that support populations are also subject to the
regulatory protections afforded by the section 7(a)(2) jeopardy
standard, as determined on the basis of the best available scientific
information at the time of the agency action. Federally funded or
permitted projects affecting listed species outside their designated
critical habitat areas may require consultation under section 7 of the
Act and may still result in jeopardy findings in some cases. Similarly,
critical habitat designations made on the basis of the best available
information at the time of designation will not control the direction
and substance of future recovery plans, habitat conservation plans
(HCPs), section 7 consultations, or other species conservation planning
efforts if any new information available to these planning efforts
calls for a different outcome.
Prudency Determination for 44 Maui Nui Species
Section 4(a)(3) of the Act, as amended, and implementing
regulations (50 CFR 424.12) require that, to the maximum extent prudent
and determinable, the Secretary designate critical habitat at the time
a species is determined to be endangered or threatened. Our regulations
at 50 CFR 424.12(a)(1) state that designation of critical habitat is
not prudent when one or both of the following situations exist: (1) The
species is threatened by taking or other human activity, and
identification of critical habitat can be expected to increase the
degree of threat to the species; or (2) such designation of critical
habitat would not be beneficial to the species.
Species Proposed or Reevaluated for Listing
As we have discussed under the threats analysis for Factor B,
above, there is currently no documentation that the 37 plants proposed
or reevaluated for listing are threatened by taking or other human
activity. Overcollection is a potential serious threat to the three
tree snails proposed for listing (Newcombia cumingi, Partulina
semicarinata, and P. variabilis) (see Overcollection for Commercial,
Recreational, Scientific or Educational Purposes, above). Europeans and
others collected Hawaiian tree snails starting in the 1800s and into
the early 20th century. Even today, there are Internet Web sites that
sell Hawaiian tree snail shells, including other species of the
Hawaiian Partulina. It is unknown if the shells offered for sale are
from historical collections or recent collections from the wild.
However, we do not believe our proposed critical habitat will increase
the threat of overcollection of N. cumingi, P. semicarinata, and P.
variabilis because our approach to critical habitat designation is
based on the physical or biological features shared by multiple species
within an ecosystem and does not identify the locations of individuals
of the three tree snails within the shared ecosystem. In addition, the
proposed critical habitat unit maps are published at a scale that does
not pinpoint the locations of the three snail species to the extent
that individuals of these three tree snail species can be located on
the private lands on which they occur.
Listed Species
We listed the akohekohe or crested honeycreeper and the kiwikiu or
Maui parrotbill as endangered species in 1967 (32 FR 4001, March 11,
1967), under the Endangered Species Preservation Act of 1966 (precursor
to the Endangered Species Act of 1973). Critical habitat was not
determined at that time because it was not required under the Act until
1978. Neither the akohekohe nor the kiwikiu are threatened by taking or
other human activity (32 FR 4001, March 11, 1967; USFWS 2006, pp. 2-81
to 2-82, 2-142).
At the time we listed the plant Kokia cookei (Cooke's kokia) as
endangered, we found that designation of critical habitat was not
prudent because this species had been extirpated from its natural range
on Molokai and was known only from a single specimen in cultivation and
tissue culture maintained in a laboratory (44 FR
[[Page 34512]]
62470; October 30, 1979). Kokia cookei is not threatened by vandalism,
collecting, or other human activities, and we believe there is a
benefit to a critical habitat designation for this species (see
discussion below).
We listed the plant Acaena exigua (liliwai), known from Kauai and
Maui, as endangered in 1992 (57 FR 20772; May 15, 1992). At that time,
the species had not been seen since 1973. In 1997, botanists
rediscovered A. exigua in the Puu Kukui Preserve on west Maui, but it
has not been seen at this location since 2000 (68 FR 25934; May 14,
2003). We determined that critical habitat was not prudent for Acaena
exigua at the time of listing (1992) and again at the time we
reevaluated prudency determinations for 95 listed plants on Kauai
(2003) (57 FR 20772, May 15, 1992; 68 FR 9116, February 27, 2003).
Acaena exigua is not threatened by vandalism, collecting, or other
human activities, and we believe there is a benefit to a critical
habitat designation for this species (see discussion below). Although
the reasons for the disappearance of this species on west Maui are not
known, botanists believe it may be rediscovered in the same area where
it was last seen in 2000, with sustained searching.
We reviewed the information available for the 37 plants and three
tree snails proposed or reevaluated for listing; the two endangered
birds, akohekohe and kiwikiu; and the endangered plants Kokia cookei
and Acaena exigua, pertaining to the biological needs of these 44
species and characteristics of their last known habitats. In the
absence of finding that the designation of critical habitat would
increase threats to a species, if there are any benefits to a critical
habitat designation, then a prudent finding is warranted. The potential
benefits to the 40 proposed or reevaluated species; the two endangered
birds, akohekohe and kiwikiu; and the endangered plants K. cookei and
A. exigua include: (1) Triggering consultation under section 7 of the
Act, in new areas for actions in which there may be a Federal nexus
where it would not otherwise occur because, for example, it is or has
become unoccupied or the occupancy is in question; (2) focusing
conservation activities on the most essential features and areas; (3)
providing educational benefits to State or county governments or
private entities; and (4) preventing people from causing inadvertent
harm to the species. Recovery of both K. cookei and A. exigua, neither
of which currently occurs in the wild, will include in-situ
conservation and protection of wild individuals, enhancement of
existing populations with outplantings, and establishment of new
populations through outplanting of propagated individuals into
potentially suitable habitat within their historical ranges (USFWS
1997, p. 11; USFWS 1998a, pp. 22-23; Orr 2007, in litt., p. 8; Seidman
2007, in litt.).
The primary regulatory effect of critical habitat is the section
7(a)(2) requirement that Federal agencies refrain from taking any
action that destroys or adversely modifies critical habitat. We find
that the designation of critical habitat for each of the 40 species
proposed or reevaluated for listing in this rule; the endangered birds
the akohekohe and kiwikiu; and the endangered plants Kokia cookei and
Acaena exigua will benefit them by serving to focus conservation
efforts on the restoration and maintenance of ecosystem functions that
are essential for attaining their recovery and long-term viability. In
addition, the designation of critical habitat serves to inform
management and conservation decisions by identifying any additional
physical or biological features of the ecosystem that may be essential
for the conservation of certain species, such as the availability of
bogs for Calamagrostis hillebrandii, Geranium hanaense, and G.
hillebrandii. Therefore, as we have determined that the designation of
critical habitat will not likely increase the degree of threat to the
species and may provide some measure of benefit, we find that
designation of critical habitat is prudent for the following 44
species, as critical habitat would be beneficial and there is no
evidence that the designation of critical habitat would result in an
increased threat from taking or other human activity for these species:
(1) Plants--Acaena exigua, Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera,
Bidens campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis, Bidens conjuncta, Calamagrostis
hillebrandii, Canavalia pubescens, Cyanea asplenifolia, Cyanea
duvalliorum, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea horrida, Cyanea
kunthiana, Cyanea magnicalyx, Cyanea maritae, Cyanea mauiensis, Cyanea
munroi, Cyanea obtusa, Cyanea profuga, Cyanea solanacea, Cyrtandra
ferripilosa, Cyrtandra filipes, Cyrtandra oxybapha, Festuca
molokaiensis, Geranium hanaense, Geranium hillebrandii, Kokia cookei,
Mucuna sloanei var. persericea, Myrsine vaccinioides, Peperomia
subpetiolata, Phyllostegia bracteata, Phyllostegia haliakalae,
Phyllostegia pilosa, Pittosporum halophilum, Pleomele fernaldii,
Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, Schiedea jacobii, Schiedea laui,
Schiedea salicaria, Stenogyne kauaulaensis, and Wikstroemia villosa;
(2) Animals--birds: akohekhoe and kiwikiu; snails: Newcombia
cumingi, Partulina semicarinata, and Partulina variabilis.
Critical Habitat Determinability for the Species Cyanea mauiensis,
Proposed for Listing, and for the Listed Species Phyllostegia hispida
As stated above, section 4(a)(3) of the Act requires the
designation of critical habitat concurrently with the species' listing
``to the maximum extent prudent and determinable.'' Our regulations at
50 CFR 424.12(a)(2) state that critical habitat is not determinable
when one or both of the following situations exist:
(i) Information sufficient to perform required analyses of the
impacts of the designation is lacking, or
(ii) The biological needs of the species are not sufficiently well
known to permit identification of an area as critical habitat.
When critical habitat is not determinable, the Act provides for an
additional year to publish a critical habitat designation (16 U.S.C.
1533(b)(6)(C)(ii)).
In accordance with section 3(5)(A)(i) of the Act and regulations at
50 CFR 424.12, in determining which areas occupied by the species at
the time of listing to designate as critical habitat, we consider those
physical and biological features essential to the conservation of the
species that may require special management considerations or
protection. The primary constituent elements of critical habitat
include, but are not limited to:
(1) Space for individual and population growth, and for normal
behavior;
(2) Food, water, air, light, minerals, or other nutritional or
physiological requirements;
(3) Cover or shelter;
(4) Sites for breeding, reproduction, rearing (or development) of
offspring; and
(5) Habitats that are protected from disturbance or are
representative of the historical geographical and ecological
distributions of a species.
We are currently unable to identify the physical and biological
features that are considered essential to the conservation of the plant
Cyanea mauiensis, which is proposed for listing, on Maui because
necessary information to understanding the life-history needs of the
species is not available at this time. Key features of the life history
of this plant species, such as flowering cycles, pollination vectors,
specific environmental requirements,
[[Page 34513]]
and limiting factors, remain unknown. Nothing is known of the preferred
habitat of, or native species associated with, this species on the
island of Maui. Cyanea mauiensis was last observed on Maui over 100
years ago, and its habitat has been modified and altered by nonnative
ungulates and plants, fire, and stochastic events (e.g., hurricanes,
landslides). In addition, predation by nonnative rats, and herbivory by
nonnative ungulates and invertebrates, likely led to the extirpation of
this species from Maui. Because a century has elapsed since C.
mauiensis was last observed, the optimal conditions that provide the
biological or ecological requisites of this species are not known. As
described above, we can surmise that habitat degradation from a variety
of factors and predation by a number of nonnative species has
contributed to the decline of this species on Maui; however, we do not
know the physical or biological features that are essential for C.
mauiensis. As we are unable to identify the physical and biological
features essential to the conservation of this species, we are unable
to identify areas on Maui that contain these features.
Although we have determined that the designation of critical
habitat is prudent for the plant Cyanea mauiensis, the biological needs
of this species are not sufficiently well known to permit
identification of the physical or biological features that may be
essential for the conservation of the species, or those areas that
provide the physical or biological features essential to the
conservation of the species. Therefore, we find that critical habitat
for C. mauiensis is not determinable at this time. We intend to
continue gathering information regarding the essential life-history
requirements of this plant species to facilitate the identification of
those physical or biological features that are essential to the
conservation of C. mauiensis.
We listed the plant Phyllostegia hispida (NCN), known only from the
island of Molokai, as an endangered species on March 17, 2009 (74 FR
11319). At the time of listing, we determined that critical habitat was
prudent but not determinable for this species, but acknowledged that
for the future designation of critical habitat we would evaluate the
needs of P. hispida within the ecological context of the broader
ecosystem in which it occurs. We are now proposing critical habitat for
P. hispida, based on the identification of the physical and biological
features that contribute to the successful functioning of the ecosystem
upon which it depends.
Proposed Critical Habitat Designation for 50 Species and Proposed
Revision of Critical Habitat Designation for 85 Species On Molokai,
Lanai, Maui, and Kahoolawe
In this section, we discuss the proposed designation of critical
habitat for 50 species (39 of the 40 species discussed above in our
listing proposal and reevaluation, for which we concluded that critical
habitat was both prudent and determinable; 2 listed bird species
(akohekohe or crested honeycreeper and kiwikiu or Maui parrotbill); and
9 listed plants Abutilon eremitopetalum, Acaena exigua, Cyanea
gibsonii, Kadua cordata ssp. remyi, Kokia cookei, Labordia tinifolia
var. lanaiensis, Melicope munroi, Phyllostegia hispida, and Viola
lanaiensis). This section also discusses the currently designated
critical habitat for 85 species of plants on the islands of Molokai,
Lanai, Maui, and Kahoolawe, based on new information. This information
represents the best current scientific and commercial information
available.
Revision of Critical Habitat for 85 Plants on Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and
Kahoolawe
Under section 4(a)(3)(A)(ii) of the Act we may, as appropriate,
revise a critical habitat designation. In 1984, we designated critical
habitat for a single species of plant, Gouania hillebrandii, on 114 ac
(46 ha) in 4 units (49 FR 44753) based on its known location at the
time. In 2003, we designated critical habitat for 3 Lanai plants on 789
ac (320 ha) in 6 units (68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003); for 41 Molokai
plants on 24,333 ac (9,843 ha) in 88 units (68 FR 12982, March 18,
2003); and for 60 plants on Maui and Kahoolawe on 93,200 ac (37,717 ha)
in 139 units (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). All designations were based
on the known locations of the species at the time. Based on new
scientific data available since 2003, we are proposing to revise
critical habitat for 85 plant species on the islands of Molokai, Lanai,
Maui, and Kahoolawe (this number differs from the original number of
species with critical habitat designations, due to some taxonomic
revisions made subsequent to the original designations). Approximately
47 percent of the area we are proposing as critical habitat in this
rule overlaps with the areas designated in the 1984 and 2003 final
critical habitat rules. In some areas, the footprint of the proposed
revision is larger than the 1984 and 2003 designations, to accommodate
the expansion of species' ranges within the particular ecosystem in
which they occur (e.g., expansion into currently unoccupied habitat).
The proposed revision correlates each species' physical or biological
requirements with the characteristics of the ecosystems on which they
depend (e.g., elevation, rainfall, species associations, etc.), and
also includes areas unoccupied by the species but determined to be
essential for the conservation of the species. The proposed revision
would enable managers to focus conservation management efforts on
common threats that occur across shared ecosystems and facilitate the
restoration of the ecosystem function and species-specific habitat
needs for the recovery of each of the 85 species. An added benefit
includes the publication of more comprehensive critical habitat unit
maps that should be more useful to the public and conservation
managers.
Background for 94 Listed Maui Nui Plants
It is our intent to discuss only those topics directly relevant to
the proposed designation of new and revised critical habitat on the
islands of Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Kahoolawe. For additional
information on the 85 plant species with currently designated critical
habitat, refer to the final critical habitat rules for Gouania
hillebrandii, and the Lanai, Molokai, and Maui and Kahoolawe plants
published in the Federal Register on November 9, 1984 (49 FR 44753),
January 9, 2003 (68 FR 1220), March 18, 2003 (68 FR 12982), and May 14,
2003 (68 FR 25934). For additional information on the 9 plant species
listed as endangered but that do not yet have designated critical
habitat, please refer to the listing rules for those species published
in the Federal Register as follows: Abutilon eremitopetalum (56 FR
47686, September 20, 1991), Acaena exigua (57 FR 20772, May 15, 1992),
Cyanea gibsonii (originally listed as Cyanea macrostegia ssp. gibsonii
(56 FR 47686, September 20, 1991)), Kadua cordata ssp. remyi
(originally listed as Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi (64 FR
48307, September 3, 1999)), Kokia cookei (44 FR 62470, October 30,
1979), Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis (64 FR 48307, September 3,
1999), Melicope munroi (64 FR 48307, September 3, 1999), Phyllostegia
hispida (74 FR 11319, March 17, 2009), and Viola lanaiensis (56 FR
47686, September 20, 1991). Information on the current status of the
two bird species that are listed as endangered but do not yet have
designated critical habitat, the akohekohe and kiwikiu, is presented
following the information on the current status of 94 listed Maui Nui
plants (85
[[Page 34514]]
listed plant species for which we are proposing a revision of the
current critical habitat designation, and 9 listed plant species
without extant critical habitat for which critical habitat is now
proposed).
Current Status of 94 Listed Maui Nui Plants
Abutilon eremitopetalum (no common name (NCN)), a shrub in the
mallow family (Malvaceae), is endemic to Lanai (Bates 1999, pp. 871-
872). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, A.
eremitopetalum was known from a single occurrence of seven individuals
on Lanai (68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003). Currently, there are 23
individuals in 1 occurrence at Kahea Gulch in the lowland dry ecosystem
(TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; PEPP 2008, p. 45).
Acaena exigua (liliwai), a perennial herb in the rose family
(Rosaceae), is known from west Maui and Kauai (Wagner et al. 1999p, pp.
1,102-1,103). Acaena exigua was rediscovered in 1997 at Puu Kukui on
west Maui, when one individual was found growing in a bog in the
montane wet ecosystem, but this individual died in 2000 (TNC 2007;
Oppenheimer et al. 2002, p. 1). This area on west Maui was searched as
recently as 2008 by Ken Wood and Sam Aruch; however, no plants were
found (Aruch 2010, in litt.). Botanists continue to survey the
potentially suitable habitat in the area where this species was last
observed.
Adenophorus periens (pendant kihi fern), a fern in the Grammitis
family (Grammitidaceae), is epiphytic on the native tree Acacia koa.
Adenophorus periens is known from Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and the
island of Hawaii (Palmer 2003, p. 39). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, A. periens was known from Kauai, Molokai,
Oahu, and the island of Hawaii (68 FR 9116, February 27, 2003; 68 FR
12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR 35950, June 17, 2003; 68 FR 39624, July 2,
2003). Adenophorus periens was last seen on Molokai in 1995, in the
montane wet ecosystem, at the edge of Pepeopae bog (Perlman 2008b, in
litt.). It was last collected in the late 1800s to early 1900s from the
montane wet ecosystem on east Maui and Lanai (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Alectryon macrococcus (mahoe), a tree in the soapberry family
(Sapindaceae), is known from two varieties: Alectryon macrococcus var.
auwahiensis (east Maui) and A. macrococcus var. macrococcus (Kauai,
Oahu, Molokai, and Maui) (Wagner et al. 1999x, p. 1,225). At the time
we designated critical habitat in 2003, A. macrococcus var. auwahiensis
was known from three occurrences on east Maui (68 FR 25934, May 14,
2003). Currently, A. macrococcus var. auwahiensis is found in one
occurrence of seven individuals in Auwahi, in the lowland dry ecosystem
(TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; NTBG Provenance Report 1993; PEPP 2009, p. 33).
This variety was historically found in the lowland dry, montane dry,
and montane mesic ecosystems (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). At the time we
designated critical habitat in 2003, A. macrococcus var. macrococcus
was found on Kauai, Molokai, west Maui, and Oahu (68 FR 9116, February
27, 2003; 68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 68 FR
35950, June 17, 2003). Currently, on Molokai, this variety is found in
three known occurrences: one individual at Kahawai, eight individuals
from Kaunakakai to Kawela, and one individual in Makolelau, in the
lowland mesic and montane mesic ecosystems. On west Maui, A.
macrococcus var. macrococcus is found in 6 occurrences totaling 11
individuals (1 individual each at Honokowai Stream, Wahikuli, Kahoma
Ditch Trail, Olowalu, and Iao Valley, and 6 individuals at Honokowai)
in the lowland wet and wet cliff ecosystems. On east Maui, there are an
unknown number of individuals at Kahakapao in the montane mesic
ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer 2010p, in litt.).
Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum (ahinahina (=
Haleakala silversword)), a perennial rosette shrub in the sunflower
family (Asteraceae), is known from the alpine cinder deserts on east
Maui (Carr 1999a, p. 261). At the time we designated critical habitat
in 2003, there were 7 known occurrences totaling between 39,000 and
44,000 individuals (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). Currently, A.
sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum is found in 7 occurrences totaling
approximately 50,000 individuals, in the alpine and subalpine
ecosystems at the summit and crater of Haleakala (TNC 2007; Perlman
2008c, in litt., p. 1; USFWS 2010). One individual is found in Hanawi
Natural Area Reserve in the montane mesic ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP
2008; Perlman 2008c, p. 1).
Asplenium dielerectum (asplenium-leaved diellia) (currently listed
as Diellia erecta, but for which we are proposing a taxonomic change to
Asplenium dielerectum), a perennial fern in the spleenwort family
(Aspleniaceae), is historically known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai,
Maui, and the island of Hawaii (Palmer 2003, pp. 117-119). At the time
we designated critical habitat in 2003, this species was known from
Kauai, Molokai, Maui, Oahu, and the island of Hawaii (68 FR 9116,
February 27, 2003; 68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14,
2003; 68 FR 35950, June 17, 2003; 68 FR 39624, July 2, 2003).
Currently, A. dielerectum is known from an unknown number of
individuals in two occurrences on Molokai and two occurrences totaling
five individuals on Maui. On Molokai, an unknown number of plants were
last seen in Onini and Makolelau gulches in the 1990s, in the lowland
mesic ecosystem (Lau 2010, in litt.). Historically, this species was
also found in the montane mesic and lowland wet ecosystems (HBMP 2008).
Botanists believe that additional individuals of this species may be
found during further searches of potentially suitable habitat on
Molokai (Lau 2010, in litt.). Four individuals occur on west Maui at
Hanaulaiki in the lowland dry ecosystem, and on east Maui, one
individual occurs at Polipoli in the montane mesic ecosystem
(Oppenheimer 2010q, in litt.). Historically, A. dielerectum was also
found in the lowland mesic and lowland wet ecosystems on west Maui, and
in the lowland dry and dry cliff ecosystems on Lanai (HBMP 2008).
Asplenium peruvianum var. insulare (NCN), which is currently listed
as Asplenium fragile var. insulare, but for which we are proposing a
taxonomic revision to splenium peruviamun var. insulare in this
document, is a terrestrial fern in the spleenwort (Aspleniaceae)
family, from Maui and the island of Hawaii (Palmer 2003, pp. 70-71). At
the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, this variety was found
on east Maui in 2 occurrences and on the island of Hawaii in 36
occurrences (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 68 FR 39624, July 2, 2003).
Currently, on east Maui, A. peruvianum var. insulare is known from 5
occurences at Waikamoi Stream, at Puu Luau, east of Hosmer Grove, north
of Kalapawili Ridge, and in Hanawi Natural Area Reserve. These
occurrences total as many as 100 individuals, in the montane wet,
montane mesic, and subalpine ecosystems (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008;
Oppenheimer 2010r, in litt.).
Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha (kookoolau), a perennial herb in
the sunflower family (Asteraceae), is known from Lanai and Maui
(Ganders and Nagata 1999, pp. 278-279). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, this subspecies was known from one occurrence
on Lanai and four occurrences on east Maui (68 FR 1220, January 9,
2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). Currently, B. micrantha ssp.
kalealaha is known from 4 occurrences
[[Page 34515]]
totaling over 200 individuals on Lanai and Maui. On Lanai, this
subspecies is known from 1 occurrence of 12 to 14 individuals north of
Waiapaa Gulch in the lowland mesic ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008;
Puttock 2003, p. 1). On east Maui, there are 2 occurrences:
approximately 200 individuals south of Puu Keokea, and a few
individuals above Polipoli State Park. Both occurrences are in the
subalpine ecosystem (TNC 2007; Oppenheimer 2010s, in litt.). On west
Maui, there are four to six individuals at Honokowai in the lowland wet
ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). This subspecies was historically known
from the lowland dry and dry cliff ecosystems on Lanai, and from the
montane mesic and lowland dry ecosystems on east Maui (TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Bidens wiebkei (kookoolau), a perennial herb in the sunflower
family (Asteraceae), is endemic to Molokai (Ganders and Nagata 1999,
pp. 282-283). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, this
species was known from five occurrences on Molokai (68 FR 12982, March
18, 2003). Currently, B. wiebkei is known from 6 occurrences totaling
as many as 500 individuals. In the coastal ecosystem, several hundred
plants occur on the windward sea cliffs from Papalaua Valley to
Puahaunui Point, and 200 or more individuals are found on rolling hills
and sea cliffs at Lamaloa Gulch. Approximately 40 individuals occur
west of Waialua near Kahawaiiki Gulch in the lowland wet ecosystem, and
about 10 individuals occur at Kumueli in the montane wet ecosystem. In
the montane mesic ecosystem, there are 2 occurrences: 10 to 20
individuals below Puu Kolekole, and 1 individual at Kawela Gulch (Wood
and Perlman 2002, pp. 1-2; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer 2009a, in
litt.; Perlman 2006a, pp. 1-2; Wood 2009b, pp. 1-2).
Bonamia menziesii (NCN) is a perennial liana in the morning glory
family (Convolvulaceae). Bonamia menziesii is known from Kauai, Oahu,
Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii Island (Austin 1999, p. 550; HBMP
2008). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, B. menziesii
was known from 3 occurrences on Lanai, 9 occurrences on Kauai, 6
occurrences on Maui, 18 occurrences on Oahu, and 2 occurrences on
Hawaii Island (68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003; 68 FR 9116, February 27,
2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 68 FR 35950, June 17, 2003; 68 FR
39624, July 2, 2003). However, no critical habitat was designated for
this species on Lanai or Molokai in 2003 (68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003;
68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003). Currently, B. menziesii is known from 6
occurrences on Lanai and Maui, totaling over 10 individuals. On Lanai,
B. menziesii is found at Kanepuu (one individual observed dead in 2008,
two other individuals not observed since 2001) and at Puhielelu Ridge
(two individuals were observed in 1996) in the lowland mesic ecosystem
(TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer 2010t, in litt.). This species is
found on west Maui at Honokowai (two individuals) in the wet cliff
ecosystem, and on east Maui at Puu o Kali (one individual), Kaloi (one
individual), and Kanaio Natural Area Reserve (four individuals), in the
lowland dry ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Bily 2010, in litt.). This
species was last seen in the dry cliff ecosystem on west Maui in 1920
(TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). Bonamia menziesii has not been observed on
Molokai (in the lowland dry and lowland mesic ecosystems) since the
early 1900s (HBMP 2008).
Brighamia rockii (pua ala), a stem succulent in the bellflower
family (Campanulaceae), is known from east Molokai and Lanai, and may
have occurred on Maui (Lammers 1999, p. 423). At the time we designated
critical habitat in on Maui and Molokai in 2003, this species was known
from five occurrences on Molokai (68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR
25934, May 14, 2003). Currently, B. rockii is found on Molokai at Lepau
Point (one individual); at Waiehu, east of Wailele Falls (four
individuals), and on Huelo islet (one individual), in the coastal and
wet cliff ecosystems (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; NTBG 2009i; Oppenheimer
2010u, in litt.). This species was last observed on Lanai in 1911, in
the dry cliff ecosystem (HBMP 2008). According to Lammers (1999, p.
423), B. rockii was likely found in the coastal ecosystem on Maui.
Canavalia molokaiensis (awikiwiki), a perennial climbing herb in
the pea family (Fabaceae), is endemic to east Molokai (Wagner and
Herbst 1999, p. 653). At the time we designated critical habitat in
2003, this species was known from seven occurrences on Molokai (68 FR
12982, March 18, 2003). Currently, C. molokaiensis is found in 9
occurrences totaling approximately 170 individuals in the following
locations: Kawailena drainage in Pelekunu Valley (1 individual); Kua
Gulch (approximately 100 individuals); near the junction at Kupiaia
Gulch (10 to 20 individuals); Waiehu (5 to 10 individuals); west Kawela
Gulch (6 individuals); Kukaiwaa (approximately 15 individuals);
Mokomoko Gulch (a few individuals); Wailua (10 individuals); and
Waialeia Stream (a few individuals) (HBMP 2008; Perlman 2008d, pp. 1-2;
Tangalin 2010, in litt.). These plants are found in the coastal,
lowland mesic, lowland wet, and wet cliff ecosystems (TNC 2007).
Cenchrus agrimonioides (kamanomano (also known as sandbur or
agrimony)), a perennial in the grass family (Poaceae), is known from
Lanai, Maui, Oahu, and Hawaii (O'Connor 1999, pp. 1,511-1,512). At the
time we designated critical habitat in 2003, C. agrimonioides was known
from one occurrence on east Maui, one occurrence on west Maui, and
seven occurrences on Oahu (HBMP 2008; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 68 FR
35950, June 17, 2003). Currently, on Maui, C. agrimonioides is known
from four occurrences totaling five individuals in the lowland dry
ecosystem. On west Maui, this variety occurs in Hanaulaiki and Papalaua
gulches (one individual at each location). On east Maui, C.
agrimonioides occurs in Kanaio (2 individuals), and within a fenced
exclosure in the Kanio Natural Area Reserve (one individual) (TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008; PEPP 2008, pp. 47-48; PEPP 2009, p. 39). This plant was last
observed on Lanai in 1915, in the lowland mesic ecosystem (TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008).
Clermontia lindseyana (oha wai), a perennial shrub or tree in the
bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is known from Maui and Hawaii Island
(Lammers 1999, p. 431). At the time we designated critical habitat in
2003, C. lindseyana was known from 2 occurrences on Maui and from 15
occurrences on Hawaii Island (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 68 FR 39624,
July 2, 2003). Currently, there is 1 known occurrence totaling
approximately 30 individuals on east Maui at Wailaulau in the montane
mesic ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; PEPP 2009, pp. 40-41; Perlman
2007a, in litt.; Wood 2009c, in litt.; Oppenheimer 2010a, in litt.;
Oppenheimer 2010b, in litt.; Oppenheimer 2010v, in litt.; Oppenheimer
2010w, in litt.).
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes (oha wai), a perennial shrub
or tree in the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is endemic to east
Molokai (Lammers 1999, pp. 432-433). At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, this species was known from one occurrence in Kamakou
Preserve (68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; Perlman 2009d, in litt.).
Currently, C. oblongifolia ssp. brevipes is found in 1 known occurrence
totaling 11 individuals on Uapa Ridge in the montane wet ecosystem (TNC
2007; HBMP 2008; Bakutis 2009a, in litt.; Perlman 2009d, in litt.).
Historically, this subspecies also occurred in the lowland mesic,
lowland wet, and wet
[[Page 34516]]
cliff ecosystems (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis (oha wai), a perennial shrub
or tree in the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is known from Lanai
and Maui (Lammers 1999, pp. 432-433). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, this species was known from one occurrence of
two individuals on west Maui, and from historical occurrences on Lanai
and east Maui (68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003;
HBMP 2008; Perlman 2009e, in litt.). However, no critical habitat was
designated for this species on Maui in 2003 (68 FR 25934, May 14,
2003). Currently, C. oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis is found in one known
occurrence totaling four individuals along the pipeline of the lower
Waikamoi Ditch Trail at Haipuena Gulch in the montane wet ecosystem on
east Maui (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Perlman 2009e, in litt.). Historically,
this species was also found in the lowland mesic and lowland wet
ecosystem on Lanai, and the lowland wet ecosystem on Maui (TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008). An examination of the type specimen and other collections
indicates that C. oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis may be a hybrid; however,
further examination of specimens from Lanai and Maui are necessary
(Albert 2001, in litt.; Oppenheimer 2010s, in litt.)
Clermontia peleana (oha wai) is a perennial epiphytic (on Acacia
koa, Cheirodendron trigynum (olapa), Cibotium spp., and Metrosideros
polymorpha) shrub or tree in the bellflower family (Campanulaceae).
There are two subspecies: C. peleana ssp. peleana (Hawaii Island) and
C. peleana ssp. singuliflora (east Maui and Hawaii Island) (Lammers
1999, p. 435). At the time we designated critical habitat on Maui in
2003, C. peleana had not been seen on either island since the early
1900s (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 68 FR 39624, July 2, 2003). Critical
habitat was designated on the island of Hawaii in 2003 (68 FR 39624,
July 2, 2003). Currently, there are no known individuals of C. peleana
spp. singuliflora on Maui; however, this subspecies was recently
rediscovered on Hawaii Island (TNC 2010). Clermontia peleana ssp.
singuliflora was last seen in 1920, on east Maui in the lowland wet
ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Clermontia samuelii (oha wai), a perennial shrub in the bellflower
family (Campanulaceae), is known from Maui (Lammers 1999, p. 436).
There are two subspecies: C. samuelii ssp. hanaensis, which generally
is found at lower elevations, and C. samuelii ssp. samuelii (Lammers et
al. 1995, p. 344). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003,
C. samuelii was known from seven occurrences on east Maui (68 FR 25934,
May 14, 2003). Currently, C. samuelii ssp. hanaensis is found in bog
margins in the lowland wet and montane wet ecosystems at Kopiliula,
east of Hanawi Stream, and at Kawaipapa, with historical occurrences at
Kuhiwa Valley, Palikea Stream, and Waihoi Valley (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008;
Oppenheimer 2010b, in litt.; Welton 2010a, in litt.). Clermontia
samuelii ssp. samuelii is found in 2 known occurrences, one along the
ridge above Kipahulu rim (about 20 individuals), and another along the
south rim of Kipahulu (Manawainui planeze) (about 4 individuals), in
the montane wet ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Welton 2010a, in
litt.). There is a report of one individual (subspecies unknown) at
Papanalahou Point on west Maui (HBMP 2008).
Colubrina oppositifolia (kauila), a perennial tree in the buckthorn
family (Rhamnaceae), is known from Maui, Oahu, and Hawaii (Wagner et
al. 1999y, p. 1,094). At the time we designated critical habitat in
2003, this species was known from two occurrences on west Maui, five
occurrences on Oahu, and five occurrences on Hawaii Island (68 FR
25934, May 14, 2003; 68 FR 35950, June 17, 2003; 68 FR 39624, July 2,
2003). Currently, on west Maui, there are two individuals near
Honokowai Gulch in the lowland mesic ecosystem. Historically, this
species was also reported from the lowland dry ecosystem on east Maui
(TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer 2009b, in litt.; Perlman 2008e, in
litt.).
Ctenitis squamigera (pauoa), a terrestrial fern in the spleenwort
family (Aspleniaceae), is known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui,
and the island of Hawaii (Palmer 2003, pp. 100-102). At the time we
designated critical habitat on Kauai, Molokai, Maui, and Oahu in 2003,
C. squamigera was known from 2 occurrences on Lanai, 1 occurrence on
Molokai, 12 occurrences on Maui, and 8 occurrences on Oahu (68 FR 1220,
January 9, 2003; 68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14,
2003; 68 FR 35950, June 17, 2003). No critical habitat was designated
for this species on Lanai or Hawaii in 2003 (68 FR 1220, January 9,
2003; 68 FR 39624, July 2, 2003). Currently, C. squamigera is found in
12 known occurrences totaling over 120 individuals on Lanai, Molokai,
and west Maui (Oppenheimer 2010i, in litt.). On Lanai, an unknown
number of individuals occur on the leeward (south) side of the island
at Waiapaa in the wet cliff ecosystem. There are historical records
from the dry cliff and wet cliff ecosystems at upper Kehewai Gulch,
Haalelepaakai, and Kaiholena (HBMP 2008). On Molokai, 20 individuals
occur at Wawaia in the lowland mesic ecosystem. On west Maui, there are
9 occurrences totaling 80 to 84 individuals in the lowland dry, lowland
mesic, lowland wet, montane mesic, and wet cliff ecosystems. Ctenitis
squamigera is found in Honokowai Valley (20 individuals), Puu Kaeo (2
to 4 individuals), Kahana Iki (1 individual), Kahana (14 individuals),
Kanaha Valley (10 individuals), Kahoma (1 individual), Puehuehunui (1
to 2 individuals), Ukumehame Valley below the Hanaula Reservoir (1 to 2
individuals), and Iao Valley (approximately 30 individuals). On east
Maui, there are 28 individuals at Pohakea in the lowland dry ecosystem
and a historical record from the lowland mesic ecosystem. This species
was apparently found in the Kipahulu FR (Kaapahu) area on east Maui,
but no further details have been provided (Wood and Perlman 2002, p. 7;
East Maui Watershed Partnership 2006, p. 17; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008;
Oppenheimer 2010r, in litt.).
Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis (HAHA), a vine-like shrub in
the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is known from Maui (Lammers
1999, pp. 445-446). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003,
this subspecies was known from five occurrences on Maui (68 FR 25934,
May 14, 2003). Currently, C. copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis is found in
7 widely distributed occurrences totaling over 600 individuals on east
Maui. One occurrence of over 20 scattered individuals is found in east
Makaiwa in the lowland wet ecosystem; 4 occurrences totaling
approximately 100 individuals are found along streams in Keanae in the
lowland wet and montane wet ecosystems; 2 occurrences totaling
approximately 500 individuals are found along Palikea Stream and in
Kipahulu Valley, in the montane wet, wet cliff, and lowland wet
ecosystems; and a few individuals are found at Kaapahu in the montane
wet and lowland mesic ecosystems (Haleakala National Park 2004, pp. 5-
6; 2005, pp. 5-6; 2007, pp. 2,4; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Bily et al. 2008,
p. 37; Welton and Haus 2008, pp. 12-13; Oppenheimer 2010b, in litt.;
2010x, in litt.; Perlman 2007b, in litt.; Welton 2010a, in litt.; Wood
2009d, in litt.).
Cyanea dunbariae (HAHA), which is currently listed as Cyanea
dunbarii and for which we are proposing a spelling correction to Cyanee
dunbariae, is a shrub in the bellflower family
[[Page 34517]]
(Campanulaceae), and is endemic to Molokai (Lammers 1999, p. 448). At
the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, this species was known
from one occurrence at Mokomoko Gulch (68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003).
Currently, there are 10 individuals in Mokomoko Gulch in the lowland
mesic ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; PEPP 2008, p. 48; Oppenheimer
2010u, in litt.; NTBG 2011a). Historically, this species was also found
in Molokai's lowland wet and montane mesic ecosystems (TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Cyanea gibsonii (HAHA), which is currently listed as Cyanea
macrostegia ssp. gibsonii and for which we are proposing a taxonomic
revision to Cyanea gibsonii, is a perennial tree in the bellflower
family (Campanulaceae), and is known from Lanai (Lammers 1999, p. 457).
In 2003, this species was known from two occurrences (68 FR 1220,
January 9, 2003). However, no critical habitat was designated for this
species on Lanai in 2003 (68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003). Currently,
there are about 10 to 20 individuals at the head of Hauola Gulch, in
the montane wet ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; PEPP 2009, p. 53;
Oppenheimer 2010t, in litt.). Historically, this species was also found
north of Lanaihale and at Puu Alii in the wet cliff and montane wet
ecosystems (PEPP 2009, p. 53).
Cyanea glabra (HAHA), a perennial shrub in the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), is endemic to Maui (Lammers 1999, pp. 449, 451). At
the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, this species was known
from one occurrence on west Maui (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). However,
on west Maui, individuals identified as C. glabra in the lowland wet
and wet cliff ecosystems may be an undescribed species related to C.
acuminata (Lorence 2010, in litt.; Oppenheimer 2010y, in litt.). On
east Maui, wild individuals of C. glabra in the montane wet and montane
mesic ecosystems may more closely resemble C. maritae, one of the
species proposed for listing in this rule (Oppenheimer 2010y, in
litt.). Further taxonomic study of these occurrences is needed (TNC
2007; HBMP 2008; Perlman 2009f, in litt.). In the meantime, we will
continue to identify these individuals as C. glabra.
Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora (HAHA), a perennial palm-like
tree in the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is known from east Maui
(Lammers 1999, p. 452). At the time we designated critical habitat in
2003, there were nine occurrences (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003).
Currently, there are at least 9 occurrences totaling between 458 and
558 individuals in the lowland wet and montane wet ecosystems, at
Haipuaena Stream, east of east Wailuaiki Stream, above Kuhiwa Valley,
in Kipahulu Valley, and at Kaapahu (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; PEPP 2008, pp.
50-51; Welton and Haus 2008, p. 26; Oppenheimer 2010b, in litt.; Welton
2010a, in litt.). Historically, this subspecies also occurred in the
montane mesic ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Cyanea lobata (HAHA), a shrub in the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), is known from two subspecies, C. lobata ssp. baldwinii
(Lanai) and C. lobata ssp. lobata (west Maui) (Lammers 1999, pp. 451,
454). At the time we designated critical habitat on Maui in 2003, there
were no known occurrences of C. lobata ssp. baldwinii on Lanai and five
occurrences of C. lobata ssp. lobata on west Maui (68 FR 1220, January
9, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). However, no critical habitat was
designated for this species on Lanai in 2003 (68 FR 1220, January 9,
2003). In 2006, C. lobata ssp. baldwinii was rediscovered around the
Hauola headwaters on Lanai, in the montane wet ecosystem (Wood 2006a,
p. 15; TNC 2007; Wood 2009e, in litt.). Currently, there are three to
four individuals at this location (Perlman 2007c, in litt.; Oppenheimer
2009c, in litt.; PEPP 2009, p. 53). On west Maui, there are five
occurrences of C. lobata ssp. lobata totaling eight individuals at
Honokohau, Honokowai, and Mahinahina, in the lowland wet and wet cliff
ecosystems (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer 2010i, in litt.).
Cyanea mannii (HAHA), a perennial shrub in the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), is endemic to east Molokai (Lammers 1999, p. 456). At
the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, there were eight
occurrences at Puu Kolekole and Kawela Gulch (68 FR 12982, March 18,
2003). Currently, there are fewer than 200 individuals in 11
occurrences extending across the summit area from Mokomoko Gulch to Kua
Gulch, in the lowland mesic, montane mesic, and montane wet ecosystems
(Wood and Perlman 2002, p. 2; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Perlman 2002a, in
litt.; Wood 2009f, in litt.; Oppenheimer 2010u, in litt.).
Cyanea mceldowneyi (HAHA), a perennial shrub in the bellflower
family (Campanulaceae), is found on east Maui (Lammers 1999, p. 457).
At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, this species was
known from 11 occurrences (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). Currently, C.
mceldowneyi is known from at least 10 occurrences totaling over 100
individuals in the lowland wet, montane wet, and montane mesic
ecosystems (PEPP 2007, p. 39; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; PEPP 2008, pp. 53-
54; PEPP 2009, pp. 53, 57; Oppenheimer 2010b, in litt.).
Cyanea procera (HAHA), a perennial tree in the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), is known from Molokai (Lammers 1999, p. 460). At the
time we designated critical habitat in 2003, this species was known
from five occurrences (68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003). Currently, there
are one to two individuals near Puuokaeha in west Kawela Gulch in the
montane mesic ecosystem (TNC 2007; PEPP 2008, pp. 55-56; Oppenheimer
2010u, in litt.; NTBG 2011b). Historically, this species was also found
in the lowland mesic and montane wet ecosystems (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Cyperus fauriei (NCN), which is currently listed as Mariscus
fauriei and for which we are proposing a taxonomic revision to Cyperus
fauriei, is a perennial in the sedge family (Cyperaceae), and is known
from Molokai, Lanai, and the island of Hawaii (Koyama 1999, p. 1,417).
At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, C. fauriei was
known from 1 occurrence of 20 to 30 individuals on Molokai and 2
occurrences on the island of Hawaii (68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR
39624, July 2, 2003). Currently, on Molokai, an unknown number of
individuals are found in the area west of Makolelau, at Kamakou
Preserve above Onini Road, at Makakupaia, at Waihanau drainage, and at
Kamalo, in the lowland mesic and montane mesic ecosystems (TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer 2010u, in litt.). Cyperus fauriei was last
observed on Lanai in the early 1900s, in the lowland dry ecosystem (TNC
2007; HBMP 2008).
Cyperus pennatiformis (NCN), which is currently listed as Mariscus
pennatiformis and for which we proposed a taxonomic revision on August
2, 2011 (76 FR 46362), is a perennial in the sedge family (Cyperaceae),
and is known from Laysan Island, Kauai, Oahu, east Maui, and the island
of Hawaii (Koyama 1999, pp. 1,421-1,423). There are two varieties: C.
pennatiformis var. bryanii (Laysan) and C. pennatiformis var.
pennatiformis (main Hawaiian Islands). At the time we designated
critical habitat on Laysan, Kauai, Maui, and Oahu in 2003, this species
was known from only one occurrence (totaling an unknown number of
individuals) on Laysan Island (C. pennatiformis var. bryanii), and one
occurrence (totaling 30 individuals) on east Maui (C. pennatiformis
var. pennatiformis) (68 FR 9116, February 27, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May
14, 2003; 68 FR 28054, May 22, 2003; 68 FR
[[Page 34518]]
35950, June 17, 2003). Both occurrences were in the coastal ecosystem
(68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 68 FR 28054, May 22, 2003). The known
occurrence of C. pennatiformis var. pennatiformis in the coastal
ecosystem on east Maui has not been relocated (Wagner et al. 2005; HBMP
2008).
Cyperus trachysanthos (puukaa), a grass-like perennial in the sedge
family (Cyperaceae), is known from the islands of Niihau, Kauai, Oahu,
Molokai, and Lanai (Koyama 1999, pp. 1,399-1,400). At the time we
designated critical habitat in 2003, C. trachysanthos was found on
Kauai and Oahu (68 FR 9116, February 27, 2003; 68 FR 35950, June 17,
2003). This species has not been observed on the islands of Lanai and
Molokai, in the lowland dry ecosystems since 1912 and 1919,
respectively (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Cyrtandra munroi (haiwale), a perennial shrub in the African violet
family (Gesneriaceae), is known from Lanai and west Maui (Wagner et al.
1999d, p. 770; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). At the time we designated
critical habitat on Maui in 2003, C. munroi was known from two
occurrences on Lanai and five occurrences on west Maui (68 FR 1220,
January 9, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). However, no critical
habitat was designated for this species on Lanai (68 FR 1220, January
9, 2003). Currently, on Lanai, C. munroi is found 3 occurrences
totaling 23 individuals at Puu Alii (20 individuals), Waialala Gulch (1
individual), and Lanaihale (2 individuals), in the montane wet and wet
cliff ecosystems (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer 2010u, in litt.). On
west Maui, C. munroi is found in 6 occurrences totaling 45 individuals
at Makamakaole Gulch (1 individual), Honokohau Gulch (1 individual),
Kahana Valley (1 individual), Hahakea Gulch (1 individual), Kapunakea
Preserve (12 individuals), and Amalu Stream (29 individuals), in the
lowland wet and wet cliff ecosystems (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer
2010i, in litt.).
Diplazium molokaiense (NCN), a terrestrial fern in the spleenwort
family (Aspleniaceae), is known from all of the major Hawaiian Islands
except Hawaii Island (Palmer 2003, p. 125). At the time we designated
critical habitat on Kauai, Molokai, Maui, and Oahu in 2003, D.
molokaiense was known only from east Maui (68 FR 9116, February 27,
2003; 68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 68 FR
35950, June 17, 2003). Currently, D. molokaiense is known from three
occurrences on Maui. On west Maui, there are five individuals at
Puehuehunui in the montane mesic ecosystem. On east Maui, there are 2
occurrences, one at Honomanu (about 15 individuals) in the montane wet
ecosystem, and one in the Kula FR (about 50 individuals) in the montane
mesic ecosystem (Wood 2006b, pp. 32-34; TNC 2007; Wood 2007, p. 14;
HBMP 2008; PEPP 2009, p. 71). Diplazium molokaiense occurred
historically in the dry cliff ecosystem on east Maui, and the lowland
wet and dry cliff ecosystems on west Maui (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). It was
also found in the lowland mesic and dry cliff ecosystems on Lanai, and
in the lowland mesic ecosystem on Molokai (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis (naenae), a perennial shrub or
small tree in the sunflower family (Asteraceae), is known from west
Maui (Carr 1999b, pp. 304-305). At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, D. plantaginea ssp. humilis was known from 2
occurrences totaling 60 to 65 individuals on west Maui (68 FR 25934,
May 14, 2003). Currently, D. plantaginea ssp. humilis is known from 1
occurrence of 35 individuals in Iao Valley, in the wet cliff ecosystem
(TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; PEPP 2009, p. 72; Oppenheimer 2010i, in litt.).
Eugenia koolauensis (nioi), a perennial shrub or small tree in the
myrtle family (Myrtaceae), is known from Oahu and Molokai (Wagner et
al. 1999w, p. 960). At the time we designated critical habitat on
Molokai and Oahu in 2003, this species was only known from 12
occurrences on Oahu (68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR 35950, June 17,
2003). Currently, E. koolauensis is extant only on Oahu. This species
was last seen on Molokai in 1920, in the lowland dry ecosystem (TNC
2007; HBMP 2008).
Flueggea neowawraea (mehamehame) is a perennial tree in the family
Euphorbiaceae. This species is known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui,
and the island of Hawaii (Hayden 1999, pp. 620-621). At the time we
designated critical habitat on those islands in 2003, there were 100
occurrences on Kauai, 4 occurrences on Maui, 23 occurrences on Oahu,
and 2 occurrences on the island of Hawaii (68 FR 9116, February 27,
2003; 68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 68 FR
35950, June 17, 2003; 68 FR 39624, July 2, 2003). Flueggea neowawraea
was last observed at Waihii on Molokai in 1931 (HBMP 2008). Currently,
two individuals of F. neowawraea are found on east Maui's southern
flank of Haleakala at Auwahi, in the lowland dry ecosystem (PEPP 2009,
p. 73; Oppenheimer 2010b, in litt.). Flueggea neowawraea was last
observed on Molokai in 1931 at Waianui, in the lowland mesic ecosystem
(HBMP 2008).
Geranium arboreum (Hawaiian red-flowered geranium), a perennial
shrub in the geranium family (Geraniaceae), is known from east Maui
(Wagner et al. 1999e, p. 729). At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, there were 12 occurrences totaling 158 individuals (68
FR 25934, May 14, 2003). Currently, there are 5 occurrences totaling
fewer than 30 individuals in east Maui's montane mesic and subalpine
ecosystems. Historically, G. arboreum was also found in the montane dry
ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer 2009d, in litt.; Perlman
2009g, in litt.; Wood 2009g, in litt.; Oppenheimer 2010b, in litt.;
Welton 2010a, in litt.).
Geranium multiflorum (nohoanu), a perennial shrub in the geranium
family (Geraniaceae), is known from east Maui (Wagner et al. 1999e, pp.
733-734). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, there
were 13 occurrences. Due to the inaccessibility of the plants, and the
difficulty in determining the number of individuals (because of the
plant's multi-branched form), the total number of individuals of this
species was not known; however, it was assumed to not exceed 3,000 (68
FR 25934, May 14, 2003). Currently, G. multiflorum is found in nine
occurrences on east Maui, from Koolau Gap to Kalapawili Ridge, in the
subalpine, montane mesic, and montane wet ecosystems. It is estimated
there may be as many as 500 to 1,000 individuals (Bily et al. 2003, pp.
4-5; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Perlman 2009h, in litt.; Wood 2009h, in
litt.; Oppenheimer 2010b, in litt.).
Gouania hillebrandii (NCN), a perennial shrub in the buckthorn
family (Rhamnaceae), is known from Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Kahoolawe
(Wagner et al. 1999z, p. 1,095). At the time we designated critical
habitat in 1984 on Maui, there was one occurrence (49 FR 44753,
November 9, 1984). Currently, on Molokai, there is 1 occurrence of
about 50 individuals at Puu Kolekole in the lowland mesic ecosystem
(USFWS 1990, pp. 4-10; TNC 2007; PEPP 2008, p. 61; Perlman 2008f, in
litt.; Wood 2009i, in litt.). On west Maui, there are fewer than 1,000
individuals in the lowland dry ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008;
Oppenheimer 2010i, in litt.). This species was last observed on Lanai
and Kahoolawe in the 1800s (HBMP 2008).
Gouania vitifolia (NCN), a perennial climbing shrub or woody vine
in the buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae), is known from Oahu, Maui, and the
island of Hawaii (Wagner et al. 1999z, p. 1,097). At the time we
designated
[[Page 34519]]
critical habitat on Maui, Oahu, and Hawaii in 2003, G. vitifolia was
only known from two occurrences on Oahu and one occurrence on the
island of Hawaii (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 68 FR 35950, June 17,
2003; 68 FR 39624, July 2, 2003). Currently, botanists are searching
potentially suitable habitat in the wet cliff ecosystem on west Maui
where G. vitifolia was last seen in the 1800s (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008;
Oppenheimer 2010z, in litt.).
Hesperomannia arborescens (NCN), a perennial shrubby tree in the
sunflower family (Asteraceae), is known from Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and
Maui (Wagner et al. 1999m, p. 325). At the time we designated critical
habitat on Molokai and Oahu in 2003, H. arborescens was known from 1
occurrence on Molokai, 4 occurrences on west Maui, and 36 occurrences
on Oahu (68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 68 FR
35950, June 17, 2003). However, no critical habitat was designated for
this species on Maui in 2003 (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). Currently,
there are five or six occurrences on Molokai and Maui totaling 122 to
125 individuals. On Molokai, there are 30 individuals between Wailau
and Pelekunu in the wet cliff ecosystem. Historically, this species was
also reported from the montane wet ecosystem (HBMP 2008). On west Maui,
4 or 5 occurrences totaling 92 to 95 individuals are found in the
lowland wet and wet cliff ecosystems, in Honokohau (30 individuals),
Waihee (approximately 60 individuals), Kapilau Ridge (1 individual),
and Lanilili (1 individual). There is some question regarding the
identification of three individuals in Iao Valley (HBMP 2008;
Oppenheimer 2010i, in litt.). This species has not been observed since
1940 on Lanai, in the wet cliff ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). The
results of a recent research study indicate that the plants on Oahu may
be genetically distinct from plants on Molokai and Lanai (Ching-Harbin
2003, p. 81).
Hesperomannia arbuscula (NCN), a tree or shrub in the sunflower
family (Asteraceae), is known from Oahu and west Maui (Wagner et al.
1999m, p. 325). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003,
eight occurrences were found on west Maui, and six occurrences were
known from Oahu (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 68 FR 35950, June 17,
2003). Currently, on west Maui, there are three individuals in Iao
Valley, in the lowland wet ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer
2010aa, in litt.). This species was last observed in the 1990s in the
wet cliff, dry cliff, and lowland dry ecosystems on west Maui (TNC
2007; HBMP 2008).
Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus (kokio keokeo), a tree in the
mallow family (Malvaceae), is endemic to east Molokai (Bates 1999, pp.
882-883). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, this
subspecies was known from three occurrences on east Molokai (68 FR
12982, March 18, 2003). Currently, H. arnottianus ssp. immaculatus is
found in 5 occurrences, totaling fewer than 100 individuals, from
Waiehu to Papalaua in the coastal and wet cliff ecosystems (TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008; NTBG 2009j; Perlman 2002b, in litt.; Wood 2009j, in litt.;
Oppenheimer 2010u, in litt.).
Hibiscus brackenridgei (mao hau hele) is a perennial shrub or small
tree in the mallow family (Malvaceae). This species is known from the
islands of Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, Hawaii, and possibly
Kahoolawe. There are three subspecies: H. brackenridgei ssp.
brackenridgei (Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii), H. brackenridgei ssp.
mokuleianus (Kauai and Oahu), and H. brackenridgei ssp. molokaiana
(Molokai and Oahu) (Wilson 1993, p. 278; Bates 1999, pp. 885-886). At
the time we designated critical habitat on Molokai, Maui, Oahu, and
Hawaii in 2003, H. brackenridgei ssp. brackenridgei was known from 2
occurrences on Lanai, 5 occurrences on Maui, and 4 occurrences on
Hawaii, and H. brackenridgei ssp. mokuleianus was known from 5
occurrences totaling fewer than 206 individuals on Oahu. Hibiscus
brackenridgei ssp. molokaiana was reported from one occurrence on Oahu
and had not been seen on Molokai since 1920 (68 FR 12982, March 18,
2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 68 FR 35950, June 17, 2003; 68 FR
39624, July 2, 2003). No critical habitat was designated for this
species on Lanai in 2003 (68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003). Currently, H.
brackenridgei ssp. brackenridgei is extant on the islands of Lanai,
Maui, and Hawaii. On Lanai, there are two individuals within fenced
exclosures on Keomuku Road, and one individual within a fenced
exclosure at Kaena; both exclosures are in the lowland dry ecosystem.
Historically, this subspecies was also known from Lanai's coastal
ecosystem (TNC 2007; Oppenheimer 2010t, in litt.). On west Maui, there
are a few individuals in Kaonohue Gulch in the lowland dry ecosystem.
On east Maui, there is 1 occurrence of about 10 individuals in a small
gulch downslope from the historical location at Keokea, in the lowland
dry ecosystem (TNC 2007; PEPP 2008, pp. 64-65; PEPP 2009, pp. 76-78;
Oppenheimer 2010t, in litt.; 2010u, in litt.; 2010bb, in litt).
Historically, on Molokai, Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. molokaiana was
found in the coastal ecosystem at Kihaapilani (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Huperzia mannii (wawaeiole), is a fern ally in the hanging fir-moss
family (Lycopodiaceae) that is typically epiphytic on native plants
such as Metrosideros polymorpha or Acacia koa. This species is known
from Kauai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii (Palmer 2003, p. 256). At
the time we designated critical habitat on Kauai and Maui in 2003, this
species was known from Maui and the island of Hawaii (68 FR 25934, May
14, 2003). No critical habitat was designated for this species on
Hawaii in 2003 (68 FR 39624, July 2, 2003). Currently, on Maui there
are 6 occurrences totaling 97 to 100 individuals. On west Maui, 14 to
17 individuals of H. mannii occur in the Lihau section of the West Maui
Natural Area Reserve, in the montane mesic ecosystem. This species also
occurred historically in the lowland wet and montane wet ecosystems
(HBMP 2008). On east Maui, 2 individuals are reported north of Waikamoi
Preserve at Puuokakae and Opana Gulch, in the montane wet ecosystem; 10
individuals occur at Kipahulu in the lowland wet ecosystem;
approximately 40 individuals occur at Cable Ridge in the lowland mesic
ecosystem; approximately 30 individuals occur at Kaapahu in the lowland
mesic ecosystem; and 1 individual was observed at Manawainui (Kipahulu
FR) in the montane mesic ecosystem (Haleakala National Park 2004, pp.
5-7; Haleakala National Park 2006, p. 3; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Perlman
2009i, in litt., 2009j, in litt.; Wood 2009k, in litt.; Welton and Haus
2008, pp. 12-13; Welton 2010a, in litt.).
Ischaemum byrone (Hilo ischaemum), a perennial in the grass family
(Poaceae), is known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, east Maui and the island
of Hawaii (O'Connor 1999, pp. 1,556-1,557). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, I. byrone was known from two occurrences on
Kauai, two occurrences on Molokai, six occurrences on Maui, and six
occurrences on Hawaii Island (68 FR 9116, February 27, 2003; 68 FR
12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 68 FR 39624, July 2,
2003). Currently, I. byrone is known from six or more occurrences on
Molokai and Maui, totaling as many as several thousand individuals. On
Molokai, I. byrone is relatively common in the coastal ecosystem from
Wailau to Waiehu, and there are an estimated 200 individuals (TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer 2009e, in litt.). On east
[[Page 34520]]
Maui, there are an unknown number of individuals at Pauwalu Point; 20
individuals in scattered patches at Mokuhuki islet; many individuals at
Keawaiki Bay; and an unknown number of individuals on the shoreline at
Kalahu Point, and at Waiohonu Stream outlet and Muolea Point, all in
the coastal ecosystem. These occurrences may total several thousands of
individuals, depending on rainfall (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer
2010b, in litt.).
Isodendrion pyrifolium (wahine noho kula), a perennial shrub in the
violet family (Violaceae), is known from Niihau, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai,
Maui, and Hawaii (Wagner et al. 1999aa, p. 1,331). At the time we
designated critical habitat on Molokai, Maui, and Oahu in 2003, I.
pyrifolium was known from a single occurrence on the island of Hawaii
(68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR 35950, June 17, 2003; 68 FR 39624,
July 2, 2003). Currently, there are no extant occurrences on Lanai,
Molokai, or Maui. Historically, I. pyrifolium was found on Molokai in
the lowland mesic ecosystem, and on west Maui in the lowland wet, dry
cliff, and wet cliff ecosystems. We have no habitat information for the
historical occurrences on Lanai (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; PEPP 2008,
p.103).
Kadua cordata ssp. remyi (kopa), which is currently listed as
Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi and for which we are proposing a
taxonomic revision in this rule to Kadua cordata ssp. remyi, is a
perennial subshrub in the coffee family (Rubiaceae), and is known from
Lanai (Wagner et al. 1999a, pp. 1,150-1,152). In 2003, this subspecies
was known from eight individuals; however, no critical habitat was
designated for this subspecies on Lanai (68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003).
Currently, two wild and three out-planted individuals are reported from
Kaiholena-Hulopoe ridge, in the lowland wet ecosystem. Historically,
this species also occurred in the lowland mesic ecosystem (TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008; PEPP 2009, pp. 5, 82; Oppenheimer 2010cc, in litt.).
Kadua coriacea (kioele), which is currently listed as Hedyotis
coriacea but for which we proposed a taxonomic revision to Kadua
coriacea on August 2, 2011, at 76 FR 46362, is a perennial shrub in the
coffee family (Rubiaceae), and is known from Oahu, Maui, and the island
of Hawaii (Wagner et al. 1999a, p. 1,141). At the time we designated
critical habitat on Maui and Oahu in 2003, this species was known from
one individual in the lowland dry ecosystem at Lihau, on west Maui, and
four occurrences on the island of Hawaii (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 68
FR 35950, June 17, 2003). However, no critical habitat was designated
for this species on Hawaii in 2003 (68 FR 39264, July 2, 2003). In
2008, the only known individual on Maui was burned during a wildfire
and died (PEPP 2008, p. 67).
Kadua laxiflora (pilo), which is currently listed as Hedyotis
mannii and for which we are proposing a taxonomic revision to Kadua
laxiflora in this rule, is a perennial subshrub in the coffee family
(Rubiaceae), and is known from Molokai, Lanai, and west Maui (Wagner et
al. 1999a, p. 1,148). At the time we designated critical habitat on
Maui in 2003, this species was known from a total of five occurrences
on Lanai (two occurrences), Molokai (one occurrence), and west Maui
(two occurrences) (68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003; 68 FR 12982, March 18,
2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). However, no critical habitat was
designated for this species on Lanai or Molokai in 2003 (68 FR 1220,
January 9, 2003; 68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003). Currently, on Lanai,
there are two individuals at Hauola Gulch in the montane wet ecosystem.
There are historical reports from the lowland mesic, lowland wet, and
wet cliff ecosystems on this island. On west Maui, there are four
individuals at Kauaula Valley, in the wet cliff ecosystem.
Historically, this species was also reported from the lowland wet and
dry cliff ecosystems (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer 2009f, in litt.;
PEPP 2009, pp. 3, 14, 24, 82-83; Perlman 2008g, in litt.;) There are no
extant individuals on Molokai, although there are historical reports
from the lowland mesic and montane mesic ecosystems (TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Kanaloa kahoolawensis (kohe malama malama o kanaloa), a perennial
shrub in the pea family (Fabaceae), occurs only on Kahoolawe (Lorence
and Wood 1994, p. 137). Soil cores suggest K. kahoolawensis was quite
widespread in lowland dry areas throughout the main Hawaiian Islands
during the early Pleistocene (Burney et al. 2001, p. 632; Athens 2002,
p. 74). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, K.
kahoolawensis was known from two individuals on the Aleale sea stack on
the south central coast of Kahoolawe (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003).
Currently, K. kahoolawensis is known from the same location with one
surviving individual, in the coastal ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008;
NTBG 2008).
Kokia cookei (Cooke's kokio), a small tree in the mallow family
(Malvaceae), is known from Molokai, historically in the lowland dry
ecosystem (Bates 1999, p. 890; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). At the time K.
cookei was listed in 1979, there were no individuals remaining in the
wild, and one individual in an arboretum on Oahu, and no critical
habitat was designated for this species on Molokai (44 FR 62470,
October 30, 1979; 68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003). Currently, one
individual is in cultivation at Waimea Arboretum, and there are
propagules at the Volcano Rare Plant Facility, Lyon Arboretum, Amy
Greenwell Ethnobotanical Garden, Leeward Community College, Hoolawa
Farms, and Maui Nui Botanical Garden (Seidman 2007, in litt.; Orr 2007,
in litt.).
Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis (kamakahala), a perennial shrub
or small tree in the logania family (Loganiaceae), is known from Lanai
(Wagner et al. 1999z, pp. 861-862). In 2003, this variety was known
from one occurrence totaling three to eight individuals along the
summit of Lanaihale; however, no critical habitat was designated for
this species on Lanai (68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003). Currently, L.
tinifolia var. lanaiensis is found in one occurrence of at least five
individuals in the head waters of Awehi Gulch on the southeastern end
of the summit ridge of Lanaihale, in the wet cliff ecosystem. This
variety was historically also found in the lowland mesic, lowland wet,
and montane wet ecosystems (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer 2010t, in
litt.; Oppenheimer 2010d, in litt.).
Labordia triflora (kamakahala), a perennial shrub or small tree in
the logania family (Loganiaceae), is known from east Molokai (Wagner et
al. 1999z, p. 423). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003,
this species was known from 10 individuals (68 FR 12982, March 18,
2003). Currently, 4 occurrences totaling 20 individuals are reported
from Kua, Wawaia, Kumueli, and Manawai Gulch, in the lowland mesic
ecosystem (TNC 2007; PEPP 2007, p. 48; HBMP 2008; PEPP 2008, p. 85).
Lysimachia lydgatei (NCN), a shrub in the primrose family
(Primulaceae), is known from west Maui (Wagner et al. 1999bb, p.
1,082). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, there were
four occurrences (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). Currently, there are 2
occurrences totaling approximately 30 individuals. Both occurrences are
found at Puehuehunui, in the montane mesic and wet cliff ecosystems
(TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer 2010dd, in litt.; Perlman 1997, in
litt.; Wood 2009l, in litt.). This species is also historically known
from the lowland dry ecosystem on west Maui (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Lysimachia maxima (NCN), a perennial shrub in the primrose family
(Primulaceae), is known from Molokai
[[Page 34521]]
(Wagner et al. 1999bb, p. 1,083). At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, this species was known from one occurrence (68 FR
12982, March 18, 2003). Currently, L. maxima is known from 2
occurrences totaling 28 individuals on east Molokai. There are 20
individuals near Ohialele along the Pelekunu rim, and 8 individuals in
2 distinct patches in east Kawela Gulch, in the lowland wet and montane
wet ecosystems (PEPP 2007, p. 48; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; PEPP 2008, p.
85).
Marsilea villosa (ihi ihi), a perennial fern in the marsilea family
(Marsileaceae), is known from Niihau, Oahu, and Molokai (Palmer 2003,
pp. 180-182). At the time we designated critical habitat on Oahu in
2003, this species was found in four occurrences on Molokai, and in
five occurrences on Oahu (68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR 35950,
June 17, 2003). No critical habitat was designated for this species on
Molokai in 2003 (68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003). Currently, M. villosa is
known from eight occurrences on Molokai, totaling possibly thousands of
individuals in areas that flood periodically, such as small depressions
and flood plains with clay soils. There is one small occurrence at
Kamakaipo, north of Laau Point, and seven occurrences between Kaa and
Ilio Point, covering areas from 20 sq ft (6 sq m) to over 2 ac (0.8
ha), all in the coastal ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Bakutis 2009b,
in litt.; Chau 2010, in litt.; Garnett 2010b in litt.; Oppenheimer
2010u, in litt.; Perlman 2006b, in litt.; Wood 2009m, in litt.).
Melanthera kamolensis (nehe), which is currently listed as
Lipochaeta kamolensis and for which we are proposing a taxonomic
revision to Melanthera kamolensis in this rule, is a perennial herb in
the sunflower family (Asteraceae), and is known from east Maui (Wagner
et al. 1990a, p. 337). At the time we designated critical habitat in
2003, this species was known from one occurrence (68 FR 25934, May 14,
2003). Currently, a single occurrence of M. kamolensis is found in
Kamole Gulch, totaling between 30 and 40 individuals, in the lowland
dry ecosystem. A second occurrence just west of Kamole appears to be a
hybrid swarm of M. kamolensis and M. rockii, with approximately 100
individuals (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Medieros 2010, in litt.).
Melicope adscendens (alani), a perennial sprawling shrub in the rue
family (Rutaceae), is known from Maui (Stone et al. 1999, p. 1,183). At
the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, there were 16
occurrences (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). Currently, M. adscendens is
known from 2 occurrences totaling 33 individuals within the Auwahi I
and Auwahi II fenced exclosures, in the lowland dry and montane mesic
ecosystems on east Maui (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; PEPP 2009, p. 85; Buckman
2010, in litt.).
Melicope balloui (alani), perennial tree or shrub in the rue family
(Rutaceae), is known from east Maui (Stone et al. 1999, pp. 1,183-
1,184). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, there were
3 occurrences totaling 50 individuals (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003).
Currently, there are approximately 50 individuals near Palikea Stream
in Kipahulu Valley, in the lowland wet ecosystem, and a few individuals
at Puuokakae in the montane wet ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Wood
2009n, in litt.).
Melicope knudsenii (alani), a perennial tree in the rue family
(Rutaceae), is known from Kauai and Maui (Stone et al. 1999, pp. 1,192-
1,193). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, there were
10 occurrences on Kauai and 4 occurrences on Maui (68 FR 9116, February
27, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). Currently, on east Maui, there
are two individuals at Auwahi, in the montane dry ecosystem (TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer 2010b, in litt.).
Melicope mucronulata (alani), a perennial tree in the rue family
(Rutaceae), is known from Molokai and east Maui (Stone et al. 1999, p.
1,196). At the time we designated critical habitat on Molokai and Maui
in 2003, there were two occurrences on Molokai and two occurrences on
east Maui (68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003).
Currently, there are two occurrences on Molokai, one individual at
Kupaia Gulch, and three individuals at Onini Gulch, in the lowland
mesic ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; PEPP 2008, p. 69; PEPP 2009, p.
86). This species was historically also found in the montane mesic
ecosystem on Molokai (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). The occurrence status of M.
mucronulata in the lowland dry and montane dry ecosystems on east Maui
is unknown.
Melicope munroi (alani), a perennial shrub in the rue family
(Rutaceae), is known from Lanai and Molokai (Stone et al. 1999, p.
1,196). In 2003, there were two occurrences on Lanai; however, no
critical habitat was designated for this species on Lanai or Molokai
(68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003; 68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003). Currently,
on Lanai, M. munroi is known from at least 2 occurrences of fewer than
40 individuals on the Lanaihale summit and the ridge of Waialala Gulch,
in the montane wet and wet cliff ecosystems (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008;
Oppenheimer 2010t, in litt.). This species has not been seen on Molokai
since 1910, where it was last observed in the lowland mesic ecosystem
(68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003).
Melicope ovalis (alani), a perennial tree in the rue family
(Rutaceae), is known from east Maui (Stone et al. 1999, p. 1,198). At
the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, there were two
occurrences (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). Currently, there are
approximately 50 individuals in 4 occurrences in the lowland wet
ecosystem in Keanae Valley, and in the montane wet and wet cliff
ecosystems at Kipahulu Valley and Palikea Stream (TNC 2007; Bily et al.
2008 p. 45; HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer 2010b, in litt.; Welton 2010a, in
litt.; Wood 2009o, in litt.).
Melicope reflexa (alani), a sprawling shrub in the rue family
(Rutaceae), is endemic to east Molokai (Stone et al. 1999, p. 1,203).
At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, there were three
occurrences (68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003). Currently, there are two
occurrences totaling at least six individuals. There are at least 5
individuals at Puuohelo and one individual at Puniuohua in the lowland
wet ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer 2010ee, in litt.).
Historically, this species was also found in the lowland mesic and
montane wet ecosystems (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer 2010u, in
litt.; Wood 2010b, in litt.).
Neraudia sericea (NCN), a perennial shrub in the nettle family
(Urticaceae), is known from Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Kahoolawe (Wagner
et al. 1999cc, p. 1,304). At the time we designated critical habitat in
2003, N. sericea was known from Molokai and Maui (68 FR 12982, March
18, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). Currently, this species is found
only on east Maui at Kahikinui, where there are fewer than five
individuals in the montane mesic ecosystem. This species has not been
observed in the lowland dry ecosystem on east Maui since the early
1900s. Historically, N. sericea was found in the lowland dry and dry
cliff ecosystems on Lanai, the lowland mesic and montane mesic
ecosystems on Molokai, the lowland dry and dry cliff ecosystems on west
Maui, and the lowland dry ecosystem on Kahoolawe (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008;
Medieros 2010, in litt.).
Nototrichium humile (kului), a trailing shrub in the amaranth
family (Amaranthaceae), is known from Oahu and east Maui (Wagner et al.
1999dd, pp. 193-194). At the time we designated critical habitat on
Maui and Oahu in
[[Page 34522]]
2003, N. humile was only known from 25 occurrences on Oahu (68 FR
25934, May 14, 2003; 68 FR 35950, June 17, 2003). This species has not
been seen on Maui since 1976, when one individual was reported from the
lowland dry ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Peucedanum sandwicense (makou), a perennial herb in the parsley
family (Apiaceae), is known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and
Keopuka islet off the coast of east Maui (Constance and Affolter 1999,
p. 208). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, P.
sandwicense was known from 15 occurrences on Kauai, 5 occurrences on
Molokai, 3 occurrences on Maui, and 4 occurrences on Oahu (68 FR 9116,
February 27, 2003; 68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14,
2003; 68 FR 35950, June 17, 2003). Currently, P. sandwicense is known
from 6 occurrences totaling over 45 individuals on Molokai and east
Maui. On Molokai, there are 3 occurrences totaling 32 to 37
individuals, at Mokapu islet (25 individuals), Lepau Point (2
individuals), and near the top of the Kalaupapa Trail (5 to 10
individuals), all in the coastal ecosystem. There is a report of an
individual found near the lowland wet ecosystem, but this plant has not
been relocated since 1989 (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; NTBG 2010a, in litt.;
2010b, in litt.). On east Maui, P. sandwicense occurs on Keopuku islet
(15 individuals), Pauwalu Point (an unknown number of individuals), and
Honolulu Nui (an unknown number of individuals), in the coastal
ecosystem. Historically, this species was found on west Maui in the
lowland wet ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; NTBG 2010a, in litt.,
2010b, in litt.).
Phyllostegia hispida (NCN), a perennial vine in the mint family
(Lamiaceae), is known from Molokai (Wagner et al. 1999h, pp. 817-818).
Until an individual was rediscovered in 1996, P. hispida was thought to
be extinct in the wild. This individual died in 1998, and P. hispida
was thought to be extirpated, until another plant was found in 2005.
Propagules were taken and propagated; however, the wild individual
died. This sequence of events occurred again in 2006 and 2007 (74 FR
11319, March 17, 2009). At the time we listed P. hispida in 2009, no
critical habitat was designated for this species on Molokai (74 FR
11319, March 17, 2009). Currently P. hispida is known from 4
occurrences totaling 25 individuals in the montane wet and wet cliff
ecosystems on Molokai (TNC 2007; PEPP 2009, pp. 7, 15, 90-93).
Historically, this species also occurred in the lowland wet ecosystem
(TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Phyllostegia mannii (NCN), a vine in the mint family (Lamiaceae),
is known from Molokai and Maui (Wagner et al. 1999h, pp. 820-821). At
the time we designated critical habitat on Molokai and Maui in 2003,
this species was only known from one individual on east Molokai. It had
not been observed on Maui for over 70 years (68 FR 25934, May 14,
2003). Currently, on Molokai, there are three individuals in
Hanalilolilo, in the montane wet ecosystem. Historically, P. mannii
occurred in Molokai's lowland mesic and lowland wet ecosystems, and the
montane wet and montane mesic ecosystems on east Maui (TNC 2007; HBMP
2008; Perlman 2009k, in litt.; Oppenheimer 2010u, in litt.; Wood 2010c,
in litt.).
Plantago princeps (laukahi kuahiwi), a short-lived shrub or herb in
the plantain family (Plantaginaceae), is known from the islands of
Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii (Wagner et al. 1999ee, pp.
1,054-1,055). Wagner et al. recognize four varieties of P. princeps: P.
princeps var. anomala (Kauai and Oahu), P. princeps var. laxiflora
(Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii), P. princeps var. longibracteata (Kauai and
Oahu), and P. princeps var. princeps (Oahu) (Wagner et al. 1999ee, pp.
1,054-1,055). At the time we designated critical habitat on Kauai,
Molokai, Maui, and Oahu in 2003, there was one known occurrence of P.
princeps var. laxiflora on Molokai and eight occurrences on Maui (68 FR
9116, February 27, 2003; 68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May
14, 2003; 68 FR 35050, June 17, 2003). Currently, P. princeps var.
laxiflora is known from 6 occurrences totaling approximately 70
individuals on Maui (Oppenheimer 2010a, in litt.). On east Maui, there
are 3 occurrences totaling 41 to 46 individuals in the dry cliff and
wet cliff ecosystems, at Waikau (1 individual), Kaupo Gap (about 30
individuals), and Palikea (10 to 15 individuals). On west Maui, there
are 3 occurrences totaling 15 individuals in the wet cliff ecosystem,
on the rim of Kauaula Valley, at the headwaters of Nakalaloa Stream,
and in Iao Valley (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer 2009g, in litt.).
On Molokai, this species was found in the lowland wet and montane mesic
ecosystems as recently as 1987 (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer 2010u,
in litt.).
Platanthera holochila (NCN), a perennial herb in the orchid family
(Orchidaceae), is known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and Maui (Wagner et
al. 1999ff, p. 1,474). At the time we designated critical habitat on
Kauai, Maui, and Oahu in 2003, there were two known occurrences on
Kauai, one occurrence on Molokai, and six occurrences on Maui (68 FR
9116, February 27, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). No critical
habitat was designated for this species on Molokai in 2003 (68 FR
12982, March 18, 2003). Currently, there are 4 known occurrences
totaling 44 individuals on Molokai and west Maui. On Molokai, there is
1 occurrence at Hanalilolilo totaling 24 individuals in the montane wet
ecosystem. There are 3 occurrences on west Maui, at Waihee Valley in
the wet cliff ecosystem (12 individuals), Waihee Valley in the wet
cliff ecosystem (6 individuals), and Pohakea Gulch in the montane wet
ecosystem (2 individuals). Historically, this species was also found in
the montane wet ecosystem on east Maui (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008;
Oppenheimer 2010u, in litt.).
Portulaca sclerocarpa (poe), a perennial herb in the purslane
family (Portulacaceae), is known from a single collection from Poopoo
islet off the south coast of Lanai, and the island of Hawaii (Wagner et
al. 1999gg, p. 1,074). At the time we designated critical habitat in
2003, there was 1 known occurrence on Poopoo islet and 24 occurrences
on Hawaii Island (68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003; 68 FR 39624, July 2,
2003). Currently, on Lanai, this species is only known from an unknown
number of individuals in the coastal ecosystem on Poopoo islet (TNC
2007; HBMP 2008).
Pteris lidgatei (NCN), a terrestrial fern in the maidenhair fern
family (Adiantaceae), is known from Oahu, Molokai, and Maui (Palmer
2003, p. 229). At the time we designated critical habitat on Molokai,
Maui, and Oahu in 2003, this species was known from two occurrences on
Maui and nine occurrences on Oahu (68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR
25934, May 14, 2003; 68 FR 35950, June 17, 2003). Currently, P.
lidgatei is known from four occurrences totaling over nine individuals
on Molokai and Maui. On Molokai, there are six to eight individuals in
upper Kumueli Gulch in the montane wet ecosystem. Historically, this
species was also found in Molokai's wet cliff ecosystem. On west Maui,
P. lidgatei is known from a single individual at Kauaula Valley in the
wet cliff ecosystem, an unknown number of individuals in both the upper
Kauaula Valley in the lowland wet ecosystem and upper Kahakuloa Stream
in the wet cliff ecosystem (PEPP 2007, pp. 54-55; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008;
PEPP 2009, p. 103; Oppenheimer 2010i, in litt.; 2010u, in litt.).
[[Page 34523]]
Remya mauiensis (Maui remya), a perennial shrub in the sunflower
family (Asteraceae), is known from west Maui (Wagner et al. 1999m, p.
353). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, there were
five known occurrences totaling 21 individuals (68 FR 25934, May 14,
2003). Currently, R. mauiensis is found in 6 occurrences totaling
approximately 500 individuals at Kauaula (lowland mesic ecosystem),
Puehuehunui (lowland mesic and montane mesic ecosystems), Ukumehame
(wet cliff ecosystem), Papalaua (montane mesic ecosystem), Pohakea
(lowland dry ecosystem), and Manawainui (lowland dry ecosystem) (TNC
2007; HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer 2010ff, in litt.). Historically, this
species also occurred in Maui's lowland wet ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Sanicula purpurea (NCN), a perennial herb in the parsley family
(Apiaceae), is known from bogs and surrounding wet forest on Oahu and
west Maui (Constance and Affolter 1999, p. 210). At the time we
designated critical habitat in 2003, this species was known from seven
occurrences on west Maui and five occurrences on Oahu (68 FR 25934, May
14, 2003; 68 FR 35950, June 17, 2003). Currently, on west Maui, as many
as 50 individuals are found in 4 known occurrences in bogs in the
montane wet ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer 2010gg, in
litt.; Perlman 2007d, in litt.; Wood 2010d, in litt.).
Schenkia sebaeoides (awiwi), which is currently listed as
Centaurium sebaeoides and for which we are proposing a taxonomic
revision to Schenkia sebaeoides in this rule, is an annual herb in the
gentian family (Gentianaceae) known from the islands of Kauai, Oahu,
Molokai, Lanai, and west Maui (Wagner et al. 1990b, p. 725; 68 FR 1220,
January 9, 2003). At the time we designated critical habitat on Kauai,
Molokai, Maui, and Oahu in 2003, the species was reported from one
occurrence on Lanai, three occurrences on Kauai, two occurrences on
Molokai, three occurrences on Maui, and two occurrences on Oahu (68 FR
1220, January 9, 2003; 68 FR 9116, February 27, 2003; 68 FR 12982,
March 18, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 68 FR 35950, June 17, 2003).
No critical habitat was designated for this species on Lanai in 2003
(68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003). Currently, on Lanai, Molokai, and Maui,
there are at least eight occurrences, with the highest number of
individuals on Molokai. The annual number of individuals on each island
varies widely depending upon rainfall (HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer 2009i, in
litt.). On Lanai, there is 1 occurrence totaling between 20 and 30
individuals, in the lowland dry ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). On
Molokai, there are 2 or more occurrences containing thousands of
individuals in the coastal ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). On west
Maui, there are 5 occurrences, totaling several thousand individuals,
along the north coast from Haewa Point to Puu Kahulanapa, in the
coastal ecosystem (Oppenheimer 2010i, in litt.).
Schiedea haleakalensis (NCN), perennial shrub in the pink family
(Caryophyllaceae), is known from east Maui (Wagner et al. 1999j, pp.
512-514). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, this
species was known from two occurrences in Haleakala National Park (68
FR 25934, May 14, 2003). Currently, S. haleakalensis is found in 2
occurrences totaling fewer than 50 individuals, at Leleiwi Pali and
along the cliffs of Kaupo Gap in the subalpine and dry cliff
ecosystems, within Haleakala National Park (Welton 2010a, in litt.).
Schiedea lydgatei (NCN), a perennial subshrub in the pink family
(Caryophyllaceae), is known from east Molokai (Wagner et al. 1999j, p.
516). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, this species
was known from four occurrences totaling more than 1,000 individuals
(68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003). Currently, there are over 200
individuals between Kawela and Makolelau gulches, in the lowland mesic
ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; PEPP 2009, p. 109; Oppenheimer 2010u,
in litt.).
Schiedea sarmentosa (NCN), a perennial herb in the pink family
(Caryophyllaceae), is endemic to Molokai (Wagner et al. 2005b, pp. 116-
119). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, this species
was known from five occurrences with an estimated total of over 1,000
individuals (68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003). Currently, S. sarmentosa is
known from three occurrences from Onini Gulch to Makolelau, with as
many as several thousand individuals, in the lowland mesic ecosystem
(TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer 2010hh, in litt.; Perlman 2009l, in
litt.; Perlman 2010, in litt.; Wood 2010e, in litt.).
Sesbania tomentosa (ohai), a perennial shrub or small tree in the
pea family (Fabaceae), is known from Nihoa and Necker islands in the
Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) and all of the main Hawaiian
Islands (Geesink et al. 1999, pp. 704-705). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, S. tomentosa was known from 1 occurrence on
Kauai, 9 occurrences on Molokai, 7 occurrences on Maui, several
thousand individuals on Nihoa Island, ``in great abundance'' on Necker
Island, 3 occurrences on Oahu, and 31 occurrences on Hawaii Island (68
FR 9116, February 27, 2003; 68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR 25934,
May 14, 2003; 68 FR 28054, May 22, 2003; 68 FR 35950, June 17, 2003; 68
FR 39624, July 2, 2003). Currently, S. tomentosa is known from Kauai,
Molokai, Maui, Kahoolawe, Nihoa and Necker, Oahu, and Hawaii. The
number of individuals at any one location varies widely, depending on
rainfall (TNC 2007; NTBG 2009k). The estimated number of individuals in
the NWHI (Nihoa and Necker) is approximately 5,500 individuals, and in
the main Hawaiian Islands 1,600 to 2,000 individuals, totaling as many
as 7,500 individuals in 20 occurrences. Currently, on Molokai, Maui,
and Kahoolawe, there are approximately 10 known occurrences, totaling
between 1,000 and 2,000 individuals. On Molokai, there is one
occurrence on the northwest shore from Moomomi to Nenehanaupo, totaling
about 35 individuals, and about 1,000 or more individuals on the south
coast scattered from Kamiloloa to the Kawela plain, in the coastal and
lowland dry ecosystems. Historically, this species also occurred in
Molokai's lowland mesic ecosystem (TNC 2007; Cole 2008, in litt.; NTBG
2009k). On west Maui, there are 3 occurrences totaling 80 individuals
from Nakalele Point to Mokolea Point, in the coastal ecosystem.
Historically, this species also occurred in the lowland dry ecosystem
on west Maui (TNC 2007; NTBG 2009k; Oppenheimer 2009h, in litt.). On
east Maui, there is one occurrence of 10 individuals in the lowland dry
ecosystem (TNC 2007; Cole 2008, in litt.; Oppenheimer 2009h, in litt.;
Oppenheimer 2010i, in litt.). On Kahoolawe, about 300 individuals occur
in the coastal ecosystem on Puu Koae islet. Sesbania tomentosa has not
been seen in the coastal and lowland dry ecosystems on Lanai for over
50 years (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Silene alexandri (NCN), a perennial subshrub in the pink family
(Caryophyllaceae), is known from Molokai (Wagner et al. 1999j, p. 522).
At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, S. alexandri was
extirpated in the wild, but individuals remained in cultivation (68 FR
12982, March 18, 2003). Currently, S. alexandri is known from 1
occurrence of 25 individuals east of Kawela Gulch, in the lowland mesic
ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; PEPP 2009, p. 111; Oppenheimer 2010u,
in litt.).
Silene lanceolata (NCN), a perennial subshrub in the pink family
(Caryophyllaceae), is known from
[[Page 34524]]
Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and the island of Hawaii (Wagner et al.
1999j, p. 523). At the time we designated critical habitat on Molokai
and Oahu in 2003, S. lanceolata was known from Molokai, Oahu, and the
island of Hawaii (68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR 35950, June 17,
2003; 68 FR 39624, July 2, 2003). However, no critical habitat was
designated for this species on Lanai, Kauai, or Hawaii in 2003 (68 FR
1220, January 9, 2003; 68 FR 9116, February 27, 2003; 68 FR 39624, July
2, 2003). Currently, on Molokai, there are 2 occurrences totaling
approximately 200 individuals at Kapuaokoolau and along cliffs between
Kawela and Makolelau, in the lowland mesic ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP
2008; Oppenheimer 2010u, in litt.). This species has not been observed
in the lowland dry ecosystem on Lanai since the 1930s (TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Solanum incompletum (popolo ku mai), a perennial shrub in the
nightshade family (Solanaceae), is reported from Kauai, Molokai, Lanai,
Maui, and the island of Hawaii (Symon 1999, pp. 1,270-1,271). At the
time we designated critical habitat in 2003, this species was only
known from one occurrence on the island of Hawaii (68 FR 39624, July 2,
2003). Currently, there are no known occurrences on Lanai, Molokai, or
Maui (HBMP 2008; PEPP 2009, p. 112). Historically, this species
occurred in the lowland dry, lowland mesic, and dry cliff ecosystems on
Lanai, and in the lowland dry, lowland mesic, and subalpine ecosystems
on east Maui. It is unclear when and where this plant was collected on
Molokai (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Spermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN), an annual herb in the parsley family
(Apiaceae), is known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and the island
of Hawaii (Constance and Affolter 1999, p. 212). At the time we
designated critical habitat on Kauai, Molokai, Maui, and Oahu in 2003,
S. hawaiiensis was known from 3 occurrences on Lanai, 2 occurrences on
Kauai, 1 occurrence on Molokai, 5 occurrences on Maui, 6 occurrences on
Oahu, and 30 occurrences on Hawaii Island (68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003;
68 FR 9116, February 27, 2003; 68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR
25934, May 14, 2003; 68 FR 35950, June 17, 2003). No critical habitat
was designated for this species on Hawaii in 2003 (68 FR 39624, July 2,
2003). Currently, on Lanai, Molokai, and Maui, there are 9 occurrences
totaling a few thousand individuals. On Lanai, there are 3 occurrences
at Makiki Ridge, Kahewai Gulch to Puhialelu Ridge, and Kapoho Gulch,
totaling between 500 and 600 individuals in the lowland dry and lowland
mesic ecosystems. On Molokai, there are thousands of individuals at
Makolelau and Kapuaokoolau, in the lowland mesic and montane mesic
ecosystems (Perlman 2007e, in litt.; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; HBMP 2010;
Oppenheimer 2010u, in litt.). On east Maui, there is one occurrence at
Kanaio, with possibly 1,000 individuals, in the lowland dry ecosystem.
On west Maui, there are at least 3 occurrences that may total over
1,000 individuals at Puu Hipa, Olowalu, and Ukumehame in the lowland
dry ecosystem. A recent (2010) fire at Olowalu burned at least 50
individuals (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer 2010b, in litt. 2010i, in
litt.).
Stenogyne bifida (NCN), a climbing perennial herb in the mint
family (Lamiaceae), is known from Molokai (Weller and Sakai 1999, p.
835). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, there were
five known occurrences (68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003). Currently, S.
bifida is known from one individual on the east fork of Kawela Gulch,
in the montane wet ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; PEPP 2009, p. 113;
Tangalin 2009, in litt.). The status of the plants in the montane mesic
ecosystem, farther west, is unknown (Oppenheimer 2009i, in litt.).
Historically, this species was also found in Molokai's lowland mesic,
lowland wet, montane mesic, and wet cliff ecosystems (TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Tetramolopium capillare (pamakani), a perennial sprawling shrub in
the sunflower family (Asteraceae), is known from west Maui (Lowrey
1999, p. 363). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, this
species was known from five occurrences (68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003).
Although Tetramolopium capillare was last observed in the wet cliff
(Kauaula) and dry cliff (Ukumehame) ecosystems in 2001, and in the
lowland dry ecosystem (Ukumehame) in 1995, these plants are no longer
extant (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer 2010i, in litt.). Currently,
there are no known occurrences on west Maui (PEPP 2009, p. 113).
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum (NCN), a perennial shrub in
the sunflower family (Asteraceae), is known from Oahu and Lanai (Lowrey
1999, p. 376). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, this
subspecies was only known from five occurrences on Oahu (68 FR 35950,
June 17, 2003). Currently, T. lepidotum ssp. lepidotum is only found on
Oahu. This subspecies was last observed in the lowland dry ecosystem on
Lanai in the early 1900s (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; PEPP 2009, pp. 113-114).
Tetramolopium remyi (NCN), a perennial shrub in the sunflower
family (Asteraceae), is known from Lanai and west Maui (Lowrey 1999,
pp. 367-368). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, there
was one occurrence on Lanai totaling approximately 150 individuals, and
there were an unknown number of individuals in the Kuia area on west
Maui (68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003).
Currently, there is one known individual on Lanai at Awehi, in the
lowland dry ecosystem (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Oppenheimer 2010ii, in
litt.; Perlman 2008h, in litt.). There are an unknown number of
individuals in the Kuia area on west Maui in the lowland dry ecosystem
(TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Tetramolopium rockii (NCN), a perennial shrub in the sunflower
family (Asteraceae), is endemic to the island of Molokai (Lowrey 1999,
p. 368). There are two varieties: T. rockii var. calcisabulorum and T.
rockii var. rockii (Lowrey 1999, p. 368). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, T. rockii was known from four occurrences
totaling thousands of individuals (68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003).
Tetramolopium rockii var. calcisabulorum was reported from Kaiehu Point
to Kapalauoa, intergrading with var. rockii. Tetramolopium rockii var.
rockii occurred from Kalawao to Kahinaakalani, Kaiehu point to
Kapalauoa, and Moomomi to Kahinaakalani. Currently, numbers fluctuate
considerably from year to year but remain in the thousands, and
occurrences are found along the northwest shore of Molokai, from Kaa
Gulch to Kahinaakalani, and on Kalaupapa peninsula from Alau to
Makalii, in the coastal ecosystem (Canfield 1990, p. 20; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008; NTBG 2009l; Perlman 2006c, in litt.; Wood 2010f, in litt.).
Vigna o-wahuensis (NCN), a twining perennial herb in the pea family
(Fabaceae), is known from all of the main Hawaiian Islands except Kauai
(Geesink et al. 1999, pp. 720-721). At the time we designated critical
habitat on Maui, Oahu, and Hawaii in 2003, V. o-wahuensis was known
from 6 occurrences totaling approximately 30 individuals on Lanai,
Molokai, Maui, and Kahoolawe, and the island of Hawaii (68 FR 1220,
January 9, 2003; 68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14,
2003; 68 FR 39624, July 2, 2003). However, no critical habitat was
designated for this species on Lanai or Molokai in 2003 (68 FR 1220,
January 9, 2003; 68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003).
[[Page 34525]]
Currently, there are 22 individuals in 3 occurrences on Molokai, Maui,
and Kahoolawe. On Molokai, 2 occurrences totaling 12 individuals are
known from Makakupaia and Makolelau, in the lowland mesic ecosystem. On
east Maui, there are approximately 10 individuals at Kanaio Beach in
the coastal ecosystem. On Kahoolawe, there is one individual in the
lowland dry ecosystem. Historically, V. o-wahuensis was found in the
lowland dry and lowland mesic ecosystems on Lanai, and in the coastal
ecosystem on Kahoolawe (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Perlman 2005, in litt.;
Wood 2010g, in litt.).
Viola lanaiensis (NCN), a perennial subshrub in the violet family
(Violaceae), is known from Lanai (Wagner et al. 1999aa, pp. 1,334-
1,336). In 2003, there were two known occurrences totaling fewer than
80 individuals; however, no critical habitat was designated for this
species on Lanai (68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003). Currently, 6 to11
individuals are found within a fenced exclosure in Awehi Gulch, in the
wet cliff ecosystem. Historically, this species was also reported in
the montane wet and dry cliff ecosystems (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; PEPP
2008, p. 84; PEPP 2009, p. 117).
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (ae), a perennial tree in the rue family
(Rutaceae), is known from Kauai, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and the island
of Hawaii (Stone et al. 1999, pp. 1,214-1,215). At the time we
designated critical habitat on Kauai, Molokai, and Maui in 2003, Z.
hawaiiense was known from 3 occurrences on Kauai, 5 individuals on
Molokai, 9 occurrences on Maui, and 186 occurrences on the island of
Hawaii (68 FR 9116, February 27, 2003; 68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68
FR 25934, May 14, 2003; 68 FR 39624, July 2, 2003). No critical habitat
was designated for this species on Hawaii in 2003 (68 FR 39624, July 2,
2003). Currently, on Molokai and Maui, this species is known from 5 or
6 occurrences totaling 14 individuals. On Molokai, there are two mature
individuals in the lowland wet ecosystem, one individual above Kamalo
in the montane wet ecosystem, and one individual in Makolelau Gulch in
the lowland mesic ecosystem. On west Maui, there are seven individuals
at Puehuehunui in the montane mesic and lowland mesic ecosystems. On
east Maui, at Auwahi, there are three individuals in the montane dry
and lowland dry ecosystems. Historically, this species also occurred in
Maui's subalpine and montane mesic ecosystems (Evans et al. 2003, pp.
41, 47; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Perlman 2001, in litt.; NTBG 2005; Wood
2007, in litt.; PEPP 2009, pp. 22, 27, 119). Zanthoxylum hawaiiense was
last seen on Lanai in the lowland wet ecosystem in 1947 (TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Status of Two Hawaiian Forest Birds Since Listing
Kiwikiu
The Maui parrotbill, or kiwikiu (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), is a
small Hawaiian honeycreeper found only on the island of Maui, currently
in the mid- to upper-elevation montane mesic and montane wet ecosystems
(USFWS 2006, p. 2-79; TNC 2007). The Hawaiian honeycreepers are in the
subfamily Drepanidinae of the finch family, Fringillidae (AOU 1998, p.
673). The kiwikiu is most common in wet forests dominated by
Metrosideros polymorpha trees and a few mesic areas dominated by M.
polymorpha and Acacia koa trees with an intact, dense, diverse native
understory and subcanopy of ferns, sedges, epiphytes, shrubs and small
to medium trees (USFWS 2006, p. 2-79). In 1980, the number of kiwikiu
was estimated by the Hawaii Forest Bird Survey (HFBS) at 500 230 (95 percent confidence interval) birds with an average
density of 10 birds per 0.39 sq mi (1 sq km) (Scott et al. 1986, p.
115). Currently, the kiwikiu is found only on Haleakala on east Maui,
in 12,355 ac (50 sq km) at elevations between 4,000 and 7,700 ft (1,200
to 2,350 m) (USFWS 2006, p. 2-79). The kiwikiu is insectivorous and
often feeds in a deliberate manner, using its massive hooked bill to
dig, tear, crack, crush, and chisel the bark and softer woods on a
variety of native shrubs and small- to medium-sized trees, especially
Rubus hawaiensis (akala), Broussaisia arguta (kanawao), and M.
polymorpha (USFWS 2006, p. 2-77). Kiwikiu also pluck and bite open
fruits, especially B. arguta fruits, in search of insects, but do not
eat the fruit itself (USFWS 2006, pp. 2-77-2-78). The open cup nest,
composed mainly of lichens (Usnea sp.) and Leptecophylla tameiameiae
(pukiawe) twigs, is built by the female an average of 40 ft (12 m)
above the ground in a forked branch just under the outer canopy foliage
(USFWS 2006, p. 2-78). Based on collections of subfossil bones, the
current geographic range is much restricted compared to the known
prehistorical range, which included mesic leeward forests and low
elevations between 660 and 1,000 ft (200 to 300 m) on east Maui as well
as Molokai (James and Olson 1991, p. 80; Olson and James 1991, pp. 14-
15; TNC 2007). Surveys from 1995 to 1997 at Hanawi, a study site
located in the core of the species' range, showed that the kiwikiu
occurred there at approximately the same density (40 birds per 0.39 sq
mi (1 sq km)) as in 1980 (Simon et al. 2002, p. 477). However,
subsequent surveys across the species' range have not conclusively
shown that its densities are stable (Camp et al. 2009, p. 39).
Akohekohe
The crested honeycreeper, or akohekohe (Palmeria dolei), is a small
forest bird found only on the island of Maui, currently in the mid- to
upper-elevation montane mesic and montane wet ecosystems (USFWS 2006,
p. 2-139; TNC 2007). Like the kiwikiu, the akohekohe is also a Hawaiian
honeycreeper in the subfamily Drepanidinae of the finch family,
Fringillidae (AOU 1998, p. 678). The akohekohe is most common in the
wet forest habitat described above for the kiwikiu, except that the
lower limit of the akohekohe's elevational range is higher (roughly
5,576 ft (1,700 m)), than the lower limit of the kiwikiu's elevational
range (USFWS 2006, p. 2-139). In 1980, the number of akohekohe was
estimated by the HFBS at 3,800 700 (95 percent confidence
interval) individuals (Scott et al. 1986, p. 168). Currently the
akohekohe is found only on Haleakala, east Maui, in 14,080 ac (58 sq
km) at elevations between 5,000 and 6,900 ft (1,500 to 2,100 m) (USFWS
2006, p. 2-140). The akohekohe is primarily nectarivorous, but also
feeds on caterpillars, spiders, and dipterans (flies) (USFWS 2006, p.
2-138). Nectar is primarily sought from flowers of Metrosideros
polymorpha trees but also from several subcanopy tree and shrub species
(USFWS 2006, p. 2-139). The open cup nest is built by the female an
average 46 ft (14 m) above the ground in the terminal ends of branches
below the canopy foliage of M. polymorpha trees (USFWS 2006, p. 2-139).
Based on collections of subfossil bones, the current geographic range
is much restricted compared to the known prehistorical range, which
included dry leeward areas of east and west Maui, and Molokai (Berlin
and VanGelder 1999, p. 3). The HFBS and subsequent surveys of the
akohekohe range yielded densities of 81 10 birds per 0.39
sq mi (1 sq km) in 1980, 98 11 birds per 0.39 sq mi (1 sq
km) from 1992 to 1996, and 116 14 birds per 0.39 sq mi (1
sq km) between 1997 and 2001 (Camp et al. 2009, p. 81; Gorresen et al.
2009, pp. 123-124). Densities in the core of the species' range within
the Hanawi Natural Area Reserve were 183 59 birds per 0.39
sq mi (1 sq km) in 1988,
[[Page 34526]]
and 290 10 birds per 0.39 sq mi (1 sq km) from 1995 to
1997 (Berlin and VanGelder 1999, p. 11). These results indicate that
the species' rangewide and core densities have both increased and the
current population may be larger than previously estimated (Gorresen et
al. 2009, p. 124).
Methods
As required by section 4(b) of the Act, we used the best scientific
data available in determining those areas that contain the physical or
biological features essential to the conservation of the 135 species,
and for which designation of critical habitat is considered prudent, by
identifying the occurrence data for each species and determining the
ecosystems upon which they depend. This information was developed by
using:
The known locations of the 135 species, including site-
specific species information from the HBMP database (HBMP 2008), the
TNC database (TNC 2007), and our own rare plant database;
Species information from the plant database housed at
NTBG;
Maps of habitat essential to the recovery of Hawaiian
plants, as determined by the Hawaii and Pacific Plant Recovery
Coordinating Committee (HPPRCC 1998, 32 pp. + appendices);
Recovery area as determined in the revised Recovery Plan
for Hawaiian Forest Birds (USFWS 2006);
Maps of important habitat for the recovery of plants
protected under the Act (USFWS 1999, pp. F8-F11);
The Nature Conservancy's Ecoregional Assessment of the
Hawaiian High Islands (2006) and ecosystem maps (TNC 2007);
Color mosaic 1:19,000 scale digital aerial photographs for
the Hawaiian Islands (April to May 2005);
Island-wide Geographic Information System (GIS) coverage
(e.g., Gap Analysis Program (GAP) vegetation data of 2005);
1:24,000 scale digital raster graphics of U.S. Geological
Survey (USGS) topographic quadrangles;
Geospatial data sets associated with parcel data from Maui
County (includes Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Kahoolawe) (2008);
Final critical habitat designations for Gouania
hillebrandii and for listed plant species on the islands of Lanai,
Molokai, Maui, and Kahoolawe (49 FR 44753, November 9, 1984; 68 FR
1220, January 9, 2003; 68 FR 12982, March 18, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May
14, 2003);
Recent biological surveys and reports; and
Discussions with qualified individuals familiar with these
species and ecosystems.
Based upon all of this data, we determined that one or more of the
11 ecosystems described in this rule are currently occupied or were
occupied at the time of listing by one or more of the 135 species
addressed in this rule and contain the physical or biological features
essential to the conservation of the species, or are currently not
occupied by one or more of the 135 species but are areas and essential
for the conservation of the species (coastal (TNC 2006a), lowland dry
(TNC 2006b), lowland mesic (TNC 2006c), lowland wet (TNC 2006d),
montane wet (TNC 2006e), montane mesic (TNC 2006f), montane dry (TNC
2006g), subalpine (TNC 2006h), alpine (TNC 2006i), dry cliff (TNC
2006j), and wet cliff (TNC 2006k).
Physical or Biological Features
In accordance with section 3(5)(A)(i) and 4(b)(1)(A) of the Act and
the regulations at 50 CFR 424.12, in determining which areas within the
geographical area occupied at the time of listing to propose as
critical habitat, we consider the physical and biological features
essential to the conservation of the species and which may require
special management considerations or protection. These physical or
biological features provide the essential life-history requirements of
the species, and include, but are not limited to:
(1) Space for individual and population growth and for normal
behavior;
(2) Food, water, air, light, minerals, or other nutritional or
physiological requirements;
(3) Cover or shelter;
(4) Sites for breeding, reproduction, rearing (or development) of
offspring, germination, or seed dispersal; and
(5) Habitats that are protected from disturbance or are
representative of the historical geographical and ecological
distributions of a species.
For plant species, ecosystems that provide appropriate seasonal
wetland and dry land habitats, host species, pollinators, soil types,
and associated plant communities are taken into consideration when
determining the physical or biological features essential for a
species.
Under section 4(a)(3)(A)(ii) of the Act we may, as appropriate,
revise a critical habitat designation. For the reasons described above,
we are proposing to revise critical habitat for 85 plants from Molokai,
Lanai, Maui, and Kahoolawe, based on new information received since the
original designations and the need to designate unoccupied habitat to
conserve the species. In addition, the recovery plans (Recovery Plan
for Gouania hillebrandii (Rhamnaceae), July 1990; Lanai Plant Cluster
Recovery Plan, September 1995; Recovery Plan for Marsilea villosa,
April 1996; Recovery Plan for Molokai Plant Cluster, September 1996;
Recovery Plan for the Maui Plant Cluster, July 1997; Molokai II:
Addendum to the Recovery Plan for the Molokai Plant Cluster, May 1998;
Recovery Plan for the Multi-Island Plants, July 1999; and Addendum to
the Recovery Plan for Multi-Island Plants, September 2002) identify
several actions needed to recover these species, including: (1)
Protecting habitat and controlling threats; (2) expanding existing wild
populations; (3) conducting essential research; (4) developing and
maintaining monitoring plans; (5) reestablishing wild populations
within the historic range; and (6) validating and revising recovery
criteria. We have derived the specific physical and biological features
required for each of the plant species from studies of the species'
habitat, ecology, and life history. In addition, we have reevaluted the
physical or biological feature for each of the 85 species based on
ecosystem definitions using species information from the 1984 and 2003
critical habitat designations, and new scientific information that has
become available since that time.
In 1984 and 2003, the physical or biological features for each
plant species were defined on the basis of the habitat features of the
areas actually occupied by the plants, which included plant community,
associated native plant species, locale information (e.g., steep rocky
cliffs, talus slopes, gulches, stream banks), and elevation (49 FR
44753 November 9, 1984; 68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003; 68 FR 12982, March
18, 2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). In this proposed rule, we are
proposing critical habitat in areas occupied by the species at the time
of listing as well as areas currently unoccupied by the species but
determined to be essential for their conservation (i.e., areas
necessary to bring the species to the point at which the measures
provided under the Act are no longer necessary). The physical or
biological features have now been more precisely identified for these
85 plant species, and now include elevation, precipitation, substrate,
canopy, subcanopy, and understory characteristics. Since 2003, we have
found that many areas where these species are currently or recently
reported from are marginal habitat and that the species occurs there
due to
[[Page 34527]]
remoteness or inaccessibility to feral ungulates. Therefore, the 1984
and 2003 critical habitat designations may not have included all of the
unoccupied areas that are essential for the conservation of the
species.
When designating critical habitat in occupied areas, we focus on
the essential physical or biological features that may be essential to
the conservation of the species and which may require special
management considerations or protections. In unoccupied habitat, we
focus on whether the area is essential to the conservation of the
species. We have determined that the physical or biological features
identified in the original critical habitat designations for these 85
plant species can be improved, based on new information that has become
available. The currently proposed physical or biological features for
occupied areas, in conjunction with the unoccupied areas needed to
expand and reestablish wild populations within their historical range,
provide a more accurate picture of the geographic areas needed for the
recovery of each species. We believe this information will be helpful
to Federal agencies and our other partners, as we collectively work to
recover these imperiled species.
Under the Act and its implementing regulations, we are required to
identify the physical or biological features essential to the
conservation of the 135 species for which we are proposing critical
habitat; this includes both new proposed designations and proposed
revised designations. We identify these features in areas occupied at
the time of listing, focusing on the features' primary constituent
elements. We consider the primary constituent elements (PCEs) to be the
elements of physical or biological features that provide for a species'
life-history processes and are essential to the conservation of the
species. The PCEs identified in this proposed rule take into
consideration the ecosystems in which each species occurs and reflect a
distribution that we believe is essential to achieving the species'
recovery needs within those ecosystems.
In this proposal, PCEs for each of the 135 species are defined
based on those physical or biological features essential to support the
successful functioning of the ecosystem upon which each species
depends, and which may require special management considerations or
protection. As the conservation of each species is dependent upon a
functioning ecosystem to provide its fundamental life requirements,
such as a certain soil type, minimum level of rainfall, or suitable
native host plant, we consider the physical or biological features
present in the ecosystems described in this rule to provide the
necessary PCEs for each species in this proposal. The ecosystem's
features collectively provide the suite of environmental conditions
within each ecosystem essential to meeting the requirements of each
species, including the appropriate microclimatic conditions for
germination and growth of the plants (e.g., light availability, soil
nutrients, hydrologic regime, temperature); maintenance of upland
habitat to provide for the proper ecological functioning of forest
elements for the three tree snails and the two forest birds; and, in
all cases, space within the appropriate habitats for population growth
and expansion, as well as to maintain the historical geographical and
ecological distribution of each species. In many cases, due to our
limited knowledge of the specific life-history requirements for the
species that are little-studied and occur in remote and inaccessible
areas, the more general description of the physical or biological
features that provide for the successful function of the ecosystem that
is essential to the conservation of the species represents the best,
and in many cases, the only, scientific information available.
Accordingly, for purposes of this proposed rule, the physical or
biological features of a properly functioning ecosystem are, at least
in part, the physical or biological features essential to the
conservation of the 135 species at issue here that occur in those
ecosystems.
Table 4 identifies the physical or biological features of a
functioning ecosystem for each of the ecosystem types identified in
this proposed rule, and each species identified in this rule requires
the physical or biological features for each ecosystem in which that
species occurs, as noted in Table 4. These physical or biological
features provide the PCEs for the individual species in each ecosystem.
The physical or biological features are defined here by elevation,
annual levels of precipitation, substrate type and slope, and the
characteristic native plant genera that are found in the canopy,
subcanopy, and understory levels of the vegetative community where
applicable. If further information is available indicating additional,
specific life-history requirements for some species, PCEs relating to
these requirements are described separately and are termed ``unique
PCEs for species,'' which are also identified in Table 5. The PCEs for
each species are therefore composed of the physical or biological
features found in its functioning ecosystem(s) in combination with
additional unique requirements, if any, as shown in Table 5. Note that
the PCEs identified in Table 5 for each species are directly related to
the physical or biological features presented in detail in Table 4;
thus, both Tables 4 and 5 must be read together to fully describe all
of the PCEs for each species.
Table 4--Physical or Biological Features in Each Ecosystem
[Read In association With Table 5]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
One or more of these associated native plant genera
Ecosystem Elevation Annual Substrate -----------------------------------------------------------
precipitation Canopy Subcanopy Understory
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Coastal \1\..................... <980 ft (< 300 m). <20 in (<50 cm)... Well-drained, Hibiscus, Gossypium, Sida, Eragrostis,
calcareous, talus Myoporum, Vitex. Jacquemontia,
slopes; weathered Santalum, Lyceum, Nama,
clay soils; Scaevola. Sesuvium,
ephemeral pools; Sporobolus,
mudflats. Vigna.
Lowland Dry \2\................. <3,300 ft (<1,000 <50 in (<130 cm).. Weathered silty Diospyros, Chamaesyce, Alyxia, Artemisia,
m). loams to stony Myoporum, Dodonaea, Bidens,
clay, rocky Pleomele, Leptecophylla, Chenopodium,
ledges, little- Santalum, Osteomeles, Nephrolepis,
weathered lava. Sapindus. Psydrax, Peperomia,
Scaevola, Sicyos.
Wikstroemia.
[[Page 34528]]
Lowland Mesic \3\............... <3,300 ft (<1,000 50-75 in (130-190 Shallow soils, Acacia, Diospyros, Dodonaea, Carex,
m). cm). little to no Metrosideros, Freycinetia, Dicranopteris,
herbaceous layer. Myrsine, Leptecophylla, Diplazium,
Pouteria, Melanthera, Elaphoglossum,
Santalum. Osteomeles, Peperomia.
Pleomele, Psydrax.
Lowland Wet \4\................. <3,300 ft (<1,000 >75 in (>190 cm).. Clays; ashbeds; Antidesma, Cibotium, Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
m). deep, well- Metrosideros, Claoxylon, Kadua, Dicranopteris,
drained soils; Myrsine, Pisonia, Melicope. Diplazium,
lowland bogs. Psychotria. Machaerina,
Microlepia.
Montane Wet \5\................. 3,300-6,500 ft >75 in (>190 cm).. Well-developed Acacia, Broussaisia, Ferns, Carex,
(1,000 -2,000 m). soils, montane Charpentiera, Cibotium, Eurya, Coprosma,
bogs. Cheirodendron, Ilex, Myrsine. Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros. Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora,
Vaccinium.
Montane Mesic \6\............... 3,300-6,500 ft 50-75 in (130-190 Deep ash deposits, Acacia, Ilex, Alyxia, Ferns, Carex,
(1,000-2,000 m). cm). thin silty loams. Metrosideros, Charpentiera, Peperomia.
Myrsine, Coprosma,
Nestegis, Dodonaea, Kadua,
Nothocestrum, Labordia,
Pisonia, Leptecophylla,
Pittosporum, Phyllostegia,
Psychotria, Vaccinium.
Sophora,
Zanthoxylum.
Montane Dry \7\................. 3,300-6,500 ft <50 in (<130 cm).. Dry cinder or ash Acacia, Chamaesyce, Bidens,
(1,000-2,000 m). soils, loamy Metrosideros, Coprosma, Eragrostis,
volcanic sands, Myoporum, Dodonaea, Melanthera,
blocky lava, rock Santalum, Sophora. Dubautia, Vaccinium.
outcroppings. Leptecophylla,
Osteomeles,
Wikstroemia.
Subalpine \8\................... 6,500-9,800 ft 15-40 in (38-100 Dry ash, sandy Chamaesyce, Coprosma, Ferns, Bidens,
(2,000-3,000 m). cm). loam, rocky Chenopodium, Dodonaea, Carex,
undeveloped Metrosideros, Dubautia, Deschampsia,
soils, weathered Myoporum, Geranium, Eragrostis,
lava. Santalum, Sophora. Leptecophylla, Gahnia, Luzula,
Vaccinium, Panicum,
Wikstroemia. Pseudognaphalium,
Sicyos,
Tetramolopium.
Alpine \9\...................... > 9,800 ft (> 30-50 in (75-125 Barren gravel, none.............. Argyroxiphium, None.
3,000 m). cm). debris, cinders. Dubautia, Silene,
Tetramolopium.
Dry Cliff \10\.................. unrestricted...... <75 in (<190 cm).. >65 degree slope, none.............. Antidesma, Bidens,
rocky talus. Chamaesyce, Eragrostis,
Diospyros, Melanthera,
Dodonaea. Schiedea.
Wet Cliff \11\.................. unrestricted...... >75 in (>190 cm).. >65 degree slope, none.............. Broussaisia, Bryophytes, Ferns,
shallow soils, Cheirodendron, Coprosma,
weathered lava. Leptecophylla, Dubautia, Kadua,
Metrosideros. Peperomia.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ The physical or biological features for the species in the Coastal ecosystem apply to the following units: Maui--Coastal--Units 1-11; Kahoolawe--
Coastal--Units 1-3; Lanai--Coastal--Units 1-3; Molokai--Coastal--Units 1-7.
\2\ The physical or biological features for the species in the Lowland Dry ecosystem apply to the following units: Maui--Lowland Dry--Units 1-6;
Kahoolawe--Lowland Dry--Units 1-2; Lanai--Lowland Dry--Units 1-2; Molokai--Lowland Dry--Units 1-2.
\3\ The physical or biological features for the species in the Lowland Mesic ecosystem apply to the following units: Maui--Lowland Mesic--Units 1-3;
Lanai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1; Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1.
\4\ The physical or biological features for the species in the Lowland Wet ecosystem apply to the following units: Maui--Lowland Wet--Units 1-8; Lanai--
Lowland Wet--Units 1-2; Molokai--Lowland Wet--Units 1-3.
\5\ The physical or biological features for the species in the Montane Wet ecosystem apply to the following units: Maui--Montane Wet--Units 1-8; Lanai--
Montane Wet--Unit 1; Molokai--Montane Wet--Units 1-3.
\6\ The physical or biological features for the species in the Montane Mesic ecosystem apply to the following units: Maui--Montane Mesic--Units 1-6;
Molokai--Montane Mesic--Unit 1.
[[Page 34529]]
\7\ The physical or biological features for the species in the Montane Dry ecosystem apply to the following units: Maui--Montane Dry--Unit 1.
\8\ The physical or biological features for the species in the Subalpine ecosystem apply to the following units: Maui--Subalpine--Units 1-2.
\9\ The physical or biological features for the species in the Alpine ecosystem apply to the following units: Maui--Alpine--Unit 1.
\10\ The physical or biological features for the species in the Dry Cliff ecosystem apply to the following units: Maui--Dry Cliff--Units 1-7; Lanai--Dry
Cliff--Units 1-3.
\11\Sec. The physical or biological features for the species in the Wet Cliff ecosystem apply to the following units: Maui--Wet Cliff--Units 1-8;
Lanai--Wet Cliff--Units 1-2; Molokai--Wet Cliff--Units 1-3.
[[Page 34530]]
Table 5--Primary Constituent Elements for the Maui Nui Species Are A Combination of the Physical or Biological Features (See Table 4) In the Applicable Ecosystem(s) as Well as Unique Pces for Species, If any Are Identified
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ecosystem Species-specific
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- physical or
biological
Coastal Lowland dry Lowland mesic Lowland wet Montane wet Montane mesic Montane dry Subalpine Alpine Dry cliff Wet cliff features
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plants
Abutilon eremitopetalum........ ............... LA.............
Acaena exigua.................. ............... ............... ................ ............... WMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. bogs.
Adenophorus periens............ ............... ............... ................ ............... EMA, LA, MO... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. epiphytic.
Alectryon macrococcus var. ............... EMA............ ................ ............... .............. EMA........... EMA...........
auwahiensis.
Alectryon macrococcus var. ............... ............... MO.............. WMA............ .............. EMA, MO....... .............. .............. .............. .............. WMA...........
macrococcus.
Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. ............... ............... ................ ............... .............. EMA........... .............. EMA........... EMA........... .............. .............. alpine cinder
macrocephalum. deserts.
Asplenium dielerectum.......... ............... WMA, LA........ WMA, MO......... WMA, MO........ .............. EMA, MO....... .............. .............. .............. LA............
Asplenium peruvianum var. ............... ............... ................ ............... EMA........... EMA........... .............. EMA...........
insulare.
Bidens campylotheca ssp. ............... WMA............ WMA............. ............... EMA........... EMA........... .............. .............. .............. EMA........... EMA, WMA......
pentamera.
Bidens campylotheca ssp. ............... ............... ................ EMA............ EMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. EMA........... stream banks.
waihoiensis.
Bidens conjuncta............... ............... ............... ................ WMA............ WMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. WMA...........
Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha ............... EMA, LA........ LA.............. WMA............ .............. EMA........... .............. EMA........... .............. LA............
Bidens wiebkei................. MO............. ............... ................ MO............. MO............ MO............
Bonamia menziesii.............. ............... EMA, MO........ LA, MO.......... ............... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. WMA........... WMA...........
Brighamia rockii............... EMA, WMA, MO... ............... ................ ............... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. LA............ MO............
Calamagrostis hillebrandii..... ............... ............... ................ ............... WMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. Bogs.
Canavalia molokaiensis......... MO............. ............... MO.............. MO............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. MO............
Canavalia pubescens............ LA............. EMA............
Cenchrus agrimonioides......... ............... EMA, WMA....... LA..............
Clermontia lindseyana.......... ............... ............... ................ ............... .............. EMA...........
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. ............... ............... MO.............. MO............. MO............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. MO............
brevipes.
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. ............... ............... LA.............. EMA, WMA, LA... EMA...........
mauiensis.
Clermontia peleana............. ............... ............... ................ EMA............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. epiphytic.
Clermontia samuelii............ ............... ............... ................ EMA............ EMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. bog margins.
Colubrina oppositifolia........ ............... EMA............ WMA.............
Ctenitis squamigera............ ............... EMA, WMA....... EMA, WMA, MO.... WMA............ .............. WMA........... .............. .............. .............. LA............ WMA, LA.......
Cyanea asplenifolia............ ............... ............... EMA............. EMA, WMA.......
Cyanea copelandii ssp. ............... ............... EMA............. EMA............ EMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. EMA...........
haleakalalensis.
Cyanea dunbariae............... ............... ............... MO.............. MO............. .............. MO............
Cyanea duvalliorum............. ............... ............... ................ EMA............ EMA...........
Cyanea gibsonii................ ............... ............... ................ ............... LA............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. LA............
Cyanea glabra.................. ............... ............... ................ WMA............ EMA........... EMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. WMA...........
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. ............... ............... ................ MO............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. MO............
grimesiana.
Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. ............... ............... ................ EMA............ EMA........... EMA...........
hamatiflora.
Cyanea horrida................. ............... ............... ................ ............... EMA........... EMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. EMA...........
Cyanea kunthiana............... ............... ............... ................ EMA, WMA....... EMA, WMA...... EMA...........
Cyanea lobata ssp. baldwinii... ............... ............... ................ ............... LA............
Cyanea lobata ssp. lobata...... ............... ............... ................ WMA............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. WMA...........
Cyanea magnicalyx.............. ............... ............... ................ WMA............ .............. WMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. WMA...........
Cyanea mannii.................. ............... ............... MO.............. ............... MO............ MO............
Cyanea maritae................. ............... ............... ................ EMA............ EMA...........
Cyanea mceldowneyi............. ............... ............... ................ EMA............ EMA........... EMA...........
Cyanea munroi.................. ............... ............... ................ ............... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. MO, LA........
Cyanea obtusa.................. ............... WMA............ ................ ............... .............. EMA...........
Cyanea procera................. ............... ............... MO.............. ............... MO............ MO............
[[Page 34531]]
Cyanea profuga................. ............... ............... MO.............. ............... MO............
Cyanea solanacea............... ............... ............... MO.............. MO............. MO............ MO............
Cyperus fauriei................ ............... LA............. MO.............. ............... .............. MO............
Cyperus pennatiformis.......... EMA............
Cyperus trachysanthos.......... ............... MO LA.......... ................ ............... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. seasonally wet
soil and pond
margins.
Cyrtandra ferripilosa.......... ............... ............... ................ ............... EMA........... EMA...........
Cyrtandra filipes.............. ............... ............... MO.............. WMA, MO........ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. WMA...........
Cyrtandra munroi............... ............... ............... ................ WMA............ LA............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. WMA, LA.......
Cyrtandra oxybapha............. ............... ............... ................ ............... WMA........... EMA...........
Diplazium molokaiense.......... ............... ............... MO, LA.......... WMA............ EMA........... EMA, WMA...... .............. .............. .............. EMA, WMA, LA..
Dubautia plantaginea ssp. ............... ............... ................ ............... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. WMA...........
humilis.
Eugenia koolauensis............ ............... MO.............
Festuca molokaiensis........... ............... ............... MO..............
Flueggea neowawraea............ ............... EMA............ MO..............
Geranium arboreum.............. ............... ............... ................ ............... .............. EMA........... EMA........... EMA...........
Geranium hanaense.............. ............... ............... ................ ............... EMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. Bogs.
Geranium hillebrandii.......... ............... ............... ................ ............... WMA........... WMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. Bogs.
Geranium multiflorum........... ............... ............... ................ ............... EMA........... EMA........... .............. EMA...........
Gouania hillebrandii........... ............... WMA, KAH....... MO..............
Gouania vitifolia.............. ............... ............... ................ ............... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. WMA...........
Hesperomannia arborescens...... ............... ............... ................ WMA............ MO............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. WMA, MO, LA...
Hesperomannia arbuscula........ ............... WMA............ ................ WMA............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. WMA........... WMA...........
Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. MO............. ............... ................ ............... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. MO............
immaculatus.
Hibiscus brackenridgei......... LA, MO......... EMA, WMA, LA,
KAH.
Huperzia mannii................ ............... ............... EMA............. EMA, WMA....... EMA, WMA...... EMA, WMA...... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. epiphytic.
Ischaemum byrone............... EMA, MO........
Isodendrion pyrifolium......... ............... ............... MO.............. WMA............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. WMA........... WMA...........
Kadua cordata ssp. remyi....... ............... ............... LA.............. LA.............
Kadua coriacea................. ............... WMA............
Kadua laxiflora................ ............... ............... MO, LA.......... WMA, LA........ LA............ MO............ .............. .............. .............. WMA........... WMA, LA.......
Kanaloa kahoolawensis.......... KAH............ KAH............
Kokia cookei................... ............... MO.............
Labordia tinifolia var. ............... ............... LA.............. LA............. LA............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. LA............
lanaiensis.
Labordia triflora.............. ............... ............... MO..............
Lysimachia lydgatei............ ............... WMA............ ................ ............... .............. WMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. WMA...........
Lysimachia maxima.............. ............... ............... ................ MO............. MO............
Marsilea villosa............... MO............. ............... ................ ............... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. seasonal wetland.
Melanthera kamolensis.......... ............... EMA............
Melicope adscendens............ ............... EMA............ ................ ............... .............. EMA...........
Melicope balloui............... ............... ............... ................ EMA............ EMA...........
Melicope knudsenii............. ............... ............... ................ ............... .............. .............. EMA...........
Melicope mucronulata........... ............... EMA............ MO.............. ............... .............. MO............ EMA...........
Melicope munroi................ ............... ............... MO.............. ............... LA............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. LA............
Melicope ovalis................ ............... ............... ................ EMA............ EMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. EMA...........
Melicope reflexa............... ............... ............... MO.............. MO............. MO............
Mucuna sloanei var. persericea. ............... ............... ................ EMA............
Myrsine vaccinioides........... ............... ............... ................ ............... WMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. Bogs.
Neraudia sericea............... ............... EMA, WMA, KAH, MO.............. ............... .............. EMA, MO....... .............. .............. .............. WMA, LA.......
LA.
Nototrichium humile............ ............... EMA............
Peperomia subpetiolata......... ............... ............... ................ ............... EMA...........
Peucedanum sandwicense......... EMA, MO........ ............... ................ WMA, MO........
Phyllostegia bracteata......... ............... ............... ................ WMA............ EMA, WMA...... EMA........... .............. EMA........... .............. .............. EMA...........
Phyllostegia haliakalae........ ............... ............... MO.............. ............... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. LA............ EMA, LA.......
Phyllostegia hispida........... ............... ............... ................ MO............. MO............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. MO............
[[Page 34532]]
Phyllostegia mannii............ ............... ............... MO.............. MO............. EMA, MO....... EMA...........
Phyllostegia pilosa............ ............... ............... MO.............. ............... EMA, MO.......
Pittosporum halophilum......... MO.............
Plantago princeps.............. ............... ............... ................ MO............. .............. MO............ .............. .............. .............. EMA........... EMA, WMA......
Platanthera holochila.......... ............... ............... ................ ............... EMA, WMA, MO.. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. WMA...........
Pleomele fernaldii............. ............... LA............. LA.............. LA............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. LA............ LA............
Portulaca sclerocarpa.......... LA.............
Pteris lidgatei................ ............... ............... ................ WMA............ MO............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. WMAMO.........
Remya mauiensis................ ............... WMA............ WMA............. WMA............ .............. WMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. WMA...........
Sanicula purpurea.............. ............... ............... ................ ............... WMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. Bogs.
Santalum haleakalae var. ............... EMA, WMA....... WMA, LA, MO..... WMA, LA........ LA............ EMA, WMA, MO.. EMA........... .............. .............. .............. WMA, LA.......
lanaiense.
Schenkia sebaeoides............ WMA, MO........ LA.............
Schiedea haleakalensis......... ............... ............... ................ ............... .............. .............. .............. EMA........... .............. EMA...........
Schiedea jacobii............... ............... ............... ................ ............... EMA...........
Schiedea laui.................. ............... ............... ................ ............... MO............
Schiedea lydgatei.............. ............... ............... MO..............
Schiedea salicaria............. ............... WMA............
Schiedea sarmentosa............ ............... ............... MO..............
Sesbania tomentosa............. WMA, KAH, LA, EMA, WMA, KAH, MO..............
MO. LA, MO.
Silene alexandri............... ............... ............... MO..............
Silene lanceolata.............. ............... LA............. MO..............
Solanum incompletum............ ............... EMA, LA........ EMA, LA......... ............... .............. .............. .............. EMA........... .............. LA............
Spermolepis hawaiiensis........ ............... EMA, WMA, LA... LA, MO.......... ............... .............. MO............
Stenogyne bifida............... ............... ............... MO.............. MO............. MO............ MO............ .............. .............. .............. .............. MO............
Stenogyne kauaulaensis......... ............... ............... ................ ............... .............. WMA...........
Tetramolopium capillare........ ............... WMA............ ................ ............... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. WMA........... WMA...........
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. ............... LA.............
lepidotum.
Tetramolopium remyi............ ............... WMA, LA........
Tetramolopium rockii........... MO.............
Vigna o-wahuensis.............. EMA, KAH....... LA, KAH........ LA, MO..........
Viola lanaiensis............... ............... ............... ................ ............... LA............ .............. .............. .............. .............. LA............ LA............
Wikstroemia villosa............ ............... ............... ................ EMA, WMA....... EMA........... EMA...........
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense......... ............... EMA............ WMA, MO......... LA, MO......... MO............ EMA, WMA...... EMA........... EMA...........
Birds
Akohekohe...................... ............... ............... WMA, MO......... EMA, WMA, MO... EMA, WMA, MO.. EMA, WMA, MO.. .............. EMA........... .............. EMA, WMA...... EMA, WMA, MO..
Kiwikiu........................ ............... ............... WMA, MO......... EMA, WMA, MO... EMA, WMA, MO.. EMA, WMA, MO.. .............. EMA........... .............. EMA, WMA...... EMA, WMA, MO..
Snails
Newcombia cumingi (Newcomb's ............... ............... ................ WMA............
tree snail).
Partulina semicarinata (Lanai ............... ............... ................ LA............. LA............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. LA............
tree snail).
[[Page 34533]]
Partulina variabilis (Lanai ............... ............... ................ LA............. LA............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. LA............
tree snail).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EMA = east Maui
WMA = west Maui
LA = Lanai
MO = Molokai
KAH = Kahoolawe
[[Page 34534]]
Some of the species addressed in this proposed rule occur in more
than one ecosystem. The PCEs for these species are described separately
for each ecosystem in which they occur. The reasoning behind this
approach is that each species requires a different suite of
environmental conditions depending upon the ecosystem in which it
occurs. For example, Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera will occur in
association with different native plant species, depending on whether
it is found within the lowland dry, lowland mesic, montane wet, montane
mesic, dry cliff, or wet cliff ecosystems. Each of the physical or
biological features described in each ecosystem in which the species
occurs are essential to the conservation of the species, to retain its
geographical and ecological distribution across the different ecosystem
types in which it may occur. Each physical or biological feature is
also essential to retaining the genetic representation that allows this
species to successfully adapt to different environmental conditions in
various native ecosystems. Although some of these species occur in
multiple native ecosystems, their declining abundance in the face of
ongoing threats, such as increasing numbers of nonnative plant
competitors, indicates that they are not such broad habitat generalists
as to be able to persist in highly altered habitats. Based on an
analysis of the best available scientific information, functioning
native ecosystems provide the fundamental biological requirements for
the narrow-range endemics addressed in this proposed rule.
Some examples may help to clarify our approach to describing the
PCEs for each individual species. If we want to determine the PCEs for
the plant Abutilon eremitopetalum, we look at Table 5 and see that the
PCEs for A. eremitopetalum are provided by the physical or biological
features in the lowland dry ecosystem. Table 4 indicates that the
physical or biological features in the lowland dry ecosystem include
elevations of less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m); annual precipitation of
less than 50 in (130 cm); weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky
ledges, and little-weathered lava; and potential habitat for one or
more genera of the subcanopy and understory plants Chamaesyce,
Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, Psydrax, Scaevola, and
Wikstroemia, and one or more of the genera of the canopy species
Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, and Sapindus. As we do not
specifically know the unique PCEs for A. eremitopetalum and this plant
is found only in the lowland dry ecosystem, we believe that the
physical or biological features for the lowland dry ecosystem best
approximate the PCEs for A. eremitopetalum. Thus we use the physical
and biological features provided in the ecosystem in which A.
eremitopetalum is found as the PCEs for A. eremitopetalum.
As another example, Table 4 indicates the physical or biological
features for the plant Geranium hillebrandii include the ecosystem-
level physical or biological features for the montane wet and montane
mesic ecosystems, depending on the locations, and also that this
species has a species-specific PCE: bogs. The PCEs for G. hillebrandii
are thus composed of the physical or biological features for each of
the two ecosystems it occupies, as described in Table 4 for the montane
wet and montane mesic ecosystems, as well as bogs. Table 5 is read in a
similar fashion in conjunction with Table 4 to describe the PCEs for
each of the 135 species for which we are proposing to designate
critical habitat in this proposed rule.
Criteria Used to Identify Critical Habitat Boundaries
We considered several factors in the selection and proposal of
specific boundaries for critical habitat for these 135 species. We
propose to designate critical habitat on lands that contain the
physical or biological features essential to conserving multiple
species, based on their shared dependence on the functioning ecosystems
they have in common. Because the 11 ecosystem types addressed in this
proposed rule do not form a single contiguous area, they are divided
into geographic units: 100 plant critical habitat units, 88 forest bird
critical habitat units, and 11 tree snail critical habitat units on the
islands of Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Kahoolawe. The 88 forest bird and
10 of the 11 tree snail critical habitat units completely overlap the
100 plant critical habitat units. The critical habitat unit designated
for Newcomb's snail on west Maui only partially overlaps Maui--Lowland
Wet--2.
The proposed critical habitat is a combination of areas currently
occupied by the species in that ecosystem, as well as areas that may be
currently unoccupied. Due to the extremely remote and inaccessible
nature of the area, surveys are relatively infrequent and may be
limited in scope; therefore, it is difficult to say with certainty
whether individual representatives of a rare species may or may not be
present. However, the best available scientific information suggests
that these species either currently occupy these areas or have occupied
these areas in the past. A properly functioning ecosystem provides the
life-history requirements of the species that make up that ecosystem,
and the physical or biological features found in such an ecosystem are
the PCEs essential for the conservation of the species that occur
there. In other words, the occupied areas provide the physical or
biological features essential to the conservation of the species
occurring in the ecosystems we analyzed, by providing for the
successful functioning of the ecosystem on which the species depend.
However, due to the small population sizes, few numbers of individuals,
and reduced geographic range of each of the 135 species for which
critical habitat is here proposed, we have determined that a
designation limited to the known present range of each species would be
inadequate to achieve the conservation of those species. The areas
believed to be unoccupied, and that may have been unoccupied at the
time of listing, have been determined to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of the species because they provide the
physical or biological features necessary for the expansion of existing
wild populations and reestablishment of wild populations within the
historical range of the species. For 17 of the plant species (Acaena
exigua, Clermontia peleana, Cyanea glabra, C. grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, Cyperus trachysanthos, Eugenia koolauensis, Gouania
vitifolia, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua coriacea, Kokia cookei,
Nototrichium humile, Phyllostegia bracteata, P. haliakalae, Schiedea
jacobii, Solanum incompletum, Tetramolopium capillare, and T. lepidotum
ssp. lepidotum), we are proposing to designate unoccupied areas only,
as these species are not believed to be extant on Molokai, Lanai, Maui,
or Kahoolawe. Designating unoccupied critical habitat for these species
would promote conservation actions to restore their historical,
geographical and ecological representation, which is essential for
their recovery. Critical habitat boundaries for all species were
delineated to include the functioning ecosystems on which they depend.
In some cases, we have identified areas of critical habitat for
species in multiple ecosystem areas. With the exception of Acaena
exigua, Clermontia peleana, Cyanea glabra, C. grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, Cyperus trachysanthos, Eugenia koolauensis, Gouania
vitifolia, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua coriacea, Kokia cookei,
Nototrichium humile, Phyllostegia bracteata, P. haliakalae, Schiedea
jacobii, Solanum incompletum, Tetramolopium capillare,
[[Page 34535]]
and T. lepidotum ssp. Lepidotum, which are believed to be no longer
extant on Molokai, Lanai, Maui, or Kahoolawe, all of the critical
habitat units in these ecosystems contain some areas that are currently
unoccupied, and that may have been unoccupied at the time of listing,
but have been determined to be essential for the conservation of the
species. Because of the small numbers of individuals or low population
sizes of each of the 135 species, each requires suitable habitat and
space for the expansion of existing populations to achieve a level that
could approach recovery. For example, although the plant Huperzia
mannii is found in multiple critical habitat units across four
ecosystem types, its entire distribution is comprised of a total of
fewer than 100 individuals. The unoccupied areas of each unit are
essential for the expansion of this species to achieve viable
population numbers and maintain its historical geographical and
ecological distribution.
On Maui, there are two distinct geographic areas (east and west
Maui) separated by an isthmus. Sixty-three of the plant species and the
tree snail Newcombia cumingi, for which we are proposing critical
habitat, are historically known from only east or west Maui. Thirty-
seven plant species (Adenophorus periens, Alectryon macrococcus var.
auwahiensis, Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum, Asplenium
peruvianum var. insulare, Bidens campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis,
Clermontia lindseyana, C. peleana, C. samuellii, Cyanea copelandii ssp.
haleakalaensis, C. duvalliorum, C. hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, C.
horrida, C. kunthiana, C. maritae, C. mceldowneyi, Cyperus
pennatiformis, Cyrtandra ferripilosa, Flueggea neowawraea, Geranium
arboreum, G. multiflorum, Ischaemum byrone, Melanthera kamolensis,
Melicope adscendens, M. balloui, M. knudsenii, M. mucronulata, M.
ovalis, Mucuna sloanei var. persericea, Nototrichium humile, Peperomia
subpetiolata, Phyllostegia haliakalae, P. mannii, P. pilosa, Schiedea
haleakalensis, S. jacobii, Solanum incompletum, and Vigna o-wahuensis)
are known only from the east Maui mountains and 26 plant species
(Acaena exigua, Bidens conjuncta, Calamagrostis hillebrandii,
Centaurium sebaeoides, Cyanea lobata ssp. lobata, C. magnicalyx,
Cyrtandra filipes, C. munroi, Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis,
Geranium hillebrandii, Gouania hillebrandii, G. vitifolia,
Hesperomannia arborescens, H. arbuscula, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua
coriacea, K. laxiflora, Lysimachia lydgatei, Myrsine vaccinioides,
Pteris lydgatei, Remyi mauiensis, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea
salicaria, Stenogyne kauaulaensis, Tetramolopium capillare, and T.
remyi), and the tree snail Newcombia cumingi, are known only from the
west Maui mountains. For these species, we propose critical habitat in
ecosystems only in the geographic area of historical occurrence.
Current and historical species location information was used to
develop initial critical habitat boundaries in each of the 11
ecosystems that would individually and collectively provide for the
conservation of the 135 species addressed in this proposed rule. The
initial boundaries were superimposed over digital topographic maps of
the islands of Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Kahoolawe and further
evaluated. In general, land areas that were identified as highly
degraded were removed from the proposed critical habitat units, and
natural or manmade features (e.g., ridge lines, valleys, streams,
coastlines, roads, obvious land features, etc.) were used to delineate
the proposed critical habitat boundaries.
The critical habitat areas described below constitute our best
assessment of the physical or biological features essential for the
recovery and conservation of the 135 species, and the unoccupied areas
needed for the expansion of reduced populations. The approximate size
of each of the 100 plant critical habitat units, the 88 forest bird
critical habitat units, and the 11 tree snail critical habitat units,
and the status of their land ownership, are identified in Tables 6A
through 6H. The ecosystems in which critical habitat for each of the
plant, forest bird, and tree snail species is proposed are identified
in Tables 7A through 7C, along with areas under consideration for
exclusion from critical habitat designation under section 4(b)(2) of
the Act (see Exclusions, below). All forest bird and tree snail
proposed critical habitat units overlap areas also proposed for
designation as plant critical habitat.
When determining critical habitat boundaries within this proposed
rule, we made every effort to avoid including developed areas such as
buildings, paved areas, and other structures that lack the physical or
biological features essential for the conservation of the 135 species.
The scale of the maps we prepared under the parameters for publication
within the Code of Federal Regulations may not reflect the exclusion of
such developed areas. Any such structures and the land under them
inadvertently left inside critical habitat boundaries shown on the maps
of this proposed rule have been excluded by text in the proposed rule
and are not proposed for designation as critical habitat. Therefore,
Federal actions involving these areas would not trigger section 7
consultation with respect to critical habitat unless the specific
action would affect the adjacent critical habitat or its primary
constituent elements.
Table 6A--Critical Habitat Proposed for 60 Plant Species on the Island of Molokai
[Totals may not sum due to rounding]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Size of Size of Landownership (acres)
Proposed critical habitat area unit in unit in ---------------------------------------------------
acres hectares State Federal County Private
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Molokai--Coastal
--Unit 1...................... 250 101 0 54 0 195
--Unit 2...................... 3,544 1,434 1,032 0 0 2,511
--Unit 3...................... 862 349 859 3 0 <1
--Unit 4...................... 10 4 10 0 0 0
--Unit 5...................... 1 0.5 1 0 0 0
--Unit 6...................... 1,913 774 202 0 0 1,711
--Unit 7...................... 306 124 3 0 0 303
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Coastal............. 6,886 2,786 2,106 57 0 4,720
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Molokai--Lowland Dry
--Unit 1...................... 70 28 0 0 0 70
[[Page 34536]]
--Unit 2...................... 3,201 1,295 945 0 0 2,255
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Lowland Dry......... 3,271 1,323 945 0 0 2,325
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Molokai--Lowland Mesic
--Unit 1...................... 10,330 4,180 3,538 0 0 6,792
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Lowland Mesic....... 10,330 4,180 3,538 0 0 6,792
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Molokai--Lowland Wet
--Unit 1...................... 3,628 1,468 2,195 0 0 1,433
--Unit 2...................... 1,952 790 1,356 0 0 597
--Unit 3...................... 8,074 3,267 1,128 0 0 6,945
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Lowland Wet......... 13,654 5,525 4,679 0 0 8,975
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Molokai--Montane Wet
--Unit 1...................... 4,818 1,950 1,518 0 0 3,300
--Unit 2...................... 910 368 871 0 0 39
--Unit 3...................... 803 325 77 0 0 726
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Montane Wet......... 6,531 2,643 2,466 0 0 4,065
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Molokai--Montane Mesic
--Unit 1...................... 1,629 659 257 0 0 1,373
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Montane Mesic....... 1,629 659 257 0 0 1,373
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Molokai--Wet Cliff
--Unit 1...................... 1,888 764 1,399 0 0 489
--Unit 2...................... 1,280 518 462 0 0 818
--Unit 3...................... 1,362 551 1,137 0 0 225
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Wet Cliff........... 4,530 1,833 2,998 0 0 1,532
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total All Units....... 46,831 18,949 16,922 57 0 29,782
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 6B--Critical Habitat Proposed for 38 Plant Species on the Island of Lanai
[Totals may not sum due to rounding]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Size of Size of Landownership (acres)
Proposed critical habitat area unit in unit in ---------------------------------------------------
acres hectares State Federal County Private
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lanai--Coastal:
--Unit 1...................... 373 151 0 0 0 373
--Unit 2...................... 2 1 2 0 0 0
--Unit 3...................... 509 206 0 0 0 509
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Coastal............. 886 359 2 0 0 883
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lanai--Lowland Dry:
--Unit 1...................... 9,766 3,952 0 0 0 9,766
--Unit 2...................... 939 380 0 0 0 939
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Lowland Dry......... 10,705 4,332 0 0 0 10,705
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lanai--Lowland Mesic:
--Unit 1...................... 11,172 4,521 0 0 3 11,170
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Lowland Mesic....... 11,172 4,521 0 0 3 11,170
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lanai--Lowland Wet:
--Unit 1...................... 374 152 0 0 0 374
--Unit 2...................... 232 94 0 0 0 232
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Lowland Wet......... 606 245 0 0 0 606
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lanai--Montane Wet:
[[Page 34537]]
--Unit 1...................... 248 101 0 0 0 248
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Montane Wet......... 248 101 0 0 0 248
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lanai--Dry Cliff:
--Unit 1...................... 83 34 0 0 0 83
--Unit 2...................... 354 143 0 0 0 354
--Unit 3...................... 398 161 0 0 0 398
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Dry Cliff........... 835 338 0 0 0 835
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lanai--Wet Cliff:
--Unit 1...................... 731 296 0 0 0 731
--Unit 2...................... 230 93 0 0 0 230
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Wet Cliff........... 961 389 0 0 0 961
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total All Units........... 25,413 10,285 0 0 2 25,408
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TABLE 6C--Critical Habitat Proposed for 91 Plant Species on the Island of Maui
[Totals may not sum due to rounding]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Size of Size of Landownership (acres)
Proposed critical habitat area unit in unit in ---------------------------------------------------
acres hectares State Federal County Private
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maui--Coastal:
--Unit 1...................... 2 1 2 0 0 0
--Unit 2...................... 68 28 42 0 0 26
--Unit 3...................... 54 22 13 0 0 40
--Unit 4...................... 243 98 107 0 0 136
--Unit 5...................... 27 11 27 0 0 0
--Unit 6...................... 357 144 357 0 0 0
--Unit 7...................... 187 76 40 0 0 147
--Unit 8...................... 597 242 597 0 0 <1
--Unit 9...................... 393 159 184 0 5 205
--Unit 10..................... 434 176 215 0 0 219
--Unit 11..................... 6 3 6 0 0 0
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Coastal............. 2,368 960 1,590 0 5 773
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maui--Lowland Dry:
--Unit 1...................... 22,196 8,983 12,999 0 0 9,197
--Unit 2...................... 2,612 1,057 1,851 0 0 762
--Unit 3...................... 1,089 441 0 0 <1 1,089
--Unit 4...................... 1,283 519 1,283 0 0 0
--Unit 5...................... 5,448 2,205 3,685 0 0 1,763
--Unit 6...................... 579 234 4 0 0 575
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Lowland Dry......... 33,207 13,439 19,822 0 1 13,386
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maui--Lowland Mesic:
--Unit 1...................... 1,930 781 1,172 502 0 256
--Unit 2...................... 3,424 1,386 1,315 0 0 2,109
--Unit 3...................... 477 193 477 0 0 0
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Lowland Mesic....... 5,831 2,360 2,964 502 0 2,365
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maui--Lowland Wet:
--Unit 1...................... 26,703 10,807 10,822 2,038 0 13,844
--Unit 2...................... 5,066 2,050 65 0 0 5,001
--Unit 3...................... 1,427 577 1,247 0 0 180
--Unit 4...................... 1,165 472 864 0 301 0
--Unit 5...................... 2,112 855 30 0 0 2,082
--Unit 6...................... 639 259 136 0 0 503
--Unit 7...................... 898 364 898 0 0 0
--Unit 8...................... 230 93 230 0 0 0
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 34538]]
Total Lowland Wet......... 38,240 15,477 14,292 2,038 301 21,610
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maui--Montane Wet:
--Unit 1...................... 7,815 3,162 1,067 0 0 6,747
--Unit 2...................... 16,687 6,753 4,075 875 0 11,737
--Unit 3...................... 2,228 902 0 2,228 0 0
--Unit 4...................... 1,833 742 180 1,653 0 0
--Unit 5...................... 387 156 222 165 0 0
--Unit 6...................... 3,964 1,604 1,113 0 471 2,380
--Unit 7...................... 608 246 80 0 0 528
--Unit 8...................... 46 19 0 0 0 46
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Montane Wet......... 33,568 13,584 6,737 4,921 471 21,438
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maui--Montane Mesic:
--Unit 1...................... 20,972 8,487 7,277 2,897 18 10,781
--Unit 2...................... 366 148 124 0 0 242
--Unit 3...................... 218 88 174 0 0 44
--Unit 4...................... 72 29 72 0 0 0
--Unit 5...................... 304 123 170 0 0 134
--Unit 6...................... 94 38 0 0 0 94
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Montane Mesic....... 22,026 8,913 7,817 2,897 18 11,295
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maui--Montane Dry:
--Unit 1...................... 4,988 2,019 2,962 323 0 1,703
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Montane Dry......... 4,988 2,019 2,962 323 0 1,703
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maui--Subalpine:
--Unit 1...................... 19,401 7,851 10,866 2,770 0 5,764
--Unit 2...................... 10,931 4,424 0 9,836 0 1,095
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Subalpine........... 30,332 12,275 10,866 12,606 0 6,859
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maui--Alpine:
--Unit 1...................... 2,107 853 761 918 0 428
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Alpine.............. 2,107 853 761 918 0 428
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maui--Dry Cliff:
--Unit 1...................... 1,018 412 0 755 0 264
--Unit 2...................... 688 279 0 688 0 0
--Unit 3...................... 293 119 0 200 0 93
--Unit 4...................... 315 127 0 315 0 0
--Unit 5...................... 1,536 622 1,298 0 0 238
--Unit 6...................... 279 113 279 0 0 0
--Unit 7...................... 808 327 0 0 0 808
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Dry Cliff........... 4,937 1,999 1,577 1,958 0 1,403
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maui--Wet Cliff:
--Unit 1...................... 460 186 0 0 0 460
--Unit 2...................... 1,407 569 475 912 0 20
--Unit 3...................... 438 177 5 433 0 0
--Unit 4...................... 184 75 184 0 0 0
--Unit 5...................... 2,048 829 35 0 0 2,013
--Unit 6...................... 9,103 3,684 1,858 0 2,917 4,328
--Unit 7...................... 781 316 557 0 0 224
--Unit 8...................... 337 137 337 0 0 0
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Wet Cliff........... 14,758 5,973 3,451 1,345 2,917 7,045
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total All Units........... 192,362 77,852 72,839 27,508 3,713 88,305
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 34539]]
Table 6D--Critical Habitat Proposed for Six Plant Species on the Island of Kahoolawe
[Totals may not sum due to rounding]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Size of Size of Landownership (acres)
Proposed critical habitat area unit in unit in ---------------------------------------------------
acres hectares State Federal County Private
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kahoolawe--coastal:
--Unit 1...................... 1,515 613 1,515 0 0 0
--Unit 2...................... 12 5 12 0 0 0
--Unit 3...................... 339 137 339 0 0 0
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Coastal............. 1,866 755 1,866 0 0 0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kahoolawe--Lowland Dry:
--Unit 1...................... 1,380 559 1,380 0 0 0
--Unit 2...................... 3,205 1,297 3,205 0 0 0
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Lowland Dry......... 4,585 1,856 4,585 0 0 0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total All Units........... 6,451 2,611 6,451 0 0 0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 6E--Critical Habitat Proposed for Two Forest Bird Species (Akohekohe and Kiwikiu) on the Island of Maui
[Totals may not sum due to rounding]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Size of Size of Landownership (acres)
Proposed critical habitat area unit in unit in ---------------------------------------------------
acres hectares State Federal County Private
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lowland Mesic:
Maui--Unit 1.................. 477 193 477 0 0 0
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Lowland Mesic....... 477 193 477 0 0 0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lowland Wet:
Maui--Unit 2.................. 26,703 10,807 10,822 2,038 0 13,844
Maui--Unit 3.................. 5,066 2,050 65 0 0 5,001
Maui--Unit 4.................. 1,427 577 1,247 0 0 180
Maui--Unit 5.................. 1,165 472 864 0 301 0
Maui--Unit 6.................. 2,112 855 30 0 0 2,082
Maui--Unit 7.................. 639 259 136 0 0 503
Maui--Unit 8.................. 898 364 898 0 0 0
Maui--Unit 9.................. 230 93 230 0 0 0
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Lowland Wet......... 38,240 15,477 14,292 2,038 301 21,610
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Montane Wet:
Maui--Unit 10................. 7,815 3,162 1,067 0 0 6,747
Maui--Unit 11................. 16,687 6,753 4,075 875 0 11,737
Maui--Unit 12................. 2,228 902 0 2,228 0 0
Maui--Unit 13................. 1,833 742 180 1,653 0 0
Maui--Unit 14................. 387 156 222 165 0 0
Maui--Unit 15................. 3,964 1,604 1,113 0 471 2,380
Maui--Unit 16................. 608 246 80 0 0 528
Maui--Unit 17................. 46 19 0 0 0 46
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Montane Wet......... 33,568 13,584 6,737 4,921 471 21,438
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Montane Mesic:
Maui--Unit 18................. 20,972 8,487 7,277 2,897 18 10,781
Maui--Unit 19................. 366 148 124 0 0 242
Maui--Unit 20................. 218 88 174 0 0 44
Maui--Unit 21................. 72 29 72 0 0 0
Maui--Unit 22................. 304 123 170 0 0 134
Maui--Unit 23................. 94 38 0 0 0 94
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Montane Mesic....... 22,026 8,913 7,817 2,897 18 11,295
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subalpine:
Maui--Unit 24................. 19,401 7,851 10,866 2,770 0 5,764
Maui--Unit 25................. 10,931 4,424 0 9,836 0 1,095
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Subalpine........... 30,332 12,275 10,866 12,606 0 6,859
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dry Cliff:
[[Page 34540]]
Maui--Unit 26................. 1,018 412 0 755 0 264
Maui--Unit 27................. 293 119 0 200 0 93
Maui--Unit 28................. 315 127 0 315 0 0
Maui--Unit 29................. 1,536 622 1,298 0 0 238
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Dry Cliff........... 3,162 1,280 1,298 1,270 0 595
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Wet Cliff:
Maui--Unit 30................. 460 186 0 0 0 460
Maui--Unit 31................. 1,407 569 475 912 0 20
Maui--Unit 32................. 438 177 5 433 0 0
Maui--Unit 33................. 184 75 184 0 0 0
Maui--Unit 34................. 2,048 829 35 0 0 2,013
Maui--Unit 35................. 9,103 3,684 1,858 0 2,917 4,328
Maui--Unit 36................. 781 316 557 0 0 224
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Wet Cliff........... 14,421 5,836 3,114 1,345 2,917 7,045
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total All Units........... 142,226 57,558 44,601 25,077 3,707 68,842
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 6F--Critical Habitat Proposed for Two Forest Bird Species (Akohekohe and Kiwikiu) on the Island of Molokai
[Totals may not sum due to rounding]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Size of Size of Landownership (acres)
Proposed critical habitat area unit in unit in ---------------------------------------------------
acres hectares State Federal County Private
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lowland Mesic
Molokai--Unit 37.............. 10,330 4,180 3,538 0 0 6,792
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Lowland Mesic....... 10,330 4,180 3,538 0 0 6,792
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lowland Wet
Molokai--Unit 38.............. 3,628 1,468 2,195 0 0 1,433
Molokai--Unit 39.............. 1,952 790 1,356 0 0 597
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Lowland Wet......... 5,580 2,258 3,551 0 0 2,030
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Montane Wet
Molokai--Unit 40.............. 4,818 1,950 1,518 0 0 3,300
Molokai--Unit 41.............. 910 368 871 0 0 39
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Montane Wet......... 5,728 2,318 2,389 0 0 3,339
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Montane Mesic
Molokai--Unit 42.............. 1,629 659 257 0 0 1,373
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Montane Mesic....... 1,629 659 257 0 0 1,373
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Wet Cliff
Molokai--Unit 43.............. 1,888 764 1,399 0 0 489
Molokai--Unit 44.............. 1,280 518 462 0 0 818
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Wet Cliff........... 3,168 1,282 1,861 0 0 1,307
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total All Units....... 26,435 10,697 11,596 0 0 14,841
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 34541]]
Table 6G--Critical Habitat Proposed for Two Lanai Tree Snail Species (Partulina Semicarinata and P. Variabilis)
on the Island of Lanai
[Totals may not sum due to rounding]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Size of Size of Landownership (acres)
Proposed critical habitat area unit in unit in ---------------------------------------------------
acres hectares State Federal County Private
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lowland Wet
Lanai--Unit 1................. 374 152 0 0 0 374
Lanai--Unit 2................. 232 94 0 0 0 232
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Lowland Wet......... 606 246 0 0 0 606
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Montane Wet
Lanai--Unit 3................. 248 101 0 0 0 248
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Montane Wet......... 248 101 0 0 0 248
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Wet Cliff
Lanai--Unit 4................. 731 296 0 0 0 731
Lanai--Unit 5................. 230 93 0 0 0 230
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Wet Cliff........... 961 389 0 0 0 961
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total All Units....... 1,815 736 0 0 0 1,815
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 6H--Critical Habitat Proposed for Newcombia Cumingi on the Island of Maui
[Totals may not sum due to rounding]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Size of Size of Landownership (acres)
Proposed critical habitat area unit in unit in ---------------------------------------------------
acres hectares State Federal County Private
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lowland Wet
Maui--Unit 1.................. 599 242 56 0 0 542
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Lowland Wet......... 599 242 56 0 0 542
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total All Units....... 599 242 56 0 0 542
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 34542]]
Table 7A--Plant Species for Which Critical Habitat Is Proposed for Designation in Each Ecosystem, and Areas Under Consideration for Exclusion Under Section 4(B)(2) of the Act
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ecosystem Total
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- critical
Considered habitat
for proposed
exclusion (inclusive
Species from of areas
Coastal Lowland dry Lowland mesic Lowland wet Montane wet Montane mesic Montane dry Subalpine Alpine Dry cliff Wet cliff critical considered
habitat ac for
(ha) exclusion)
ac (ha)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plants:
Abutilon eremitopetalum... .............. LA............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 0 (0) 10,705
(4,332)
Acaena exigua *........... .............. .............. .............. .............. WMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 1,364 (552) 4,618
(1,869)
Adenophorus periens....... .............. .............. .............. .............. EMA, LA, MO... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 9,463 35,729
(3,828) (14,459)
Alectryon macrococcus var. .............. EMA........... .............. .............. .............. EMA........... EMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. 14,575 51,857
auwahiensis. (5,899) (20,987)
Alectryon macrococcus var. .............. .............. MO............ WMA........... .............. EMA, MO....... .............. .............. .............. .............. WMA........... 16,054 56,737
macrococcus. (6,498) (22,962)
Argyroxiphium sandwicense .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. EMA........... .............. EMA........... EMA........... .............. .............. 10,151 53,411
ssp. macrocephalum. (4,108) (21,615)
Asplenium dielerectum..... .............. WMA, LA....... WMA, MO....... WMA, MO....... .............. EMA, MO....... .............. .............. .............. LA............ .............. 14,641 80,873
(5,926) (32,728)
Asplenium peruvianum var. .............. .............. .............. .............. EMA........... EMA........... .............. EMA........... .............. .............. .............. 18,180 80,254
insulare. (7,356) (32,477)
Bidens campylotheca ssp. .............. WMA........... WMA........... .............. EMA........... EMA........... .............. .............. .............. EMA........... EMA, WMA...... 18,551 78,205
pentamera. (7,507) (31,648)
Bidens campylotheca ssp. .............. .............. .............. EMA........... EMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. EMA........... 9,016 58,142
waihoiensis. (3,648) (23,529)
Bidens conjuncta.......... .............. .............. .............. WMA........... WMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. WMA........... 9,264 28,424
(3,750) (11,505)
Bidens micrantha ssp. .............. EMA, LA....... LA............ WMA........... .............. EMA........... .............. EMA........... .............. LA............ .............. 22,690 111,450
kalealaha. (9,183) (45,104)
Bidens wiebkei............ MO............ .............. .............. MO............ MO............ MO............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 3,156 28,700
(1,277) (111,613)
Bonamia menziesii......... .............. EMA, MO....... LA, MO........ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. WMA........... WMA........... 9,482 66,562
(3,838) (26,533)
Brighamia rockii.......... MO, EMA, WMA.. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. LA............ MO............ 1,141 (462) 14,619
(5,917)
Calamagrostis hillebrandii .............. .............. .............. .............. WMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 1,364 (552) 4,618
(1,869)
Canavalia molokaiensis.... MO............ .............. MO............ MO............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. MO............ 1,324 (536) 35,400
(14,324)
Canavalia pubescens....... LA............ EMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 6,874 26,783
(2,782) (10,840)
Cenchrus agrimonioides.... .............. EMA, WMA...... LA............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 6,874 44,379
(2,782) (17,960)
Clermontia lindseyana..... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. EMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 6,953 20,972
(2,814) (8,487)
Clermontia oblongifolia .............. .............. MO............ MO............ MO............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. MO............ 1,819 (736) 3,515
ssp. brevipes. (142.348)
Clermontia oblongifolia .............. .............. LA............ EMA, WMA, LA.. EMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 14,526 78,968
ssp. mauiensis. (5,878) (31,958)
Clermontia peleana *...... .............. .............. .............. EMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 802 (325) 26,703
(10,807)
Clermontia samuelii....... .............. .............. .............. EMA........... EMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 8,846 55,653
(3,579) (22,522)
Colubrina oppositifolia... .............. EMA........... WMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 7,681 29,798
(3,109) (12,060)
[[Page 34543]]
Ctenitis squamigera....... .............. EMA, WMA...... EMA, WMA, MO.. WMA........... .............. WMA........... .............. .............. .............. LA............ WMA, LA....... 15,969 76,025
(6,464) (30,768)
Cyanea asplenifolia....... .............. .............. EMA........... EMA, WMA...... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 6,482 40,170
(2,624) (16,258)
Cyanea copelandii ssp. .............. .............. EMA........... EMA........... EMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. EMA........... 9,016 60,072
haleakalaensis. (3,648) (24,310)
Cyanea dunbariae.......... .............. .............. MO............ MO............ .............. MO............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 1,201 (486) 25,613
(10,364)
Cyanea duvalliorum........ .............. .............. .............. EMA........... EMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 8,846 55,653
(3,579) (22,522)
Cyanea gibsonii........... .............. .............. .............. .............. LA............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. LA............ 0 (0) 1,209 (490)
Cyanea glabra *........... .............. .............. .............. WMA........... EMA........... EMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. WMA........... 22,897 61,459
(9,266) (24,872)
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. .............. .............. .............. MO............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. MO............ 12 (5) 18,184
grimesiana *. (7,358)
Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. .............. .............. .............. EMA........... EMA........... EMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 15,799 76,625
hamatiflora. (6,393) (31,009)
Cyanea horrida............ .............. .............. .............. .............. EMA........... EMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. EMA........... 15,167 52,411
(6,137) (21,209)
Cyanea kunthiana.......... .............. .............. .............. EMA, WMA...... EMA, WMA...... EMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 22,843 92,780
(9,244) (37,548)
Cyanea lobata ssp. .............. .............. .............. .............. LA............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 0 (0) 248 (101)
baldwinii.
Cyanea lobata ssp. lobata. .............. .............. .............. WMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. WMA........... 7,900 23,806
(3,198) (9,636)
Cyanea magnicalyx......... .............. .............. .............. WMA........... .............. WMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. WMA........... 7,900 24,861
(3,198) (10,062)
Cyanea mannii............. .............. .............. MO............ .............. MO............ MO............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 1,819 (736) 18,490
(7,482)
Cyanea maritae............ .............. .............. .............. EMA........... EMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 8,846 55,653
(3,579) (22,522)
Cyanea mceldowneyi........ .............. .............. .............. EMA........... EMA........... EMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 15,799 76,625
(6,393) (31,009)
Cyanea munroi............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. MO, LA........ 12 (5) 5,491
(2,222)
Cyanea obtusa............. .............. WMA........... .............. .............. .............. EMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 6,953 28,282
(2,814) (11,445)
Cyanea procera............ .............. .............. MO............ .............. MO............ MO............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 1,819 (736) 18,490
(7,482)
Cyanea profuga............ .............. .............. MO............ .............. MO............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 1,807 731) 16,861
(6,823)
Cyanea solanacea.......... .............. .............. MO............ MO............ MO............ MO............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 1,819 (736) 32,144
(13,007)
Cyperus fauriei........... .............. LA............ MO............ .............. .............. MO............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 400 (162) 22,664
(9,171)
Cyperus pennatiformis..... EMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 0 (0) 1,535 (622)
Cyperus trachysanthos *... .............. LA, MO........ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 0 (0) 13,976
(5,655)
Cyrtandra ferripilosa..... .............. .............. .............. .............. EMA........... EMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 14,997 49,922
(6,068) (20,202)
Cyrtandra filipes......... .............. .............. MO............ WMA, MO....... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. WMA........... 8,288 47,790
(3,355) (19,341)
Cyrtandra munroi.......... .............. .............. .............. WMA........... LA............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. WMA, LA....... 7,900 25,015
(3,198) (10,126)
Cyrtandra oxybapha........ .............. .............. .............. .............. WMA........... EMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 8,317 25,590
(3,366) (10,356)
Diplazium molokaiense..... .............. .............. LA, MO........ WMA........... EMA........... EMA, WMA...... .............. .............. .............. EMA, WMA, LA.. .............. 21,422 99,609
(8,668) (40,310)
Dubautia plantaginea ssp. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. WMA........... 2,220 (899) 12,269
humilis. (4,966)
Eugenia koolauensis *..... .............. MO............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 0 (0) 3,271
(1,323)
Festuca molokaiensis...... .............. .............. MO............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 388 (157) 10,330
(4,180)
[[Page 34544]]
Flueggea neowawraea....... .............. EMA........... MO............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 7,262 36,227
(2,939) (14,661)
Geranium arboreum......... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. EMA........... EMA........... EMA........... .............. .............. .............. 10,884 56,292
(4,405) (22,781)
Geranium hanaense......... .............. .............. .............. .............. EMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 8,044 28,950
(3,255) (11,715)
Geranium hillebrandii..... .............. .............. .............. .............. WMA........... WMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 1,364 (552) 5,673
(2,295)
Geranium multiflorum...... .............. .............. .............. .............. EMA........... EMA........... .............. EMA........... .............. .............. .............. 18,180 80,254
(7,356) (32,477)
Gouania hillebrandii...... .............. WMA, KAH...... MO............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 388 (157) 22,225
(8,994)
Gouania vitifolia *....... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. WMA........... 2,220 (899) 12,269
(4,966)
Hesperomannia arborescens. .............. .............. .............. WMA........... MO............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. WMA, LA, MO... 9,331 35,828
(3,777) (14,501)
Hesperomannia arbuscula... .............. WMA........... .............. WMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. WMA........... WMA........... 7,900 33,739
(3,198) (13,656)
Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. MO............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. MO............ 936 (379) 11,416
immaculatus. (4,619)
Hibiscus brackenridgei.... LA, MO........ EMA, WMA, LA, .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 7,798 59,540
MO, KAH. (3,156) (24,095)
Huperzia mannii........... .............. .............. EMA........... EMA, WMA...... EMA, WMA...... EMA, WMA...... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 22,843 95,765
(9,244) (38,755)
Ischaemum byrone.......... EMA, MO....... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 924 (374) 8,421
(3,408)
Isodendrion pyrifolium *.. .............. .............. MO............ WMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. WMA........... WMA........... 8,288 36,759
(3,355) (14,878)
Kadua cordata ssp. remyi.. .............. .............. LA............ LA............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 0 (0) 11,778
(4,766)
Kadua coriacea *.......... .............. WMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 0 (0) 7,310
(2,958)
Kadua laxiflora........... .............. .............. LA, MO........ WMA, LA....... LA............ MO............ .............. .............. .............. WMA........... WMA, LA....... 9,101 51,375
(3,684) (20,793)
Kanaloa kahoolawensis..... KAH........... KAH........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 0 (0) 6,451
(2,611)
Kokia cookei *............ .............. MO............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 0 (0) 3,271
(1,323)
Labordia tinifolia var. .............. .............. LA............ LA............ LA............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. LA............ 0 (0) 12,987
lanaiensis. (5,256)
Labordia triflora......... .............. .............. MO............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 388 (157) 10,330
(4,180)
Lysimachia lydgatei....... .............. WMA........... .............. .............. .............. WMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. WMA........... 2,220 (899) 20,634
(8,350)
Lysimachia maxima......... .............. .............. .............. MO............ MO............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 1,419 (574) 20,185
(8,168)
Marsilea villosa.......... MO............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 924 (374) 6,886
(2,786)
Melanthera kamolensis..... .............. EMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 6,874 25,897
(2,782) (10,487)
Melicope adscendens....... .............. EMA........... .............. .............. .............. EMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 13,827 46,869
(5,596) (18,968)
[[Page 34545]]
Melicope balloui.......... .............. .............. .............. EMA........... EMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 8,846 55,653
(3,579) (22,522)
Melicope knudsenii........ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. EMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. 748 (303) 4,988
(2,019)
Melicope mucronulata...... .............. EMA........... MO............ .............. .............. MO............ EMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. 8,823 42,844
(3,571) (17,339)
Melicope munroi........... .............. .............. MO............ .............. LA............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. LA............ 388 (157) 11,539
(4,670)
Melicope ovalis........... .............. .............. .............. EMA........... EMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. EMA........... 9,016 58,142
(3,648) (23,529)
Melicope reflexa.......... .............. .............. MO............ MO............ MO............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 1,807 (731) 30,515
(12,348)
Mucuna sloanei var. .............. .............. .............. EMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 802 (325) 26,703
persericea. (10,807)
Myrsine vaccinioides...... .............. .............. .............. .............. WMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 1,364 (552) 4,618
(1,869)
Neraudia sericea.......... .............. EMA, WMA, LA, MO............ .............. .............. EMA, MO....... .............. .............. .............. WMA, LA....... .............. 15,028 84,886
KAH. (6,082) (34,353)
Nototrichium humile *..... .............. EMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 6,874 25,897
(2,782) (10,481)
Peperomia subpetiolata.... .............. .............. .............. .............. EMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 8,044 28,950
(3,255) (11,715)
Peucedanum sandwicense.... EMA, MO....... .............. .............. WMA, MO....... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 6,604 33,612
(2,673) (13,603)
Phyllostegia bracteata *.. .............. .............. .............. WMA........... EMA, WMA...... EMA........... .............. EMA........... .............. .............. EMA........... 25,394 98,898
(10,276) (40,023)
Phyllostegia haliakalae *. .............. .............. MO............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. LA............ EMA, LA....... 558 (226) 14,615
(5,914)
Phyllostegia hispida...... .............. .............. .............. MO............ MO............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. MO............ 1,431 (579) 21,391
(8,656)
Phyllostegia mannii....... .............. .............. MO............ MO............ EMA, MO....... EMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 16,804 80,437
(6,799) (32,550)
Phyllostegia pilosa....... .............. .............. MO............ .............. EMA, MO....... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 9,851 45,811
(3,985) (18,538)
Pittosporum halophilum.... MO............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 924 (374) 6,886
(2,786)
Plantago princeps......... .............. .............. .............. MO............ .............. MO............ .............. .............. .............. EMA........... EMA, WMA...... 3,560 32,355
(1,442) (13,093)
Platanthera holochila..... .............. .............. .............. .............. EMA, WMA, MO.. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. WMA........... 13,047 52,368
(5,279) (21,193)
Pleomele fernaldii........ .............. LA............ LA............ LA............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. LA............ LA............ 0 (0) 24,279
(9,825)
Portulaca sclerocarpa..... LA............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 0 (0) 886 (359)
Pteris lidgatei........... .............. .............. .............. WMA........... MO............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. WMA, MO....... 9,331 34,867
(3,777) (14,112)
Remya mauiensis........... .............. WMA........... WMA........... WMA........... .............. WMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. WMA........... 8,707 36,072
(3,524) (14,599)
Sanicula purpurea......... .............. .............. .............. .............. WMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 1,364 (552) 4,618
(1,869)
Santalum haleakalae var. .............. EMA, WMA...... WMA, LA, MO... WMA, LA....... LA............ EMA, WMA, MO.. EMA........... .............. .............. .............. WMA, LA....... 24,483 112,875
lanaiense. (9,909) (45,681)
Schenkia sebaeoides....... WMA, MO....... LA............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 1,129 (457) 18,424
(7,456)
Schiedea haleakalensis.... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. EMA........... .............. EMA........... .............. 3,540 32,646
(1,434) (13,211)
Schiedea jacobii *........ .............. .............. .............. .............. EMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 8,044 28,950
(3,254) (11,715)
Schiedea laui............. .............. .............. .............. .............. MO............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 1,419 (574) 6,531
(2,643)
Schiedea lydgatei......... .............. .............. MO............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 388 (157) 10,330
(4,180)
Schiedea salicaria........ .............. WMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 0 (0) 7,310
(2,958)
[[Page 34546]]
Schiedea sarmentosa....... .............. .............. MO............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 388 (157) 10,330
(4,180)
Sesbania tomentosa........ WMA, MO, LA, EMA, WMA, LA, MO............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 8,391 72,569
KAH. MO, KAH. (3,396) (29,368)
Silene alexandri.......... .............. .............. MO............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 388 (157) 10,330
(4,180)
Silene lanceolata......... .............. LA............ MO............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 388 (157) 21,035
(8,512)
Solanum incompletum *..... .............. EMA, LA....... EMA, LA....... .............. .............. .............. .............. EMA........... .............. LA............ .............. 10,057 80,871
(4,070) (32,728)
Spermolepis hawaiiensis... .............. EMA, WMA, LA.. LA, MO........ .............. .............. MO............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 8,075 67,043
(3,268) (25,131)
Stenogyne bifida.......... .............. .............. MO............ MO............ MO............ MO............ .............. .............. .............. .............. MO............ 2,632 36,674
(1,065) (14,840)
Stenogyne kauaulaensis.... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. WMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 0 (0) 1,055 (426)
Tetramolopium capillare *. .............. WMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. WMA........... WMA........... 2,220 (899) 22,202
(8,986)
Tetramolopium lepidotum .............. LA............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 0 (0) 10,705
ssp. lepidotum *. (4,332)
Tetramolopium remyi....... .............. WMA, LA....... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 0 (0) 18,015
(7,290)
Tetramolopium rockii...... MO............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 924 (374) 6,886
(2,786)
Vigna o-wahuensis......... EMA, KAH...... LA, KAH....... MO, LA........ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 388 (157) 40,193
(16,266)
Viola lanaiensis.......... .............. .............. .............. .............. LA............ .............. .............. .............. .............. LA............ LA............ 0 (0) 2,044 (828)
Wikstroemia villosa....... .............. .............. .............. EMA, WMA...... EMA........... EMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 21,479 59,528
(8,692) (24,090)
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense.... .............. EMA........... WMA, MO....... LA, MO........ MO............ EMA, WMA...... EMA........... EMA........... .............. .............. .............. 20,372 118,266
(8,244) (47,860)
Areas Considered for Exclusion 1,129 (457)... 6,874 (2,782). 1,195 (484)... 6,482 (2,623). 10,827 (4,380) 7,766 (3,143). 748 (303)..... 3,183 (1,288). 15 (6)........ 357 (144)..... 2,402 (973)... ........... ...........
by Ecosystem, ac (ha).
Total Area Proposed CH 12,006 (4,860) 51,768 27,333 52,500 40,347 23,656 (9,572) 4,988 (2,019). 30,332 2,107 (853)... 5,772 (2,336). 20,249 (8,195) ........... ...........
(including areas considered (20,950). (11,061). (21,247). (16,328). (12,275).
for exclusion).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EMA = critical habitat within indicated ecosystem in the east Maui mountains.
WMA = critical habitat within indicated ecosystem in the west Maui mountains.
LA = critical habitat within indicated ecosystem on Lanai.
MO = critical habitat within indicated ecosystem on Molokai.
KAH = critical habitat within indicated ecosystem on Kahoolawe.
The area known to be occupied by species for which the unit is designated also provides area essential to the conservation of all of the species that occur in that particular ecosystem, even if the area is currently unoccupied by
those species. Those areas provide the space and appropriate environmental conditions for activities such as seed dispersal and reproduction that will serve to expand the existing populations.
* This species may no longer occur in the wild on Molokai, Lanai, Maui, or Kahoolawe.
[[Page 34547]]
Table 7B--Forest Bird Species for Which Critical Habitat Is Designated in Each Ecosystem, and Areas Considered for Exclusion Under Section 4(b)(2)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ecosystem Considered
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- for Total
exclusion critical
Species from habitat
Coastal Lowland dry Lowland mesic Lowland wet Montane wet Montane mesic Montane dry Sub-alpine Alpine Dry cliff Wet cliff critical proposed ac
habitat ac (ha)
(ha)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Forest Bird:
Akohekohe................. .............. .............. WMA, MO....... EMA, WMA, MO.. EMA, WMA, MO.. EMA, WMA, MO.. .............. EMA........... .............. EMA, WMA...... EMA, WMA, MO.. 31,405 168,663
(12,710) (67,632)
Kiwikiu................... .............. .............. WMA, MO....... EMA, WMA, MO.. EMA, WMA, MO.. EMA, WMA, MO.. .............. EMA........... .............. EMA, WMA...... EMA, WMA, MO.. 31,405 168,663
(12,710) (67,632)
Area Considered for Exclusion .............. .............. 388 (157)..... 6,482 (2,624). 10,827 (4,380) 7,766 (3,143). .............. 3,813 (1,288). .............. 357 (145)..... 2,402 (973)... ........... ...........
ac (ha).
Total Area Proposed Critical .............. .............. 10,807 (4,373) 43,820 39,297 23,656 (9,572) .............. 30,332 .............. 3,162 (1,279). 17,589 (7,118) ........... ...........
Habitat (including area (17,735). (15,902). (12,275).
considered for exclusion) ac
(ha).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EMA = critical habitat within indicated ecosystem in the east Maui mountains.
WMA = critical habitat within indicated ecosystem in the west Maui mountains.
MO = critical habitat within indicated ecosystem on Molokai.
The area known to be occupied by species for which the unit is designated also provides area essential to the conservation of all of the species that occur in that particular ecosystem, even if the area is currently unoccupied by
those species. Those areas provide the space and appropriate environmental conditions for activities such as food gathering and reproduction that will serve to expand the existing populations.
Table 7C--Tree Snail Species for Which Critical Habitat Is Designated in Each Ecosystem and Areas Considered for Exclusion Under 4(B)(2) Forest Bird Species for Which Critical Habitat Is Designated in Each Ecosystem, and Areas
Considered for Exclusion Under Section 4(b)(2)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ecosystem Considered
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- for Total
exclusion critical
Species from habitat
Coastal Lowland dry Lowland mesic Lowland wet Montane wet Montane mesic Montane dry Sub-alpine Alpine Dry cliff Wet cliff critical proposed ac
habitat ac (ha)
(ha)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tree Snail:
Newcombia cumingi......... .............. .............. .............. WMA........... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 0 (0) 599 (242)
Area Considered for Exclusion .............. .............. .............. 0 (0)......... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. ........... ...........
ac (ha).
Total Proposed CH ac (ha)..... .............. .............. .............. 599 (242)..... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. ........... ...........
Partulina semicarinata.... .............. .............. .............. LA............ LA............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. LA............ 0 (0) 1,815 (736)
Partulina variabilis...... .............. .............. .............. LA............ LA............ .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. LA............ 0 (0) 1,815 (736)
Area Considered for Exclusion .............. .............. .............. 0 (0)......... 0 (0)......... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 0 (0)......... ........... ...........
ac (ha).
Total Area Proposed CH .............. .............. .............. 606 (246)..... 248 (101)..... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 961 (389)..... ........... ...........
(including area considered
for exclusion) ac (ha).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
WMA = critical habitat within indicated ecosystem in the west Maui mountains.
LA = critical habitat within indicated ecosystem on Lanai.
The area known to be occupied by species for which the unit is designated also provides area essential to the conservation of all of the species that occur in that particular ecosystem, even if the area is currently unoccupied by
those species. Those areas provide the space and appropriate environmental conditions for activities such as food gathering and reproduction that will serve to expand the existing populations.
[[Page 34548]]
Special Management Considerations or Protections
The term critical habitat is defined in section 3(5)(A) of the Act,
in part, as geographic areas on which are found these physical or
biological features essential to the conservation of the species and
``which may require special management considerations or protection.''
In identifying critical habitat in occupied areas, we determine
whether those areas that contain the features essential to the
conservation of the species require any special management actions.
Although the determination that special management may be required is
not a prerequisite to designating critical habitat in unoccupied areas,
special management is needed throughout all of the proposed critical
habitat units. The following discussion of special management needs is
therefore applicable to each of the 135 Maui Nui species for which we
are herein proposing to designate critical habitat.
The 135 species for which we are proposing to designate critical
habitat include 118 species that are currently found in the wild on
Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Kahoolawe, 10 plant species which were
historically found on one or more of these islands, but are currently
found only on other Hawaiian Islands (Clermontia peleana, Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyperus trachysanthos, Eugenia koolauensis,
Gouania vitifolia, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua coriacea, Nototrichium
humile, Solanum incompletum, and Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum), 6 plant species that may not be currently extant in the
wild (Acaena exigua, Cyanea glabra, Phyllostegia bracteata, P.
haliakalae, Schiedea jacobii, and Tetramolopium capillare), and 1 plant
species, Kokia cookei, which exists only in cultivation. For each of
the 118 species currently found in the wild on Molokai, Lanai, Maui,
and Kahoolawe, we have determined that the features essential to their
conservation are those required for the successful functioning of the
ecosystem(s) in which they occur (see Tables 4 and 5, above). As
described earlier, in some cases, additional species-specific primary
constituent elements were also identified (see Table 5, above). Special
management considerations or protections are necessary throughout the
critical habitat areas proposed here to avoid further degradation or
destruction of the habitat that provides those features essential to
their conservation. The primary threats to the physical or biological
features essential to the conservation of all of these species include
habitat destruction and modification by nonnative ungulates,
competition with nonnative species, hurricanes, landslides, rockfalls,
flooding, fire, drought, and climate change. The three tree snails are
additionally threatened by predation by the rosy wolf snail. The
reduction of these threats will require the implementation of special
management actions within each of the critical habitat areas identified
in this proposed rule.
All proposed critical habitat requires active management to address
the ongoing degradation and loss of native habitat caused by nonnative
ungulates (pigs, goats, mouflon sheep, axis deer, and cattle).
Nonnative ungulates also impact the habitat through predation and
trampling. Without this special management, habitat containing the
features that are essential for the conservation of these species will
continue to be degraded and destroyed.
All proposed critical habitat requires active management to address
the ongoing degradation and loss of native habitat caused by nonnative
plants. Special management is also required to prevent the introduction
of new nonnative plant species into native habitats. Particular
attention is required in nonnative plant control efforts to avoid
creating additional disturbances that may facilitate the further
introduction and establishment of invasive plant seeds. Precautions are
also required to avoid the inadvertent trampling of listed plant
species in the course of management activities.
The active control of nonnative plant species will help to address
the threat posed by fire to 39 of the proposed ecosystem critical
habitat units in particular: Maui--Coastal--Units 4 through 7; Maui--
Lowland Dry--Units 1 through 6; Maui--Lowland Mesic--Units 1 and 2;
Maui--Montane Mesic--Units 1, 2, and 5; Maui--Dry Cliff--Units 1, 5,
and 7; Kahoolawe--Coastal--Units 1 through 3; Kahoolawe--Lowland Dry--
Units 1 and 2; Lanai--Coastal--Units 1 and 3; Lanai--Lowland Dry--Units
1 and 2; Lanai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1; Lanai--Dry Cliff--Units 1
through 3; Molokai--Coastal--Units 1, 2, 3, 6, and 7; Molokai--Lowland
Dry--Units 1 and 2; and Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1. This threat is
largely a result of the presence of nonnative plant species such as the
grasses Andropogon virginicus and Melinis minutiflora that increase the
fuel load and quickly regenerate after a fire. These nonnative grass
species can outcompete native plants that are not adapted to fire,
creating a grass-fire cycle that alters ecosystem functions (D'Antonio
and Vitousek 1992, pp. 64--66; Brooks et al. 2004, p. 680).
Nine of the ecosystem critical habitat units (Maui--Lowland Wet--
Units 1 and 4; Maui--Montane Wet--Units 1 through 3; Maui--Montane
Mesic--Unit 2; Maui--Wet Cliff--Units 6 and 7; and Molokai--Montane
Wet--Unit 1) may require special management to reduce the threat of
landslides, rockfalls, and flooding. These threaten to further degrade
habitat conditions in these units and have the potential to eliminate
some occurrences of 50 plant species (e.g., Adenophorus periens,
Alectryon macrococcus, Asplenium peruvianum var. insulare, Bidens
campylotheca ssp. pentamera, B. campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis, B.
conjuncta, B. wiebkei, Bonamia menziesii, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp.
brevipes, C. oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, C. samuelii, Ctenitis
squamigera, Cyanea asplenifolia, C. copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, C.
duvalliorum, C. hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, C. horrida, C. kunthiana,
C. magnicalyx, C. mannii, C. maritae, C. mceldowneyi, C. profuga, C.
solanaea, Cyrtandra filipes, C. munroi, Diplazium molokaiense, Dubautia
plantaginea ssp. humilis, Geranium hanaense, G. multiflorum,
Hesperomannia arborescens, Huperzia mannii, Kadua laxiflora, Lysimachia
lydgatei, L. maxima, Melicope balloui, M. ovalis, Phyllostegia hispida,
P. mannii, P. pilosa, Plantago princeps, Platanthera holochila, Pteris
lidgatei, Remya mauiensis, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, Schiedea
laui, Stenogyne bifida, S. kauaulaensis, Wikstroemia villosa, and
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense) found on steep slopes and cliffs, or in narrow
gulches.
In summary, we find that each of the areas we are proposing as
critical habitat contains features essential for the conservation of
the species that may require special management considerations or
protection to ensure the conservation of the 135 species for which we
are proposing critical habitat. These special management considerations
and protections are required to preserve and maintain the essential
features provided to these species by the ecosystems upon which they
depend. The specific areas proposed for critical habitat that are
outside the geographical area occupied by these species have been
determined to be essential for their conservation.
Proposed Critical Habitat Designation
We are proposing 271,062 ac (109,695 ha) as critical habitat in 11
ecosystem types for 135 species. The proposed
[[Page 34549]]
critical habitat is comprised of 100 critical habitat units for the
plants, 44 critical habitat units for each of the 2 forest birds, 5
critical habitat units for each of the Lanai tree snails, and one
critical habitat unit for the Maui tree snail Newcombia cumingi (see
Tables 6A-6H, above, for details). The proposed critical habitat
includes land under State, County of Maui, Federal (Haleakala National
Park; Kalaupapa National Historical Park (NHP), Department of Homeland
Security--Coast Guard), and private ownership. The critical habitat
units we describe below constitute our current best assessment of those
areas that meet the definition of critical habitat for the 135 species
of plants and animals.
Descriptions of Proposed Critical Habitat Units
Critical habitat designations for the 130 plant species, the 2
forest birds, and the 3 tree snails would be published in separate
sections of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR); critical habitat
would be published in 50 CFR 17.99(c), (d), (e)(1), (e)(2), (f), (m),
and (n) for plants on Molokai, Maui and Kahoolawe, and Lanai; in 50 CFR
17.95(b) for the two forest birds; and in 50 CFR 17.95(f) for the three
tree snail species. However, the proposed critical habitat for plants,
birds, and tree snails overlap each other in many areas of Molokai,
Maui, and Lanai. For example, ``Lanai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1'' and the
Lanai tree snail unit ``Partulina variabilis--Unit 1--Lowland Wet''
correspond to the same geographic area. Therefore, because the unit
boundaries are the same, we are describing them only once to avoid
redundancy and reduce publication costs for this proposed rule, as
indicated by ``(and)'' following the unit name.
As provided under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, all or portions of
each of these areas may be considered for exclusion from critical
habitat when this rule is finalized. Exclusions are considered based on
the relative benefits of including or excluding an area from critical
habitat, and includes the consideration of information provided during
the public comment period on potential economic or other impacts of
this proposed critical habitat designation. Exclusions from critical
habitat may be made at the discretion of the Secretary (as described
below, under ``Exclusions''). The consideration of potential economic
impacts or other relevant impacts of critical habitat applies solely to
the designation of critical habitat, and is not a factor in our
assessment of whether a species warrants listing as endangered or
threatened under the Act.
Maui--Coastal--Unit 1 consists of 2 ac (1 ha) on Keopuka Rock on
the northern coast of east Maui. This unit is State-owned, and is
classified as a State Seabird Sanctuary. It is occupied by the plants
Ischaemum byrone and Peucedanum sandwicense, and includes the mixed
herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and
understory native plant species identified as physical or biological
features in the coastal ecosystem (see Table 4). This unit also
contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the conservation of
these species by providing the PCEs necessary for the expansion of the
existing wild populations. Although Maui--Coastal--Unit 1 is not known
to be occupied by Brighamia rockii, Cyperus pennatiformis, or Vigna o-
wahuensis, we have determined this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these coastal species because it provides
the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations within
their historical range. Due to their small numbers of individuals or
low population sizes, suitable habitat and space for expansion or
reintroduction are essential to achieving population levels necessary
for recovery.
Maui--Coastal--Unit 2 consists of 42 ac (17 ha) of State land, and
26 ac (11 ha) of privately owned land, from Wahinepee Stream to Moiki
Point on the northern coast of east Maui. This unit includes the mixed
herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and
understory native plant species identified as physical or biological
features in the coastal ecosystem (see Table 4). Although Maui--
Coastal--Unit 2 is not currently occupied by Brighamia rockii, Cyperus
pennatiformis, Ischaemum byrone, Peucedanum sandwicense, or Vigna o-
wahuensis, we have determined this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these coastal species because it provides
the physical or biological features necessary for the reestablishment
of wild populations within the historical ranges of the species. Due to
their small numbers of individuals or low population sizes, these
species require suitable habitat and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population levels that could achieve
recovery.
Maui--Coastal--Unit 3 consists of 13 ac (5 ha) of State land, and
40 ac (16 ha) of privately owned land, from Waianu to Wailua Nui Bay on
the northern coast of east Maui. This unit is occupied by the plant
Ischaemum byrone and includes the mixed herbland and shrubland, the
moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and understory native plant
species identified as physical or biological features in the coastal
ecosystem (see Table 4). This unit also contains unoccupied habitat
that is essential to the conservation of this species by providing the
PCEs necessary for the expansion of the existing wild populations.
Although Maui--Coastal--Unit 3 is not known to be occupied by Brighamia
rockii, Cyperus pennatiformis, Peucedanum sandwicense, or Vigna o-
wahuensis, we have determined this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these coastal species because it provides
the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations within
their historical range. Due to their small numbers of individuals or
low population sizes, suitable habitat and space for expansion or
reintroduction are essential to achieving population levels necessary
for recovery.
Maui--Coastal--Unit 4 consists of 107 ac (43 ha) of State land, and
136 ac (55 ha) of privately owned land, from Papiha Point to Honolulu
Nui Bay on the northeastern coast of east Maui. This unit is occupied
by the plants Ischaemum byrone and Peucedanum sandwicense, and includes
the mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy,
subcanopy, and understory native plant species identified as physical
or biological features in the coastal ecosystem (see Table 4). This
unit also contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the
conservation of these species by providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild populations. Although Maui--Coastal--
Unit 4 is not known to be occupied by Brighamia rockii, Cyperus
pennatiformis, or Vigna o-wahuensis, we have determined this area to be
essential for the conservation and recovery of these coastal species
because it provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild
populations within their historical range. Due to their small numbers
of individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving population
levels necessary for recovery.
Maui--Coastal--Unit 5 consists of 27 ac (11 ha) of State land from
Keakulikuli Point to Pailoa Bay on the northeastern coast of east Maui.
This unit is occupied by the plant Ischaemum byrone and includes the
mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy,
subcanopy, and understory
[[Page 34550]]
native plant species identified as physical or biological features in
the coastal ecosystem (See Table 4). This unit also contains unoccupied
habitat that is essential to the conservation of this species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Maui--Coastal--Unit 5 is not known to be occupied
by Brighamia rockii, Cyperus pennatiformis, Peucedanum sandwicense, or
Vigna o-wahuensis, we have determined this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these coastal species because it provides
the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations within
their historical range. Due to their small numbers of individuals or
low population sizes, suitable habitat and space for expansion or
reintroduction are essential to achieving population levels necessary
for recovery.
Maui--Coastal--Unit 6 consists of 357 ac (144 ha) of State land at
Kamanamana on the southern coast of East Maui. This unit includes the
mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy,
subcanopy, and understory native plant species identified as physical
or biological features in the coastal ecosystem (see Table 4). Although
Maui--Coastal--Unit 6 is not currently occupied by Brighamia rockii,
Cyperus pennatiformis, Ischaemum byrone, Peucedanum sandwicense, or
Vigna o-wahuensis, we have determined this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these coastal species because it provides
the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations within
the historical ranges of the species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving population
levels necessary for recovery.
Maui--Coastal--Unit 7 consists of 40 ac (16 ha) of State land, and
147 ac (59 ha) of privately owned land at Naholoku, from Kailio Point
to Mokulau, on the southern coast of east Maui. This unit includes the
mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy,
subcanopy, and understory native plant species identified as physical
or biological features in the coastal ecosystem (see Table 4). Although
Maui--Coastal--Unit 7 is not currently occupied by Brighamia rockii,
Cyperus pennatiformis, Ischaemum byrone, Peucedanum sandwicense, or
Vigna o-wahuensis, we have determined this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these coastal species because it provides
the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations within
the historical ranges of the species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving population
levels necessary for recovery.
Maui--Coastal--Unit 8 consists of 597 ac (241 ha) of State land and
less than 1 ac (ha) of privately owned land from Kiakeana Point to
Manawainui on the southern coast of east Maui. This unit includes the
mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy,
subcanopy, and understory native plant species identified as physical
or biological features in the coastal ecosystem (see Table 4). Although
Maui--Coastal--Unit 8 is not currently occupied by Brighamia rockii,
Cyperus pennatiformis, Ischaemum byrone, Peucedanum sandwicense, or
Vigna o-wahuensis, we have determined this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these coastal species because it provides
the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations within
the historical ranges of the species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving population
levels necessary for recovery.
Maui--Coastal--Unit 9 consists of 184 ac (74 ha) of State land, 5
ac (2 ha) of County land, and 205 ac (83 ha) of privately owned land,
from Honokohau Bay to Kaikaina on the northwestern coast of west Maui.
This unit is occupied by the plants Sesbania tomentosa and Schenkia
sebaeoides, and includes the mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture
regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological features in the coastal ecosystem
(see Table 4). This unit also contains unoccupied habitat that is
essential to the conservation of these species by providing the PCEs
necessary for the expansion of the existing wild populations. Although
Maui--Coastal--Unit 9 is not known to be occupied by Brighamia rockii,
we have determined this area to be essential for the conservation and
recovery of this coastal species because it provides the PCEs necessary
for the reestablishment of wild populations within its historical
range. Due to the small numbers of individuals or low population sizes,
this species requires suitable habitat and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population levels that could approach
recovery.
Maui--Coastal--Unit 10 consists of 215 ac (87 ha) of State land and
219 ac (89 ha) of privately owned land, from Kahakuloa Head to Waihee
Point on the northeastern coast of west Maui. This unit is occupied by
the plants Sesbania tomentosa and Schenkia sebaeoides, and includes the
mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy,
subcanopy, and understory native plant species identified as physical
or biological features in the coastal ecosystem (see Table 4). This
unit also contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the
conservation of these species by providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild populations. Although Maui--Coastal--
Unit 10 is not known to be occupied by Brighamia rockii, we have
determined this area to be essential for the conservation and recovery
of this coastal species because it provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations within its historical range. Due to
the small numbers of individuals or low population sizes, this species
requires suitable habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction to
achieve population levels that could approach recovery.
Maui--Coastal--Unit 11 consists of 6 ac (3 ha) of State land on
Mokeehia Island on the northeastern coast of west Maui. This unit is
occupied by the plant Schenkia sebaeoides, and includes the mixed
herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and
understory native plant species identified as physical or biological
features in the coastal ecosystem (see Table 4). This unit also
contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the conservation of
this species by providing the PCEs necessary for the expansion of the
existing wild populations. Although Maui--Coastal--Unit 11 is not
currently occupied by Brighamia rockii or Sesbania tomentosa, we have
determined this area to be essential for the conservation and recovery
of these coastal species because it provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of individuals or low population
sizes, suitable habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction are
essential to achieving population levels necessary for recovery.
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 consists of 12,999 ac (5,260 ha) of State
land, and 9,197 ac (3,722 ha) of privately owned land, from Kanaio to
Kahualau Gulch on the southern slopes of east Maui. This unit is
occupied by the plants Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii,
Cenchrus agrimonioides, Flueggea
[[Page 34551]]
neowawraea, Melanthera kamolensis, Melicope adscendens, Santalum
haleakalae var. lanaiense, Sesbania tomentosa, Spermolepis hawaiiensis,
and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense and includes the mixed herbland and
shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and understory
native plant species identified as physical or biological features in
the lowland dry ecosystem (see Table 4). This unit also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to the conservation of these
species by providing the PCEs necessary for the expansion of the
existing wild populations. Although Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 is not
known to be occupied by Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Canavalia
pubescens, Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Melicope mucronulata, Neraudia sericea, Nototrichium
humile, or Solanum incompletum, we have determined this area to be
essential for the conservation and recovery of these lowland dry
species because it provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment
of wild populations within their historical range. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and
space for expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving
population levels necessary for recovery.
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 2 consists of 1,851 ac (749 ha) of State
land, and 762 ac (308 ha) of privately owned land, at Keokea on the
southern slopes of east Maui. This unit is occupied by the plants
Bonamia menziesii, Canavalia pubescens, and Hibiscus brackenridgei, and
includes the mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and
canopy, subcanopy, and understory native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the lowland dry ecosystem (see Table
4). This unit also contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the
conservation of these species by providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild populations. Although Maui--Lowland
Dry--Unit 2 is not known to be occupied by Alectryon macrococcus,
Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Colubrina
oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Flueggea neowawraea, Melanthera
kamolensis, Melicope adscendens, M. mucronulata, Neraudia sericea,
Nototrichium humile, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, Sesbania
tomentosa, Solanum incompletum, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, or Zanthoxylum
hawaiiense, we have determined this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these lowland dry species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations
within their historical range. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving population
levels necessary for recovery.
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 3 consists of less than 1 ac (ha) of County
land, and 1,089 ac (441 ha) of privately owned land, at Paeahu-Palauea
on the southern slopes of east Maui. This unit is occupied by the
plants Canavalia pubescens and Hibiscus brackenridgei, and includes the
mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy,
subcanopy, and understory native plant species identified as physical
or biological features in the lowland dry ecosystem (see Table 4). This
unit also contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the
conservation of these species by providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild populations. Although Maui--Lowland
Dry--Unit 3 is not known to be occupied by Alectryon macrococcus,
Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus
agrimonioides, Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Flueggea
neowawraea, Melanthera kamolensis, Melicope adscendens, M. mucronulata,
Neraudia sericea, Nototrichium humile, Santalum haleakalae var.
lanaiense, Sesbania tomentosa, Solanum incompletum, Spermolepis
hawaiiensis, or Zanthoxylum hawaiiense, we have determined this area to
be essential for the conservation and recovery of these lowland dry
species because it provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment
of wild populations within their historical range. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and
space for expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving
population levels necessary for recovery.
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 4 consists of 1,283 ac (519 ha) of State
land (including the Department of Land and Natural Resources) at Ahihi-
Kinau Natural Area Reserve on the southern slopes of east Maui. This
unit is occupied by the plant Canavalia pubescens, and includes the
mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy,
subcanopy, and understory native plant species identified as physical
or biological features in the lowland dry ecosystem (See Table 4). This
unit also contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the
conservation of this species by providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild populations. Although Maui--Lowland
Dry--Unit 4 is not known to be occupied by Alectryon macrococcus,
Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus
agrimonioides, Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Flueggea
neowawraea, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Melanthera kamolensis, Melicope
adscendens, M. mucronulata, Neraudia sericea, Nototrichium humile,
Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, Sesbania tomentosa, Solanum
incompletum, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, or Zanthoxylum hawaiiense, we
have determined this area to be essential for the conservation and
recovery of these lowland dry species because it provides the PCEs
necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations within their
historical range. Due to their small numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, suitable habitat and space for expansion or
reintroduction are essential to achieving population levels necessary
for recovery.
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 5 consists of 3,685 ac (1,491 ha) of State
land, and 1,763 ac (713 ha) of privately owned land, from Panaewa to
Waikapu Valley on the western and southern slopes of west Maui. This
unit is occupied by the plants Asplenium dielerectum, Bidens
campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Ctenitis
squamigera, Gouania hillebrandii, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Remya
mauiensis, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, Sesbania tomentosa, and
Spermolepis hawaiiensis, and includes the mixed herbland and shrubland,
the moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and understory native plant
species identified as physical or biological features in the lowland
dry ecosystem (see Table 4). This unit also contains unoccupied habitat
that is essential to the conservation of these species by providing the
PCEs necessary for the expansion of the existing wild populations.
Although Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 5 is not known to be occupied by
Cyanea obtusa, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Kadua coriacea, Lysimachia
lydgatei, Neraudia sericea, Schiedea salicaria, Tetramolopium
capillare, or T. remyi, we have determined this area to be essential
for the conservation and recovery of these lowland dry species because
it provides the PCEs necessary
[[Page 34552]]
for the reestablishment of wild populations within their historical
range. Due to their small numbers of individuals or low population
sizes, suitable habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction are
essential to achieving population levels necessary for recovery.
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 6 consists of 4 ac (2 ha) of State land,
and 575 ac (233 ha) of privately owned land, from Paleaahu Gulch to Puu
Hona on the southern slopes of west Maui. This unit is occupied by the
plants Hibiscus brackenridgei and Schiedea salicaria, and includes the
mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy,
subcanopy, and understory native plant species identified as physical
or biological features in the lowland dry ecosystem (see Table 4). This
unit also contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the
conservation of these species by providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild populations. Although Maui--Lowland
Dry--Unit 6 is not known to be occupied by Asplenium dielerectum,
Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Ctenitis
squamigera, Cyanea obtusa, Gouania hillebrandii, Hesperomannia
arbuscula, Kadua coriacea, Lysimachia lydgatei, Neraudia sericea, Remya
mauiensis, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, Sesbania tomentosa,
Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium capillare, or T. remyi, we have
determined this area to be essential for the conservation and recovery
of these lowland dry species because it provides the PCEs necessary for
the reestablishment of wild populations within their historical range.
Due to their small numbers of individuals or low population sizes,
suitable habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction are
essential to achieving population levels necessary for recovery.
Maui--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1 consists of 1,172 ac (474 ha) of State
land, 256 ac (104 ha) of privately owned land, and 502 ac (203 ha) of
federally owned land (Haleakala National Park), from Manawainui Valley
to Kukuiula on the eastern slopes of east Maui. This unit is occupied
by the plants Cyanea asplenifolia, C. copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis,
and Huperzia mannii, and includes the mixed herbland and shrubland, the
moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and understory native plant
species identified as physical or biological features in the lowland
mesic ecosystem (See Table 4). This unit also contains unoccupied
habitat that is essential to the conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Maui--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1 is not known to be
occupied by Ctenitis squamigera or Solanum incompletum, we have
determined this area to be essential for the conservation and recovery
of these lowland mesic species because it provides the PCEs necessary
for the reestablishment of wild populations within their historical
range. Due to their small numbers of individuals or low population
sizes, suitable habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction are
essential to achieving population levels necessary for recovery.
Maui--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2 consists of 1,315 ac (532 ha) of State
land, and 2,109 ac (854 ha) of privately owned land, from Honokohau to
Launiupoko on the western slopes of west Maui. This unit is occupied by
the plants Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Colubrina oppositifolia,
Ctenitis squamigera, Remya mauiensis, Santalum haleakalae var.
lanaiense, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense, and includes the mixed herbland
and shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and
understory native plant species identified as physical or biological
features in the lowland mesic ecosystem (see Table 4). This unit also
contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the conservation of
these species by providing the PCEs necessary for the expansion of the
existing wild populations. Although Maui--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2 is not
known to be occupied by Asplenium dielerectum, we have determined this
area to be essential for the conservation and recovery of this lowland
mesic species because it provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations within its historical range. Due to
its small numbers of individuals or low population sizes, this species
requires suitable habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction to
achieve population levels that could approach recovery.
Maui--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3 (and)
Palmeria dolei--Unit 1--Lowland Mesic (and)
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 1--Lowland Mesic
This area consists of 477 ac (193 ha) of State land at Ukumehame on
the southern slopes of west Maui. These units include the mixed
herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and
understory native plant species identified as physical or biological
features in the lowland mesic ecosystem (see Table 4). Although Maui--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 3 is not currently occupied by the plants Asplenium
dielerectum, Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Colubrina
oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Remya mauiensis, Santalum
haleakalae var. lanaiense, or Zanthoxylum hawaiiense; or by the
akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), we
have determined this area to be essential for the conservation and
recovery of these lowland mesic species because it provides the PCEs
for the reestablishment of wild populations within the historical
ranges of the species. Due to their small numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, suitable habitat and space for expansion or
reintroduction are essential to achieving population levels necessary
for recovery.
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 1 (and)
Palmeria dolei--Unit 2--Lowland Wet (and)
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 2--Lowland Wet
This area consists of 10,822 ac (4,379 ha) of State land, 13,844 ac
(5,602 ha) of privately owned land, and 2,038 ac (825 ha) of federally
owned land (Haleakala National Park), from Haiku Uka to Kipahulu Valley
on the northern and eastern slopes of east Maui. These units include
the mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy,
subcanopy, and understory native plant species identified as physical
or biological features in the lowland wet ecosystem (see Table 4). They
are are occupied by the plants Bidens campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis,
Clermontia samuelii, Cyanea asplenifolia, C. copelandii ssp.
haleakalaensis, C. duvalliorum, C. hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, C.
kunthiana, C. maritae, C. mceldowneyi, Huperzia mannii, Melicope
balloui, and M. ovalis. These units also contain unoccupied habitat
that is essential to the conservation of these species by providing the
PCEs necessary for the expansion of the existing wild populations.
Although Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 1 is not known to be occupied by the
plants Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, C. peleana, Mucuna
sloanei var. persericea, or Wikstroemia villosa; or by the forest
birds, the akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu (Pseudonestor
xanthophrys), we have determined this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these lowland wet species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of
[[Page 34553]]
wild populations within their historical range. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and
space for expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving
population levels necessary for recovery.
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 2 (and)
Palmeria dolei--Unit 3--Lowland Wet (and)
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 3--Lowland Wet (and)
This area consists of 65 ac (26 ha) of State land, and 5,001 ac
(2,024 ha) of privately owned land (partially within Puu Kukui
Watershed Preserve), from Kahana to Honokohua and Honolua valleys, on
the northwestern slopes of west Maui. These units include the mixed
herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and
understory native plant species identified as physical or biological
features in the lowland wet ecosystem (see Table 4). They are occupied
by the plants Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea asplenifolia, C. lobata, C.
magnicalyx, Cyrtandra filipes, C. munroi, and Santalum haleakalae var.
lanaiense. These units also contain unoccupied habitat that is
essential to the conservation of these species by providing the PCEs
necessary for the expansion of the existing wild populations. Although
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 2 is not known to be occupied by the plants
Alectryon macrococcus, Asplenium dielerectum, Bidens conjuncta, B.
micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis,
Cyanea glabra, C. kunthiana, Diplazium molokaiense, Hesperomannia
arborescens, H. arbuscula, Huperzia mannii, Isodendrion pyrifolium,
Kadua laxiflora, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia bracteata, Pteris
lidgatei, Remya mauiensis, or Wikstroemia villosa; or by the forest
birds, the akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu (Pseudonestor
xanthophrys), we have determined this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these lowland wet species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations
within their historical range. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving population
levels necessary for recovery.
Newcombia cumingi--Unit 1--Lowland Wet
This area consists of 543 ac (220 ha) of private land and 56 ac
(23) of State land, between Honokahua and Honokowai valleys, on the
western slopes of west Maui. This unit is occupied by the tree snail
Newcombia cumingi, and includes the mixed herbland and shrubland, the
moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and understory native plant
species identified as physical or biological features in the lowland
wet ecosystem (see Table 4). This unit also contains unoccupied habitat
that is essential to the conservation of this species by providing the
PCEs necessary for the expansion of the existing wild populations. Due
to the small numbers of individuals or low population sizes, this
species requires suitable habitat and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population levels that could approach
recovery.
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 3 (and)
Palmeria dolei--Unit 4--Lowland Wet (and)
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 4--Lowland Wet
This area consists of 1,247 ac (505 ha) of State land, and 180 ac
(73 ha) of privately owned land (partially within Puu Kukui Watershed
Preserve), at Honanana Valley on the northeastern slopes of west Maui.
These units include the mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture
regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological features in the lowland wet
ecosystem (see Table 4). They are occupied by the plants Bidens
conjuncta, Cyanea asplenifolia, and Pteris lidgatei. These units also
contain unoccupied habitat that is essential to the conservation of
these species by providing the PCEs necessary for the expansion of the
existing wild populations. Although Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 3 is not
known to be occupied by the plants Alectryon macrococcus, Asplenium
dielerectum, Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Clermontia oblongifolia
ssp. mauiensis, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea glabra, C. kunthiana, C.
lobata, C. magnicalyx, Cyrtandra filipes, C. munroi, Diplazium
molokaiense, Hesperomannia arborescens, H. arbuscula, Huperzia mannii,
Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua laxiflora, Peucedanum sandwicense,
Phyllostegia bracteata, Remya mauiensis, Santalum haleakalae var.
lanaiense, or Wikstroemia villosa; or by the forest birds, the
akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), we
have determined this area to be essential for the conservation and
recovery of these lowland wet species because it provides the PCEs
necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations within their
historical range. Due to their small numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, suitable habitat and space for expansion or
reintroduction are essential to achieving population levels necessary
for recovery.
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 4 (and)
Palmeria dolei--Unit 5--Lowland Wet (and)
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 5--Lowland Wet
This area consists of 864 ac (350 ha) of State land, and 301 ac
(122 ha) of County land, at Kahakuloa Valley on the northeastern slopes
of west Maui. These units include the mixed herbland and shrubland, the
moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and understory native plant
species identified as physical or biological features in the lowland
wet ecosystem (see Table 4). They are occupied by the plants Bidens
conjuncta, Cyanea asplenifolia, Cyrtandra munroi, and Hesperomannia
arborescens. These units also contain unoccupied habitat that is
essential to the conservation of these species by providing the PCEs
necessary for the expansion of the existing wild populations. Although
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 4 is not known to be occupied by the plants
Alectryon macrococcus, Asplenium dielerectum, Bidens micrantha ssp.
kalealaha, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Ctenitis squamigera,
Cyanea glabra, C. kunthiana, C. lobata, C. magnicalyx, Cyrtandra
filipes, Diplazium molokaiense, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Huperzia
mannii, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua laxiflora, Peucedanum
sandwicense, Phyllostegia bracteata, Pteris lidgatei, Remya mauiensis,
Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, or Wikstroemia villosa; or by the
forest birds, the akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu (Pseudonestor
xanthophrys), we have determined this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these lowland wet species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations
within their historical range. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving
[[Page 34554]]
population levels necessary for recovery.
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 5 (and)
Palmeria dolei--Unit 6--Lowland Wet (and)
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 6--Lowland Wet
This area consists of 30 ac (12 ha) of State land, and 2,082 ac
(843 ha) of privately owned land, at Iao Valley on the eastern side of
west Maui. These units include the mixed herbland and shrubland, the
moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and understory native plant
species identified as physical or biological features in the lowland
wet ecosystem (see Table 4). They are occupied by the plants Alectryon
macrococcus, Asplenium dielerectum, and Hesperomannia arbuscula. These
units also contain unoccupied habitat that is essential to the
conservation of these species by providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild populations. Although Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 5 is not known to be occupied by the plants Bidens conjuncta,
B. micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis,
Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea asplenifolia, C. glabra, C. kunthiana, C.
lobata, C. magnicalyx, Cyrtandra filipes, C. munroi, Diplazium
molokaiense, Hesperomannia arborescens, Huperzia mannii, Isodendrion
pyrifolium, Kadua laxiflora, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia
bracteata, Pteris lidgatei, Remya mauiensis, Santalum haleakalae var.
lanaiense, or Wikstroemia villosa; or by the forest birds, the
akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), we
have determined this area to be essential for the conservation and
recovery of these lowland wet species because it provides the PCEs
necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations within their
historical range. Due to their small numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, suitable habitat and space for expansion or
reintroduction are essential to achieving population levels necessary
for recovery.
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 6 (and)
Palmeria dolei--Unit 7--Lowland Wet (and)
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 7--Lowland Wet
This area consists of 136 ac (55 ha) of State land, and 503 ac (204
ha) of privately owned land, at upper Honokowai and Wahikuli valleys on
the western slopes of west Maui. These units includes the mixed
herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and
understory native plant species identified as physical or biological
features in the lowland wet ecosystem (see Table 4). They are occupied
by the plants Alectryon macrococcus, Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha,
Cyanea asplenifolia, C. lobata, Cyrtandra munroi, and Santalum
haleakalae var. lanaiense. These units also contain unoccupied habitat
that is essential to the conservation of these species by providing the
PCEs necessary for the expansion of the existing wild populations.
Although Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 6 is not known to be occupied by the
plants Asplenium dielerectum, Bidens conjuncta, Clermontia oblongifolia
ssp. mauiensis, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea glabra, C. kunthiana, C.
magnicalyx, Cyrtandra filipes, Diplazium molokaiense, Hesperomannia
arborescens, H. arbuscula, Huperzia mannii, Isodendrion pyrifolium,
Kadua laxiflora, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia bracteata, Pteris
lidgatei, Remya mauiensis, or Wikstroemia villosa; or by the forest
birds, the akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu (Pseudonestor
xanthophrys), we have determined this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these lowland wet species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations
within their historical range. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving population
levels necessary for recovery.
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 7 (and)
Palmeria dolei--Unit 8--Lowland Wet (and)
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 8--Lowland Wet
This area consists of 898 ac (364 ha) of State land at Olowalu
Valley, on the southern slopes of west Maui. These units include the
mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy,
subcanopy, and understory native plant species identified as physical
or biological features in the lowland wet ecosystem (see Table 4).
Although Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 7 is not currently occupied by the
plants Alectryon macrococcus, Asplenium dielerectum, Bidens conjuncta,
B. micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis,
Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea asplenifolia, C. glabra, C. kunthiana, C.
lobata, C. magnicalyx, Cyrtandra filipes, C. munroi, Diplazium
molokaiense, Hesperomannia arborescens, H. arbuscula, Huperzia mannii,
Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua laxiflora, Peucedanum sandwicense,
Phyllostegia bracteata, Pteris lidgatei, Remya mauiensis, Santalum
haleakalae var. lanaiense, or Wikstroemia villosa; or by the forest
birds, the akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu (Pseudonestor
xanthophrys), we have determined this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these lowland wet species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the species. Due to their small numbers
of individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving population
levels necessary for recovery.
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 8 (and)
Palmeria dolei--Unit 9--Lowland Wet (and)
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 9--Lowland Wet
This area consists of 230 ac (93 ha) of State land at upper
Ukumehame Gulch, on the southern slopes of west Maui. These units
include the mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and
canopy, subcanopy, and understory native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the lowland wet ecosystem (see Table
4). Although Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 8 is not currently occupied by the
plants Alectryon macrococcus, Asplenium dielerectum, Bidens conjuncta,
B. micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis,
Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea asplenifolia, C. glabra, C. kunthiana, C.
lobata, C. magnicalyx, Cyrtandra filipes, C. munroi, Diplazium
molokaiense, Hesperomannia arborescens, H. arbuscula, Huperzia mannii,
Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua laxiflora, Peucedanum sandwicense,
Phyllostegia bracteata, Pteris lidgatei, Remya mauiensis, Santalum
haleakalae var. lanaiense, or Wikstroemia villosa; or by the forest
birds, the akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu (Pseudonestor
xanthophrys), we have determined this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these lowland wet species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the species. Due to their small numbers
of individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and space for
expansion
[[Page 34555]]
or reintroduction are essential to achieving population levels
necessary for recovery.
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1 (and)
Palmeria dolei--Unit 10--Montane Wet (and)
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 10--Montane Wet
This area consists of 1,067 ac (432 ha) of State land and 6,747 ac
(2,730 ha) of privately owned land, at Haiku Uka on the northern slopes
of east Maui. These units include the mixed herbland and shrubland, the
moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and understory native plant
species identified as physical or biological features in the montane
wet ecosystem (see Table 4). They are occupied by the plants Asplenium
peruvianum var. insulare, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis,
Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, C. duvalliorum, C. horrida, C.
kunthiana, C. maritae, C. mceldowneyi, Diplazium molokaiense, Huperzia
mannii, Melicope balloui, and Phyllostegia pilosa; and by the forest
birds, the akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu (Pseudonestor
xanthophrys). These units also contain unoccupied habitat that is
essential to the conservation of these species by providing the PCEs
necessary for the expansion of the existing wild populations. Although
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1 is not known to be occupied by the plants
Adenophorus periens, Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, B.
campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis, Clermontia samuellii, Cyanea glabra, C.
hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, Cyrtandra ferripilosa, Geranium hanaense,
G. multiflorum, Melicope ovalis, Peperomia subpetiolata, Phyllostegia
bracteata, P. mannii, Platanthera holochila, Schiedea jacobii, or
Wikstroemia villosa, we have determined this area to be essential for
the conservation and recovery of these montane wet species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations
within their historical range. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving population
levels necessary for recovery.
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 2 (and)
Palmeria dolei--Unit 11--Montane Wet (and)
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 11--Montane Wet
This area consists of 4,075 ac (1,649 ha) of State land, 11,737 ac
(4,750 ha) of privately owned land, and 875 ac (354 ha) of federally
owned land (Haleakala National Park), from Haiku Uka to Puukaukanu and
upper Waihoi Valley, on the northern and northeastern slopes of east
Maui. These units include the mixed herbland and shrubland, the
moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and understory native plant
species identified as physical or biological features in the montane
wet ecosystem (see Table 4). They are occupied by the plants Asplenium
peruvianum var. insulare, Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, B.
campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis, Clermontia samuellii, Cyanea copelandii
ssp. haleakalaensis, C. duvalliorum, C. hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora,
C. horrida, C. kunthiana, C. mceldowneyi, Geranium hanaense, G.
multiflorum, and Wikstroemia villosa; and by the forest birds, the
akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu (Pseudonestor xanthophrys).
These units also contain unoccupied habitat that is essential to the
conservation of these species by providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild populations. Although Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 2 is not known to be occupied by the plants Adenophorus
periens, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Cyanea glabra, C.
maritae, Cyrtandra ferripilosa, Diplazium molokaiense, Huperzia mannii,
Melicope balloui, M. ovalis, Peperomia subpetiolata, Phyllostegia
bracteata, P. mannii, P. pilosa, Platanthera holochila, and Schiedea
jacobii, we have determined this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these montane wet species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations
within their historical range. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving population
levels necessary for recovery.
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 3 (and)
Palmeria dolei--Unit 12--Montane Wet (and)
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 12--Montane Wet
This area consists of 2,228 ac (902 ha) of federally owned land
(Haleakala National Park) in Kipahulu Valley, on the northeastern
slopes of east Maui. These units include the mixed herbland and
shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and understory
native plant species identified as physical or biological features in
the montane wet ecosystem (see Table 4). They are occupied by the
plants Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, B. campylotheca ssp.
waihoiensis, Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, C. hamatiflora ssp.
hamatiflora, C. maritae, and Melicope ovalis; and by the forest bird,
kiwikiu (Pseudonestor xanthophrys). These units also contain unoccupied
habitat that is essential to the conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 3 is not known to be
occupied by the plants Adenophorus periens, Asplenium peruvianum var.
insulare, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, C. samuellii, Cyanea
duvalliorum, C. glabra, C. horrida, C. kunthiana, C. mceldowneyi,
Cyrtandra ferripilosa, Diplazium molokaiense, Geranium hanaense, G.
multiflorum, Huperzia mannii, Melicope balloui, Peperomia subpetiolata,
Phyllostegia bracteata, P. mannii, P. pilosa, Platanthera holochila,
Schiedea jacobii, or Wikstroemia villosa; or by the forest bird
akohekohe (Palmeria dolei), we have determined this area to be
essential for the conservation and recovery of these montane wet
species because it provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment
of wild populations within their historical range. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and
space for expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving
population levels necessary for recovery.
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4 (and)
Palmeria dolei--Unit 13--Montane Wet (and)
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 13--Montane Wet
This area consists of 180 ac (73 ha) of State land and 1,653 ac
(669 ha) of federally owned land (Haleakala National Park), in Kaapahu
Valley on the northeastern slopes of east Maui. These units include the
mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy,
subcanopy, and understory native plant species identified as physical
or biological features in the montane wet ecosystem (see Table 4). They
are occupied by the plants Clermontia samuellii, Cyanea copelandii ssp.
haleakalaensis, C.
[[Page 34556]]
hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, C. horrida, C. kunthiana, C. maritae,
Cyrtandra ferripilosa, and Huperzia mannii. These units also contain
unoccupied habitat that is essential to the conservation of these
species by providing the PCEs necessary for the expansion of the
existing wild populations. Although Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4 is not
known to be occupied by the plants Adenophorus periens, Asplenium
peruvianum var. insulare, Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, B.
campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis,
Cyanea duvalliorum, C. glabra, C. mceldowneyi, Diplazium molokaiense,
Geranium hanaense, G. multiflorum, Melicope balloui, M. ovalis,
Peperomia subpetiolata, Phyllostegia bracteata, P. mannii, P. pilosa,
Platanthera holochila, Schiedea jacobii, or Wikstroemia villosa; or by
the forest birds, the akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu
(Pseudonestor xanthophrys), we have determined this area to be
essential for the conservation and recovery of these montane wet
species because it provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment
of wild populations within their historical range. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and
space for expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving
population levels necessary for recovery.
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 5 (and)
Palmeria dolei--Unit 14--Montane Wet (and)
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 14--Montane Wet
This area consists of 222 ac (90 ha) of State land, and 165 ac (67
ha) of federally owned land (Haleakala National Park), east of Kipahulu
Valley on the eastern slopes of east Maui. These units include the
mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy,
subcanopy, and understory native plant species identified as physical
or biological features in the montane wet ecosystem (see Table 4).
Although Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 5 is not currently occupied by the
plants Adenophorus periens, Asplenium peruvianum var. insulare, Bidens
campylotheca ssp. pentamera, B. campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis,
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, C. samuellii, Cyanea copelandii
ssp. haleakalaensis, C. duvalliorum, C. glabra, C. hamatiflora ssp.
hamatiflora, C. horrida, C. kunthiana, C. maritae, C. mceldowneyi,
Cyrtandra ferripilosa, Diplazium molokaiense, Geranium hanaense, G.
multiflorum, Huperzia mannii, Melicope balloui, M. ovalis, Peperomia
subpetiolata, Phyllostegia bracteata, P. mannii, P. pilosa, Platanthera
holochila, Schiedea jacobii, or Wikstroemia villosa; or by the forest
birds, the akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu (Pseudonestor
xanthophrys), we have determined this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these montane wet species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the species. Due to their small numbers
of individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving population
levels necessary for recovery.
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 6 (and)
Palmeria dolei--Unit 15--Montane Wet (and)
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 15--Montane Wet
This area consists of 1,113 ac (451 ha) of State land, 471 ac (191
ha) of County land, and 2,380 ac (963 ha) of privately owned land, at
the summit and surrounding areas on west Maui. These units include the
mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy,
subcanopy, and understory native plant species identified as physical
or biological features in the montane wet ecosystem (see Table 4). They
are occupied by the plants Bidens conjuncta, Calamagrostis
hillebrandii, Cyanea kunthiana, Geranium hillebrandii, Myrsine
vaccinioides, and Sanicula purpurea. These units also contain
unoccupied habitat that is essential to the conservation of these
species by providing the PCEs necessary for the expansion of the
existing wild populations. Although Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 6 is not
known to be occupied by the plants Acaena exigua, Cyrtandra oxybapha,
Huperzia mannii, Phyllostegia bracteata, or Platanthera holochila; or
by the forest birds, the akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu
(Pseudonestor xanthophrys), we have determined this area to be
essential for the conservation and recovery of these montane wet
species because it provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment
of wild populations within their historical range. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and
space for expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving
population levels necessary for recovery.
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 7 (and)
Palmeria dolei--Unit 16--Montane Wet (and)
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 16--Montane Wet
This area consists of 80 ac (32 ha) of State land, and 528 ac (214
ha) of privately owned land, at Hanaula and Pohakea Gulch on the
southeastern slopes of west Maui. These units include the mixed
herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and
understory native plant species identified as physical or biological
features in the montane wet ecosystem (see Table 4). They are occupied
by the plants Cyrtandra oxybapha and Platanthera holochila, and contain
unoccupied habitat that is essential to the conservation of these
species by providing the PCEs necessary for the expansion of the
existing wild populations. Although Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 7 is not
known to be occupied by the plants Acaena exigua, Bidens conjuncta,
Calamagrostis hillebrandii, Cyanea kunthiana, Geranium hillebrandii,
Huperzia mannii, Myrsine vaccinioides, Phyllostegia bracteata, or
Sanicula purpurea; or by the forest birds, the akohekohe (Palmeria
dolei) and kiwikiu (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), we have determined this
area to be essential for the conservation and recovery of these montane
wet species because it provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations within their historical range. Due
to their small numbers of individuals or low population sizes, suitable
habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction are essential to
achieving population levels necessary for recovery.
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 8 (and)
Palmeria dolei--Unit 17--Montane Wet (and)
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 17--Montane Wet
This area consists of 46 ac (19 ha) of privately owned land at the
summit of Kapilau Ridge on the eastern slopes of west Maui. These units
include the mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and
canopy, subcanopy, and understory native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the montane wet ecosystem (see Table
4). Although Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 8 is not currently occupied by the
plants Acaena exigua, Bidens conjuncta, Calamagrostis hillebrandii,
Cyanea kunthiana, Cyrtandra oxybapha,
[[Page 34557]]
Geranium hillebrandii, Huperzia mannii, Myrsine vaccinioides,
Phyllostegia bracteata, Platanthera holochila, or Sanicula purpurea; or
by the forest birds, the akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu
(Pseudonestor xanthophrys), we have determined this area to be
essential for the conservation and recovery of these montane wet
species because it provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment
of wild populations within the historical ranges of the species. Due to
their small numbers of individuals or low population sizes, suitable
habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction are essential to
achieving population levels necessary for recovery.
Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 1 (and)
Palmeria dolei--Unit 18--Montane Mesic (and)
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 18--Montane Mesic
This area consists of 7,277 ac (2,945 ha) of State land, 18 ac (7
ha) of County land, 10,781 ac (4,363 ha) of privately owned land, and
2,897 ac (1,172 ha) of federally owned land (Haleakala National Park),
almost completely circumscribing the summit of Haleakala on east Maui.
These units include the mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture
regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological features in the montane mesic
ecosystem (see Table 4). They are occupied by the plants Argyroxiphium
sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum, Asplenium dielerectum, A. peruvianum
var. insulare, Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Clermontia
lindseyana, Cyanea horrida, C. mceldowneyi, C. obtusa, Cyrtandra
ferripilosa, C. oxybapha, Diplazium molokaiense, Geranium arboreum, G.
multiflorum, Huperzia mannii, Melicope adscendens, Neraudia sericea,
and Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense; and by the forest birds, the
akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu (Pseudonestor xanthophrys).
These units also contain unoccupied habitat that is essential to the
conservation of these species by providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild populations. Although Maui--Montane
Mesic--Unit 1 is not known to be occupied by the plants Alectryon
macrococcus, Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Cyanea glabra, C.
hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, C. kunthiana, Phyllostegia bracteata, P.
mannii, Wikstroemia villosa, or Zanthoxylum hawaiiense, we have
determined this area to be essential for the conservation and recovery
of these montane mesic species because it provides the PCEs necessary
for the reestablishment of wild populations within their historical
range. Due to their small numbers of individuals or low population
sizes, suitable habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction are
essential to achieving population levels necessary for recovery.
Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 2 (and)
Palmeria dolei--Unit 19--Montane Mesic (and)
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 19--Montane Mesic
This area consists of 124 ac (50 ha) of State land, and 242 ac (98
ha) of privately owned land, at Helu and the upper reaches of
Puehuehunui on the southern slopes of west Maui. These units include
the mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy,
subcanopy, and understory native plant species identified as physical
or biological features in the montane mesic ecosystem (see Table 4).
They are occupied by the plants Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea magnicalyx,
Diplazium molokaiense, Lysimachia lydgatei, Santalum haleakalae var.
lanaiense, Stenogyne kauaulaensis, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. These
units also contain unoccupied habitat that is essential to the
conservation of these species by providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild populations. Although Maui--Montane
Mesic--Unit 2 is not known to be occupied by the plants Geranium
hillebrandii, Huperzia mannii, or Remya mauiensis; or by the forest
birds, the akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu (Pseudonestor
xanthophrys), we have determined this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these montane mesic species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations
within their historical range. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving population
levels necessary for recovery.
Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 3 (and)
Palmeria dolei--Unit 20--Montane Mesic (and)
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 20--Montane Mesic
This area consists of 174 ac (70 ha) of State land, and 44 ac (18
ha) of privately owned land, at Lihau on the southwestern slopes of
west Maui. These units include the mixed herbland and shrubland, the
moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and understory native plant
species identified as physical or biological features in the montane
mesic ecosystem (see Table 4). They are occupied by the plants Geranium
hillebrandii, Huperzia mannii, and Lysimachia lydgatei, and contain
unoccupied habitat that is essential to the conservation of these
species by providing the PCEs necessary for the expansion of the
existing wild populations. Although Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 3 is not
known to be occupied by the plants Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea
magnicalyx, Diplazium molokaiense, Remya mauiensis, Santalum haleakalae
var. lanaiense, Stenogyne kauaulaensis, or Zanthoxylum hawaiiense; or
by the forest birds, the akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu
(Pseudonestor xanthophrys), we have determined this area to be
essential for the conservation and recovery of these montane mesic
species because it provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment
of wild populations within their historical range. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and
space for expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving
population levels necessary for recovery.
Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 4 (and)
Palmeria dolei--Unit 21--Montane Mesic (and)
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 21--Montane Mesic
This area consists of 72 ac (29 ha) of State land at Halepohaku and
upper Ukumehame Gulch on the southern slopes of west Maui. These units
include the mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and
canopy, subcanopy, and understory native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the montane mesic ecosystem (see
Table 4). They are occupied by the plant Lysimachia lydgatei, and
contain unoccupied habitat that is essential to the conservation of
this species by providing the PCEs necessary for the expansion of the
existing wild populations. Although Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 4 is not
known to be occupied by the plants Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea
magnicalyx, Diplazium molokaiense, Geranium hillebrandii, Huperzia
mannii, Remya mauiensis, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, Stenogyne
kauaulaensis, or Zanthoxylum hawaiiense; or by the forest birds, the
akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu (Pseudonestor
[[Page 34558]]
xanthophrys), we have determined this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these montane mesic species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations
within their historical range. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving population
levels necessary for recovery.
Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 5 (and)
Palmeria dolei--Unit 22--Montane Mesic (and)
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 22--Montane Mesic
This area consists of 170 ac (69 ha) of State land, and 134 ac (54
ha) of privately owned land, at the upper reaches of Papalaua and
Pohakea gulches on the southeastern slopes of west Maui. These units
include the mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and
canopy, subcanopy, and understory native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the montane mesic ecosystem (see
Table 4). They are occupied by the plants Remya mauiensis and Santalum
haleakalae var. lanaiense, and contain unoccupied habitat that is
essential to the conservation of these species by providing the PCEs
necessary for the expansion of the existing wild populations. Although
Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 5 is not known to be occupied by the plants
Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea magnicalyx, Diplazium molokaiense, Geranium
hillebrandii, Huperzia mannii, Lysimachia lydgatei, Stenogyne
kauaulaensis, or Zanthoxylum hawaiiense; or by the forest birds, the
akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), we
have determined this area to be essential for the conservation and
recovery of these montane mesic species because it provides the PCEs
necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations within their
historical range. Due to their small numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, suitable habitat and space for expansion or
reintroduction are essential to achieving population levels necessary
for recovery.
Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 6 (and)
Palmeria dolei--Unit 23--Montane Mesic (and)
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 23--Montane Mesic
This area consists of 94 ac (38 ha) of privately owned land at
Kapilau Ridge on the eastern slopes of west Maui. These units include
the mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy,
subcanopy, and understory native plant species identified as physical
or biological features in the montane mesic ecosystem (see Table 4).
Although Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 6 is not currently occupied by the
plants Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea magnicalyx, Diplazium molokaiense,
Geranium hillebrandii, Huperzia mannii, Lysimachia lydgatei, Remya
mauiensis, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, Stenogyne kauaulaensis,
or Zanthoxylum hawaiiense; or by the forest birds, the akohekohe
(Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), we have
determined this area to be essential for the conservation and recovery
of these montane mesic species because it provides the PCEs necessary
for the reestablishment of wild populations within the historical
ranges of the species. Due to their small numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, suitable habitat and space for expansion or
reintroduction are essential to achieving population levels necessary
for recovery.
Maui--Montane Dry--Unit 1 consists of 2,962 ac (1,199 ha) of State
land, 1,703 ac (689 ha) of privately owned land, and 323 ac (131 ha) of
federally owned land (Haleakala National Park), from Kanaio to Naholoku
and Kaupo Gap along the southern slopes of east Maui. This unit
includes the mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and
canopy, subcanopy, and understory native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the montane dry ecosystem (see Table
4). It is occupied by the plants Melicope knudsenii, Santalum
haleakalae var. lanaiense, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense, and contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to the conservation of these
species by providing the PCEs necessary for the expansion of the
existing wild populations. Although Maui--Montane Dry--Unit 1 is not
known to be occupied by the plants Alectryon macrococcus, Geranium
arboreum, or Melicope mucronulata, we have determined this area to be
essential for the conservation and recovery of these montane dry
species because it provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment
of wild populations within their historical range. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and
space for expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving
population levels necessary for recovery.
Maui--Subalpine--Unit 1 (and)
Palmeria dolei--Unit 24--Subalpine (and)
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 24--Subalpine
This area consists of 10,866 ac (4,397 ha) of State land, 5,764 ac
(2,333 ha) of privately owned land, and 2,770 ac (1,121 ha) of
federally owned land (Haleakala National Park), from Kanaio north to
Puu Nianiau and east to Kaupo Gap on east Maui. These units include the
mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy,
subcanopy, and understory native plant species identified as physical
or biological features in the subalpine ecosystem (see Table 4). They
are occupied by the plants Asplenium peruvianum var. insulare, Bidens
micrantha ssp. kalealaha, and Geranium arboreum; and by the forest
birds, the akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu (Pseudonestor
xanthophrys). These units also contain unoccupied habitat that is
essential to the conservation of these species by providing the PCEs
necessary for the expansion of the existing wild populations. Although
Maui--Subalpine--Unit 1 is not known to be occupied by the plants
Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum, Geranium multiflorum,
Phyllostegia bracteata, Schiedea haleakalensis, Solanum incompletum, or
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense, we have determined this area to be essential
for the conservation and recovery of these subalpine species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations
within their historical range. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving population
levels necessary for recovery.
Maui--Subalpine--Unit 2 (and)
Palmeria dolei--Unit 25--Subalpine (and)
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 25--Subalpine
This area consists of 1,095 ac (443 ha) of privately owned land,
and 9,836 ac (3,981 ha) of federally owned land (Haleakala National
Park), from the
[[Page 34559]]
summit north to Koolau Gap and east to Kalapawili Ridge on east Maui.
These units include the mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture
regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological features in the subalpine
ecosystem (see Table 4). They are occupied by the plants Argyroxiphium
sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum, Geranium multiflorum, and Schiedea
haleakalensis; and by the forest bird, the akohekohe (Palmeria dolei).
These units also contain unoccupied habitat that is essential to the
conservation of these species by providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild populations. Although Maui--Subalpine--
Unit 2 is not known to be occupied by the plants Asplenium peruvianum
var. insulare, Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Geranium arboreum,
Phyllostegia bracteata, Solanum incompletum, or Zanthoxylum hawaiiense;
or by the forest bird, the kiwikiu (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), we have
determined this area to be essential for the conservation and recovery
of these subalpine species because it provides the PCEs necessary for
the reestablishment of wild populations within their historical range.
Due to their small numbers of individuals or low population sizes,
suitable habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction are
essential to achieving population levels necessary for recovery.
Maui--Alpine--Unit 1 consists of 761 ac (308 ha) of State land, 428
ac (173 ha) of privately owned land, and 918 ac (371 ha) of federally
owned land (Haleakala National Park), at the summit of Haleakala on
east Maui. This unit includes the mixed herbland and shrubland, the
moisture regime, and the subcanopy native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the alpine ecosystem (see Table 4).
It is occupied by the plant Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp.
macrocephalum, and contains unoccupied areas we have determined to be
essential for the conservation and recovery of this alpine species
because it provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild
populations within its historical range. Due to its small numbers of
individuals and low population sizes, this species requires suitable
habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could approach recovery.
Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 1 (and)
Palmeria dolei--Unit 26--Dry Cliff (and)
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 26--Dry Cliff
This area consists of 264 ac (107 ha) of privately owned land and
755 ac (305 ha) of federally owned land (Haleakala National Park), from
Pakaoao to Koolau Gap on east Maui. These units include the mixed
herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and the subcanopy and
understory native plant species identified as physical or biological
features in the dry cliff ecosystem (see Table 4). They are occupied by
the plant Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, and contain unoccupied
habitat that is essential to the conservation of this species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 1 is not known to be
occupied by the plants Diplazium molokaiense, Plantago princeps, or
Schiedea haleakalensis; or by the forest birds, the akohekohe (Palmeria
dolei) and kiwikiu (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), we have determined this
area to be essential for the conservation and recovery of these dry
cliff species because it provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations within their historical range. Due
to their small numbers of individuals or low population sizes, suitable
habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction are essential to
achieving population levels necessary for recovery.
Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 2 consists of 688 ac (279 ha) of federally
owned land (Haleakala National Park) from Haupaakea Peak to Kaupo Gap
on east Maui. This unit includes the mixed herbland and shrubland, the
moisture regime, and the subcanopy and understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological features in the dry cliff
ecosystem (see Table 4). It is occupied by the plants Plantago princeps
and Schiedea haleakalensis, and contains unoccupied habitat that is
essential to the conservation of these species by providing the PCEs
necessary for the expansion of the existing wild populations. Although
Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 2 is not known to be occupied by the plants
Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera or Diplazium molokaiense, we have
determined this area to be essential for the conservation and recovery
of these dry cliff species because it provides the PCEs necessary for
the reestablishment of wild populations within their historical range.
Due to their small numbers of individuals or low population sizes,
suitable habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction are
essential to achieving population levels necessary for recovery.
Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 3 (and)
Palmeria dolei--Unit 27--Dry Cliff (and)
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 27--Dry Cliff
This area consists of 93 ac (38 ha) of privately owned land and 200
ac (81 ha) of federally owned land (Haleakala National Park) on the
eastern wall of Koolau Gap on east Maui. These units include the mixed
herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and the subcanopy and
understory native plant species identified as physical or biological
features in the dry cliff ecosystem (see Table 4). Although Maui--Dry
Cliff--Unit 3 is not currently occupied by the plants Bidens
campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Diplazium molokaiense, Plantago princeps,
or Schiedea haleakalensis; or by the forest birds, the akohekohe
(Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), we have
determined this area to be essential for the conservation and recovery
of these dry cliff species because it provides the PCEs necessary for
the reestablishment of wild populations within their historical range.
Due to their small numbers of individuals or low population sizes,
suitable habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction are
essential to achieving population levels necessary for recovery.
Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 4 (and)
Palmeria dolei--Unit 28--Dry Cliff (and)
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 28--Dry Cliff
This area consists of 315 ac (127 ha) federally owned land
(Haleakala National Park), along Kalapawili Ridge on east Maui. These
units include the mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime,
and the subcanopy and understory native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the dry cliff ecosystem (see Table
4). Although Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 4 is not currently occupied by the
plants Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Diplazium molokaiense,
Plantago princeps, or Schiedea haleakalensis; or by the forest birds,
the akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu (Pseudonestor xanthophrys),
we have determined this area to be essential for the conservation and
recovery of these
[[Page 34560]]
dry cliff species because it provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations within their historical range. Due
to their small numbers of individuals or low population sizes, suitable
habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction are essential to
achieving population levels necessary for recovery.
Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 5 (and)
Palmeria dolei--Unit 29--Dry Cliff (and)
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 29--Dry Cliff
This area consists of 1,298 ac (525 ha) of State land, and 238 ac
(96 ha) of privately owned land, from Helu and across Olowalu to
Ukumehame Gulch, on west Maui. These units include the mixed herbland
and shrubland, the moisture regime, and the subcanopy and understory
native plant species identified as physical or biological features in
the dry cliff ecosystem (see Table 4). Although Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 5
is not currently occupied by the plants Bonamia menziesii, Diplazium
molokaiense, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua
laxiflora, Neraudia sericea, or Tetramolopium capillare; or by the
forest birds, the akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu (Pseudonestor
xanthophrys), we have determined this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these dry cliff species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations
within their historical range. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving population
levels necessary for recovery.
Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 6 consists of 279 ac (113 ha) of State land
along the east wall of Ukumehame Gulch on west Maui. This unit includes
the mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and the
subcanopy and understory native plant species identified as physical or
biological features in the dry cliff ecosystem (see Table 4). Although
Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 6 is not currently occupied by the plants Bonamia
menziesii, Diplazium molokaiense, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Isodendrion
pyrifolium, Kadua laxiflora, Neraudia sericea, or Tetramolopium
capillare, we have determined this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these dry cliff species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations
within their historical range. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving population
levels necessary for recovery.
Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 7 consists of 808 ac (327 ha) of privately
owned land at Waikapu Valley on west Maui. This unit includes the mixed
herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and the subcanopy and
understory native plant species identified as physical or biological
features in the dry cliff ecosystem (see Table 4). Although Maui--Dry
Cliff--Unit 7 is not currently occupied by the plants Bonamia
menziesii, Diplazium molokaiense, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Isodendrion
pyrifolium, Kadua laxiflora, Neraudia sericea, or Tetramolopium
capillare, we have determined this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these dry cliff species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations
within their historical range. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving population
levels necessary for recovery.
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 1 (and)
Palmeria dolei--Unit 30--Wet Cliff (and)
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 30--Wet Cliff
This area consists of 460 ac (186 ha) of privately owned land from
upper Haiku Uka to Keanae Valley on the northern slopes of east Maui.
These units include the mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture
regime, and the subcanopy and understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological features in the wet cliff
ecosystem (see Table 4). They are occupied by the plants Bidens
campylotheca ssp. pentamera and Cyanea horrida, and by the forest bird,
the kiwikiu (Pseudonestor xanthophrys). These units also contain
unoccupied habitat that is essential to the conservation of these
species by providing the PCEs necessary for the expansion of the
existing wild populations. Although Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 1 is not
known to be occupied by the plants Bidens campylotheca ssp.
waihoiensis, Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, Melicope ovalis,
Phyllostegia bracteata, P. haliakalae, or Plantago princeps; or by the
forest bird, the akohekohe (Palmeria dolei), we have determined this
area to be essential for the conservation and recovery of these wet
cliff species because it provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations within their historical range. Due
to their small numbers of individuals or low population sizes, suitable
habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction are essential to
achieving population levels necessary for recovery.
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 2 (and)
Palmeria dolei--Unit 31--Wet Cliff (and)
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 31--Wet Cliff
This area consists of 475 ac (192 ha) of State land, 20 ac (8 ha)
of privately owned land, and 912 ac (369 ha) of federally owned land
(Haleakala National Park), from Kalapawili Ridge along Kipahulu Valley
and north to Puuhoolio, on the northeastern slopes of east Maui. These
units include the mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime,
and the subcanopy and understory native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the wet cliff ecosystem (see Table
4). They are occupied by the plants Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera,
B. campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis, Cyanea copelandii ssp.
haleakalaensis, Melicope ovalis, and Plantago princeps. These units
also contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the conservation
of these species by providing the PCEs necessary for the expansion of
the existing wild populations. Although Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 2 is not
known to be occupied by the plants Cyanea horrida, Phyllostegia
bracteata, or P. haliakalae; or by the forest birds, the akohekohe
(Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), we have
determined this area to be essential for the conservation and recovery
of these wet cliff species because it provides the PCEs necessary for
the reestablishment of wild populations within their historical range.
Due to their small numbers of individuals or low population sizes,
suitable habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction are
essential to achieving population levels necessary for recovery.
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 3 (and)
Palmeria dolei--Unit 32--Wet Cliff (and)
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 32--Wet Cliff
This area consists of 5 ac (2 ha) of State land and 433 ac (175 ha)
federally owned land (Haleakala National Park) along the south rim of
Kipahulu Valley on east Maui. These units include the
[[Page 34561]]
mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and the subcanopy
and understory native plant species identified as physical or
biological features in the wet cliff ecosystem (see Table 4). Although
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 3 is not currently occupied by the plants Bidens
campylotheca ssp. pentamera, B. campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis, Cyanea
copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, C. horrida, Melicope ovalis,
Phyllostegia bracteata, P. haliakalae, or Plantago princeps; or by the
forest birds, the akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu (Pseudonestor
xanthophrys), we have determined this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these wet cliff species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations
within their historical range. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving population
levels necessary for recovery.
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 4 (and)
Palmeria dolei--Unit 33--Wet Cliff (and)
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 33--Wet Cliff
This area consists of 184 ac (75 ha) of State land along the north
wall of Waihoi Valley, on the northeastern slopes of east Maui. These
units include the mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime,
and the subcanopy and understory native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the wet cliff ecosystem (see Table
4). They are occupied by the plant Bidens campylotheca ssp.
waihoiensis, and contain unoccupied habitat that is essential to the
conservation of this species by providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild populations. Although Maui--Wet Cliff--
Unit 4 is not known to be occupied by the plants Bidens campylotheca
ssp. pentamera, Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, C. horrida,
Melicope ovalis, Phyllostegia bracteata, P. haliakalae, or Plantago
princeps; or by the forest birds, the akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) and
kiwikiu (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), we have determined this area to be
essential for the conservation and recovery of these wet cliff species
because it provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild
populations within their historical range. Due to their small numbers
of individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving population
levels necessary for recovery.
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 5 (and)
Palmeria dolei--Unit 34--Wet Cliff (and)
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 34--Wet Cliff
This area consists of 35 ac (14 ha) of State land and 2,013 ac (814
ha) of privately owned land, along Honokohau Stream on the north side
of west Maui. These units include the mixed herbland and shrubland, the
moisture regime, and the subcanopy and understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological features in the wet cliff
ecosystem (see Table 4). They are occupied by the plants Bidens
conjuncta, Cyanea lobata, Cyrtandra munroi, and Hesperomannia
arborescens, and contain unoccupied habitat that is essential to the
conservation of these species by providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild populations. Although Maui--Wet Cliff--
Unit 5 is not known to be occupied by the plants Alectryon macrococcus,
Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Bonamia menziesii, Ctenitis
squamigera, Cyanea glabra, C. magnicalyx, Cyrtandra filipes, Dubautia
plantaginea ssp. humilis, Gouania vitifolia, Hesperomannia arbuscula,
Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua laxiflora, Lysimachia lydgatei, Plantago
princeps, Platanthera holochila, Pteris lidgatei, Remya mauiensis,
Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, or Tetramolopium capillare; or by
the forest birds, the akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu
(Pseudonestor xanthophrys), we have determined this area to be
essential for the conservation and recovery of these wet cliff species
because it provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild
populations within their historical range. Due to their small numbers
of individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving population
levels necessary for recovery.
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 6 (and)
Palmeria dolei--Unit 35--Wet Cliff (and)
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 35--Wet Cliff
This area consists of 1,858 ac (752 ha) of State land, 2,917 ac
(1,181 ha) of County land, and 4,328 ac (1,752 ha) of privately owned
land, at the summit ridges of west Maui. These units include the mixed
herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and the subcanopy and
understory native plant species identified as physical or biological
features in the wet cliff ecosystem (see Table 4). They are occupied by
the plants Alectryon macrococcus, Bidens conjuncta, Ctenitis
squamigera, Cyanea magnicalyx, Cyrtandra filipes, C. munroi, Dubautia
plantaginea ssp. humilis, Hesperomannia arborescens, Kadua laxiflora,
Lysimachia lydgatei, Plantago princeps, Platanthera holochila, Pteris
lidgatei, Remya mauiensis, and Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense.
These units also contain unoccupied habitat that is essential to the
conservation of these species by providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild populations. Although Maui--Wet Cliff--
Unit 6 is not known to be occupied by the plants Bidens campylotheca
ssp. pentamera, Bonamia menziesii, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea lobata,
Gouania vitifolia, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Isodendrion pyrifolium, or
Tetramolopium capillare; or by the forest birds, the akohekohe
(Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), we have
determined this area to be essential for the conservation and recovery
of these wet cliff species because it provides the PCEs necessary for
the reestablishment of wild populations within their historical range.
Due to their small numbers of individuals or low population sizes,
suitable habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction are
essential to achieving population levels necessary for recovery.
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 7 (and)
Palmeria dolei--Unit 36--Wet Cliff (and)
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 36--Wet Cliff
This area consists of 557 ac (225 ha) of State land and 224 ac (91
ha) of privately owned land, along Kapaloa and Amalu streams on the
northwestern side of west Maui. These units include the mixed herbland
and shrubland, the moisture regime, and the subcanopy and understory
native plant species identified as physical or biological features in
the wet cliff ecosystem (see Table 4). They are occupied by the plants
Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii, Ctenitis squamigera,
Cyrtandra filipes, C. munroi, and Platanthera holochila, and contain
unoccupied habitat that is essential to the conservation of these
species by providing the PCEs necessary for the expansion of the
existing wild populations. Although Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 7 is not
known to be occupied by the plants Bidens
[[Page 34562]]
campylotheca ssp. pentamera, B. conjuncta, Cyanea glabra, C. lobata, C.
magnicalyx, Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis, Gouania vitifolia,
Hesperomannia arborescens, H. arbuscula, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua
laxiflora, Lysimachia lydgatei, Plantago princeps, Pteris lidgatei,
Remya mauiensis, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, or Tetramolopium
capillare; or by the forest birds, the akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) and
kiwikiu (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), we have determined this area to be
essential for the conservation and recovery of these wet cliff species
because it provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild
populations within their historical range. Due to their small numbers
of individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving population
levels necessary for recovery.
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 8 consists of 337 ac (137 ha) of State land
along Kahakuloa Stream on the north side of west Maui. This unit
includes the mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and the
subcanopy and understory native plant species identified as physical or
biological features in the wet cliff ecosystem (see Table 4). It is
occupied by the plant Cyrtandra filipes, and contains unoccupied
habitat that is essential to the conservation of this species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 8 is not known to be
occupied by the plants Alectryon macrococcus, Bidens campylotheca ssp.
pentamera, B. conjuncta, Bonamia menziesii, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea
glabra, C. lobata, C. magnicalyx, Cyrtandra munroi, Dubautia
plantaginea ssp. humilis, Gouania vitifolia, Hesperomannia arborescens,
H. arbuscula, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua laxiflora, Lysimachia
lydgatei, Plantago princeps, Platanthera holochila, Pteris lidgatei,
Remya mauiensis, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, or Tetramolopium
capillare, we have determined this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these wet cliff species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations
within their historical range. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving population
levels necessary for recovery.
Kahoolawe--Coastal--Unit 1 consists of 1,515 ac (613 ha) of State
land from Kaneloa to Lae o Kaule, including Aleale, along the southern
and eastern coast of Kahoolawe. It is occupied by the plant Kanaloa
kahoolawensis and includes the mixed herbland and shrubland, the
moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and understory native plant
species identified as physical or biological features in the coastal
ecosystem (see Table 4). This unit also contains unoccupied habitat
that is essential to the conservation of this species by providing the
PCEs necessary for the expansion of the existing wild populations.
Although Kahoolawe--Coastal--Unit 1 is not known to be occupied by the
plants Sesbania tomentosa or Vigna o-wahuensis, we have determined this
area to be essential for the conservation and recovery of these coastal
species because it provides the physical or biological features
necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations within their
historical range. Due to their small numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, suitable habitat and space for expansion or
reintroduction are essential to achieving population levels necessary
for recovery.
Kahoolawe--Coastal--Unit 2 consists of 12 ac (5 ha) of State land
on Puukoae, an islet off the southern coast of Kahoolawe. It is
occupied by the plant Sesbania tomentosa and includes the mixed
herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and
understory native plant species identified as physical or biological
features in the coastal ecosystem (see Table 4). This unit also
contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the conservation of
this species by providing the PCEs necessary for the expansion of the
existing wild populations. Although Kahoolawe--Coastal--Unit 2 is not
known to be occupied by Kanaloa kahoolawensis or Vigna o-wahuensis, we
have determined this area to be essential for the conservation and
recovery of these coastal species because it provides the PCEs
necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations within their
historical range. Due to their small numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, suitable habitat and space for expansion or
reintroduction are essential to achieving population levels necessary
for recovery.
Kahoolawe--Coastal--Unit 3 consists of 339 ac (137 ha) of State
land from Laepaki to Puhianenue along the western coast of Kahoolawe.
This unit includes the mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture
regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological features in the coastal ecosystem
(see Table 4). Although Kahoolawe--Coastal--Unit 3 is not known to be
occupied by Kanaloa kahoolawensis, Sesbania tomentosa, or Vigna o-
wahuensis, we have determined this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these coastal species because it provides
the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations within
their historical range. Due to their small numbers of individuals or
low population sizes, suitable habitat and space for expansion or
reintroduction are essential to achieving population levels necessary
for recovery.
Kahoolawe--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 consists of 1,380 ac (559 ha) of
State land, north of Waihonu Gulch on west Kahoolawe. This unit
includes the mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and
canopy, subcanopy, and understory native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the lowland dry ecosystem (see Table
4). Although Kahoolawe--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 is not known to be occupied
by Gouania hillebrandii, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Kanaloa kahoolawensis,
Neraudia sericea, Sesbania tomentosa, or Vigna o-wahuensis, we have
determined this area to be essential for the conservation and recovery
of these lowland dry species because it provides the PCEs necessary for
the reestablishment of wild populations within their historical range.
Due to their small numbers of individuals or low population sizes,
suitable habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction are
essential to achieving population levels necessary for recovery.
Kahoolawe--Lowland Dry--Unit 2 consists of 3,205 ac (1,297 ha) of
State land from Lua o Kealialuna to Puu o Moaulaiki and Luamakika on
the eastern side of Kahoolawe. This unit includes the mixed herbland
and shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and
understory native plant species identified as physical or biological
features in the lowland dry ecosystem (see Table 4). Although
Kahoolawe--Lowland Dry--Unit 2 is not known to be occupied by Gouania
hillebrandii, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Kanaloa kahoolawensis, Neraudia
sericea, Sesbania tomentosa, or Vigna o-wahuensis, we have determined
this area to be essential for the conservation and recovery of these
lowland dry species because it provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations within their historical range. Due
to their small numbers of individuals or low population sizes, suitable
habitat
[[Page 34563]]
and space for expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving
population levels necessary for recovery.
Lanai--Coastal--Unit 1 consists of 373 ac (151 ha) of privately
owned land, from Huawai Bay to Kapihaa Bay on the southern coast of
Lanai. This unit includes the mixed herbland and shrubland, the
moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and understory native plant
species identified as physical or biological features in the coastal
ecosystem (see Table 4). Although Lanai--Coastal--Unit 1 is not known
to be occupied by Canavalia pubescens, Hibiscus brackenridgei,
Portulaca sclerocarpa, or Sesbania tomentosa, we have determined this
area to be essential for the conservation and recovery of these coastal
species because it provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment
of wild populations within their historical range. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and
space for expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving
population levels necessary for recovery.
Lanai--Coastal--Unit 2 consists of 2 ac (1 ha) on Poopoo islet off
of the southern coast of Lanai, and is classified as a State Seabird
Sanctuary. This unit includes the mixed herbland and shrubland, the
moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and understory native plant
species identified as physical or biological features in the coastal
ecosystem (see Table 4). Although Lanai--Coastal--Unit 2 is not known
to be occupied by Canavalia pubescens, Hibiscus brackenridgei,
Portulaca sclerocarpa, or Sesbania tomentosa, we have determined this
area to be essential for the conservation and recovery of these coastal
species because it provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment
of wild populations within their historical range. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and
space for expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving
population levels necessary for recovery.
Lanai--Coastal--Unit 3 consists of 509 ac (206 ha) of privately
owned land, from Laehi to Nahoko on the northeastern coast of Lanai.
This unit includes the mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture
regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological features in the coastal ecosystem
(see Table 4). Although Lanai--Coastal--Unit 3 is not known to be
occupied by Canavalia pubescens, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Portulaca
sclerocarpa, or Sesbania tomentosa, we have determined this area to be
essential for the conservation and recovery of these coastal species
because it provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild
populations within their historical range. Due to their small numbers
of individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving population
levels necessary for recovery.
Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 consists of 9,766 ac (3,952 ha) of
privately owned land, from Maunalei Gulch to Puumahanalua, along the
northeastern and southeastern slopes of Lanai. This unit includes the
mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy,
subcanopy, and understory native plant species identified as physical
or biological features in the lowland dry ecosystem (see Table 4). It
is occupied by the plants Abutilon eremitopetalum, Schenkia sebaeoides,
and Spermolepis hawaiiensis, and contains unoccupied habitat that is
essential to the conservation of these species by providing the PCEs
necessary for the expansion of the existing wild populations. Although
Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 is not known to be occupied by the plants
Asplenium dielerectum, Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Cyperus
fauriei, C. trachysanthos, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Neraudia sericea,
Pleomele fernaldii, Sesbania tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, Solanum
incompletum, Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, T. remyi, or Vigna
o-wahuensis, we have determined this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these lowland dry species because it
provides the physical or biological features necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations within their historical range. Due
to their small numbers of individuals or low population sizes, suitable
habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction are essential to
achieving population levels necessary for recovery.
Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 2 consists of 939 ac (380 ha) of privately
owned land, south of Paliamano Gulch on the western slopes of Lanai.
This unit includes the mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture
regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological features in the lowland dry
ecosystem (see Table 4). Although Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 2 is not
known to be occupied by the plants Abutilon eremitopetalum, Asplenium
dielerectum, Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Cyperus fauriei, C.
trachysanthos, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Neraudia sericea, Pleomele
fernaldii, Schenkia sebaeoides, Sesbania tomentosa, Silene lanceolata,
Solanum incompletum, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium lepidotum
ssp. lepidotum, T. remyi, or Vigna o-wahuensis, we have determined this
area to be essential for the conservation and recovery of these lowland
dry species because it provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations within their historical range. Due
to their small numbers of individuals or low population sizes, suitable
habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction are essential to
achieving population levels necessary for recovery.
Lanai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1 consists of 3 ac (1 ha) of County land
and 11,170 ac (4,520 ha) of privately owned land, from Kanepuu south to
Awehi and north to Kauiki, along the central ridges of Lanai. This unit
includes the mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and
canopy, subcanopy, and understory native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the lowland mesic ecosystem (see
Table 4). It is occupied by the plants Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha,
Bonamia menziesii, Pleomele fernaldii, Santalum haleakalae var.
lanaiense, and Spermolepis hawaiiensis, and contains unoccupied habitat
that is essential to the conservation of these species by providing the
PCEs necessary for the expansion of the existing wild populations.
Although Lanai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1 is not known to be occupied by
the plants Cenchrus agrimonioides, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp.
mauiensis, Diplazium molokaiense, Kadua cordata ssp. remyi, K.
laxiflora, Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis, Solanum incompletum, or
Vigna o-wahuensis, we have determined this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these lowland mesic species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations
within their historical range. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving population
levels necessary for recovery.
[[Page 34564]]
Lanai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1
Partulina semicarinata--Unit 1--Lowland Wet
Partulina variabilis--Unit 1--Lowland Wet
This area consists of 374 ac (152 ha) of privately owned land, from
upper Hulopoe and Kaiholena gulches to Puuaalii in central Lanai. These
units include the mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime,
and canopy, subcanopy, and understory native plant species identified
as physical or biological features in the lowland wet ecosystem (see
Table 4). They are occupied by the plants Kadua cordata ssp. remyi,
Pleomele fernaldii, and Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense; and by the
Lanai tree snails Partulina semicarinata and P. variabilis, and contain
unoccupied habitat that is essential to the conservation of these
species by providing the PCEs necessary for the expansion of the
existing wild populations. Although Lanai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1 is not
known to be occupied by the plants Clermontia oblongifolia ssp.
mauiensis, Kadua laxiflora, Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis, or
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense, we have determined this area to be essential
for the conservation and recovery of these lowland wet species because
it provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild
populations within their historical range. Due to their small numbers
of individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving population
levels necessary for recovery.
Lanai--Lowland Wet--Unit 2
Partulina semicarinata--Unit 2--Lowland Wet
Partulina variabilis--Unit 2--Lowland Wet
This area consists of 232 ac (94 ha) of privately owned land, just
below the cliffs of Lanaihale, in central Lanai. These units include
the mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy,
subcanopy, and understory native plant species identified as physical
or biological features in the lowland wet ecosystem (see Table 4). They
are occupied by the plants Pleomele fernaldii and Santalum haleakalae
var. lanaiense, and contain unoccupied habitat that is essential to the
conservation of these species by providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild populations. Although Lanai--Lowland
Wet--Unit 2 is not known to be occupied by the plants Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Kadua cordata ssp. remyi, K. laxiflora,
Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis, or Zanthoxylum hawaiiense; or by
the Lanai tree snails Partulina semicarinata and P. variabilis, we have
determined this area to be essential for the conservation and recovery
of these lowland wet species because it provides the PCEs necessary for
the reestablishment of wild populations within their historical range.
Due to their small numbers of individuals or low population sizes,
suitable habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction are
essential to achieving population levels necessary for recovery.
Lanai--Montane Wet--Unit 1
Partulina semicarinata--Unit 3--Montane Wet
Partulina variabilis--Unit 3--Montane Wet
This area consists of 248 ac (101 ha) of privately owned land, from
Puuallii across the summit to Lanaihale and Waiakeakua, in central
Lanai. These units include the mixed herbland and shrubland, the
moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and understory native plant
species identified as physical or biological features in the montane
wet ecosystem (see Table 4). They are occupied by the plants Cyanea
gibsonii, C. lobata, Cyrtandra munroi, Kadua laxiflora, Melicope
munroi, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, and Viola lanaiensis; and
by the Lanai tree snails Partulina semicarinata and P. variabilis.
These units also contain unoccupied habitat that is essential to the
conservation of these species by providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild populations. Although Lanai--Montane
Wet--Unit 1 is not known to be occupied by the plants Adenophorus
periens or Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis, we have determined this
area to be essential for the conservation and recovery of these montane
wet species because it provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations within their historical range. Due
to their small numbers of individuals or low population sizes, suitable
habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction are essential to
achieving population levels necessary for recovery.
Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 1 consists of 83 ac (34 ha) of privately
owned land at Kaiholena Gulch in central Lanai. This unit includes the
mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and the subcanopy
and understory native plant species identified as physical or
biological features in the dry cliff ecosystem (see Table 4). Although
Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 1 is not known to be occupied by the plants
Asplenium dielerectum, Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Brighamia
rockii, Ctenitis squamigera, Diplazium molokaiense, Neraudia sericea,
Phyllostegia haliakalae, Pleomele fernaldii, Solanum incompletum, or
Viola lanaiensis, we have determined this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these dry cliff species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations
within their historical range. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving population
levels necessary for recovery.
Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 2 consists of 354 ac (143 ha) of privately
owned land, at upper Maunalei Gulch in central Lanai. This unit
includes the mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and the
subcanopy and understory native plant species identified as physical or
biological features in the dry cliff ecosystem (see Table 4). It is
occupied by the plant Pleomele fernaldii, and contains unoccupied
habitat that is essential to the conservation of this species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 2 is not known to be
occupied by the plants Asplenium dielerectum, Bidens micrantha ssp.
kalealaha, Brighamia rockii, Ctenitis squamigera, Diplazium
molokaiense, Neraudia sericea, Phyllostegia haliakalae, Solanum
incompletum, or Viola lanaiensis, we have determined this area to be
essential for the conservation and recovery of these dry cliff species
because it provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild
populations within their historical range. Due to their small numbers
of individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving population
levels necessary for recovery.
Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 3 consists of 398 ac (161 ha) of privately
owned land at upper Hauola Gulch in central Lanai. This unit includes
the mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and the
subcanopy and understory native plant species identified as physical or
biological features in the dry cliff ecosystem (see Table 4). Although
Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 3 is not known to be occupied by the plants
Asplenium
[[Page 34565]]
dielerectum, Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Brighamia rockii,
Ctenitis squamigera, Diplazium molokaiense, Neraudia sericea,
Phyllostegia haliakalae, Pleomele fernaldii, Solanum incompletum, or
Viola lanaiensis, we have determined this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these dry cliff species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations
within their historical range. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving population
levels necessary for recovery.
Lanai--Wet Cliff--Unit 1
Partulina semicarinata--Unit 4--Wet Cliff
Partulina variabilis--Unit 4--Wet Cliff
This area consists of 731 ac (296 ha) of privately owned land, from
Waialaia and Kunoa gulches to Puukole, in central Lanai. These units
include the mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and the
subcanopy and understory native plant species identified as physical or
biological features in the wet cliff ecosystem (see Table 4). They are
occupied by the plants Ctenitis squamigera, Cyrtandra munroi, Melicope
munroi, Pleomele fernaldii, and Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense; and
by the Lanai tree snails Partulina semicarinata and P. variabilis.
These units also contain unoccupied habitat that is essential to the
conservation of these species by providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild populations. Although Lanai--Wet Cliff--
Unit 1 is not known to be occupied by the plants Cyanea gibsonii, C.
munroi, Hesperomannia arborescens, Kadua laxiflora, Labordia tinifolia
var. lanaiensis, Phyllostegia haliakalae, or Viola lanaiensis, we have
determined this area to be essential for the conservation and recovery
of these wet cliff species because it provides the PCEs necessary for
the reestablishment of wild populations within their historical range.
Due to their small numbers of individuals or low population sizes,
suitable habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction are
essential to achieving population levels necessary for recovery.
Lanai--Wet Cliff--Unit 2
Partulina semicarinata--Unit 5--Wet Cliff
Partulina variabilis--Unit 5--Wet Cliff
This area consists of 230 ac (93 ha) of privately owned land, from
Kehewai Ridge to Haalelepaakai and Waiakeakua, in central Lanai. These
units include the mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime,
and the subcanopy and understory native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the wet cliff ecosystem (see Table
4). They are occupied by the plants Cyanea munroi, Labordia tinifolia
var. lanaiensis, Pleomele fernaldii, and Santalum haleakalae var.
lanaiense, and contain unoccupied habitat that is essential to the
conservation of these species by providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild populations. Although Lanai--Wet Cliff--
Unit 2 is not known to be occupied by the plants Ctenitis squamigera,
Cyanea gibsonii, Cyrtandra munroi, Hesperomannia arborescens, Kadua
laxiflora, Melicope munroi, Phyllostegia haliakalae, or Viola
lanaiensis; or by the Lanai tree snails Partulina semicarinata and P.
variabilis, we have determined this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these wet cliff species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations
within their historical range. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving population
levels necessary for recovery.
Molokai--Coastal--Unit 1 consists of 195 ac (79 ha) of privately
owned land, and 54 ac (22 ha) of federally owned land (U.S. Coast
Guard) at Laau Point, from Kahaiawa to Keawakalani, along the western
coast of Molokai. This unit is occupied by the plant Marsilea villosa,
and includes the mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and
canopy, subcanopy, and understory native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the coastal ecosystem (see Table 4).
This unit also contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the
conservation of this species by providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild populations. Although Molokai--Coastal--
Unit 1 is not known to be occupied by Bidens wiebkei, Brighamia rockii,
Canavalia molokaiensis, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, H.
brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, Peucedanum sandwicense, Pittosporum
halophilum, Schenkia sebaeoides, Sesbania tomentosa, or Tetramolopium
rockii, we have determined this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these coastal species because it provides
the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations within
their historical range. Due to their small numbers of individuals or
low population sizes, suitable habitat and space for expansion or
reintroduction are essential to achieving population levels necessary
for recovery.
Molokai--Coastal--Unit 2 consists of 1,032 ac (418 ha) of State
land, and 2,511 ac (1,016 ha) of privately owned land (partly within
The Nature Conservancy's Moomomi Preserve), from Ilio Point to
Nenehanaupo, along the northwestern coast of Molokai. This unit is
occupied by the plants Marsilea villosa, Schenkia sebaeoides, Sesbania
tomentosa, and Tetramolopium rockii, and includes the mixed herbland
and shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and
understory native plant species identified as physical or biological
features in the coastal ecosystem (see Table 4). This unit also
contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the conservation of
these species by providing the PCEs necessary for the expansion of the
existing wild populations. Although Molokai--Coastal--Unit 2 is not
known to be occupied by Bidens wiebkei, Brighamia rockii, Canavalia
molokaiensis, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, H. brackenridgei,
Ischaemum byrone, Peucedanum sandwicense, or Pittosporum halophilum, we
have determined this area to be essential for the conservation and
recovery of these coastal species because it provides the PCEs
necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations within their
historical range. Due to their small numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, suitable habitat and space for expansion or
reintroduction are essential to achieving population levels necessary
for recovery.
Molokai--Coastal--Unit 3 consists of 859 ac (348 ha) of State land,
less than 1 acre (ha) of privately owned land, and 3 ac (1 ha) of
federally owned land (Kalaupapa National Historical Park), from Kahiu
Point to Wainene, along the north-central coast of Molokai. This unit
is occupied by the plants Canavalia molokaiensis, Pittosporum
halophilum, Schenkia sebaeoides, and Tetramolopium rockii, and includes
the mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy,
subcanopy, and understory native plant
[[Page 34566]]
species identified as physical or biological features in the coastal
ecosystem (see Table 4). This unit also contains unoccupied habitat
that is essential to the conservation of these species by providing the
PCEs necessary for the expansion of the existing wild populations.
Although Molokai--Coastal--Unit 3 is not known to be occupied by Bidens
wiebkei, Brighamia rockii, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, H.
brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, Marsilea villosa, Peucedanum
sandwicense, or Sesbania tomentosa, we have determined this area to be
essential for the conservation and recovery of these coastal species
because it provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild
populations within their historical range. Due to their small numbers
of individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving population
levels necessary for recovery.
Molokai--Coastal--Unit 4 consists of 10 ac (4 ha) on Mokapu Island
on the northern coast of Molokai. This area is State-owned, and is
classified as a State Seabird Sanctuary. This unit is occupied by the
plants Peucedanum sandwicense and Pittosporum halophilum, and includes
the mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy,
subcanopy, and understory native plant species identified as physical
or biological features in the coastal ecosystem (see Table 4). This
unit also contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the
conservation of these species by providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild populations. Although Molokai--Coastal--
Unit 4 is not known to be occupied by Bidens wiebkei, Brighamia rockii,
Canavalia molokaiensis, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, H.
brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, Marsilea villosa, Sesbania tomentosa,
Schenkia sebaeoides, or Tetramolopium rockii, we have determined this
area to be essential for the conservation and recovery of these coastal
species because it provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment
of wild populations within their historical range. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and
space for expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving
population levels necessary for recovery.
Molokai--Coastal--Unit 5 consists of 1 ac (0.5 ha) on Huelo islet
on the northern coast of Molokai. This area is State-owned, and is
classified as a State Seabird Sanctuary. This unit is occupied by the
plants Brighamia rockii and Pittosporum halophilum, and includes the
mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy,
subcanopy, and understory native plant species identified as physical
or biological features in the coastal ecosystem (see Table 4). This
unit also contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the
conservation of these species by providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild populations. Although Molokai--Coastal--
Unit 5 is not known to be occupied by Bidens wiebkei, Canavalia
molokaiensis, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, H. brackenridgei,
Ischaemum byrone, Marsilea villosa, Peucedanum sandwicense, Schenkia
sebaeoides, Sesbania tomentosa, or Tetramolopium rockii, we have
determined this area to be essential for the conservation and recovery
of these coastal species because it provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations within their historical range. Due
to their small numbers of individuals or low population sizes, suitable
habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction are essential to
achieving population levels necessary for recovery.
Molokai--Coastal--Unit 6 consists of 202 ac (82 ha) of State land,
and 1,711 ac (692 ha) of privately owned land, from Kaholaiki Bay to
Halawa Bay, on the northeastern coast of Molokai. This unit is occupied
by the plants Bidens wiebkei, Canavalia molokaiensis, Hibiscus
arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, Ischaemum byrone, and Peucedanum
sandwicense, and includes the mixed herbland and shrubland, the
moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and understory native plant
species identified as physical or biological features in the coastal
ecosystem (see Table 4). This unit also contains unoccupied habitat
that is essential to the conservation of these species by providing the
PCEs necessary for the expansion of the existing wild populations.
Although Molokai--Coastal--Unit 6 is not known to be occupied by
Brighamia rockii, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Marsilea villosa, Pittosporum
halophilum, Schenkia sebaeoides, Sesbania tomentosa, or Tetramolopium
rockii, we have determined this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these coastal species because it provides
the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations within
their historical range. Due to their small numbers of individuals or
low population sizes, suitable habitat and space for expansion or
reintroduction are essential to achieving population levels necessary
for recovery.
Molokai--Coastal--Unit 7 consists of 3 ac (1 ha) of State land and
303 ac (123 ha) of privately owned land at Alanuipuhipaka Ridge and
Honokoi Gulch, on the northeastern coast of Molokai. This unit includes
the mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy,
subcanopy, and understory native plant species identified as physical
or biological features in the coastal ecosystem (see Table 4). Although
Molokai--Coastal--Unit 7 is not known to be occupied by Bidens wiebkei,
Brighamia rockii, Canavalia molokaiensis, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp.
immaculatus, H. brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, Marsilea villosa,
Peucedanum sandwicense, Pittosporum halophilum, Schenkia sebaeoides,
Sesbania tomentosa, or Tetramolopium rockii, we have determined this
area to be essential for the conservation and recovery of these coastal
species because it provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment
of wild populations within their historical range. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and
space for expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving
population levels necessary for recovery.
Molokai--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 consists of 70 ac (28 ha) of privately
owned land, in west-central Molokai. This unit includes the mixed
herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and
understory native plant species identified as physical or biological
features in the lowland dry ecosystem (see Table 4). Although Molokai--
Lowland Dry--Unit 1 is not known to be occupied by Bonamia menziesii,
Cyperus trachysanthos, Eugenia koolauensis, Hibiscus brackenridgei,
Kokia cookei, or Sesbania tomentosa, we have determined this area to be
essential for the conservation and recovery of these lowland dry
species because it provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment
of wild populations within their historical range. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and
space for expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving
population levels necessary for recovery.
Molokai--Lowland Dry--Unit 2 consists of 945 ac (383 ha) of State
land, and 2,255 ac (913 ha) of privately owned land, from Kamiloloa to
Makolelau, on the southern slopes of Molokai. This unit includes the
mixed
[[Page 34567]]
herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and
understory native plant species identified as physical or biological
features in the lowland dry ecosystem (see Table 4). Although Molokai--
Lowland Dry--Unit 2 is not known to be occupied by Bonamia menziesii,
Cyperus trachysanthos, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Kokia cookei, or
Sesbania tomentosa, we have determined this area to be essential for
the conservation and recovery of these lowland dry species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations
within their historical range. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving population
levels necessary for recovery.
Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1 (and)
Palmeria dolei--Unit 37--Lowland Mesic (and)
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 37-- Lowland Mesic
This area consists of 3,538 ac (1,432 ha) of State land, and 6,792
ac (2,749 ha) of privately owned land, from Waianui Gulch to Mapulehu,
in central Molokai. These units are occupied by the plants Alectryon
macrococcus, Asplenium dielerectum, Canavalia molokaiensis, Ctenitis
squamigera, Cyanea dunbariae, C. mannii, C. profuga, Cyperus fauriei,
Cyrtandra filipes, Festuca molokaiensis, Gouania hillebrandii, Labordia
triflora, Melicope mucronulata, Neraudia sericea, Santalum haleakalae
var. lanaiense, Schiedea lydgatei, S. sarmentosa, Silene alexandri, S.
lanceolata, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Vigna o-wahuensis, and Zanthoxylum
hawaiiense, and include the mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture
regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological features in the lowland mesic
ecosystem (see Table 4). These units also contain unoccupied habitat
that is essential to the conservation of these species by providing the
PCEs necessary for the expansion of the existing wild populations.
Although Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1 is not known to be occupied by
Bonamia menziesii, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, Cyanea
procera, C. solanacea, Diplazium molokaiense, Flueggea neowawraea,
Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua laxiflora, Melicope munroi, M. reflexa,
Phyllostegia haliakalae, P. mannii, P. pilosa, Sesbania tomentosa, or
Stenogyne bifida; or the forest birds, the akohekohe (Palmeria dolei)
and kiwikiu (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), we have determined this area to
be essential for the conservation and recovery of these lowland mesic
species because it provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment
of wild populations within their historical range. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and
space for expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving
population levels necessary for recovery.
Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1 (and)
Palmeria dolei--Unit 38--Lowland Wet (and)
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 38-- Lowland Wet
This area consists of 2,195 ac (888 ha) of State land, and 1,433 ac
(580 ha) of privately owned land (partly within The Nature
Conservancy's Pelekunu Preserve), from Pelekunu Valley to Wailau
Valley, in north-central Molokai. These units are occupied by the
plants Canavalia molokaiensis and Cyrtandra filipes, and include the
mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy,
subcanopy, and understory native plant species identified as physical
or biological features in the lowland wet ecosystem (see Table 4).
These units also contain unoccupied habitat that is essential to the
conservation of these species by providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild populations. Although Molokai--Lowland
Wet--Unit 1 is not known to be occupied by Asplenium dielerectum,
Bidens wiebkei, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, Cyanea
dunbariae, C. grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C. solanacea, Lysimachia
maxima, Melicope reflexa, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia hispida,
P. mannii, Plantago princeps, Stenogyne bifida, or Zanthoxylum
hawaiiense; or by the forest birds, the akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) and
kiwikiu (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), we have determined this area to be
essential for the conservation and recovery of these lowland wet
species because it provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment
of wild populations within their historical range. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and
space for expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving
population levels necessary for recovery.
Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 2 (and)
Palmeria dolei--Unit 39--Lowland Wet (and)
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 39-- Lowland Wet
This area consists of 1,356 ac (549 ha) of State land and 597 ac
(241 ha) of privately owned land, from Kahanui to Pelekunu Valley, in
north-central Molokai. These units are occupied by the plant Lysimachia
maxima, and include the mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture
regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological features in the lowland wet
ecosystem (see Table 4). These units also contain unoccupied habitat
that is essential to the conservation of this species by providing the
PCEs necessary for the expansion of the existing wild populations.
Although Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 2 is not known to be occupied by
Asplenium dielerectum, Bidens wiebkei, Canavalia molokaiensis,
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, Cyanea dunbariae, C. grimesiana
ssp. grimesiana, C. solanacea, Cyrtandra filipes, Melicope reflexa,
Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia hispida, P. mannii, Plantago
princeps, Stenogyne bifida, or Zanthoxylum hawaiiense; or by the forest
birds, the akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu (Pseudonestor
xanthophrys), we have determined this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these lowland wet species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations
within their historical range. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving population
levels necessary for recovery.
Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 3 consists of 1,128 ac (457 ha) of State
land, and 6,945 ac (2,811 ha) of privately owned land, from Waiahookalo
and Kahiwa gulches south to Mapulehu, on eastern Molokai. This unit is
occupied by the plants Bidens wiebkei, Cyrtandra filipes, and Melicope
reflexa, and includes the mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture
regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological features in the lowland wet
ecosystem (see Table 4). This unit also contains unoccupied habitat
that is essential to the conservation of these species by providing the
PCEs necessary for the expansion of the existing wild
[[Page 34568]]
populations. Although Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 3 is not known to be
occupied by Asplenium dielerectum, Canavalia molokaiensis, Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, Cyanea dunbariae, C. grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, C. solanacea, Lysimachia maxima, Peucedanum sandwicense,
Phyllostegia hispida, P. mannii, Plantago princeps, Stenogyne bifida,
or Zanthoxylum hawaiiense, we have determined this area to be essential
for the conservation and recovery of these lowland wet species because
it provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild
populations within their historical range. Due to their small numbers
of individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving population
levels necessary for recovery.
Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 1 (and)
Palmeria dolei--Unit 40--Montane Wet (and)
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 40--Montane Wet
This area consists of 1,518 ac (615 ha) of State land, and 3,300 ac
(1,336 ha) of privately owned land, from the headwaters of Waialelia
Stream and above Pelekunu Valley, eastward along the summit area to
Mapulehu, in north-central Molokai. These units are occupied by the
plants Adenophorus periens, Bidens wiebkei, Clermontia oblongifolia
ssp. brevipes, Cyanea mannii, C. profuga, C. solanacea, Lysimachia
maxima, Phyllostegia hispida, P. mannii, Platanthera holochila, Pteris
lidgatei, Schiedea laui, and Stenogyne bifida, and include the mixed
herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and
understory native plant species identified as physical or biological
features in the montane wet ecosystem (see Table 4). These units also
contain unoccupied habitat that is essential to the conservation of
this species by providing the PCEs necessary for the expansion of the
existing wild populations. Although Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 1 is not
known to be occupied by Cyanea procera, Hesperomannia arborescens,
Melicope reflexa, Phyllostegia pilosa, or Zanthoxylum hawaiiense; or by
the forest birds, the akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu
(Pseudonestor xanthophrys), we have determined this area to be
essential for the conservation and recovery of these montane wet
species because it provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment
of wild populations within their historical range. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and
space for expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving
population levels necessary for recovery.
Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 2 (and)
Palmeria dolei--Unit 41--Montane Wet (and)
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 41--Montane Wet
This area consists of 871 ac (353 ha) of State land, and 39 ac (16
ha) of privately owned land, from Honukaupu to Olokui (between Pelekunu
and Wailau valleys), in north-central Molokai. These units include the
mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy,
subcanopy, and understory native plant species identified as physical
or biological features in the montane wet ecosystem (see Table 4).
Although Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 2 is not known to be occupied by
Adenophorus periens, Bidens wiebkei, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp.
brevipes, Cyanea mannii, C. procera, C. profuga, C. solanacea,
Hesperomannia arborescens, Lysimachia maxima, Melicope reflexa,
Phyllostegia hispida, P. mannii, P. pilosa, Platanthera holochila,
Pteris lidgatei, Schiedea laui, Stenogyne bifida, or Zanthoxylum
hawaiiense; or by the forest birds, the akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) and
kiwikiu (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), we have determined this area to be
essential for the conservation and recovery of these montane wet
species because it provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment
of wild populations within their historical range. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and
space for expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving
population levels necessary for recovery.
Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 3 consists of 77 ac (31 ha) of State
land, and 726 ac (294 ha) of privately owned land, above the east rim
of Wailau Valley on eastern Molokai. This unit is occupied by the plant
Melicope reflexa, and includes the mixed herbland and shrubland, the
moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and understory native plant
species identified as physical or biological features in the montane
wet ecosystem (see Table 4). This unit also contains unoccupied habitat
that is essential to the conservation of this species by providing the
PCEs necessary for the expansion of the existing wild populations.
Although Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 3 is not known to be occupied by
Adenophorus periens, Bidens wiebkei, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp.
brevipes, Cyanea mannii, C. procera, C. profuga, C. solanacea,
Hesperomannia arborescens, Lysimachia maxima, Phyllostegia hispida, P.
mannii, P. pilosa, Platanthera holochila, Pteris lidgatei, Schiedea
laui, Stenogyne bifida, or Zanthoxylum hawaiiense, we have determined
this area to be essential for the conservation and recovery of these
montane wet species because it provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations within their historical range. Due
to their small numbers of individuals or low population sizes, suitable
habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction are essential to
achieving population levels necessary for recovery.
Molokai--Montane Mesic--Unit 1 (and)
Palmeria dolei--Unit 42--Montane Mesic (and)
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 42--Montane Mesic
This area consists of 257 ac (104 ha) of State land, and 1,373 ac
(555 ha) of privately owned land (partly within The Nature
Conservancy's Kamakou Preserve), from Kamiloloa to Makolelau in central
Molokai. These units are occupied by the plants Alectryon macrococcus,
Bidens wiebkei, Cyanea mannii, C. procera, Cyperus fauriei, Santalum
haleakalae var. lanaiense, and Spermolepis hawaiiensis, and include the
mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy,
subcanopy, and understory native plant species identified as physical
or biological features in the montane mesic ecosystem (see Table 4).
Although Molokai--Montane Mesic--Unit 1 is not known to be occupied by
Asplenium dielerectum, Cyanea dunbariae, C. solanacea, Kadua laxiflora,
Melicope mucronulata, Neraudia sericea, Plantago princeps, or Stenogyne
bifida; or by the forest birds, the akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) and
kiwikiu (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), we have determined this area to be
essential for the conservation and recovery of these montane mesic
species because it provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment
of wild populations within their historical range. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and
space for expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving
population levels necessary for recovery.
[[Page 34569]]
Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit 1 (and)
Palmeria dolei--Unit 43--Wet Cliff (and)
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 43--Wet Cliff
This area consists of 1,399 ac (566 ha) of State land, and 489 ac
(198 ha) of privately owned land, and encircles the plateau between
Pelekunu and Wailau valleys, in north-central Molokai. These units are
occupied by the plants Brighamia rockii, Canavalia molokaiensis,
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, Hesperomannia arborescens, and
Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, and include the mixed herbland
and shrubland, the moisture regime, and the subcanopy and understory
native plant species identified as physical or biological features in
the wet cliff ecosystem (see Table 4). Although Molokai--Wet Cliff--
Unit 1 is not known to be occupied by Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, C. munroi, Phyllostegia hispida, Pteris lidgatei, or
Stenogyne bifida; or by the forest birds, the akohekohe (Palmeria
dolei) and kiwikiu (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), we have determined this
area to be essential for the conservation and recovery of these wet
cliff species because it provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations within their historical range. Due
to their small numbers of individuals or low population sizes, suitable
habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction are essential to
achieving population levels necessary for recovery.
Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit 2 (and)
Palmeria dolei--Unit 44--Wet Cliff (and)
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 44--Wet Cliff
This area consists of 462 ac (187 ha) of State land, and 818 ac
(331 ha) of privately owned land (partly within The Nature
Conservancy's Pelekunu Preserve), along the rim of Pelekunu Valley from
Kipapa Ridge to Mapulehu, in central Molokai. These units are occupied
by the plant Phyllostegia hispida, and include the mixed herbland and
shrubland, the moisture regime, and the subcanopy and understory native
plant species identified as physical or biological features in the wet
cliff ecosystem (see Table 4). These units also contain unoccupied
habitat that is essential to the conservation of this species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit 2 is not known to be
occupied by Brighamia rockii, Canavalia molokaiensis, Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C.
munroi, Hesperomannia arborescens, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp.
immaculatus, Pteris lidgatei, or Stenogyne bifida; or by the forest
birds, the akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) and kiwikiu (Pseudonestor
xanthophrys), we have determined this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these wet cliff species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations
within their historical range. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes, suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction are essential to achieving population
levels necessary for recovery.
Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit 3 consists of 1,137 ac (460 ha) of State
land, and 225 ac (91 ha) of privately owned land, along the rim of
Wailau Valley from Mapulehu to Kahiwa Gulch, in eastern Molokai. This
unit includes the mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime,
and the subcanopy and understory native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the wet cliff ecosystem (see Table
4). Although Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit 3 is not known to be occupied by
Brighamia rockii, Canavalia molokaiensis, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp.
brevipes, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C. munroi, Hesperomannia
arborescens, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, Phyllostegia
hispida, Pteris lidgatei, or Stenogyne bifida, we have determined this
area to be essential for the conservation and recovery of these wet
cliff species because it provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations within their historical range. Due
to their small numbers of individuals or low population sizes, suitable
habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction are essential to
achieving population levels necessary for recovery.
Effects of Critical Habitat Designation
Section 7 Consultation
Section 7(a)(2) of the Act, as amended, requires Federal agencies,
including the Service, to ensure that actions they fund, authorize, or
carry out are not likely to destroy or adversely modify critical
habitat. Decisions by the Fifth and Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals have
invalidated our definition of ``destruction or adverse modification''
(50 CFR 402.02) (See Gifford Pinchot Task Force v. U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, 378 F. 3d 1059 (9th Cir. 2004) and Sierra Club v.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 245 F.3d 434, 442F (5th Cir. 2001)),
and we do not rely on this regulatory definition when analyzing whether
an action is likely to destroy or adversely modify critical habitat.
Under the statutory provisions of the Act, we determine destruction or
adverse modification on the basis of whether, with implementation of
the proposed Federal action, the affected critical habitat would remain
functional (or retain those physical or biological features that relate
to the current ability of the area to support the species) to serve its
intended conservation role for the species.
If a species is listed or critical habitat is designated, section
7(a)(2) of the Act requires Federal agencies to ensure that activities
they authorize, fund, or carry out are not likely to jeopardize the
continued existence of the species or to destroy or adversely modify
its critical habitat. If a Federal action may affect a listed species
or its critical habitat, the responsible Federal agency (action agency)
must enter into consultation with us. As a result of this consultation,
we document compliance with the requirements of section 7(a)(2) through
our issuance of:
(1) A concurrence letter for Federal actions that may affect, but
are not likely to adversely affect, listed species or critical habitat;
or
(2) A biological opinion for Federal actions that may affect, and
are likely to adversely affect, listed species or critical habitat.
If we issue a biological opinion concluding that a project is
likely to jeopardize the continued existence of a listed species or
destroy or adversely modify critical habitat, we also provide
reasonable and prudent alternatives to the project, if any are
identifiable. We define ``reasonable and prudent alternatives'' at 50
CFR 402.02 as alternative actions identified during consultation that:
Can be implemented in a manner consistent with the
intended purpose of the action;
Can be implemented consistent with the scope of the
Federal agency's legal authority and jurisdiction;
Are economically and technologically feasible; and
Would, in the Director's opinion, avoid jeopardizing the
continued existence of the listed species or destroying or adversely
modifying critical habitat.
Reasonable and prudent alternatives can vary from slight project
modifications to extensive redesign or relocation of the project. Costs
associated with implementing a
[[Page 34570]]
reasonable and prudent alternative are similarly variable.
Regulations at 50 CFR 402.16 require Federal agencies to reinitiate
formal consultation on previously reviewed actions in instances where
we have listed a new species or subsequently designated critical
habitat that may be affected and the Federal agency has retained
discretionary involvement or control over the action (or the agency's
discretionary involvement or control is authorized by law).
Consequently, Federal agencies may sometimes need to request
reinitiation of consultation with us on actions for which formal
consultation has been completed, if they have retained discretionary
involvement or control and the action may affect subsequently listed
species or designated critical habitat.
Federal activities that may adversely affect the species included
in this proposed rule or their designated critical habitat require
section 7 consultation under the Act. Examples of actions that are
subject to the section 7 consultation process are actions on State,
tribal, local, or private lands that require a Federal permit (such as
a permit from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers under section 404 of the
Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq.), or a permit from us under
section 10 of the Act), or activities involving some other Federal
action (such as funding from the Federal Highway Administration,
Federal Aviation Administration, or the Federal Emergency Management
Agency). Federal actions not affecting listed species or critical
habitat, and actions on State, tribal, local, or private lands that are
not federally funded, authorized, or permitted, do not require section
7 consultations.
Application of the Jeopardy and Adverse Modification Standards
Application of the Jeopardy Standard
The jeopardy analysis usually expresses the survival and recovery
needs of a listed species in a qualitative fashion without making
distinctions between what is necessary for survival and what is
necessary for recovery. Generally, the jeopardy analysis focuses on the
status of a species, the factors responsible for that condition, and
what is necessary for the species to survive and recover. An emphasis
is also placed on characterizing the condition of the species in the
area affected by the proposed Federal action. That context is then used
to determine the significance of adverse and beneficial effects of the
proposed Federal action and any cumulative effects for purposes of
making the jeopardy determination. The jeopardy analysis also considers
any conservation measures that may be proposed by a Federal action
agency to minimize or compensate for adverse effects to the species or
to promote its recovery.
Application of the Adverse Modification Standard
The analytical framework described in the Director's December 9,
2004, memorandum is used to complete section 7(a)(2) analysis for
Federal actions affecting critical habitat. The key factor related to
the adverse modification determination is whether, with implementation
of the proposed Federal action, the affected critical habitat would
continue to serve its intended conservation role for the species, or
would retain its current ability for the essential features to be
functionally established. Activities that may destroy or adversely
modify critical habitat are those that alter the essential features, or
the essential habitat qualities of unoccupied habitat, to an extent
that appreciably reduces the conservation value of critical habitat for
the 135 species identified in this proposed rule.
Section 4(b)(8) of the Act requires us to briefly evaluate and
describe, in any proposed or final regulation that designates critical
habitat, activities involving a Federal action that may destroy or
adversely modify such habitat, or that may be affected by such
designation. Activities that, when carried out, funded, or authorized
by a Federal agency, may destroy or adversely modify critical habitat
for the 135 species, and therefore may be affected by this proposed
designation, include, but are not limited to:
(1) Activities that might appreciably degrade or destroy the
physical or biological features for the species including, but not
limited to, the following: Overgrazing; maintaining or increasing feral
ungulate levels; clearing or cutting native live trees and shrubs
(e.g., woodcutting, bulldozing, construction, road building, mining,
herbicide application); and taking actions that pose a risk of fire.
(2) Activities that may alter watershed characteristics in ways
that would appreciably reduce groundwater recharge or alter natural,
wetland, aquatic, or vegetative communities. Such activities include
new water diversion or impoundment, excess groundwater pumping, and
manipulation of vegetation through activities such as the ones
mentioned in (1), above.
(3) Recreational activities that may appreciably degrade
vegetation.
(4) Mining sand or other minerals.
(5) Introducing or encouraging the spread of nonnative plant
species.
(6) Importing nonnative species for research, agriculture, and
aquaculture, and releasing biological control agents.
Application of Section 4(a)(3) of the Act
The Sikes Act Improvement Act of 1997 (Sikes Act) (16 U.S.C. 670a)
required each military installation that includes land and water
suitable for the conservation and management of natural resources to
complete an integrated natural resources management plan (INRMP) by
November 17, 2001. An INRMP integrates implementation of the military
mission of the installation with stewardship of the natural resources
found on the base. Each INRMP includes:
An assessment of the ecological needs on the installation,
including the need to provide for the conservation of listed species;
A statement of goals and priorities;
A detailed description of management actions to be
implemented to provide for these ecological needs; and
A monitoring and adaptive management plan.
Among other things, each INRMP must, to the extent appropriate and
applicable, provide for fish and wildlife management; fish and wildlife
habitat enhancement or modification; wetland protection, enhancement,
and restoration where necessary to support fish and wildlife; and
enforcement of applicable natural resource laws.
The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2004 (Pub.
L. 108-136) amended the Act to limit areas eligible for designation as
critical habitat. Specifically, section 4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the Act (16
U.S.C. 1533(a)(3)(B)(i)) provides: ``The Secretary shall not designate
as critical habitat any lands or other geographical areas owned or
controlled by the Department of Defense, or designated for its use,
that are subject to an integrated natural resources management plan
prepared under section 101 of the Sikes Act (16 U.S.C. 670a), if the
Secretary determines in writing that such plan provides a benefit to
the species for which critical habitat is proposed for designation.''
We consult with the military on the development and implementation
of INRMPs for installations with listed species. We analyze INRMPs
developed by military installations located within the areas that were
being considered for critical habitat designation during the
[[Page 34571]]
development of this proposed rule to determine if these installations
may warrant consideration for exemption under section 4(a)(3) of the
Act. There are no Department of Defense (DOD) lands within this
proposed critical habitat designation. Therefore, no lands have been
exempted from this proposed critical habitat designation under section
4(a)(3) of the Act.
Exclusions
Application of Section 4(b)(2) of the Act
Section 4(b)(2) of the Act states that the Secretary must designate
or make revisions to critical habitat on the basis of the best
available scientific data after taking into consideration the economic
impact, national security impact, and any other relevant impacts of
specifying any particular area as critical habitat. The Secretary may
exclude an area from critical habitat if he determines that the
benefits of such exclusion outweigh the benefits of specifying such
area as part of the critical habitat, unless he determines, based on
the best scientific data available, that the failure to designate such
area as critical habitat will result in the extinction of the species.
The Secretary may exclude an area from critical habitat based on
economic impacts, impacts to national security, or any other relevant
impacts.
In considering whether to exclude a particular area from the
designation, we must identify the benefits of including the area in the
designation, identify the benefits of excluding the area from the
designation, and determine whether the benefits of exclusion outweigh
the benefits of inclusion. If, based on this analysis, the Secretary
makes this determination, he can exercise his discretion to exclude the
area only if such exclusion would not result in the extinction of the
species.
When considering the benefits of inclusion for an area, we consider
the additional regulatory benefits that area would receive from the
protection from adverse modification or destruction as a result of
actions with a Federal nexus, the educational benefits of mapping
habitat essential for recovery of the listed species, and any benefits
that may result from a designation due to State or Federal laws that
may apply to critical habitat. Benefits could include public awareness
of the presence of listed species and the importance of habitat
protection, and in cases where a Federal nexus exists, increased
habitat protection due to the protection from adverse modification or
destruction of critical habitat.
When considering the benefits of exclusion, we consider factors
such as whether exclusion of a specific area is likely to result in
conservation; the continuation, strengthening, or encouragement of
partnerships; or the implementation of a management plan that provides
equal to or more conservation than a critical habitat designation would
provide. In the case of the 135 Maui Nui species, there may be little
additional regulatory effect resulting from the designation in areas
occupied by 1 or more of the 135 species; however, the benefits of
designating critical habitat include educational benefits resulting
from identification of the features essential to the conservation these
species and the delineation of areas important for their recovery.
Further, there may be additional benefits realized by providing
landowners, stakeholders, and project proponents greater certainty
about which specific areas are important for the Maui Nui species.
Thus, critical habitat designation increases public awareness of the
presence the Maui Nui species and the importance of habitat protection
and, in cases where a Federal nexus exists, increases habitat
protection for these species due to the protection from adverse
modification or destruction of critical habitat.
In evaluating the existence of a conservation plan when considering
the benefits of exclusion, we consider a variety of factors including,
but not limited to, whether the plan is finalized; how it provides for
the conservation of the essential physical or biological features;
whether there is a reasonable expectation that the conservation
management strategies and actions contained in a management plan are
likely to be implemented into the future; whether the conservation
strategies in the plan are likely to be effective; and whether the plan
contains a monitoring program or adaptive management to ensure that the
conservation measures are effective and can be adapted in the future in
response to new information.
After evaluating the benefits of inclusion and the benefits of
exclusion, the two sides are carefully weighed to determine whether the
benefits of exclusion outweigh those of inclusion. If they do, we then
determine whether exclusion of the particular area would result in the
extinction of the species. If exclusion of an area from critical
habitat will result in extinction, it will not be excluded from the
designation.
The Secretary can consider the existence of conservation
agreements, other land management plans and voluntary partnerships with
Federal, private, State, and tribal entities when making decisions
under section 4(b)(2) of the Act. In weighing the benefits of inclusion
versus exclusion, we may consider factors such as: (1) Whether the plan
provides specific information on how it protects the species and the
physical or biological features, and whether the plan is at a
geographic scope commensurate with the species; (2) whether the plan is
complete and will be effective at conserving and protecting the
physical or biological features; (3) whether a reasonable expectation
exists that conservation management strategies and actions will be
implemented, that those responsible for implementing the plan are
capable of achieving the objectives, that an implementation schedule
exists, and that adequate funding exists; (4) whether the plan provides
assurances that the conservation strategies and measures will be
effective (i.e., identifies biological goals, has provisions for
reporting progress, and is of a duration sufficient to implement the
plan); (5) whether the plan has a monitoring program or adaptive
management to ensure that the conservation measures are effective; (6)
the degree to which the record supports a conclusion that a critical
habitat designation would impair the benefits of the plan; (7) the
extent of public participation; (8) demonstrated track record of
implementation success; (9) level of public benefits derived from
encouraging collaborative efforts and encouraging private and local
conservation efforts; and (10) the effect designation would have on
partnerships. We will also consider whether these efforts would be
affected by critical habitat and, if so, whether this would outweigh
the advantages of critical habitat.
Based on the information provided by entities seeking exclusion, as
well as any additional public comments we receive, we will evaluate
whether certain lands in proposed critical habitat may be appropriate
for exclusion from the final designation. If our analysis results in a
determination that the benefits of excluding particular areas from the
final designation outweigh the benefits of designating those areas as
critical habitat, then the Secretary may exercise his discretion to
exclude the particular areas from the final designation.
Under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, we must consider all relevant
impacts, including economic impacts. In addition to economic impacts,
we consider a number of factors in a section 4(b)(2) analysis. For
example, we consider whether there are lands owned by the DOD where a
national security impact might exist. We also consider whether Federal
or private landowners
[[Page 34572]]
or other public agencies have developed management plans or HCPs for
the area or whether there are conservation partnerships that would be
encouraged or discouraged by designation of, or exclusion from,
critical habitat in an area. We also consider any social impacts that
might occur because of the designation. To ensure that our final
determination is based on the best available information, we are
inviting comments on any foreseeable economic, national security, or
other potential impacts resulting from this proposed designation of
critical habitat from governmental, business, or private interests and,
in particular, any potential impacts on small businesses.
Exclusions Based on Economic Impacts
Under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, we consider the economic impacts
of specifying any particular area as critical habitat. In order to
consider economic impacts, we are preparing an analysis of the probable
economic impacts of the proposed critical habitat designation and
related factors.
We will announce the availability of the draft economic analysis as
soon as it is completed, at which time we will seek public review and
comment. At that time, copies of the draft economic analysis will be
available for downloading from the Internet at the Federal eRulemaking
Portal: http://www.regulations.gov, or by contacting the Pacific
Islands Fish and Wildlife Office directly (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION
CONTACT). During the development of a final designation, we will
consider economic impacts, public comments, and other new information,
and as an outcome of our analysis of this information, we may exclude
areas from the final critical habitat designation under section 4(b)(2)
of the Act and our implementing regulations at 50 CFR 424.19.
Exclusions Based on National Security Impacts
Under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, we consider whether there are
lands owned or managed by the DOD where a national security impact
might exist. There are no DOD lands within this proposed critical
habitat designation, and we are unaware of any potential impacts to
national security on any lands within the proposed critical habitat
designation. Therefore, we do not propose to exert our discretion to
exclude any areas from the final designation based on impacts on
national security, but will fully consider all comments in this regard
in the final critical habitat designation.
Exclusions Based on Other Relevant Factors
Under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, we consider any other relevant
impacts, in addition to economic impacts and impacts to national
security. We consider a number of factors, including whether the
landowners have developed any conservation plans or other management
plans for the area, or whether there are conservation partnerships that
would be encouraged by designation of, or exclusion from, critical
habitat. We also consider any social impacts that might occur because
of the designation.
Most federally listed species in the United States will not recover
without cooperation of non-Federal landowners. More than 60 percent of
the United States is privately owned (Lubowski et al. 2006, p. 35), and
at least 80 percent of endangered or threatened species occur either
partially or solely on private lands (Crouse et al. 2002, p. 720). In
the State of Hawaii, 84 percent of landownership is non-Federal (U.S.
General Services Administration, in Western States Tourism Policy
Council, 2009). Stein et al. (2008, p. 340) found that only about 12
percent of listed species were found almost exclusively on Federal
lands (90 to 100 percent of their known occurrences restricted to
Federal lands) and that 50 percent of listed species are not known to
occur on Federal lands at all.
Given the distribution of listed species with respect to
landownership, conservation of listed species in many parts of the
United States is dependent upon working partnerships with a wide
variety of entities and the voluntary cooperation of many non-Federal
landowners (Wilcove and Chen 1998, p. 1,407; Crouse et al. 2002, p.
720; James 2002, p. 271). Building partnerships and promoting voluntary
cooperation of landowners is essential to understanding the status of
species on non-Federal lands and necessary to implement recovery
actions, such as the reintroduction of listed species, habitat
restoration, and habitat protection.
Many non-Federal landowners derive satisfaction from contributing
to endangered species recovery. Conservation agreements with non-
Federal landowners, safe harbor agreements, other conservation
agreements, easements, and State and local regulations enhance species
conservation by extending species protections beyond those available
through section 7 consultations. We encourage non-Federal landowners to
enter into conservation agreements based on a view that we can achieve
greater species conservation on non-Federal lands through such
partnerships than we can through regulatory methods (USFWS and NOAA
1996c (61 FR 63854, December 2, 1996)).
Many private landowners, however, are wary of the possible
consequences of attracting endangered species to their property.
Mounting evidence suggests that some regulatory actions by the
government, while well intentioned and required by law, can (under
certain circumstances) have unintended negative consequences for the
conservation of species on private lands (Wilcove et al. 1996, pp. 5-6;
Bean 2002, pp. 2-3; James 2002, pp. 270-271; Koch 2002, pp. 2-3). Many
landowners fear a decline in their property value due to real or
perceived restrictions on land-use options where endangered or
threatened species are found. Consequently, harboring endangered
species is viewed by many landowners as a liability. This perception
results in anti-conservation incentives because maintaining habitats
that harbor endangered species represents a risk to future economic
opportunities (Main et al. 1999, pp. 1,264-1,265; Brook et al. 2003,
pp. 1,644-1,648).
According to some researchers, the designation of critical habitat
on private lands significantly reduces the likelihood that landowners
will support and carry out conservation actions (Main et al. 1999, p.
1,263; Bean 2002, p. 2). The magnitude of this negative outcome is
greatly amplified in situations where active management measures (such
as reintroduction, fire management, and control of invasive species)
are necessary for species conservation (Bean 2002, pp. 3-4). We believe
the judicious exclusion of specific areas of non-federally owned lands
from critical habitat designations can contribute to species recovery
and provide a superior level of conservation than critical habitat
alone.
The purpose of designating critical habitat is to contribute to the
conservation of endangered and threatened species and the ecosystems
upon which they depend. The outcome of the designation, triggering
regulatory requirements for actions funded, authorized, or carried out
by Federal agencies under section 7(a)(2) of the Act, can sometimes be
a disincentive to conservation on non-Federal lands. Thus, the benefits
of excluding areas that are covered by partnerships or voluntary
conservation efforts can, in specific circumstances, be high.
For the reasons discussed under the ``Application of Section
4(b)(2) of the Act'' section of this rule, if the Secretary decides to
exercise his discretion under
[[Page 34573]]
section 4(b)(2) of the Act, we have identified certain areas that we
are considering excluding from the final critical habitat designation
for 135 plant and animal species. However, we solicit comments on the
inclusion or exclusion of such particular areas (See ``Public
Comments'' section). During the development of the final designation,
we will consider economic impacts, public comments, and other new
information before deciding if inclusion or exclusion of these areas is
warranted. As a result, additional particular areas, in addition to
those identified below for potential exclusion in this proposed rule,
may be excluded from the final critical habitat designation under
section 4(b)(2) of the Act.
Conservation Partnerships on Non-Federal Lands
The Nature Conservancy's Kapunakea Preserve and Waikamoi Preserve
on Maui, and Kamakou Preserve and Moomomi Preserve on Molokai:
We are considering excluding 10,038 ac (4,061 ha) of habitat within
TNC's Kapunakea Preserve on west Maui and Waikamoi Preserve on east
Maui, and Kamakou Preserve and Moomomi Preserve on Molokai (Figures 2
and 3).
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Maui
Kapunakea Preserve encompasses 1,339 ac (542 ha) on west Maui. This
preserve was established through a perpetual conservation easement with
Pioneer Mill Company, Ltd. (succeeded by Kaanapali Land Management
Corp.), in 1992, to protect the natural, ecological, and wildlife
features of one of the highest quality native areas in Hawaii (TNCH
2008, p. 5). Ten plant species included in this rule (Alectryon
macrococcus, Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Bonamia menziesii,
Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea lobata, Cyrtandra
filipes, C. munroi, Platanthera holochila, and Santalum haleakalae var.
lanaiense) are reported from the preserve. Kapunakea Preserve falls
within four proposed critical habitat units for plants (Maui--Lowland
Mesic--2, Maui--Lowland Wet--6, Maui--Montane Wet--6, and Maui--Wet
Cliff--7), and six proposed units for the akohekohe and kiwikiu
(Palmeria dolei--Unit 7--Lowland Wet, Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit
7--Lowland Wet, Palmeria dolei--Unit 15--Montane Wet, Pseudonestor
xanthophrys--Unit 15--Montane Wet, Palmeria dolei--Unit 36--Wet Cliff,
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 36--Wet Cliff). These units are occupied
by the plants Alectryon macrococcus, Bidens campylotheca ssp.
pentamera, B. conjuncta, B. micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Bonamia
menziesii, Calamagrostis hillebrandii, Colubrina oppositifolia,
Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea asplenifolia, C. kunthiana, C. lobata,
Cyrtandra filipes, C. munroi, Geranium hillebrandii, Myrsine
vaccinioides, Platanthera holochila, Remya mauiensis, Sanicula
purpurea, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, and Zanthoxylum
hawaiiense. This area contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of 21 plant species, Acaena exigua, Asplenium
[[Page 34575]]
dielerectum, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Cyanea glabra, C.
magnicalyx, Cyrtandra oxybapha, Diplazium molokaiense, Dubautia
plantaginea ssp. humilis, Gouania vitifolia, Hesperomannia arborescens,
H. arbuscula, Huperzia mannii, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua laxiflora,
Lysimachia lydgatei, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia bracteata,
Plantago princeps, Pteris lidgatei, Tetramolopium capillare, and
Wikstroemia villosa, and the akohekohe and kiwikiu.
Waikamoi Preserve encompasses 5,140 ac (2,080 ha) along the
northern border of Haleakala National Park on east Maui. The preserve
was established in 1983, through a perpetual conservation easement with
Haleakala Ranch Company, to protect one of the largest intact native
rain forests in Hawaii (TNCH 2006a, p. 3). Eight plant species included
in this rule (Asplenium peruvianum var. insulare, Bidens campylotheca
ssp. pentamera, Cyanea horrida, C. kunthiana, Diplazium molokaiense,
Geranium arboreum, G. multiflorum, and Phyllostegia pilosa), and the
akohekohe and kiwikiu, are reported from the preserve. Waikamoi
Preserve falls within 8 proposed critical habitat units for plants
(Maui--Montane Wet--1, Maui--Montane Wet--2, Maui--Montane Mesic--1,
Maui--Subalpine--1, Maui--Subalpine--2, Maui--Dry Cliff--1, Maui--Dry
Cliff--3, and Maui--Wet Cliff--1), and 16 proposed units for the
akohekohe and kiwikiu (Palmeria dolei--Unit 10--Montane Wet,
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 10--Montane Wet, Palmeria dolei--Unit
11--Montane Wet, Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 11--Montane Wet,
Palmeria dolei--Unit 18--Montane Mesic, Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit
18--Montane Mesic, Palmeria dolei--Unit 24--Subalpine, Pseudonestor
xanthophrys--Unit 24--Subalpine, Palmeria dolei--Unit 25--Subalpine,
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 25--Subalpine, Palmeria dolei--Unit 26--
Dry Cliff, Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 26--Dry Cliff, Palmeria
dolei--Unit 27--Dry Cliff, Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 27--Dry
Cliff, Palmeria dolei--Unit 30--Wet Cliff, and Pseudonestor
xanthophrys--Unit 30--Wet Cliff). These units are occupied by the
plants Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum, Asplenium
dielerectum, A. peruvianum var. insulare, Bidens campylotheca ssp.
pentamera, B. campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis, B. micrantha ssp.
kalealaha, Clermontia lindseyana, C. oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, C.
samuelii, Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalensis, C. duvalliorum, C.
hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, C. horrida, C. kunthiana, C. maritae, C.
mceldowneyi, C. obtusa, Cyrtandra ferripilosa, C. oxybapha, Diplazium
molokaiense, Geranium arboreum, G. hanaense, G. multiflorum, Huperzia
mannii, Melicope adscendens, M. balloui, Neraudia sericea, Phyllostegia
pilosa, Plantago princeps, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, Schiedea
haleakalensis, and Wikstroemia villosa, and the akohekohe and kiwikiu.
This area contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the
conservation of 12 other plant species (Adenophorus periens, Alectryon
macrococcus, C. glabra, Melicope ovalis, Peperomia subpetiolata,
Phyllostegia bracteata, P. haliakalae, P. mannii, Platanthera
holochila, Schiedea jacobii, Solanum incompletum, and Zanthoxylum
hawaiiense).
Molokai
Kamakou Preserve is located in the east Molokai mountains and
encompasses 2,632 ac (1,065 ha). This preserve was established in 1982,
through a perpetual conservation easement with Molokai Ranch, to
protect endemic forest bird habitat and is the primary ground and
surface water source area on the island (TNCH 2006b, p. 2). Nineteen
plant species included in this rule (Adenophorus periens, Asplenium
dielerectum, Bidens wiebkei, Canavalia molokaiensis, Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, Cyanea mannii, C. procera, C. solanacea,
Cyperus faurei, Lysimachia maxima, Melicope mucronulata, Phyllostegia
hispida, P. mannii, Platanthera holochila, Santalum haleakalae var.
lanaiense, Schiedea laui, Stenogyne bifida, Vigna o-wahuensis, and
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense) are reported from the preserve. Kamakou
Preserve falls within four proposed critical habitat units for plants
(Molokai--Lowland Mesic--1, Molokai--Montane Wet--1, Molokai--Montane
Mesic--1, and Molokai--Wet Cliff--2) and eight proposed units for the
akohekohe and kiwikiu (Palmeria dolei--Unit 37--Lowland Mesic,
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 37--Lowland Mesic, Palmeria dolei--Unit
40--Montane Wet, Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 40--Montane Wet,
Palmeria dolei--Unit 42--Montane Mesic, Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit
42--Montane Mesic, Palmeria dolei--Unit 44--Wet Cliff, and Pseudonestor
xanthophrys--Unit 44--Wet Cliff). These units are occupied by the
plants Adenophorus periens, Alectryon macrococcus, Asplenium
dielerectum, Bidens wiebkei, Canavalia molokaiensis, Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea dunbariae, C.
mannii, C. procera, C. profuga, C. solanacea, Cyperus faurei, Cyrtandra
filipes, Festuca molokaiensis, Gouania hillebrandii, Labordia triflora,
Lysimachia maxima, Melicope mucronulata, Neraudia sericea, Phyllostegia
hispida, P. mannii, Platanthera holochila, Pteris lidgatei, Santalum
haleakalae var. lanaiense, Schiedea laui, S. lydgatei, S. sarmentosa,
Silene alexandri, S. lanceolata, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Stenogyne
bifida, Vigna o-wahuensis, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. This area
contains unoccupied habitat that is essential for the conservation of
16 other plant species (Bonamia menziesii, Brighamia rockii, Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C. munroi, Diplazium molokaiense, Eugenia
koolauensis, Flueggea neowawraea, Hesperomannia arborescens, Hibiscus
arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua laxiflora,
Melicope reflexa, Phyllostegia haliakalae, P. pilosa, Plantago
princeps, and Sesbania tomentosa), and to the akohekohe and kiwikiu.
Moomomi Preserve encompasses 924 ac (374 ha) along the northwest
shore of Molokai that are owned by TNC. This preserve was established
in 1988, to protect the most intact coastal ecosystem in Hawaii, with
nesting seabirds, nesting green sea turtles, and a variety of native
coastal plants (TNCH 2005, pp. 2-3). One plant species included in this
rule, Tetramolopium rockii, is reported from the Preserve. Moomomi
Preserve falls within one proposed critical habitat unit, Molokai--
Coastal--2. This unit is occupied by Marsilea villosa, Schenkia
sebaeoides, Sesbania tomentosa, and Tetramolopium rockii. This area
contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the conservation of
eight other plant species (Bidens wiebkei, Brighamia rockii, Canavalia
molokaiensis, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, H. brackenridgei,
Ischaemum byrone, Peucedanum sandwicense, and Pittosporum halophilum).
All four preserves were established by grants of perpetual
conservation easements from the private landowners to TNC, or are owned
by TNC, and are included in the State's Natural Area Partnership (NAP)
programs which provides matching funds for the management of private
lands that have been permanently dedicated to conservation (TNCH 2005,
pp. 2-3; TNCH 2006a, p. 3; TNCH 2006b, p. 2; TNCH 2008, p. 50). These
partnerships
[[Page 34576]]
with the State began in 1983 (with Haleakala Ranch) for Waikamoi, and
were followed in 1992 (with Kaanapali Land Management Corporation) for
Kapunakea, in 1995 (with Molokai Ranch) for Kamakou, and in 1995 for
Moomomi (TNC-owned). Under the NAP program, the State of Hawaii
provides matching funds on a two-for-one basis for management of
private lands dedicated to conservation. In order to qualify for this
program, the land must be dedicated in perpetuity through transfer of
fee title or a conservation easement to the State or a cooperating
entity. The land must be managed by the cooperating entity or a
qualified landowner according to a detailed management plan approved by
the Board of Land and Natural Resources. Once approved, the 6-year
partnership agreement between the State and the managing entity is
automatically renewed each year so that there are always 6 years
remaining in the term, although the management plan is updated and
funding amounts are reauthorized by the board at least every 6 years.
By April 1 of any year, the managing partner may notify the State that
it does not intend to renew the agreement; however, in such case, the
partnership agreement remains in effect for the balance of the existing
6-year term, and the conservation easement remains in full effect in
perpetuity. The conservation easement may be revoked by the landowner
only if State funding is terminated without the concurrence of the
landowner and cooperating entity. Prior to terminating funding, the
State must conduct one or more public hearings. The NAP program is
funded through real estate conveyance taxes placed in a Natural Area
Reserve Fund. Participants in the NAP program must provide annual
reports to the DLNR and the DLNR makes annual inspections of the work
in the reserve areas (see State of Hawaii 1999, H.R.S. 195-D; State of
Hawaii 1996, H.A.R. 13-210).
Management programs within the preserves are documented in long-
range management plans and yearly operational plans. These plans detail
management measures that protect, restore, and enhance rare plants and
animals and their habitats within the preserves and in adjacent areas.
These management measures address factors then threaten the 135 species
in this rule for which critical habitat is proposed, including control
of nonnative species of ungulates, rodents, and weeds. In addition,
habitat restoration and monitoring are also included in these plans.
The primary management goals for each of the four TNC preserves are
to: (1) Prevent degradation of native forest and shrubland by reducing
feral ungulate damage; (2) improve or maintain the integrity of native
ecosystems in selected areas of the preserve by reducing the effects of
nonnative plants; (3) conduct small mammal control and reduce their
negative impacts where possible; (4) monitor and track the biological
and physical resources in the preserve and evaluate changes in these
resources over time, and encourage biological and environmental
research; (5) prevent extinction of rare species in the preserve; (6)
build public understanding and support for the preservation of natural
areas, and enlist volunteer assistance for preserve management; and (7)
protect the resources from fires in and around the preserve (applicable
to preserves in high fire-risk areas) (TNCH 2005, 148 pp. + appendices;
TNCH 2006a, 23 pp. + appendices; TNCH 2006b, 21 pp. + appendices; TNCH
2008, 30 pp.).
The goal of TNCs ungulate program (see (1), above) is to bring
feral ungulate populations to zero within the preserves as rapidly as
possible, and to prevent domestic livestock from entering a preserve.
Specific management actions to address feral ungulate impacts include
the construction of fences, including strategic fences (fences placed
in proximity to natural barriers such as cliffs); annual monitoring of
ungulate presence in transects; monthly boundary fence inspections; and
trained staff and volunteer hunting. As axis deer also pose a threat to
the preserves, TNC is a member of the Maui Axis Deer Group (MADG), and
TNC meets regularly with MADG to seek management solutions. Ungulate
management actions also include working with community hunters in
conjunction with watershed partnerships for each island. By monitoring
ungulate activity within each of the preserves, the staff is able to
assess the success of the hunting program. If increased hunting
pressure does not reduce feral ungulate activity in a preserve,
preserve staff work with the hunting group to identify and implement
alternative methods (TNCH 2005, pp. 7-8; TNCH 2006a, pp. 7-10; TNCH
2006b, pp. 8-9; TNCH 2008, pp. 9-10).
The nonnative plant control program (see (2), above) for each of
the four TNC preserves focuses on controlling habitat-modifying
nonnative plants (weeds) in intact native communities and preventing
the introduction of additional nonnative plants. Based on the degree of
threat to native ecosystems, weed priority lists have been compiled for
each of the preserves, and control and monitoring of the highest
priority species are ongoing. Weeds are controlled manually,
chemically, or through a combination of both. Preventive measures
(prevention protocol) are required by all who enter each of the
preserves. This protocol includes such things as brushing footgear
before entering the preserve to remove seeds of nonnative plants. Weeds
are monitored along transects annually. Weed priority maps are
maintained semi-annually. Staff participate as members of the Melastome
Action Committee and the Maui and Molokai Invasive Species committees
(MISC and MoMISC), and cooperate with the State Division of
Conservation and Resources Enforcement (DOCARE) in marijuana control,
as needed (TNCH 2005, pp. 8-9; TNCH 2006a, pp. 11-13; TNCH 2006b, pp.
10-12; TNCH 2008, pp. 11-13).
The Nature Conservancy controls or prevents entry of nonnative
mammals such as rats, cats (Felis catus), mongoose (Herpestes
auropunctatus), and dogs (Canis familiaris), on their preserves (see
(3), above). These mammals have negative impacts on reproduction and
persistence of native plants and animals. Independent studies and
research regarding the effects of small nonnative mammals on native
ecosystems on all four preserves is encouraged by TNC. Small mammal
trapping is conducted in Moomomi Preserve to protect ground nesting
native seabirds from predation (TNCH 2005, p. 6). While the most
effective control methods for rats on TNC preserves are still under
investigation, an intensive rat baiting program is in place at Kamakou
Preserve to control rats, which prey upon native snails and plants
(TNCH 2006a, pp. 2, 6; TNCH 2009b, p. 21). The Nature Conservancy's
predator control program is directed by adaptive management (TNCH
2010a, pp. 3-5).
Natural resource monitoring and research address the need to track
the biological and physical resources of the preserves and evaluate
changes in these resources to guide management programs, and contribute
to prevention of extinction of rare species (see (4) and (5), above).
Vegetation is monitored throughout each preserve to document long-term
ecological changes, and rare plant species are monitored to assess
population status. The Nature Conservancy provides logistical and other
support to PEPP, including implementing threat abatement measures on
their preserves (TNCH 2010a, p. 13). Bird surveys are
[[Page 34577]]
conducted every 5 years to document the relative abundance of all bird
species in the the preserves (TNCH 2010b, p. 16). Portions of the four
preserves are adjacent to other areas managed to protect natural
resources. Agreements with those land managers are used to coordinate
management efforts, and to share staff, equipment, and expertise to
maximize management efficiency. The Nature Conservancy takes an active
part in planning and coordinating conservation actions with, and is a
member of, the East Maui Watershed Partnership (EMWP), the West Maui
Mountains Watershed Partnership (WMMWP), and the East Molokai Watershed
Partnership (EMOWP) (TNCH 2006a, p. 3; TNCH 2008, p. 21; TNCH 2010a, p.
2).
The Nature Conservancy's goal to increase conservation and advocacy
for native ecosystems in Hawaii is implemented through their public
outreach program (see (6), above). The Nature Conservancy provides
sites and volunteer work for youth groups such as Ho'ikaika and
AmeriCorps, and summer internships for youth and young adults (Alu
Like, State Summer Youth Employment Program, Molokai Environmental
Preservation Organization, and the Natural Resources Academy),
providing students with hands-on experience in natural resource
conservation. Other community groups, such as the Molokai Advisory
Council, Molokai Hunting Working Group, and Kamalo Conservation
Advisors, are encouraged to participate in the decision-making process
for TNC's natural resources programs. The Nature Conservancy staff
present slide shows and talks as requested by community and school
groups, and lead guided hikes in their preserves for public schools and
targeted community members. The Nature Conservancy produces a quarterly
newsletter distributed on Molokai to inform the local community
regarding conservation activities and opportunities (TNCH 2006b, pp.
18-19; TNCH 2008, p. 20).
Fire management is an important goal for two Molokai preserves
(Kamakou Preserve on Molokai and Kapunakea Preserve on west Maui (TNCH
2006b, p. 15; TNCH 2008, p. 22) (see (7), above). Wildfire management
plans are updated annually. Staff is provided with fire suppression
training, roads are maintained for access and as fire breaks, and
equipment is supplied as needed to allow immediate response to fire
threats (TNCH 2005, p. 13).
The four TNC preserves, and the continuing protection and
management of the native plants, animals, and their habitats provided
by TNC and cooperating landowners and partners within the preserves,
provide a conservation benefit to the 106 species for which critical
habitat is proposed on TNC lands. Designation of critical habitat on
these lands could be a disincentive to this land manager, who has
demonstrated a willingness to manage these lands in a manner compatible
with the conservation of listed and non-listed species; therefore, we
are considering excluding these four TNC preserves from the designation
of critical habitat. We are requesting comments and information
regarding these areas and will determine whether these lands may
warrant exclusion from critical habitat for the 106 species for which
critical habitat is proposed on TNC lands, in our final rule.
Maui Land and Pineapple Company
The Service is considering excluding 8,931 ac (3,614 ha) of habitat
associated with Maui Land and Pineapple Company's (ML & P) lands,
including Puu Kukui WP (Figure 4).
[[Page 34578]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.003
Fourteen plant species (Bidens conjuncta, Ctenitis squamigera,
Cyanea asplenifolia, C. kunthiana, C. lobata, C. magnicalyx, Cyrtandra
filipes, C. munroi, Hesperomania arborescens, H. arbuscula, Myrsine
vaccinioides, Sanicula purpurea, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense,
and Sesbania tomentosa) occur in this area. The area under
consideration falls within seven proposed critical habitat units for
plants (Maui--Coastal--9, Maui--Lowland Mesic--2, Maui--Lowland Wet--2,
Maui--Lowland Wet--3, Maui--Montane Wet--6, Maui--Wet Cliff--5, and
Maui--Wet Cliff--7), and eight proposed critical habitat units for
birds (Palmeria dolei--Unit 3--Lowland Wet, Pseudonestor xanthophrys--
Unit 3--Lowland Wet, Palmeria dolei--Unit 4--Lowland Wet, Pseudonestor
xanthophrys--Unit 4--Lowland Wet, Palmeria dolei--Unit 15--Montane Wet,
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 15--Montane Wet, Palmeria dolei--Unit
34--Wet Cliff, and Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 34--Wet Cliff). These
units are occupied by the plants Alectryon macrococcus, Bidens
campylotheca ssp. pentamera, B. conjuncta, Bonamia menziesii,
Calamagrostis hillebrandii, Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis
squamigera, Cyanea asplenifolia, C. kunthiana, C. lobata, C.
magnicalyx, Cyrtandra filipes, C. munroi, Geranium hillebrandii,
Hesperomannia arborescens, Myrsine vaccinioides, Platanthera holochila,
Pteris lidgatei, Remya mauiensis, Sanicula purpurea, Santalum
haleakalae var. lanaiense, Sesbania tomentosa, Schenkia sebaeoides, and
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. This area contains habitat that is unoccupied
but essential to the conservation of 20 other plant species (Acaena
exigua, Asplenium dielerectum, Brighamia rockii, Bidens micrantha ssp.
kalealaha, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Cyanea glabra,
Cyrtandra oxybapha, Diplazium molokaiense, Dubautia plantaginea ssp.
humilis, Gouania vitifolia, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Huperzia mannii,
Isodendrion
[[Page 34579]]
pyrifolium, Kadua laxiflora, Lysimachia lydgatei, Peucedanum
sandwicense, Phyllostegia bracteata, Plantago princeps, Tetramolopium
capillare, and Wikstroemia villosa), and to the akohekohe and kiwikiu.
We are proposing critical habitat in a portion of Puu Kukui WP (599
ac (242 ha)) where the remaining nine wild individuals of the tree
snail Newcombia cumingi occur (Newcombia cumingi--Unit 1--Lowland Wet).
While this area overlaps proposed critical habitat plant unit Maui--
Lowland Wet--2 that is being considered for exclusion from critical
habitat for plant species, we are not considering excluding these 599
ac (242 ha) from critical habitat for N. cumingi because there is no
beneficial management in place or implemented for the conservation of
these snails. However, we encourage the private landowner to work
collaboratively with the Service to develop appropriate management
plans, actions, or protections for this species. We are available and
prepared to work with the private landowner for the protection and
conservation of N. cumingi on Puu Kukui WP, and will consider all
management or protective measures for this species in our final
critical habitat rule, provided these measures are in place within a
timreframe consistent with the rulemaking schedule for this regulatory
action.
Puu Kukui WP is the largest privately owned watershed preserve in
the State. The ML & P Company has proactively managed the preserve
since 1988, and joined the State of Hawaii's NAP program in July 1992.
The NAP program contract has been continually renewed since that time,
and the contract for fiscal years 2012-2018 is scheduled to be renewed
in 2011 (ML & P 2010, p. 5; Yuen 2011, in litt.). The primary
management goals as outlined in the current Puu Kukui WP management
plan for the NAP program, fiscal years 2012-2018 are to: (1) Eliminate
ungulate activity in all Puu Kukui WP management units; (2) reduce the
range of habitat-modifying weeds and prevent introduction of nonnative
plants; (3) track biological and physical resources in the watershed
and evaluate changes in these resources over time, including the
identification of new threats to the watershed, and provide logistical
support to approved research projects that will improve management
understanding of the watershed's resources; (4) prevent the extinction
of rare species in the watershed; (5) expose the community to projects
focusing on preserving and enhancing native plant and animal
communities; (6) assist the long-term management of the native
ecosystems of west Maui by the WMMWP; and (7) provide adequate manpower
and equipment to meet the goals and objectives of the plan. Over 20
years of feral ungulate management has shown that the use of snares and
fences has been an effective means of ungulate control, with 60 percent
of the preserve not seeing pig activity for 5 or more years. Accessible
fences and those with direct ungulate pressure are maintained
quarterly. The nonnative plant control program focuses on areas with
rare native species, and the maintenance of the most pristine areas,
keeping them as weed-free as possible with manual and mechanical
control. ML & P Company also supports rare plant monitoring and
propagule collection by the PEPP. Natural resource monitoring and
research address the need to track biological and physical resources in
order to guide management programs. Vegetation is monitored through
permanent photo points; nonnative species are monitored along permanent
transects; and rare, endemic, and indigenous species are also
monitored. The ML & P Company has received funding in eight separate
agreements (over $400,000) with the Service to survey for rare plants
on their lands and to build feral ungulate control fences for the
protection of listed plants. Additionally, logistical and other support
for native bird and invertebrate studies by independent researchers and
interagency cooperative agreements is provided. However, one area of
concern is the lack of management efforts for the proposed endangered
N. cumingi (ML & P 2009, p. 7). Currently, there is no ongoing predator
control in the area where the snail is found.
The ML & P Company is a member of the WMMWP, established in 1998.
Management priorities for the partnership include feral animal control,
weed control, human activities management, public education and
awareness, water and watershed monitoring, and management coordination
improvements. The partnership benefits forest conservation by: (1)
Enabling land managers to construct fences and remove feral ungulates
across land ownership boundaries; (2) allowing for more comprehensive
conservation planning; (3) expanding the partners' ability to protect
forest lands quickly and efficiently; (4) making more efficient use of
resources and staff; (5) allowing for greater unity in attaining public
funding; and (6) providing greater access to other funding
opportunities. The WMMWP provides annual progress reports regarding the
success of management actions and benefits provided to species and
watershed habitat.
The protection and management of the native plants and their
habitats in the Puu Kukui WP that is provided by ML & P Company, the
WMMWP, and cooperating landowners and partners providea conservation
benefit for 44 endangered and proposed endangered plant species and the
endangered akohekohe and kiwikiu, and their associated ecosystems.
Designation of critical habitat on these managed lands could be a
disincentive to the landowner who has demonstrated a willingness to
manage these lands in a manner compatible with the conservation of
listed and non-listed species; therefore, we are considering excluding
8,931 ac (3,614 ha) of land owned and managed by ML & P Company from
the designation of critical habitat. We are requesting comments and
information regarding these areas and will determine whether these
lands may warrant exclusion from critical habitat for the 44 plants and
2 animal species (akohekohe and kiwikiu) for which critical habitat is
proposed on ML & P Company lands, in our final rule.
Ulupalakua Ranch
The Service is considering excluding 6,537 ac (2,645 ha) of habitat
associated with Ulupalakua Ranch lands, on the southwest slope of east
Maui (Figure 5).
[[Page 34580]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.004
Eight plant species included in this rule (Alectryon macrococcus,
Cenchrus agrimonioides, Flueggea neowawraea, Hibiscus brackenridgei,
Melicope adscendens, M. knudsenii, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiensis,
and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense) are reported from this area. The area under
consideration falls within six proposed critical habitat units for
plants (Maui--Coastal--6, Maui--Lowland Dry--1, Maui--Lowland Dry--3,
Maui--Montane Mesic--1, Maui--Montane Dry--1, and Maui--Subalpine--1),
and four proposed units for the akohekohe and kiwikiu (Palmeria dolei--
Unit 18--Montane Mesic, Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 18--Montane
Mesic, Palmeria dolei--Unit 24--Subalpine, and Pseudonestor
xanthophrys--Unit 24--Subalpine). These units are occupied by the
plants Alectryon macrococcus, Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp.
macrocephalum, Asplenium dielerectum, A. peruvianum var. insulare,
Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, B. micrantha ssp. kalealaha,
Bonamia menziesii, Canavalia pubescens, Cenchrus agrimonioides,
Clermontia lindseyana, Cyanea horrida, C. mceldowneyi, C. obtusa,
Cyrtandra ferripilosa, C. oxybapha, Diplazium molokaiense, Flueggea
neowawraea, Geranium arboreum, G. multiflorum, Hibiscus brackenridgei,
Huperzia mannii, Melanthera kamolensis, Melicope adscendens, M.
knudsenii, Neraudia sericea, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense,
Sesbania tomentosa, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, and Zanthoxylum
hawaiiense. This area contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of 17 other endangered or proposed endangered plant
species (Brighamia rockii, Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis
squamigera, Cyanea glabra, C. hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, C.
kunthiana, Cyperus pennatiformis, Ischaemum byrone, Melicope
mucronulata, Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia
bracteata, P. mannii, Schiedea haleakalensis, Solanum incompletum,
Vigna o-wahuensis, and Wikstroemia villosa), and to the akohekohe and
kiwikiu.
Ulupalakua Ranch is involved in several important voluntary
conservation agreements with the
[[Page 34581]]
Service and is currently carrying out activities on their lands for the
conservation of rare and endangered species and their habitats. In 1997
and 1998, respectively, Ulupalakua Ranch entered into the Partners for
Fish and Wildlife Auwahi and Puu Makua agreements to protect and
restore dryland forest, including construction of ungulate exclosure
fences, a greenhouse to propagate rare plants for outplanting, an
access road, and propagation and outplanting of native plants.
Preservation of habitat in Auwahi and Puu Makua benefits the 48 listed
and proposed plant and animal species discussed above. Over the last 14
years, the Service has provided funding for 3 projects in the Auwahi
area (Auwahi I, II, and III). Labor, material, and technical assistance
is provided by Ulupalakua Ranch, U.S. Geological Survery-Biological
Resources Discipline (USGS-BRD), and volunteers. The Auwahi I project
area encompasses 10 ac (4 ha) on the southwest slope of Haleakala.
Ulupalakua Ranch and its partners built an ungulate exclosure fence;
outplanted native plants, including the listed endangered plants
Alectryon macrococcus var. auwahiensis and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense; and
removed all nonnative plants and feral ungulates within the fenced
exclosure. The Auwahi II project area encompasses 23 ac (9 ha) adjacent
to Auwahi I, and the Auwahi III project area encompasses an additional
181 ac (73 ha) (USFWS 2009, in litt.). Ulupalakua Ranch and its
partners built additional ungulate exclosure fences, propagated and
outplanted native plants, and removed nonnative plants and feral
ungulates within the fenced exclosures (USFWS 2009, in litt.). Within 5
years of fence construction and nonnative species management
activities, these three areas have been transformed from nonnative
grasslands to a native species-dominated, self-sustaining, dryland
forest.
Community volunteer participation is a key element to the success
of these projects, and monthly volunteer trips often exceed 50
participants from a pool of 700 interested Maui residents, including
school groups, Hawaiian native dance groups, canoe clubs, and other
special interest groups.
In 1998, Ulupalakua Ranch entered a 10-year partnership with Ducks
Unlimited (a private conservation organization) and the Natural
Resources Conservation Service's (NRCS) Wetland Reserve Program (WRP)
to create four wetland complexes (completed in 2001) suitable for two
endangered birds, the Hawaiian goose or nene (Branta sandvicensis) and
Hawaiian duck or koloa (Anas wyvilliana) (NRCS 2001, pp. 1-2). While
the endangered nene and koloa are not addressed in this proposed rule,
the establishment of wetland complexes for these endangered birds
demonstrates the willingness of Ulupalakua Ranch to protect and
conserve native plants and animals on their lands.
Between 1999 and 2007, the Service and the DOFAW NARs Fund provided
funding for habitat restoration at Puu Makua. Ulupalakua Ranch and its
partners, which include USGS-BRD, the Leeward Haleakala Watershed
Restoration Partnership, and volunteers, built a 100-ac (40-ha)
ungulate exclosure, removed feral ungulates and controlled nonnative
plants within the fenced exclosure, and outplanted native plants. This
project provides public outreach through on going volunteer
participation to control nonnative plants and outplant native plants.
Impacts to habitat resulting from the installation and operation of
eight wind turbines by Auwahi Wind at Ulupalakua Ranch (within an area
considered as part of proposed Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 1) were
addressed in a Habitat Conservation Plan. Auwahi Wind will offset the
development of 0.3 ac (0.1 ha) of native habitat and 28 ac (11 ha) of
degraded habitat with 6 ac (2.4 ha) of habitat restoration at
Ulupalakua Ranch's Auwahi project area. The Service issued a section 10
permit for the Auwahi Wind project in January, 2012.
The Honuaula Partners with Ulupalakua Ranch, are offsetting impacts
to species from development of an area that is part of proposed Maui--
Lowland Dry--Unit 3 in a 400 ac (162 ha) area of Ulupalakua Ranch land
above Kanaio NAR.
The ongoing management strategies at Auwahi and Puu Makua are
consistent with recovery objectives outlined in the recovery plans for
the 46 plant species and the akohekohe and kiwikiu (USFWS 1995a; USFWS
1995b; USFWS 1996a; USFWS 1996b; USFWS 1997; USFWS 1998a; USFWS 1998b;
USFWS 1998c; USFWS 1999; USFWS 2002; USFWS 2006; 61 FR 53130).
Designation of critical habitat on the 6,538 ac (2,644 ha) of
Ulupalakua Ranch lands could be a disincentive to the landowner, who
has demonstrated a willingness to manage these lands in a manner
compatible with the conservation of listed and non-listed species;
therefore, we are considering excluding 6,538 ac (2,644 ha) of land
owned and managed by Ulupalakua Ranch from the designation of critical
habitat. We are requesting comments and information regarding these
areas and will determine whether these lands may warrant exclusion from
critical habitat for the 48 plants and animals for which critical
habitat is proposed on Ulupalakua Ranch lands, in our final rule.
Haleakala Ranch Company
In addition to the Haleakala Ranch Company lands managed by TNC as
Waikamoi Preserve under a perpetual conservation easement (see
discussion above), the Service is considering excluding 8,746 ac (3,539
ha) of habitat associated with Haleakala Ranch Company lands on east
Maui (Figure 6).
[[Page 34582]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.005
Four plant species included in this rule (Argyroxiphium sandwicense
ssp. macrocephalum, Canavalia pubescens, Geranium arboreum, and
Hibiscus brackenridgei) and the akohekohe and kiwikiu are reported from
this area. The area under consideration falls within seven proposed
critical habitat units for plants (Maui--Lowland Dry--1, Maui--Lowland
Dry--2, Maui--Montane Wet--1, Maui--Montane Mesic--1, Maui--Montane
Dry--1, Maui--Subalpine--1, and Maui--Alpine--1), and six proposed
units for the akohekohe and kiwikiu (Palmeria dolei--Unit 10--Montane
Wet, Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 10--Montane Wet, Palmeria dolei--
Unit 18--Montane Mesic, Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 18--Montane
Mesic, Palmeria dolei--Unit 24--Subalpine, and Pseudonestor
xanthophrys--Unit 24--Subalpine). These units are occupied by the
plants Alectryon macrococcus, Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp.
macrocephalum, Asplenium dielerectum, A. peruvianum var. insulare,
Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, B. micrantha ssp. kalealaha,
Bonamia menziesii, Canavalia pubescens, Cenchrus agrimonioides,
Clermontia lindseyana, C. oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Cyanea
copelandii ssp. haleakalensis, C. duvalliorum, C. horrida, C.
kunthiana, C. maritae, C. mceldowneyi, C. obtusa, Cyrtandra
ferripilosa, C. oxybapha, Diplazium molokaiense, Flueggea neowawraea,
Geranium arboreum, G. multiflorum, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Huperzia
mannii, Melanthera kamolensis, Melicope adscendens, M. balloui, M.
knudsenii, Neraudia sericea, Phyllostegia pilosa, Santalum haleakalae
var. lanaiense, Sesbania tomentosa, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, and
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense, and by the akohekohe and kiwikiu. This area
contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to Adenophorus periens,
Bidens campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis, Clermontia samuelii, Colubrina
oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea glabra, C. hamatiflora ssp.
hamatiflora, Geranium hanaense, Melicope mucronulata, M. ovalis,
Nototrichium humile, Peperomia subpetiolata, Phyllostegia bracteata, P.
mannii, Platanthera holochila, Schiedea haleakalensis, S. jacobii,
Solanum incompletum, and Wikstroemia villosa.
[[Page 34583]]
Haleakala Ranch Company is involved in several important voluntary
conservation agreements with the Service and is currently carrying out
activities on their lands for the conservation of rare and endangered
species and their habitats. Haleakala Ranch Company is a member of the
EMWP, which was formed in 1991, as a model for large-scale forest
protection in Hawaii. The members agree to pool resources and implement
a watershed management program to protect 100,000 ac (40,469 ha) of
forest across east Maui (EMWP 2009). The management program includes:
(1) Control of feral pigs by public hunting in the privately owned
lower watershed areas; (2) control of the invasive plant miconia; and
(3) construction of ungulate exclosure fences to protect 12,000 ac
(4,856 ha) of lowland and montane wet forest (Tri-Isle Resource
Conservation and Development Council, Inc. 2011). In partnership with
DOFAW, Haleakala Ranch controls feral ungulates (e.g., axis deer and
goats) on their lands in lowland dry habitat at Waiopae, on the south
coast of east Maui. In addition to feral ungulate control, Haleakala
Ranch and DOFAW control invasive plants that threaten wild populations
of two endangered plants, Alectryon macrococcus and Melanthera
kamolensis.
In 1999, Haleakala Ranch entered into an agreement with the
Partners for Fish and Wildlife, USGS-BRD, and DHHL, for habitat
protection at Puu o Kali, on the west slope of Haleakala. This
agreement funded management actions to conserve and protect native
dryland forest, including construction of a fence to exclude nonnative
axis deer and feral goats, nonnative plant control, and propagation and
outplanting of native plants. The project area was accessed through
cooperation of the landowner, Haleakala Ranch. Currently, 236 ac (96
ha) are protected within the fenced area, and all axis deer and goats
were removed from the fenced area.
In 2001, the Service and NRCS provided funding for management
actions to conserve and protect the endangered plant Geranium arboreum
and subalpine habitat on Puu Pahu on the northwestern slopes of
Haleakala (USFWS 2007b). These management actions include construction
of ungulate exclosure fences and removel of ungulates within the fenced
area. The first increment of the fence is completed and encloses
approximately 670 ac (271 ha) (Higashino 2011, in litt.). Upon project
completion, the fenced area will adjoin the fenced area of Haleakala
National Park at 7,500 ft (2,290 m), and will exclude ungulates and
allow for their removal from an area larger than 670 ac (271 ha) (USFWS
2007b).
In 2009, Haleakala Ranch entered into a safe harbor agreement (SHA)
with the Hawaii DLNR and the Service, to establish a population of the
endangered nene on their lands at Waiopae. While the endangered nene is
not a species addressed in this proposed rule, the establishment of a
SHA for this endangered bird demonstrates the willingness of Haleakala
Ranch to protect and conserve native plants and animals on their lands.
The protection and management of habitat at Puu o Kali, Puu Pahu,
and Waiopae are consistent with the recovery objectives outline in the
recovery plans for the 55 plant species and the akohekohe and kiwikiu
(USFWS 1995a; USFWS 1995b; USFWS 1996a; USFWS 1996b; USFWS 1997; USFWS
1998a; USFWS 1998b; USFWS 1999; USFWS 2002; USFWS 2006; 61 FR 53130).
Designation of critical habitat on the 9,796 ac (4,072 ha) of Haleakala
Ranch Company lands could be a disincentive to the landowner, who has
demonstrated a willingness to manage these lands in a manner compatible
with the conservation of listed and non-listed species; therefore, we
are considering excluding 8,746 ac (3,539 ha) of land owned and managed
by Haleakala Ranch Company from the designation of critical habitat. We
are requesting comments and information regarding these areas and will
determine whether these lands may warrant exclusion from critical
habitat for the 57 plant and animal species for which critical habitat
is propose on Haleakala Ranch Company lands, in our final rule.
East Maui Irrigation Company, Ltd.
The Service is considering excluding 6,721 ac (2,720 ha) of habitat
associated with East Maui Irrigation Company's (EMI) lands in Haiku Uka
(below Waikamoi Preserve, from Opana Gulch to Pohakupalaha) on east
Maui (Figure 7).
[[Page 34584]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.006
Ten plant species included in this rule (Asplenium peruvianum var.
insulare, Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalensis, C. gibsonii, C.
hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, C. horrida, C. kunthiana, C. mceldowneyi,
Diplazium molokaiense, Geranium multiflorum, and Santalum haleakalae
var. lanaiense), and the akohekohe and kiwikiu are reported from this
area.
The area under consideration falls within 6 proposed critical
habitat units for plants (Maui--Lowland Wet--1, Maui--Montane Wet--1,
Maui--Montane Wet--2, Maui--Montane Mesic--1, Maui--Subalpine--2, and
Maui--Wet Cliff--1), and 12 proposed critical habitat units for the
akohekohe and kiwikiu (Palmeria dolei--Unit 2--Lowland Wet,
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 2-Lowland Wet, Palmeria dolei--Unit 10--
Montane Wet, Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 10--Montane Wet, Palmeria
dolei--Unit 11--Montane Wet, Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 11--Montane
Wet, Palmeria dolei--Unit 18--Montane Mesic, Pseudonestor xanthophrys--
Unit 18--Montane Mesic, Palmeria dolei--Unit 25--Subalpine,
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 25--Subalpine, Palmeria dolei--Unit 30--
Wet Cliff, and Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 30--Wet Cliff). These
units are occupied by the plants Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp.
macrocephalum, Asplenium dielerectum, A. peruvianum var. insulare,
Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, B. campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis,
Clermontia lindseyana, C. oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, C. samuelii,
Cyanea asplenifolia, C. copelandii ssp. haleakalensis, C. duvalliorum,
C. hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, C. horrida, C. kunthiana, C. maritae,
C. mceldowneyi, C. obtusa, Cyrtandra ferripilosa, C. oxybapha,
Diplazium molokaiense, Geranium arboreum, G. hanaense, G. multiflorum,
Huperzia mannii, Melicope adscendens, M. balloui, M. ovalis, Neraudia
sericea, Phyllostegia pilosa, Schiedea haleakalensis, and Wikstroemia
villosa. This area contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the
conservation of 15 other plant species (Adenophorus periens, Alectryon
macrococcus, Bidens
[[Page 34585]]
micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Clermontia peleana, Cyanea glabra, Mucuna
sloanei var. persericea, Peperomia subpetiolata, Phyllostegia
bracteata, P. haliakalae, P. mannii, Plantago princeps, Platanthera
holochila, Schiedea jacobii, Solanum incompletum, and Zanthoxylum
hawaiiense).
East Maui Irrigation Company, Ltd., a subsidiary of Alexander and
Baldwin, owns and operates a ditch system that diverts more than 60
billion gallons per year of surface water from east Maui to central
Maui for agricultural, domestic, and other uses. In 1991, EMI, along
with the major landowners and land managers (TNC, Maui County, DLNR,
and private ranches) of the windward slope of east Maui (encompassing
approximately 100,000 ac (40,500 ha)), formed the East Maui Watershed
Partnership (EMWP). The EMWP prepared a management plan in 1993, to
protect the biological and water resources within the partnership lands
(EMWP 2009, App. B). The plan identified five priority management
activities: (1) Watershed resource monitoring, (2) feral animal
control, (3) invasive weed control, (4) management infrastructure, and
(5) public education and awareness programs.
In 1993, EMI and DLNR entered into a right-of-entry agreement to
permit the use of EMI roads by public hunters in the area of Haiku Uka,
with the intention of increasing hunting activities to control feral
pigs, goats, and axis deer in the Koolau FR. In 1996, constituents of
the EMWP prepared an ungulate exclusion fencing strategy to preserve
and protect 12,000 ac (4,856 ha) of land (called the core area) on the
east Maui slope between Hanawi Natural Area Reserve and Koolau Gap,
including the Haiku Uka area, and TNC's Waikamoi Preserve (EMWP 2009,
p. 3). Approximately 7,000 ac (2,833 ha) of the core area consists of
State forest reserve and EMI lands, and approximately 5,000 ac (2,024
ha) are within TNC's Waikamoi Preserve. In 2005 and 2006, the Service
and others provided funding for the construction of an ungulate
exclusion fence at 3,600 ft (1,100 m) elevation and for improving
hunter access to EMWP lands. The fence extends from Hanawi Natural Area
Reserve west to Kaupo Gap, and protects approximately 7,000 ac (2,833
ha) of native forest, including forest in Haiku Uka. The Waikamoi
Preserve and Haleakala National Park fences provide the upper boundary
of the fenced area (TNC 2006l). The fence was completed in 2006, and
the enclosed area of 7,000 ac (2,833 ha) is divided into five units
(Honomanu, Koolau Gap, Waluanui, Wailuaiki, and Kopiliua), which are
managed through the cooperation of landowners, including EMI, and other
partners (EMWP 2009, pp. 3-17).
The 1993 EMWP management plan was revised in 2006 and included
recommendations for improving threat assessment and feral pig control,
and developing more cost-effective methods for natural resource
assessments. In 2008 and 2009, the Service provided funding for feral
pig reduction and fence monitoring on EMI lands in Haiku Uka (USFWS
2008; USFWS 2009, in litt.).
The 2006 EMWP management plan was revised in 2009, to provide long-
term protection of the east Maui watershed resources such as ground and
surface water, native plants and animals and their habitat, hunting
opportunities, commercial harvests, cultural resources, and ecotourism.
The 2009 EMWP management plan provides detailed management objectives
for protection of the east Maui watershed resources, and recommends
that the effectiveness of ongoing management actions be evaluated and
modified, as needed, after 5 years (EMWP 2009, pp. 3-17, + appendices).
The 2009 EMWP management plan describes specific management actions for
the protection of the EMWP lands, including Haiku Uka. These management
actions include ungulate (i.e., feral pigs) control through hunting,
fencing, fence maintenance, and research on effective feral animal
control actions; weed control by controlling existing weeds, preventing
the introduction of new weeds, and supporting research on weed control;
development of a management program for rare and endangered species
that includes surveys, species monitoring, propagation and outplanting
of rare plants and release of rare birds, as well as implementing
threat abatement actions; monitoring changes in vegetation (both native
and nonnative), native forest birds, stream animals, stream flow, and
rainfall; monitoring changes in cultural resources and maintaining and
expanding public support for the east Maui watershed; and maintaining
existing and developing new funding sources (EMWP 2009, pp. 13-17).
As of 2009, the majority of feral ungulates (i.e., feral pigs) were
removed from the five management units (described above). In addition,
there are few to no feral pigs in Haiku Uka due to their control by
hunting and the construction of exclusion fences (Jokiel 2009, pers.
comm.). While native forest dominates Haiku Uka, weed control is
ongoing, particularly within disturbance corridors where new weed
species are likely to be introduced (e.g., camps, trails, and
helicopter landing zones).
The protection and management of the native plants and their
habitats in Haiku Uka that is provided by EMI and the EMWP and
cooperating landowners and partners provides a conservation benefit for
46 endangered and proposed endangered plant species and the endangered
akohekohe and kiwikiu, and their associated ecosystems. Designation of
critical habitat on these managed lands could be a disincentive to the
landowner, who has demonstrated a willingness to manage these lands in
a manner compatible with the conservation of listed and non-listed
species; therefore, we are considering excluding 6,721 ac (2,720 ha) of
land owned and managed by EMI from the designation of critical habitat.
We are requesting comments and information regarding these areas and
will determine whether these lands may warrant exclusion from critical
habitat for the 46 plant and 2 animal species (akohekohe and kiwikiu)
for which critical habitat is proposed on EMI lands, in our final rule.
Peer Review
In accordance with our joint policy published in the Federal
Register on July 1, 1994 (59 FR 34270), we will seek the expert
opinions of at least three appropriate and independent specialists
regarding this proposed rule. The purpose of such review is to ensure
that our proposed listings and critical habitat designations are based
on scientifically sound data, assumptions, and analyses. We have posted
our proposed peer review plan on our Web site at http://www.fws/pacific/informationquality. We will invite these peer reviewers to
comment, during the public comment period, on the specific assumptions
and conclusions regarding the proposed listings and designation of
critical habitat.
We will consider all comments and information we receive during the
comment period on this proposed rule during our preparation of a final
determination. Accordingly, our final decision may differ from this
proposal.
Public Hearings
The Act provides for one or more public hearings on this proposal,
if requested. Requests for public hearings must be made within 45 days
of the publication of this proposal (see DATES). We will schedule
public hearings on this proposal, if any are requested, and announce
the dates, times, and place of those hearings, in the Federal Register
and local newspapers at least 15 days before the first hearing.
Persons needing reasonable accommodations to attend and
[[Page 34586]]
participate in a public hearing should contact the Pacific Islands Fish
and Wildlife Office at 808-792-9400 as soon as possible. To allow
sufficient time to process requests, please call no later than one week
before the hearing date. Information regarding this proposal is
available in alternative formats upon request.
Required Determinations
Regulatory Planning and Review--Executive Order 12866 and 13563
Executive Order 12866 provides that the Office of Information and
Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) will review all significant rules. The Office
of Information and Regulatory Affairs has determined that this rule is
not significant.
Executive Order 13563 reaffirms the principles of E.O. 12866 while
calling for improvements in the nation's regulatory system to promote
predictability, to reduce uncertainty, and to use the best, most
innovative, and least burdensome tools for achieving regulatory ends.
The executive order directs agencies to consider regulatory approaches
that reduce burdens and maintain flexibility and freedom of choice for
the public where these approaches are relevant, feasible, and
consistent with regulatory objectives. E.O. 13563 emphasizes further
that regulations must be based on the best available science and that
the rulemaking process must allow for public participation and an open
exchange of ideas. We have developed this rule in a manner consistent
with these requirements.
Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.)
Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA; 5 U.S.C. 601 et seq., as
amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act
(SBREFA) of 1996), whenever an agency must publish a notice of
rulemaking for any proposed or final rule, it must prepare and make
available for public comment a regulatory flexibility analysis that
describes the effects of the rule on small entities (small businesses,
small organizations, and small government jurisdictions). However, no
regulatory flexibility analysis is required if the head of the agency
certifies the rule will not have a significant economic impact on a
substantial number of small entities. SBREFA amended RFA to require
Federal agencies to provide a statement of the factual basis for
certifying that the rule will not have a significant economic impact on
a substantial number of small entities.
Small entities include small organizations, such as independent
nonprofit organizations; small governmental jurisdictions, including
school boards and city and town governments that serve fewer than
50,000 residents; and small businesses. Small businesses include
manufacturing and mining concerns with fewer than 500 employees,
wholesale trade entities with fewer than 100 employees, retail and
service businesses with less than $5 million in annual sales, general
and heavy construction businesses with less than $27.5 million in
annual business, special trade contractors doing less than $11.5
million in annual business, and agricultural businesses with annual
sales less than $750,000. To determine if potential economic impacts to
these small entities are significant, we consider the types of
activities that might trigger regulatory impacts under this rule, as
well as the types of project modifications that may result. In general,
the term ``significant economic impact'' is meant to apply to a typical
small business firm's business operations.
To determine if a designation of critical habitat could
significantly affect a substantial number of small entities, we
consider the number of small entities affected within particular types
of economic activities (e.g., housing development, grazing, oil and gas
production, timber harvesting). We apply the ``substantial number''
test individually to each industry to determine if certification is
appropriate. However, the SBREFA does not explicitly define
``substantial number'' or ``significant economic impact.''
Consequently, to assess whether a ``substantial number'' of small
entities is affected by this designation, this analysis considers the
relative number of small entities likely to be impacted in an area. In
some circumstances, especially with critical habitat designations of
limited extent, we may aggregate across all industries and consider
whether the total number of small entities affected is substantial. In
estimating the number of small entities potentially affected, we also
consider whether their activities have any Federal involvement.
Under the Act, designation of critical habitat only affects
activities carried out, funded, or permitted by Federal agencies. Some
kinds of activities are unlikely to have any Federal involvement and so
will not be affected by critical habitat designation. However, in some
States, there are State laws that limit activities in designated
critical habitat even where there is no Federal nexus. If there is a
Federal nexus, Federal agencies will be required to consult with us
under section 7 of the Act on activities they fund, permit, or carry
out that may affect critical habitat. If we conclude, in a biological
opinion, that a proposed action is likely to destroy or adversely
modify critical habitat, we can offer ``reasonable and prudent
alternatives.'' Reasonable and prudent alternatives are alternative
actions that can be implemented in a manner consistent with the scope
of the Federal agency's legal authority and jurisdiction, that are
economically and technologically feasible, and that would avoid
destroying or adversely modifying critical habitat.
A Federal agency and an applicant may elect to implement a
reasonable and prudent alternative associated with a biological opinion
that has found adverse modification of critical habitat. An agency or
applicant could alternatively choose to seek an exemption from the
requirements of the Act or proceed without implementing the reasonable
and prudent alternative. However, unless an exemption were obtained,
the Federal agency or applicant would be at risk of violating section
7(a)(2) of the Act if it chose to proceed without implementing the
reasonable and prudent alternatives. We may also identify discretionary
conservation recommendations designed to minimize or avoid the adverse
effects of a proposed action on critical habitat, help implement
recovery plans, or to develop information that could contribute to the
recovery of the species.
Within the proposed critical habitat designation, the types of
actions or authorized activities that we have identified as potential
concerns and that may be subject to consultation under section 7 if
there is a Federal nexus are: (1) Activities that might degrade or
destroy the primary constituent elements for the species, including,
but not limited to (a) grazing, (b) maintaining or increasing feral
ungulate levels, (c) clearing or cutting native live trees and shrubs,
(d) bulldozing, (e) construction, (f) road building, (g) mining, (h)
herbicide application, (i) taking actions that pose a risk of fire; (2)
activities that may alter watershed characteristics in ways that would
reduce groundwater recharge or alter natural, wetland, aquatic, or
vegetative communities (e.g., new water diversion or impoundment
activities, groundwater pumping, and manipulation of vegetation through
activities such as the ones mentioned above); (3) recreational
activities that may degrade vegetation; (4) mining sand or other
minerals; (5) introducing or encouraging the spread
[[Page 34587]]
of nonnative plant species; (6) importing nonnative species for
research, agriculture, and aquaculture; and (7) releasing biological
control agents.
Three of the proposed critical habitat units (Maui--Lowland Dry--
Unit 3, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 5, and Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 5
(which is also Palmeria dolei--Unit 22--Montane Mesic and Pseudonestor
xanthophrys--Unit 22--Montane Mesic) contain commercial operations or
proposed commercial operations. Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 3 totals
approximately 1,089 ac (441 ha) and is located at Paeahu-Palauea on the
southern slope of Haleakala on east Maui. Less than 1 ac (0.4 ha) of
this unit is owned by Maui County, and 1,089 ac (445 ha) are privately
owned. One of the private landowners (Honuaula Partners LLC) plans to
develop approximately 130 ac (53 ha) of this unit for a resort and
golf-course over a 13-year build-out period and expects to begin within
the next few years (PBR Hawaii 2010, pp. 5-6). Honuaula Partners LLC is
working with the State's DOFAW and the Service to develop a multi-
species habitat conservation plan (HCP), primarily to minimize and
mitigate the effects of incidental take of the endangered Blackburn's
sphinx moth (Manduca blackburni) and Hawaiian hoary bat or ope ape a
(Lasiurus cinereus semotus), two species that are not addressed in this
proposed rule, and to address impacts to the plant Canavalia pubescens,
which is proposed for listing as endangered in this document. The
Service will conduct an internal consultation under section 7 of the
Act when considering Honuaula Partners LLC's HCP and application for an
incidental take permit for the Blackburn's sphinx moth and ope ape a.
In the consultation, the Service considers potential impacts to listed
and proposed species, as well as potential impacts to designated and
proposed critical habitat. At this time, we are unaware of any other
ongoing or proposed project with a Federal nexus (e.g., Federal funds
or Federal permits) in this proposed unit.
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 5 totals 5,448 ac (2,205 ha) and extends
from Panaewa to Waikapu Valley on the western and southern slopes of
west Maui. There are 3,685 ac (1,491 ha) of State land and 1,763 ac
(713 ha) of private land in this proposed unit. Maui--Montane Mesic--
Unit 5 totals 304 ac (123 ha) and is located in the upper reaches of
Papalaua and Pohakea gulches on the southeastern slopes of west Maui.
Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 5 is adjacent to and above (to the north of)
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 5, and consists of 170 ac (69 ha) of State and
134 ac (54 ha) of privately owned lands. Kaheawa Wind Power LLC
constructed 20 General Electric 1.5 megawatt wind turbine generators
(WTGs) and associated structures, and realigned the existing four-wheel
drive road on approximately 200 ac (81 ha) of State-leased land at
Kaheawa Pastures, Ukumehame, Maui (called Kaheawa Project I). These
WTGs are located in a single articulated row at an elevation extending
from 2,000 to 3,000 ft (610 to 915 m) across proposed Maui--Lowland
Dry--Unit 5 and Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 5 (which is also Palmeria
dolei--Unit 22--Montane Mesic and Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 22--
Montane Mesic). Kaheawa Wind Power LLC worked with the State's DOFAW
and the Service to develop a multi-species HCP, primarily to minimize
and mitigate the effects of incidental take of three federally listed
birds (the endangered nene, endangered Hawaiian dark-rumped petrel or
ua u (Pterodroma phaeopygia sandwichensis), and the threatened Newell
Townsend's shearwater or ao (Puffinus auricularis newelli)), and the
endangered ope ape a. The Service conducted an internal consultation
under section 7 of the Act on impacts of the proposed Kaheawa Project I
on the four federally listed species and previously designated plant
critical habitat prior to issuing the incidental take permit. Kaheawa
Wind Power LLC plans to construct and operate 14 new 1.5 MW WTGs and
associated structures on 143 ac (58 ha) of State-leased land (called
Kaheawa Project II), approximately 2,000 ft (approximately 610 m)
southeast of the southern end of Kaheawa Project I (outside of proposed
critical habitat in Maui--Lowland--Dry Unit 5). Kaheawa Project II also
includes plans to construct and operate a new maintenance building on 2
ac (0.8 ha) of State-leased land within proposed Maui--Lowland Dry--
Unit 5. Kaheawa Wind Power LLC is working with the State's DOFAW and
the Service to develop a multi-species HCP for Kaheawa Project II,
primarily to minimize and mitigate the effects of incidental take of
the federally listed nene, ua u, ao, and ope ape a. The Service
conducted an internal consultation under section 7 of the Act on
impacts of the proposed Kaheawa Project II on these four listed
species, and issued a permit for construction and operation of the wind
towers in January, 2012.
None of the other 97 plant, 86 forest bird, and 11 tree snail
proposed critical habitat units contains any significant residential,
commercial, industrial, or golf-course projects; crop farming; or
intensive livestock operations. Few projects are planned for locations
in these other proposed critical habitat units. This situation reflects
the fact that:
(1) Most of the land is unsuitable for development, farming, or
other economic activities due to the rugged mountain terrain, lack of
access, and remote locations; and
(2) Existing land-use controls severely limit development and most
other economic activities in the mountainous interiors of the islands
of Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Kahoolawe.
Existing and planned projects, land uses, and activities that could
affect the proposed critical habitat but have no Federal involvement
would not require section 7 consultation with the Service, so they are
not restricted by the requirements of the Act. Further, although some
existing and continuing activities involve the operation and
maintenance of existing manmade features and structures (e.g., wind
turbines and associated structures) in certain areas, these areas do
not contain the physical or biological features for the species, and
would not be impacted by the designation. Finally, for the anticipated
projects and activities that will have Federal involvement, many are
conservation efforts that will not negatively impact the species or
their habitat, so they will not be subjected to a protracted informal
section 7 consultation. We anticipate that a developer or other project
proponent could modify a project or take measures to protect the 135
Maui Nui species. The kinds of actions that may be included if future
reasonable and prudent alternatives become necessary include
conservation set-asides, management of competing nonnative species,
restoration of degraded habitat, and regular monitoring. These measures
are not likely to result in a significant economic impact to project
proponents, as nearly all of the lands proposed for critical habitat
designation are unsuitable for development, as well as for most
commercial projects, land uses, and activities. This is due to their
remote location, lack of access, and rugged terrain.
In addition, Federal agencies may also need to reinitiate a
previous consultation if discretionary involvement or control over the
Federal action has been retained or is authorized by law and the
activities may affect critical habitat. On November 9, 1984, we
designated critical habitat for the endangered plant Gouania
hillebrandii on Maui (49 FR 44753), and in 2003 and
[[Page 34588]]
2008, we designated critical habitat for 3 plants on Lanai (68 FR 1220;
January 9, 2003); 41 plants on Molokai (68 FR 12982; March 18, 2003);
60 plants on Maui and Kahoolawe (68 FR 25934; May 14, 2003);
Blackburn's sphinx moth on Molokai, Maui, and Kahoolawe, and the island
of Hawaii (68 FR 34710; June 10, 2003); and, most recently, for 12
picture-wing flies on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii (73 FR
73794; December 4, 2008). We discuss our formal and informal
consultations conducted prior to 2003 on the islands of Lanai, Molokai,
Maui, and Kahoolawe in our final rules to designate critical habitat on
these islands (68 FR 1220, January 9, 2003; 68 FR 12982, March 18,
2003; 68 FR 25934, May 14, 2003). Since the 2003 critical habitat
designations on Lanai, Molokai, Maui, and Kahoolawe, and most recently
in December 2008 on Molokai and Maui, we have conducted 17 formal
consultations and 81 informal consultations on these islands (Table 8),
in addition to consultations on Federal grants to State wildlife
programs that do not affect small entities. Of these 98 formal and
informal consultations, 10 formal consultations and 32 informal
consultations were primarily consultations regarding Federal permits to
Service employees to implement conservation actions for listed species.
The remainder, 7 formal consultations and 49 informal consultations,
involved (in order of frequency) the Department of Agriculture (USDA-
NRCS, USDA-Emergency Conservation Program (ECP), USDA-Animal and Plant
Health Inspection Service (APHIS), USDA-Farm Services Agency (FSA), and
USDA-Emergency Watershed Program (EWP), U.S.Army Corps of Engineers,
Federal Communications Commission (FCC), Environmental Protection
Agency, National Science Foundation, Department of Housing and Urban
Development, NPS, Sprint Nextel, U.S. Navy, U.S. Air Force, University
of Hawaii-Institute for Astronomy, U.S. Coast Guard, Hawaii Army
National Guard, USGS-BRD, and Maui Electric Company (MECO).
Table 8--Summary of Consultations on Molokai, Lanai, Maui and Kahoolawe Between 2003 and 2010
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total No. of Total No. of
informal formal
Total No. of consultations Total No. of consultations
Island informal concerning formal concerning
consultations critical consultations critical
habitat habitat
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Molokai......................................... 17 3 2 0
Lanai........................................... 3 0 1 0
Maui............................................ 58 7 10 1
Kahoolawe....................................... 3 2 1 1
Multi-Island (includes one or more islands)..... 0 0 3 0
---------------------------------------------------------------
Total for all islands....................... 81 12 17 2
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Two of the formal consultations concerned designated critical
habitat, and we concurred with each agency's determination that the
project, as proposed, was not likely to destroy or adversely modify
critical habitat. One of the formal consultations was conducted on
behalf of the U.S. Navy regarding controlled burns at Waikahalulu and
Kamohio on the island of Kahoolawe. The U.S. Navy proposed to reduce
and remove vegetation cover (by fire) in plant and Blackburn's sphinx
moth critical habitat so that Navy contractors could safely locate
unexploded ordinance (UXO) for removal and disposal. Although the
controlled burn was carried out in an area that is also proposed for
critical habitat in this rule, it was a single, one-time action that is
not ongoing. The U.S. Navy ceased UXO removal operations on Kahoolawe
in 2004. The other formal consultation is discussed above (see Kaheawa
Project I). The Service may need to reinitiate internal consultation on
future actions proposed (Kaheawa Project II) in Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit
5 and Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 5, if those actions may affect
subsequently newly designated critical habitat.
The majority of the 49 informal consultations that did not involve
Service actions was related to project effects on seabird flyways,
listed species and their associated habitats, and human interactions
with endangered nene. About one third of the informal consultations was
conducted with the USDA for proposed funding for habitat restoration
projects under NRCS programs such as the Wetland Reserve Program,
Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program, and Environmental Quality
Incentives Program, and the remaining consultations were agricultural
projects under the FSA's Emergency Conservation Program.
Twelve of the 81 informal consultations concerned designated
critical habitat, and in all cases we concurred with each agency's
determination that the project, as proposed, had no effect or was not
likely to adversely modify critical habitat. These projects were evenly
divided between conservation actions that would benefit listed species,
construction, and agricultural operations. For the 69 informal
consultations that did not concern designated critical habitat, we
concurred with each agency's determination that the project, as
proposed, was not likely to adversely affect listed species.
In this rule, we are proposing to designate critical habitat on a
total 271,062 ac (109,695 ha) of land. Forty-seven percent (127,807 ac
(51,722 ha)) of this proposed critical habitat designation is already
designated critical habitat for one or more species, and 53 percent
(143,272 ac (57,980 ha)) of the proposed designation is on land newly
proposed as critical habitat. Some of the Federal actions that were
subject to previous section 7 consultation are on the lands we are
proposing as critical habitat in this rule. Therefore, there may be a
requirement to reinitiate consultation for some ongoing Federal
projects.
In the 2003 and 2008 economic analyses of the previous designation
of critical habitat for the 102 species of plants on the islands of
Lanai, Molokai, Maui, and Kahoolawe; Blackburn's sphinx moth; and 12
picture-wing flies, we evaluated the potential economic effects on
small business entities resulting from the protection of these species
and their habitats related to the proposed designation of critical
habitat and determined that it would not have a significant economic
impact on a substantial number of small entities. The RFA/SBREFA
defines ``small governmental jurisdiction'' as the government of a
city, county, town, school district, or special district with a
population of less than 50,000. By this
[[Page 34589]]
definition, Maui County is not a small governmental jurisdiction
because its population was estimated at 145,157 residents in 2009.
Certain State agencies may be affected by the proposed critical habitat
designation--such as the Department of Land and Natural Resources and
the State Department of Transportation. However, for the purposes of
the RFA, State governments are considered independent sovereigns, not
small governments. The overlap between the previous critical habitat
designations for the 102 plant species, Blackburn's sphinx moth, and 2
of the 12 picture-wing flies and this proposed critical habitat
designation is further evidence that this proposal is not likely to
have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small
entities.
We have made an initial RFA finding that the proposed designation
of critical habitat for the 135 species will not have a significant
effect on a substantial number of small entities, for the reasons
described above. However, we will defer making a final RFA finding in
order to allow the public an opportunity to comment on potential
economic consequences of this critical habitat proposal.
Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.)
In accordance with the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501
et seq.), we make the following findings:
(a) This rule would not produce a Federal mandate. In general, a
Federal mandate is a provision in legislation, statute, or regulation
that would impose an enforceable duty upon State, local, or tribal
governments, or the private sector, and includes both ``Federal
intergovernmental mandates'' and ``Federal private sector mandates.''
These terms are defined in 2 U.S.C. 658(5)-(7). ``Federal
intergovernmental mandate'' includes a regulation that ``would impose
an enforceable duty upon State, local, or tribal governments'' with two
exceptions. It excludes ``a condition of Federal assistance.'' It also
excludes ``a duty arising from participation in a voluntary Federal
program,'' unless the regulation ``relates to a then-existing Federal
program under which $500,000,000 or more is provided annually to State,
local, and tribal governments under entitlement authority,'' if the
provision would ``increase the stringency of conditions of assistance''
or ``place caps upon, or otherwise decrease, the Federal Government's
responsibility to provide funding,'' and the State, local, or tribal
governments ``lack authority'' to adjust accordingly. At the time of
enactment, these entitlement programs were: Medicaid; AFDC work
programs; Child Nutrition; Food Stamps; Social Services Block Grants;
Vocational Rehabilitation State Grants; Foster Care, Adoption
Assistance, and Independent Living; Family Support Welfare Services;
and Child Support Enforcement. ``Federal private sector mandate''
includes a regulation that ``would impose an enforceable duty upon the
private sector, except (i) a condition of Federal assistance or (ii) a
duty arising from participation in a voluntary Federal program.''
The designation of critical habitat does not impose a legally
binding duty on non-Federal Government entities or private parties.
Under the Act, the only regulatory effect is that Federal agencies must
ensure that their actions do not destroy or adversely modify critical
habitat under section 7. While non-Federal entities that receive
Federal funding, assistance, or permits, or that otherwise require
approval or authorization from a Federal agency for an action, may be
indirectly impacted by the designation of critical habitat, the legally
binding duty to avoid destruction or adverse modification of critical
habitat rests squarely on the Federal agency. Furthermore, to the
extent that non-Federal entities are indirectly impacted because they
receive Federal assistance or participate in a voluntary Federal aid
program, the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act would not apply, nor would
critical habitat shift the costs of the large entitlement programs
listed above onto State governments.
(b) We do not believe that this rule would significantly or
uniquely affect small governments. The lands we are proposing for
critical habitat designation are owned by the County of Maui, the State
of Hawaii, private citizens, and the Federal government. None of these
entities fit the definition of ``small governmental jurisdiction.''
Therefore, a Small Government Agency Plan is not required. However, we
will further evaluate this issue as we conduct our economic analysis,
and we will review and revise this assessment as warranted.
Takings--Executive Order 12630
In accordance with E.O. 12630 (Government Actions and Interference
with Constitutionally Protected Private Property Rights), we have
analyzed the potential takings implications of designating critical
habitat for each of the 135 species in a takings implications
assessment. The takings implications assessment concludes that this
designation of critical habitat for each of these species does not pose
significant takings implications for lands within or affected by the
proposed designation.
Federalism--Executive Order 13132
In accordance with E.O. 13132 (Federalism), this proposed rule does
not have significant Federalism effects. A Federalism summary impact
statement is not required. In keeping with Department of the Interior
and Department of Commerce policy, we requested information from, and
coordinated development of, this proposed critical habitat designation
with appropriate State resource agencies in Hawaii. The critical
habitat designation may have some benefit to these governments because
the areas that contain the features essential to the conservation of
the species would be more clearly defined, and the essential features
themselves are specifically identified. While making this definition
and identification does alter where and what federally sponsored
activities may occur, it may assist local governments in long-range
planning (rather than having them wait for case-by-case section 7
consultations to occur).
Where State and local governments require approval or authorization
from a Federal agency for actions that may affect critical habitat,
consultation under section 7(a)(2) would be required. While non-Federal
entities that receive Federal funding, assistance, or permits, or that
otherwise require approval or authorization from a Federal agency for
an action, may be indirectly impacted by the designation of critical
habitat, the legally binding duty to avoid destruction or adverse
modification of critical habitat rests squarely on the Federal agency.
Civil Justice Reform--Executive Order 12988
In accordance with E.O. 12988 (Civil Justice Reform), the Office of
the Solicitor has determined that the rule does not unduly burden the
judicial system and that it meets the requirements of sections 3(a) and
3(b)(2) of the Order. We proposed designating critical habitat in
accordance with the provisions of the Act. This proposed rule uses
standard property descriptions and identifies the physical and
biological features within the designated areas to assist the public in
understanding the habitat needs of each of the species being considered
in this proposed rule.
Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.)
This rule does not contain any new collections of information that
require
[[Page 34590]]
approval by Office of Management and Budget (OMB) under the Paperwork
Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.). This rule will not
impose recordkeeping or reporting requirements on State or local
governments, individuals, businesses, or organizations. An agency may
not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a
collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB
control number.
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
It is our position that, outside the jurisdiction of the Circuit
Court of the United States for the Tenth Circuit, we do not need to
prepare environmental analyses as defined by NEPA (42 U.S.C. 4321 et
seq.) in connection with designating critical habitat under the Act. We
published a notice outlining our reasons for this determination in the
Federal Register on October 25, 1983 (48 FR 49244). This assertion was
upheld by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (Douglas
County v. Babbitt, 48 F.3d 1495 (9th Cir. 1995), cert. denied 516 U.S.
1042 (1996)).
Clarity of the Rule
We are required by Executive Orders 12866 and 12988 and by the
Presidential Memorandum of June 1, 1998, to write all rules in plain
language. This means that each rule we publish must:
(a) Be logically organized;
(b) Use the active voice to address readers directly;
(c) Use clear language rather than jargon;
(d) Be divided into short sections and sentences; and
(e) Use lists and tables wherever possible.
If you feel that we have not met these requirements, send us
comments by one of the methods listed in the ADDRESSES section. To
better help us revise the rule, your comments should be as specific as
possible. For example, you should tell us the numbers of the sections
or paragraphs that are unclearly written, which sections or sentences
are too long, the sections where you feel lists or tables would be
useful, etc.
Government-to-Government Relationship With Tribes
In accordance with the President's memorandum of April 29, 1994,
Government-to-Government Relations with Native American Tribal
Governments (59 FR 22951), E.O. 13175, and the Department of Interior's
manual at 512 DM2, we readily acknowledge our responsibility to
communicate meaningfully with recognized Federal Tribes on a
government-to-government basis. In accordance with Secretarial Order
3206 of June 5, 1997 ``American Indian Tribal Rights, Federal-Tribal
Trust Responsibilities, and the Endangered Species Act,'' we readily
acknowledge our responsibilities to work directly with Tribes in
developing programs for healthy ecosystems, to acknowledge that tribal
lands are not subject to the same controls as Federal public lands, to
remain sensitive to Indian culture, and to make information available
to Tribes.
We have determined that there are no tribal lands occupied at the
time of listing that contain the features essential for the
conservation, and no tribal lands that are essential for the
conservation, of the 135 species. Therefore, we have not proposed
designation of critical habitat for any of the 135 species on tribal
lands.
Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use
On May 18, 2001, the President issued an Executive Order (E.O.
13211; Actions Concerning Regulations That Significantly Affect Energy
Supply, Distribution, or Use) on regulations that significantly affect
energy supply, distribution, and use. Executive Order 13211 requires
agencies to prepare Statements of Energy Effects when undertaking
certain actions. This proposed rule to designate critical habitat for
135 species is not a significant regulatory action under E.O. 12866,
and we do not expect it to significantly affect energy supplies,
distribution, or use. When determining critical habitat boundaries
within this proposed rule, we made every effort to avoid including
developed areas such as buildings, paved areas, and other structures
that lack the physical or biological features essential for the
conservation of the 135 species. The scale of the maps we prepared
under the parameters for publication within the Code of Federal
Regulations may not reflect the exclusion of such developed areas. Any
such structures and the land under them inadvertently left inside
critical habitat boundaries shown on the maps of this proposed rule
have been excluded by text in the proposed rule and are not proposed
for designation as critical habitat. A wind energy generation facility
operated by Kaheawa Wind Power LLC spans a portion of Maui--Lowland
Dry--Unit 5 and Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 5. This man made facility
does not provide the physical or biological features essential to the
conservation of the species and, therefore, is not included in the
proposed designation. Therefore, this action is not a significant
energy action, and no Statement of Energy Effects is required. However,
we will further evaluate this issue as we conduct our economic
analysis, and we will review and revise this assessment as warranted.
References Cited
A complete list of references cited in this rule is available on
the Internet at http://www.regulations.gov and upon request from the
Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION
CONTACT, above).
Authors
The primary authors of this document are the staff members of the
Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office.
List of Subjects in 50 CFR part 17
Endangered and threatened species, Exports, Imports, Reporting and
recordkeeping requirements, Transportation.
Proposed Regulation Promulgation
Accordingly, we propose to amend part 17, subchapter B of chapter
I, title 50 of the Code of Federal Regulations, as set forth below:
PART 17--ENDANGERED AND THREATENED WILDLIFE AND PLANTS
1. The authority citation for part 17 continues to read as follows:
Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361-1407; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1544; 16 U.S.C.
4201-4245; Pub. L. 99-625, 100 Stat. 3500; unless otherwise noted.
2. Amend Sec. 17.11(h), the List of Endangered and Threatened
Wildlife, as follows:
a. By revising the entries for ``Honeycreeper, crested'' and
``Parrotbill, Maui (honeycreeper)'' under BIRDS to read as set forth
below; and
b. By adding entries for ``Snail, Lanai tree'' (Partulina
semicarinata), ``Snail, Lanai tree'' (Partulina variabilis), and
``Snail, Newcomb's tree'' (Newcombia cumingi), in alphabetical order
under SNAILS, to read as set forth below.
Sec. 17.11 Endangered and threatened wildlife.
* * * * *
(h) * * *
[[Page 34591]]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Species Vertebrate
------------------------------------------------------ population where When Special
Historic range endangered or Status listed Critical habitat rules
Common name Scientific name threatened
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
Birds
* * * * * * *
Honeycreeper, crested Palmeria dolei..... U.S.A. (HI)........ Entire............. E 1 17.95(b) NA
(Akohekohe).
* * * * * * *
Parrotbill, Maui (Kiwikiu)...... Pseudonestor U.S.A. (HI)........ Entire............. E 1 17.95(b) NA
xanthophrys.
* * * * * * *
Snails
* * * * * * *
Snail, Lanai tree............... Partulina U.S.A. (HI)........ NA................. E ......... 17.95(f) NA
semicarinata.
* * * * * * *
Snail, Lanai tree............... Partulina U.S.A. (HI)........ NA................. E ......... 17.95(f) NA
variabilis.
* * * * * * *
Snail, Newcomb's tree........... Newcombia cumingi.. U.S.A. (HI)........ NA................. E ......... 17.95(f) NA
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Amend Sec. 17.12(h), the List of Endangered and Threatened
Plants, as follows:
a. By removing the entries for Centaurium sebaeoides, Cyanea
dunbarii, Cyanea macrostegia ssp. gibsonii, Gahnia lanaiensis, Hedyotis
schlechtendahliana var. remyi, Hedyotis mannii, Lipochaeta kamolensis,
and Mariscus fauriei under FLOWERING PLANTS;
b. By revising the entries for Abutilon eremitopetalum, Acaena
exigua, Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Bonamia menziesii, Brighamia
rockii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis,
Clermontia peleana, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea lobata,
Cyperus trachysanthos, Cyrtandra munroi, Gouania hillebrandii,
Hesperomannia arborescens, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Kokia cookei,
Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis, Melicope mucronulata, Melicope
munroi, Neraudia sericea, Phyllostegia hispida, Platanthera holochila,
Portulaca sclerocarpa, Sesbania tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, Solanum
incompletum, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum, Tetramalopium remyi, Vigna o-wahuensis, Viola lanaiensis,
and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense under FLOWERING PLANTS, to read as set forth
below;
c. By adding entries for Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Bidens
campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis, Bidens conjuncta, Calamagrostis
hillebrandii, Canavalia pubescens, Cyanea asplenifolia, Cyanea
dunbariae, Cyanea duvalliorum, Cyanea gibsonii, Cyanea horrida, Cyanea
kunthiana, Cyanea magnicalyx, Cyanea maritae, Cyanea mauiensis, Cyanea
munroi, Cyanea obtusa, Cyanea profuga, Cyanea solanacea, Cyperus
fauriei, Cyrtandra ferripilosa, Cyrtandra filipes, Cyrtandra oxybapha,
Festuca molokaiensis, Geranium hanaense, Geranium hillebrandii, Kadua
cordata ssp. remyi, Kadua laxiflora, Melanthera kamolensis, Mucuna
sloanei var. persericea, Myrsine vaccinioides, Peperomia subpetiolata,
Phyllostegia bracteata, Phyllostegia haliakalae, Phyllostegia pilosa,
Pittosporum halophilum, Pleomele fernaldii, Santalum haleakalae var.
lanaiense, Schenkia sebaeoides, Schiedea jacobii, Schiedea laui,
Schiedea salicaria, Stenogyne kauaulaensis, and Wikstroemia villosa in
alphabetical order under FLOWERING PLANTS, to read as set forth below;
d. By removing the entries for Asplenium fragile var. insulare,
Diellia erecta, and Phlegmariurus mannii under FERNS AND ALLIES;
e. By revising the entries for Adenophorus periens, Ctenitis
squamigera, Diplazium molokaiense, Huperzia manii, and Marsilea
villosa, under FERNS AND ALLIES to read as set forth below; and
f. By adding entries for Asplenium dielerectum and Asplenium
peruvianum var. insulare, in alphabetical order under FERNS AND ALLIES,
to read as set forth below.
Sec. 17.12 Endangered and threatened plants.
* * * * *
(h) * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Species
------------------------------------------------------ Historic range Family Status When Critical habitat Special
Scientific name Common name listed rules
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
Flowering Plants
[[Page 34592]]
* * * * * * *
Abutilon eremitopetalum......... None............... U.S.A. (HI)........ Malvaceae.......... E 435 17.99(m) NA
* * * * * * *
Acaena exigua................... Liliwai............ U.S.A. (HI)........ Rosaceae........... E 467 17.99(e)(1) NA
* * * * * * *
Bidens campylotheca ssp. Kookoolau.......... U.S.A. (HI)........ Asteraceae......... E ......... 17.99(e)(1) NA
pentamera.
* * * * * * *
Bidens campylotheca ssp. Kookoolau.......... U.S.A. (HI)........ Asteraceae......... E ......... 17.99(e)(1) NA
waihoiensis.
* * * * * * *
Bidens conjuncta................ Kookoolau.......... U.S.A. (HI)........ Asteraceae......... E ......... 17.99(e)(1) NA
* * * * * * *
Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha. Kookoolau.......... U.S.A. (HI)........ Asteraceae......... E 467 17.99(e)(1), (m) NA
* * * * * * *
Bonamia menziesii............... None............... U.S.A. (HI)........ Convolvulaceae..... E 559 17.99(a)(1), (c), NA
(e)(1), (i), (k),
(m)
* * * * * * *
Brighamia rockii................ Pua ala............ U.S.A. (HI)........ Campanulaceae...... E 480 17.99(c), (e)(1), NA
(m)
* * * * * * *
Calamagrostis hillebrandii...... None............... U.S.A. (HI)........ Poaceae............ E ......... 17.99(e)(1) NA
* * * * * * *
Canavalia pubescens............. Awikiwiki.......... U.S.A. (HI)........ Fabaceae........... E ......... 17.99(e)(1), (m) NA
* * * * * * *
Cenchrus agrimonioides.......... Kamanomano, U.S.A. (HI)........ Poaceae............ E 592 17.99(e)(1), (i), NA
(=Sandbur, (m)
agrimony).
* * * * * * *
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. Oha wai............ U.S.A. (HI)........ Campanulaceae...... E 467 17.99(e)(1), (m) NA
mauiensis.
* * * * * * *
Clermontia peleana.............. Oha wai............ U.S.A. (HI)........ Campanulaceae...... E 532 17.99(e)(1), (k) NA
* * * * * * *
Cyanea asplenifolia............. Haha............... U.S.A. (HI)........ Campanulaceae...... E ......... 17.99(e)(1) NA
* * * * * * *
Cyanea dunbariae................ Haha............... U.S.A. (HI)........ Campanulaceae...... E 594 17.99(c) NA
* * * * * * *
Cyanea duvalliorum.............. Haha............... U.S.A. (HI)........ Campanulaceae...... E ......... 17.99(e)(1) NA
* * * * * * *
Cyanea gibsonii................. Haha............... U.S.A. (HI)........ Campanulaceae...... E 435 17.99(m) NA
* * * * * * *
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. Haha............... U.S.A. (HI)........ Campanulaceae...... E 592 17.99(c), (i) NA
grimesiana.
* * * * * * *
Cyanea horrida.................. Haha nui........... U.S.A. (HI)........ Campanulaceae...... E ......... 17.99(e)(1) NA
* * * * * * *
Cyanea kunthiana................ Haha............... U.S.A. (HI)........ Campanulaceae...... E ......... 17.99(e)(1) NA
[[Page 34593]]
* * * * * * *
Cyanea lobata................... Haha............... U.S.A. (HI)........ Campanulaceae...... E 467 17.99(e)(1), (m) NA
* * * * * * *
Cyanea magnicalyx............... Haha............... U.S.A. (HI)........ Campanulaceae...... E ......... 17.99(e)(1) NA
* * * * * * *
Cyanea maritae.................. Haha............... U.S.A. (HI)........ Campanulaceae...... E ......... 17.99(e)(1) NA
* * * * * * *
Cyanea mauiensis................ Haha............... U.S.A. (HI)........ Campanulaceae...... E ......... NA NA
* * * * * * *
Cyanea munroi................... Haha............... U.S.A. (HI)........ Campanulaceae...... E ......... 17.99(c), (m) NA
* * * * * * *
Cyanea obtusa................... Haha............... U.S.A. (HI)........ Campanulaceae...... E ......... 17.99(e)(1) NA
* * * * * * *
Cyanea profuga.................. Haha............... U.S.A. (HI)........ Campanulaceae...... E ......... 17.99(c) NA
* * * * * * *
Cyanea solanacea................ Popolo............. U.S.A. (HI)........ Campanulaceae...... E ......... 17.99(c) NA
* * * * * * *
Cyperus fauriei................. None............... U.S.A. (HI)........ Cyperaceae......... E 532 17.99(c), (m), (k) NA
* * * * * * *
Cyperus trachysanthos........... Puukaa............. U.S.A. (HI)........ Cyperaceae......... E 592 17.99(a)(1), (c), NA
(i), (m)
* * * * * * *
Cyrtandra ferripilosa........... Haiwale............ U.S.A. (HI)........ Gesneriaceae....... E ......... 17.99(e)(1) NA
* * * * * * *
Cyrtandra filipes............... Haiwale............ U.S.A. (HI)........ Gesneriaceae....... E ......... 17.99(c), (e)(1) NA
* * * * * * *
Cyrtandra munroi................ Haiwale............ U.S.A. (HI)........ Gesneriaceae....... E 467 17.99(e)(1), (m) NA
* * * * * * *
Cyrtandra oxybapha.............. Haiwale............ U.S.A. (HI)........ Gesneriaceae....... E ......... 17.99(e)(1) NA
* * * * * * *
Festuca molokaiensis............ None............... U.S.A. (HI)........ Poaceae............ E ......... 17.99(c) NA
* * * * * * *
Geranium hanaense............... Nohoanu............ U.S.A. (HI)........ Geraniaceae........ E ......... 17.99(e)(1) NA
* * * * * * *
Geranium hillebrandii........... Nohoanu............ U.S.A. (HI)........ Geraniaceae........ E ......... 17.99(e)(1) NA
* * * * * * *
Gouania hillebrandii............ None............... U.S.A. (HI)........ Rhamnaceae......... E 165 17.99(c), (e)(1), NA
(e)(2)
* * * * * * *
Hesperomannia arborescens....... None............... U.S.A. (HI)........ Asteraceae......... E 536 17.99(c), (e)(1), NA
(i), (m)
* * * * * * *
Hibiscus brackenridgei.......... Mao hau hele....... U.S.A. (HI)........ Malvaceae.......... E 559 17.99(c), (e)(1), NA
(e)(2), (i), (k),
(m)
[[Page 34594]]
* * * * * * *
Kadua cordata ssp. remyi........ Kopa............... U.S.A. (HI)........ Rubiaceae.......... E 666 17.99(m) NA
* * * * * * *
Kadua laxiflora................. Pilo............... U.S.A. (HI)........ Rubiaceae.......... E 480 17.99(c), (e)(1), NA
(m)
* * * * * * *
Kokia cookei.................... Cooke's kokio...... U.S.A. (HI)........ Malvaceae.......... E 74 17.99(c) NA
* * * * * * *
Labordia tinifolia var. Kamakahala......... U.S.A. (HI)........ Loganiaceae........ E 666 17.99(m) NA
lanaiensis.
* * * * * * *
Melanthera kamolensis........... Nehe............... U.S.A. (HI)........ Asteraceae......... E 467 17.99(e)(1) NA
* * * * * * *
Melicope mucronulata............ Alani.............. U.S.A. (HI)........ Rutaceae........... E 467 17.99(c), (e)(1) NA
* * * * * * *
Melicope munroi................. Alani.............. U.S.A. (HI)........ Rutaceae........... E 666 17.99(c), (m) NA
* * * * * * *
Mucuna sloanei var. persericea.. Sea bean........... U.S.A. (HI)........ Fabaceae........... E ......... 17.99(e)(1) NA
* * * * * * *
Myrsine vaccinioides............ Kolea.............. U.S.A. (HI)........ Myrsinaceae........ E ......... 17.99(e)(1) NA
* * * * * * *
Neraudia sericea................ None............... U.S.A. (HI)........ Urticaceae......... E 559 17.99(c), (e)(1), NA
(e)(2), (m)
* * * * * * *
Peperomia subpetiolata.......... Alaala wai nui..... U.S.A. (HI)........ Piperaceae......... E ......... 17.99(e)(1) NA
* * * * * * *
Phyllostegia bracteata.......... None............... U.S.A. (HI)........ Lamiaceae.......... E ......... 17.99(e)(1) NA
* * * * * * *
Phyllostegia haliakalae......... None............... U.S.A. (HI)........ Lamiaceae.......... E ......... 17.99(c), (e)(1), NA
(m)
* * * * * * *
Phyllostegia hispida............ None............... U.S.A. (HI)........ Lamiaceae.......... E 762 17.99(c) NA
* * * * * * *
Phyllostegia pilosa............. None............... U.S.A. (HI)........ Lamiaceae.......... E ......... 17.99(c), (e)(1) NA
* * * * * * *
Pittosporum halophilum.......... Hoawa.............. U.S.A. (HI)........ Pittosporaceae..... E ......... 17.99(c) NA
* * * * * * *
Platanthera holochila........... None............... U.S.A. (HI)........ Orchidaceae........ E 592 17.99(a)(1), (c), NA
(e)(1), (i)
* * * * * * *
Pleomele fernaldii.............. Hala pepe.......... U.S.A. (HI)........ Asparagaceae....... E ......... 17.99(m) NA
* * * * * * *
Portulaca sclerocarpa........... Poe................ U.S.A. (HI)........ Portulacaceae...... E 532 17.99(k), (m) NA
[[Page 34595]]
* * * * * * *
Santalum haleakalae var. Lanai sandalwood or U.S.A. (HI)........ Santalaceae........ E 215 17.99(c), (e)(1), NA
lanaiense. iliahi. (m)
* * * * * * *
Schenkia sebaeoides............. Awiwi.............. U.S.A. (HI)........ Gentianaceae....... E 448 17.99(a)(1), (c), NA
(e)(1), (i), (m)
* * * * * * *
Schiedea jacobii................ None............... U.S.A. (HI)........ Caryophyllaceae.... E ......... 17.99(e)(1) NA
* * * * * * *
Schiedea laui................... None............... U.S.A. (HI)........ Caryophyllaceae.... E ......... 17.99(c) NA
* * * * * * *
Schiedea salicaria.............. None............... U.S.A. (HI)........ Caryophyllaceae.... E ......... 17.99(e)(1) NA
* * * * * * *
Sesbania tomentosa.............. Ohai............... U.S.A. (HI)........ Fabaceae........... E 559 17.99(a)(1), (c), NA
(e)(1), (e)(2),
(g), (i), (k), (m)
* * * * * * *
Silene lanceolata............... None............... U.S.A. (HI)........ Caryophyllaceae.... E 480 17.99(c), (i), (m) NA
* * * * * * *
Solanum incompletum............. Popolo ku mai...... U.S.A. (HI)........ Solanaceae......... E 559 17.99(e)(1), (k), NA
(m)
* * * * * * *
Spermolepis hawaiiensis......... None............... U.S.A. (HI)........ Apiaceae........... E 559 17.99(a)(1), (c), NA
(e)(1), (i), (m)
* * * * * * *
Stenogyne kauaulaensis.......... None............... U.S.A. (HI)........ Lamiaceae.......... E ......... 17.99(e)(1) NA
* * * * * * *
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. None............... U.S.A. (HI)........ Asteraceae......... E 448 17.99(i), (m) NA
lepidotum.
* * * * * * *
Tetramolopium remyi............. None............... U.S.A. (HI)........ Asteraceae......... E 435 17.99(e)(1), (m) NA
* * * * * * *
Vigna o-wahuensis............... None............... U.S.A. (HI)........ Fabaceae........... E 559 17.99(c), (e)(1), NA
(e)(2), (i), (k),
(m)
* * * * * * *
Viola lanaiensis................ None............... U.S.A. (HI)........ Violaceae.......... E 435 17.99(m) NA
* * * * * * *
Wikstroemia villosa............. Akia............... U.S.A. (HI)........ Thymelaeaceae...... E ......... 17.99(e)(1) NA
* * * * * * *
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense.......... Ae................. U.S.A. (HI)........ Rutaceae........... E 532 17.99(a)(1), (c), NA
(e)(1), (m)
* * * * * * *
FERNS AND ALLIES................
[[Page 34596]]
* * * * * * *
Adenophorus periens............. Pendant kihi fern.. U.S.A. (HI)........ Grammitidaceae..... E 559 17.99(a)(1), (c), NA
(e)(1), (i), (k),
(m)
* * * * * * *
Asplenium dielerectum........... Asplenium-leaved U.S.A. (HI)........ Aspleniaceae....... E 559 17.99(a)(1), (c), NA
diellia. (e)(1), (i), (k),
(m)
* * * * * * *
Asplenium peruvianum var. None............... U.S.A. (HI)........ Aspleniaceae....... E 553 17.99(e)(1), (k) NA
insulare.
* * * * * * *
Ctenitis squamigera............. Pauoa.............. U.S.A. (HI)........ Aspleniaceae....... E 553 17.99(a)(1), (c), NA
(e)(1), (i), (m)
* * * * * * *
Diplazium molokaiense........... None............... U.S.A. (HI)........ Aspleniaceae....... E 553 17.99(a)(1), (c), NA
(e)(1), (i), (m)
* * * * * * *
Huperzia mannii................. Wawaeiole.......... U.S.A. (HI)........ Lycopodiaceae...... E 467 17.99(e)(1) NA
* * * * * * *
Marsilea villosa................ Ihi ihi............ U.S.A. (HI)........ Marsileaceae....... E 474 17.99 (c), (i) NA
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * *
4. Amend Sec. 17.95 as follows:
a. In paragraph (b), by adding entries for ``Crested Honeycreeper
(Akohekohe) (Palmeria dolei)'' and ``Maui Parrotbill (Kiwikiu)
(Pseudonestor xanthophrys)'' in the same alphabetical order as these
species occur in the table at Sec. 17.11(h); and
b. In paragraph (f), by adding entries for ``Lanai tree snail
(Partulina semicarinata),'' ``Lanai tree snail (Partulina
variabilis),'' and ``Newcomb's tree snail (Newcombia cumingi),'' to the
end of the paragraph, to read as set forth below.
Sec. 17.95 Critical habitat--fish and wildlife.
* * * * *
(b) Birds.
* * * * *
Crested Honeycreeper (Akohekohe) (Palmeria dolei)
(1) Critical habitat units are depicted for Maui County, Hawaii, on
the maps below.
(2) Primary constituent elements.
(i) In unit 1, the primary constituent elements of critical habitat
for the Akohekohe are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, the primary constituent
elements of critical habitat for the Akohekohe are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(iii) In units 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, and 17, the primary
constituent elements of critical habitat for the Akohekohe are:
(A) Elevation: Between 3,300 and 6,500 ft (1,000 and 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(iv) In units 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, and 23, the primary constituent
elements of critical habitat for the Akohekohe are:
(A) Elevation: Between 3,500 and 6,500 ft (1,000 and 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Between 50 and 75 in (130 and 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis,
Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua,
Labordia, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Peperomia.
(v) In units 24 and 25, the primary constituent elements of
critical habitat for the Akohekohe are:
(A) Elevation: Between 6,500 and 9,800 ft (2,000 and 3,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Between 15 and 40 in (38 and 100 cm).
[[Page 34597]]
(C) Substrate: Dry ash; sandy loam; rocky, undeveloped soils;
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Chamaesyce, Chenopodium, Metrosideros, Myoporum,
Santalum, Sophora.
(E) Subcanopy: Coprosma, Dodonaea, Dubautia, Geranium,
Leptecophylla, Vaccinium, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Bidens, Carex, Deschampsia, Eragrostis,
Gahnia, Luzula, Panicum, Pseudognaphalium, Sicyos, Tetramolopium.
(vi) In units 26, 27, 28, and 29, the primary constituent elements
of critical habitat for the Akohekohe are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
(vii) In units 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, and 36, the primary
constituent elements of critical habitat for the Akohekohe are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
(viii) In unit 37, the primary constituent elements of critical
habitat for the Akohekohe are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ix) In units 38 and 39, the primary constituent elements of
critical habitat for the Akohekohe are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(x) In units 40 and 41, the primary constituent elements of
critical habitat for the Akohekohe are:
(A) Elevation: Between 3,300 and 6,500 ft (1,000 and 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(xi) In unit 42, the primary constituent elements of critical
habitat for the Akohekohe are:
(A) Elevation: Between 3,300 and 6,500 ft (1,000 and 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Between 50 and 75 in (130 and 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis,
Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua,
Labordia, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Peperomia.
(xii) In units 43 and 44, the primary constituent elements of
critical habitat for the Akohekohe are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
(3) Existing manmade features and structures, such as buildings,
roads, railroads, airports, runways, other paved areas, lawns, and
other urban landscaped areas, do not contain one or more of the
physical or biological features. Federal actions limited to those
areas, therefore, would not trigger a consultation under section 7 of
the Act unless they may affect the species or physical or biological
features in adjacent critical habitat.
(4) Critical habitat maps. Maps were created in GIS, with
coordinates in UTM Zone 4, units in meters using North American datum
of 1983 (NAD 83).
(5) Index maps of critical habitat units for the Akohekohe follow:
[[Page 34598]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.007
[[Page 34599]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.008
[[Page 34600]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.009
(6) Palmeria dolei--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Maui County, Hawaii (477
ac; 193 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 1.]. This unit is
critical habitat for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.
(ii) NOTE: Map of Palmeria dolei--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1 follows:
[[Page 34601]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.010
(7) Palmeria dolei--Unit 2--Lowland Wet, Maui County, Hawaii
(26,703 ac, 10,807 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 2.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.
(ii) NOTE: Map of Palmeria dolei--Unit 2--Lowland Wet follows:
[[Page 34602]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.011
(8) Palmeria dolei--Unit 3--Lowland Wet, Maui County, Hawaii (5,066
ac, 2,050 ha); Palmeria dolei--Unit 4--Lowland Wet, Maui County, Hawaii
(1,427 ac, 577 ha); Palmeria dolei--Unit 5--Lowland Wet, Maui County,
Hawaii (1,165 ac, 472 ha); and Palmeria dolei--Unit 7--Lowland Wet,
Maui County, Hawaii (639 ac, 259 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 3.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 4.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 5.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.
(iv) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 7.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.
(v) NOTE: Map of Palmeria dolei--Unit 3--Lowland Wet, Palmeria
dolei--Unit 4--Lowland Wet 4, Palmeria dolei--Unit 5--Lowland Wet, and
Palmeria dolei--Unit 7--Lowland Wet follows:
[[Page 34603]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.012
(9) Palmeria dolei--Unit 6--Lowland Wet, Maui County, Hawaii (2,112
ac, 855 ha); Palmeria dolei--Unit 8--Lowland Wet, Maui County, Hawaii
(898 ac, 364 ha); and Palmeria dolei--Unit 9--Lowland Wet, Maui County,
Hawaii (230 ac, 93 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 6.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 8.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 9.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.
(iv) NOTE: Map of Palmeria dolei--Unit 6--Lowland Wet, Palmeria
dolei--Unit 8--Lowland Wet, and Palmeria dolei--Unit 9--Lowland Wet
follows:
[[Page 34604]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.013
(10) Palmeria dolei--Unit 10--Montane Wet, Maui County, Hawaii
(7,815 ac, 3,162 ha); Palmeria dolei--Unit 11--Montane Wet, Maui
County, Hawaii (16,687 ac, 6,753 ha); Palmeria dolei--Unit 12--Montane
Wet, Maui County, Hawaii (2,228 ac, 902 ha); Palmeria dolei--Unit 13--
Montane Wet, Maui County, Hawaii (1,833 ac, 742 ha); and Palmeria
dolei--Unit 14--Montane Wet, Maui County, Hawaii (387 ac, 156 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 10.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 11.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 12.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.
(iv) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 13.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.
(v) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 14.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.
(vi) NOTE: Map of Palmeria dolei--Unit 10--Montane Wet, Palmeria
dolei--Unit 11--Montane Wet, Palmeria dolei--Unit 12--Montane Wet,
Palmeria dolei--Unit 13--Montane Wet, and Palmeria dolei--Unit 14--
Montane Wet follows:
[[Page 34605]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.014
(11) Palmeria dolei--Unit 15--Montane Wet, Maui County, Hawaii
(3,964 ac, 1,604 ha); Palmeria dolei--Unit 16--Montane Wet, Maui
County, Hawaii (608 ac, 246 ha); and Palmeria dolei--Unit 17--Montane
Wet, Maui County, Hawaii (46 ac, 19 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 15.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 16.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 17.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.
(iv) NOTE: Map of Palmeria dolei--Unit 15--Montane Wet, Palmeria
dolei--Unit 16--Montane Wet, and Palmeria dolei--Unit 17--Montane Wet
follows:
[[Page 34606]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.015
(12) Palmeria dolei--Unit 18--Montane Mesic, Maui County, Hawaii
(20,972 ac, 8,487 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 18.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.
(ii) NOTE: Map of Palmeria dolei--Unit 18--Montane Mesic follows:
[[Page 34607]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.016
(13) Palmeria dolei--Unit 19--Montane Mesic, Maui County, Hawaii
(366 ac, 148 ha); Palmeria dolei--Unit 20--Montane Mesic, Maui County,
Hawaii (218 ac, 88 ha); Palmeria dolei--Unit 21--Montane Mesic, Maui
County, Hawaii (72 ac, 29 ha); Palmeria dolei--Unit 22--Montane Mesic,
Maui County, Hawaii (304 ac, 123 ha); and Palmeria dolei--Unit 23--
Montane Mesic, Maui County, Hawaii (94 ac, 38 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 19.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 20.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 21.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.
(iv) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 22.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.
(v) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 23.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.
(vi) NOTE: Map of Palmeria dolei--Unit 19--Montane Mesic, Palmeria
dolei--Unit 20--Montane Mesic, Palmeria dolei--Unit 21--Montane Mesic,
Palmeria dolei--Unit 22--Montane Mesic, and Palmeria dolei--Unit 23--
Montane Mesic follows:
[[Page 34608]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.017
(14) Palmeria dolei--Unit 24--Subalpine, Maui County, Hawaii
(19,401 ac, 7,851 ha), and Palmeria dolei--Unit 25--Subalpine, Maui
County, Hawaii (10,931 ac, 4,424 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 24.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 25.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.
(iii) NOTE: Map of Palmeria dolei--Unit 24--Subalpine and Palmeria
dolei--Unit 25--Subalpine follows:
[[Page 34609]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.018
(15) Palmeria dolei--Unit 26--Dry Cliff, Maui County, Hawaii (1,018
ac, 412 ha); Palmeria dolei--Unit 27--Dry Cliff, Maui County, Hawaii
(293 ac, 119 ha); and Palmeria dolei--Unit 28--Dry Cliff, Maui County,
Hawaii (315 ac, 127 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 26.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 27.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 28.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.
(iv) NOTE: Map of Palmeria dolei--Unit 26--Dry Cliff, Palmeria
dolei--Unit 27--Dry Cliff, and Palmeria dolei--Unit 28--Dry Cliff
follows:
[[Page 34610]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.019
(16) Palmeria dolei--Unit 29--Dry Cliff, Maui County, Hawaii (1,536
ac, 622 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 29.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.
(ii) NOTE: Map of Palmeria dolei--Unit 29--Dry Cliff follows:
[[Page 34611]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.020
(17) Palmeria dolei--Unit 30--Wet Cliff, Maui County, Hawaii (460
ac, 186 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 30.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.
(ii) NOTE: Map of Palmeria dolei--Unit 30--Wet Cliff follows:
[[Page 34612]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.021
(18) Palmeria dolei--Unit 31--Wet Cliff, Maui County, Hawaii (1,407
ac, 569 ha); Palmeria dolei--Unit 32--Wet Cliff, Maui County, Hawaii
(438 ac, 177 ha); and Palmeria dolei--Unit 33--Wet Cliff, Maui County,
Hawaii (184 ac, 75 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 31.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 32.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 33.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.
[[Page 34613]]
(iv) NOTE: Map of Palmeria dolei--Unit 31--Wet Cliff, Palmeria
dolei--Unit 32--Wet Cliff, and Palmeria dolei--Unit 33--Wet Cliff
follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.022
(19) Palmeria dolei--Unit 34--Wet Cliff, Maui County, Hawaii (2,048
ac, 829 ha); Palmeria dolei--Unit 35--Wet Cliff, Maui County, Hawaii
(9,103 ac, 3,684 ha); and Palmeria dolei--Unit 36--Wet Cliff Maui
County, Hawaii (781 ac, 316 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 34.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 35.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 36.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.
(iv) NOTE: Map of Palmeria dolei--Unit 34--Wet Cliff, Palmeria
dolei--Unit 35--Wet Cliff, and Palmeria dolei--Unit 36--Wet Cliff
follows:
[[Page 34614]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.023
(20) Palmeria dolei--Unit 37--Lowland Mesic, Maui County, Hawaii
(10,330 ac, 4,180 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 37.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.
(ii) NOTE: Map of Palmeria dolei--Unit 37--Lowland Mesic follows:
[[Page 34615]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.024
(21) Palmeria dolei--Unit 38--Lowland Wet, Maui County, Hawaii
(3,628 ac, 1,468 ha), and Palmeria dolei--Unit 39--Lowland Wet, Maui
County, Hawaii (1,952 ac, 790 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 38.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 39.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.
(iii) NOTE: Map of Palmeria dolei--Unit 38--Lowland Wet and
Palmeria dolei--Unit 39--Lowland Wet follows:
[[Page 34616]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.025
(22) Palmeria dolei--Unit 40--Montane Wet, Maui County, Hawaii
(4,818 ac, 1,950 ha), and Palmeria dolei--Unit 41--Montane Wet, Maui
County, Hawaii (910 ac, 368 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 40.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 41.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.
(iii) NOTE: Map of Palmeria dolei--Unit 40--Montane Wet and
Palmeria dolei--Unit 41--Montane Wet follows:
[[Page 34617]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.026
[[Page 34618]]
(23) Palmeria dolei--Unit 42--Montane Mesic, Maui County, Hawaii
(1,629 ac, 659 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 42.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.
(ii) NOTE: Map of Palmeria dolei--Unit 42--Montane Mesic follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.027
(24) Palmeria dolei--Unit 43--Wet Cliff, Maui County, Hawaii (1,888
ac, 764 ha), and Palmeria dolei--Unit 44--Wet Cliff, Maui County,
Hawaii (1,280 ac, 518 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 43.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 44.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.
(iii) NOTE: Map of Palmeria dolei--Unit 43--Wet Cliff and Palmeria
dolei--Unit 44--Wet Cliff follows:
[[Page 34619]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.028
* * * * *
Maui Parrotbill (Kiwikiu) (Pseudonestor xanthophrys)
(1) Critical habitat units are depicted for Maui County, Hawaii, on
the maps below.
(2) Primary constituent elements.
(i) In unit 1, the primary constituent elements of critical habitat
for the Kiwikiu are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, the primary constituent
elements of critical habitat for the Kiwikiu are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(iii) In units 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, and 17, the primary
constituent elements of critical habitat for the Kiwikiu are:
[[Page 34620]]
(A) Elevation: Between 3,300 and 6,500 ft (1,000 and 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(iv) In units 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, and 23, the primary constituent
elements of critical habitat for the Kiwikiu are:
(A) Elevation: Between 3,300 and 6,500 ft (1,000 and 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Between 50 and 75 in (130 and 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis,
Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua,
Labordia, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Peperomia.
(v) In units 24 and 25, the primary constituent elements of
critical habitat for the Kiwikiu are:
(A) Elevation: Between 6,500 and 9,800 ft (2,000 and 3,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Between 15 and 40 in (38 and 100 cm).
(C) Substrate: Dry ash; sandy loam; rocky, undeveloped soils;
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Chamaesyce, Chenopodium, Metrosideros, Myoporum,
Santalum, Sophora.
(E) Subcanopy: Coprosma, Dodonaea, Dubautia, Geranium,
Leptecophylla, Vaccinium, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Bidens, Carex, Deschampsia, Eragrostis,
Gahnia, Luzula, Panicum, Pseudognaphalium, Sicyos, Tetramolopium.
(vi) In units 26, 27, 28, and 29, the primary constituent elements
of critical habitat for the Kiwikiu are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
(vii) In units 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, and 36, the primary
constituent elements of critical habitat for the Kiwikiu are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
(viii) In unit 37, the primary constituent elements of critical
habitat for the Kiwikiu are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ix) In units 38 and 39, the primary constituent elements of
critical habitat for the Kiwikiu are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(x) In units 40 and 41, the primary constituent elements of
critical habitat for the Kiwikiu are:
(A) Elevation: Between 3,300 and 6,500 ft (1,000 and 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(xi) In unit 42, the primary constituent elements of critical
habitat for the Kiwikiu are:
(A) Elevation: Between 3,000 and 6,000 ft (p. 268 says 3,300 and
6,500) (1,000 and 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Between 50 and 75 in (130 and 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis,
Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua,
Labordia, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Peperomia.
(xii) In units 43 and 44, the primary constituent elements of
critical habitat for the Kiwikiu are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
(3) Existing manmade features and structures, such as buildings,
roads, railroads, airports, runways, other paved areas, lawns, and
other urban landscaped areas, do not contain one or more of the
physical or biological features. Federal actions limited to those
areas, therefore, would not trigger a consultation under section 7 of
the Act unless they may affect the species or physical or biological
features in adjacent critical habitat.
(4) Critical habitat maps. Maps were created in GIS, with
coordinates in UTM Zone 4, units in meters using North American datum
of 1983 (NAD 83).
(5) Index maps of critical habitat units for the Kiwikiu follow:
[[Page 34621]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.029
[[Page 34622]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.030
[[Page 34623]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.031
[[Page 34624]]
(6) Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 1--Lowland Mesic, Maui County,
Hawaii (477 ac; 193 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 1.]. This unit is
critical habitat for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys.
(ii) NOTE: Map of Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 1--Lowland Mesic
follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.032
(7) Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 2--Lowland Wet, Maui County,
Hawaii (26,703 ac, 10,807 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 2.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys.
(ii) NOTE: Map of Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 2--Lowland Wet
follows:
[[Page 34625]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.033
(8) Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 3--Lowland Wet, Maui County,
Hawaii (5,066 ac, 2,050 ha); Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 4--Lowland
Wet, Maui County, Hawaii (1,427 ac, 577 ha); Pseudonestor xanthophrys--
Unit 5--Lowland Wet, Maui County, Hawaii (1,165 ac, 472 ha); and
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 7--Lowland Wet, Maui County, Hawaii (639
ac, 259 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 3.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 4.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 5.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys.
(iv) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 7.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys.
(v) NOTE: Map of Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 3--Lowland Wet,
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 4--Lowland Wet, Pseudonestor
xanthophrys--Unit 5--Lowland Wet, and Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit
7--Lowland Wet follows:
[[Page 34626]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.034
(9) Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 6--Lowland Wet, Maui County,
Hawaii (2,112 ac, 855 ha); Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 8--Lowland
Wet, Maui County, Hawaii (898 ac, 364 ha); and Pseudonestor
xanthophrys--Unit 9--Lowland Wet, Maui County, Hawaii (230 ac, 93 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 6.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 8.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 9.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys.
(iv) NOTE: Map of Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 6--Lowland Wet,
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 8--Lowland Wet, and Pseudonestor
xanthophrys--Unit 9--Lowland Wet follows:
[[Page 34627]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.035
(10) Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 10--Montane Wet, Maui County,
Hawaii (7,815 ac, 3,162 ha); Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 11--Montane
Wet, Maui County, Hawaii (16,687 ac, 6,753 ha); Pseudonestor
xanthophrys--Unit 12--Montane Wet, Maui County, Hawaii (2,228 ac, 902
ha); Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 13--Montane Wet, Maui County,
Hawaii (1,833 ac, 742 ha); and Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 14--
Montane Wet, Maui County, Hawaii (387 ac, 156 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 10.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 11.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 12.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys.
(iv) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 13.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys.
(v) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 14.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys.
(vi) NOTE: Map of Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 10--Montane Wet,
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 11--Montane Wet, Pseudonestor
xanthophrys--Unit 12--Montane Wet, Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 13--
Montane Wet, and Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 14--Montane Wet
follows:
[[Page 34628]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.036
(11) Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 15--Montane Wet, Maui County,
Hawaii (3,964 ac, 1,604 ha); Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 16--Montane
Wet, Maui County, Hawaii (608 ac, 246 ha); and Pseudonestor
xanthophrys--Unit 17--Montane Wet, Maui County, Hawaii (46 ac, 19 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 15.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 16.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 17.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys.
(iv) NOTE: Map of Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 15--Montane Wet,
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 16--Montane Wet, and Pseudonestor
xanthophrys--Unit 17--Montane Wet follows:
[[Page 34629]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.037
(12) Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 18--Montane Mesic, Maui County,
Hawaii (20,972 ac, 8,487 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 18.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys.
(ii) NOTE: Map of Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 18--Montane Mesic
follows:
[[Page 34630]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.038
(13) Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 19--Montane Mesic, Maui County,
Hawaii (366 ac, 148 ha); Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 20--Montane
Mesic, Maui County, Hawaii (218 ac, 88 ha); Pseudonestor xanthophrys--
Unit 21--Montane Mesic, Maui County, Hawaii (72 ac, 29 ha);
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 22--Montane Mesic, Maui County, Hawaii
(304 ac, 123 ha); and Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 23--Montane Mesic,
Maui County, Hawaii (94 ac, 38 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 19.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 20.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 21.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys.
(iv) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 22.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys.
(v) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 23.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys.
(vi) NOTE: Map of Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 19--Montane Mesic,
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 20--Montane Mesic, Pseudonestor
xanthophrys--Unit 21--Montane Mesic, Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit
22--Montane Mesic, and Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 23--Montane Mesic
follows:
[[Page 34631]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.039
(14) Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 24--Subalpine, Maui County,
Hawaii (19,401 ac, 7,851 ha), and Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 25--
Subalpine, Maui County, Hawaii (10,931 ac, 4,424 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 24.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 25.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys.
(iii) NOTE: Map of Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 24--Subalpine and
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 25--Subalpine follows:
[[Page 34632]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.040
(15) Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 26--Dry Cliff, Maui County,
Hawaii (1,018 ac, 412 ha); Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 27--Dry
Cliff, Maui County, Hawaii (293 ac, 119 ha); and Pseudonestor
xanthophrys--Unit 28--Dry Cliff, Maui County, Hawaii (315 ac, 127 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 26.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 27.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 28.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys.
(iv) NOTE: Map of Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 26--Dry Cliff,
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 27--Dry Cliff, and Pseudonestor
xanthophrys--Unit 28--Dry Cliff follows:
[[Page 34633]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.041
(16) Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 29--Dry Cliff, Maui County,
Hawaii (1,536 ac, 622 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 29.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys.
(ii) NOTE: Map of Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 29--Dry Cliff
follows:
[[Page 34634]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.042
[[Page 34635]]
(17) Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 30--Wet Cliff, Maui County,
Hawaii (460 ac, 186 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 30.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys.
(ii) NOTE: Map of Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 30--Wet Cliff
follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.043
(18) Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 31--Wet Cliff, Maui County,
Hawaii (1,407 ac, 569 ha); Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 32--Wet
Cliff, Maui County, Hawaii (438 ac, 177 ha); and Pseudonestor
xanthophrys--Unit 33--Wet Cliff, Maui County, Hawaii (184 ac, 75 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 31.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 32.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 33.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys.
(iv) NOTE: Map of Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 31--Wet Cliff,
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 31--Wet Cliff, and Pseudonestor
xanthophrys--Unit 31--Wet Cliff follows:
[[Page 34636]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.044
(19) Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 34--Wet Cliff, Maui County,
Hawaii (2,048 ac, 829 ha); Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 35--Wet
Cliff, Maui County, Hawaii (9,103 ac, 3,684 ha); and Pseudonestor
xanthophrys--Unit 36--Wet Cliff, Maui County, Hawaii (781 ac, 316 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 34.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 35.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 36.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys.
(iv) NOTE: Map of Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 34--Wet Cliff,
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 35--Wet Cliff, and Pseudonestor
xanthophrys--Unit 36--Wet Cliff follows:
[[Page 34637]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.045
(20) Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 37--Lowland Mesic, Maui County,
Hawaii (10,330 ac, 4,180 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 37.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys.
(ii) NOTE: Map of Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 37--Lowland Mesic
follows:
[[Page 34638]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.046
(21) Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 38--Lowland Wet, Maui County,
Hawaii (3,628 ac, 1,468 ha), and Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 39--
Lowland Wet, Maui County, Hawaii (1,952 ac, 790 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 38.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 39.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys.
(iii) NOTE: Map of Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 38--Lowland Wet
and Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 39--Lowland Wet follows:
[[Page 34639]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.047
(22) Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 40--Montane Wet, Maui County,
Hawaii (4,818 ac, 1,950 ha), and Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 41--
Montane Wet, Maui County, Hawaii (910 ac, 368 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 40.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 41.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys.
(iii) NOTE: Map of Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 40--Montane Wet
and Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 41--Montane Wet follows:
[[Page 34640]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.048
[[Page 34641]]
(23) Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 42--Montane Mesic, Maui County,
Hawaii (1,629 ac, 659 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 42.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys.
(ii) NOTE: Map of Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 42--Montane Mesic
follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.049
(24) Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 43--Wet Cliff, Maui County,
Hawaii (1,888 ac, 764 ha), and Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 44--Wet
Cliff, Maui County, Hawaii (1,280 ac, 518 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 43.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 44.] This unit is
critical habitat for the Kiwikiu, Pseudonestor xanthophrys.
(iii) NOTE: Map of Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 43--Wet Cliff and
Pseudonestor xanthophrys--Unit 44--Wet Cliff follows:
[[Page 34642]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.050
* * * * *
(f) Clams and Snails.
* * * * *
Lanai tree snail (Partulina semicarinata)
(1) Critical habitat units are depicted for Maui County, Hawaii, on
the maps below.
(2) Primary constituent elements.
(i) In units 1 and 2, the primary constituent elements of critical
habitat for the Lanai tree snail are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(ii) In unit 3, the primary constituent elements of critical
habitat for the Lanai tree snail are:
(A) Elevation: Between 3,300 and 6,500 ft (1,000 and 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(iii) In units 4 and 5, the primary constituent elements of
critical habitat for the Lanai tree snail are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
[[Page 34643]]
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
(3) Existing manmade features and structures, such as buildings,
roads, railroads, airports, runways, other paved areas, lawns, and
other urban landscaped areas, do not contain one or more of the
physical or biological features. Federal actions limited to those
areas, therefore, would not trigger a consultation under section 7 of
the Act unless they may affect the species or physical or biological
features in adjacent critical habitat.
(4) Critical habitat maps. Maps were created in GIS, with
coordinates in UTM Zone 4, units in meters using North American datum
of 1983 (NAD 83).
(5) Index map of critical habitat units for the Lanai tree snail
(Partulina semicarinata) follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.051
(6) Partulina semicarinata--Unit 1--Lowland Wet, Maui County,
Hawaii (374 ac, 152 ha), and Partulina semicarinata--Unit 2--Lowland
Wet, Maui County, Hawaii (232 ac, 94 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 1.]. This unit is
critical habitat for the Lanai tree snail, Partulina semicarinata.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 2.]. This unit is
critical habitat for the Lanai tree snail, Partulina semicarinata.
(iii) NOTE: Map of Partulina semicarinata--Unit 1--Lowland Wet and
Partulina semicarinata--Unit 2--Lowland Wet follows:
[[Page 34644]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.052
(7) Partulina semicarinata--Unit 3--Montane Wet, Maui County,
Hawaii (248 ac, 101 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 3.]. This unit is
critical habitat for the Lanai tree snail, Partulina semicarinata.
(ii) NOTE: Map of Partulina semicarinata--Unit 3--Montane Wet
follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.053
(8) Partulina semicarinata--Unit 4--Wet Cliff, Maui County, Hawaii
(731 ac, 296 ha), and Partulina semicarinata--Unit 5--Wet Cliff, Maui
County, Hawaii (230 ac, 93 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 4.]. This unit is
critical habitat for the Lanai tree snail, Partulina semicarinata.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 5.]. This unit is
critical habitat for the Lanai tree snail, Partulina semicarinata.
(iii) NOTE: Map of Partulina semicarinata--Unit 4--Wet Cliff and
Partulina semicarinata--Unit 5--Wet Cliff follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.054
Lanai tree snail (Partulina variabilis)
(1) Critical habitat units are depicted for Maui County, Hawaii, on
the maps below.
(2) Primary constituent elements.
(i) In units 1 and 2, the primary constituent elements of critical
habitat for the Lanai tree snail are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
[[Page 34645]]
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(ii) In unit 3, the primary constituent elements of critical
habitat for the Lanai tree snail are:
(A) Elevation: Between 3,300 and 6,500 ft (1,000 and 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(iii) In units 4 and 5, the primary constituent elements of
critical habitat for the Lanai tree snail are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
(3) Existing manmade features and structures, such as buildings,
roads, railroads, airports, runways, other paved areas, lawns, and
other urban landscaped areas, do not contain one or more of the
physical or biological features. Federal actions limited to those
areas, therefore, would not trigger a consultation under section 7 of
the Act unless they may affect the species or physical or biological
features in adjacent critical habitat.
(4) Critical habitat maps. Maps were created in GIS, with
coordinates in UTM Zone 4, units in meters using North American datum
of 1983 (NAD 83).
(5) Index map of critical habitat units for the Lanai tree snail
(Partulina variabilis) follows:
[[Page 34646]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.055
[[Page 34647]]
(6) Partulina variabilis--Unit 1--Lowland Wet, Maui County, Hawaii
(374 ac, 152 ha), and Partulina variabilis--Unit 2--Lowland Wet, Maui
County, Hawaii (232 ac, 94 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 1.]. This unit is
critical habitat for the Lanai tree snail, Partulina variabilis.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 2.]. This unit is
critical habitat for the Lanai tree snail, Partulina variabilis.
(iii) NOTE: Map of Partulina variabilis--Unit 1--Lowland Wet and
Partulina variabilis--Unit 2--Lowland Wet follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.056
(7) Partulina variabilis--Unit 3--Montane Wet, Maui County, Hawaii
(248 ac, 101 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 3.]. This unit is
critical habitat for the Lanai tree snail, Partulina variabilis.
(ii) NOTE: Map of Partulina variabilis--Unit 3--Montane Wet
follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.057
(8) Partulina variabilis--Unit 4--Wet Cliff, Maui County, Hawaii
(731 ac, 296 ha), and Partulina variabilis--Unit 5--Wet Cliff, Maui
County, Hawaii (230 ac, 93 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 4.]. This unit is
critical habitat for the Lanai tree snail, Partulina variabilis.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 5.]. This unit is
critical habitat for the Lanai tree snail, Partulina variabilis.
(iii) NOTE: Map of Partulina variabilis--Unit 4--Wet Cliff and
Partulina variabilis--Unit 5--Wet Cliff follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.058
Newcomb's tree snail (Newcombia cumingi)
(1) The critical habitat unit is depicted for Maui County, Hawaii,
on the map below.
(2) Primary constituent elements. In unit 1, the primary
constituent elements of critical habitat for the Newcomb's tree snail
are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
[[Page 34648]]
(iii) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(v) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(3) Existing manmade features and structures, such as buildings,
roads, railroads, airports, runways, other paved areas, lawns, and
other urban landscaped areas, do not contain one or more of the
physical or biological features. Federal actions limited to those
areas, therefore, would not trigger a consultation under section 7 of
the Act unless they may affect the species or physical or biological
features in adjacent critical habitat.
(4) Critical habitat map. Map was created in GIS, with coordinates
in UTM Zone 4, units in meters using North American datum of 1983 (NAD
83).
(5) Newcombia cumingi--Unit 1--Lowland Wet, Maui County, Hawaii
(599 ac, 243 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 1.]. This unit is
critical habitat for the Newcomb's tree snail, Newcombia cumingi.
(ii) NOTE: Map of Newcombia cumingi--Unit 1--Lowland Wet follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.059
* * * * *
Sec. 17.96 [Amended]
5. Amend Sec. 17.96 as follows:
a. In paragraph (a) by removing the entry for ``Family Rhamnaceae:
Gouania hillebrandii;'' and
b. By removing and reserving paragraph (b).
6. Amend Sec. 17.99 as follows:
a. Revise the section heading to read as set forth below.
b. Amend paragraph (a)(1) by removing the words listed in the
[[Page 34649]]
``Remove'' column below and adding in their place the words listed in
the ``Add'' column below:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Paragraph designation Remove Add
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(a)(1)(cxxxiv), the Kauai 11--Centaurium Kauai 11--Schenkia
introductory text. sebaeoides--a. sebaeoides--a.
(a)(1)(clxxi), the Kauai 11--Diellia Kauai 11--Asplenium
introductory text. erecta--a. dielerectum--a.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
c. Amend paragraph (a)(1) by removing the maps in paragraphs
(a)(1)(cxxxiv)(B) and (a)(1)(clxxi)(B), and adding in their place the
maps set forth below.
d. Amend paragraph (a)(1)(cdix), the Table of Protected Species
Within Each Critical Habitat Unit for Kauai by removing the words
listed in the ``Remove'' column below and adding in their place the
words listed in the ``Add'' column below:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Column heading Remove Add
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unit name................... Kauai 11--Centaurium Kauai 11--Schenkia
sebaeoides--a. sebaeoides--a.
Species occupied............ Centaurium Schenkia sebaeoides.
sebaeoides.
Unit name................... Kauai 11--Diellia Kauai 11--Asplenium
erecta--a. dielerectum--a.
Species unoccupied.......... Diellia erecta...... Asplenium
dielerectum.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
e. Amend paragraph (b)(1) by removing the words listed in the
``Remove'' column below in all places that they appear and adding in
their place the words listed in the ``Add'' column below:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Remove Add
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Family Gentianaceae: Centaurium Family Gentianaceae: Schenkia
sebaeoides (awiwi).. sebaeoides (awiwi).
Kauai 11--Centaurium sebaeoides--a..... Kauai 11--Schenkia sebaeoides--
a.
Centaurium sebaeoides.................. Schenkia sebaeoides.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
f. Amend paragraph (b)(2) by removing the words listed in the
``Remove'' column below in all places that they appear and adding in
their place the words listed in the ``Add'' column below:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Remove Add
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Family Aspleniaceae: Diellia erecta (no Family Aspleniaceae: Asplenium
common name). dielerectum (asplenium-leaved
diellia).
Kauai 11--Diellia erecta--a............ Kauai 11--Asplenium
dielerectum--a.
Diellia erecta......................... Asplenium dielerectum.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
g. Revise paragraphs (c), (d), (e), and (f), to read as set forth
below.
h. Amend paragraph (i) by removing the words listed in the
``Remove'' column below and adding in their place the words listed in
the ``Add'' column below:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Paragraph designation Remove Add
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(i)(2), the introductory Oahu 1--Centaurium Oahu 1--Schenkia
text. sebaeoides--a.. sebaeoides--a.
(i)(269), the introductory Oahu 27--Centaurium Oahu 27--Schenkia
text. sebaeoides--b. sebaeoides--a.
(i)(293), the introductory Oahu 35--Diellia Oahu 35--Asplenium
text. erecta--a. dielerectum--a.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
i. Amend paragraph (i) by removing the maps in paragraphs
(i)(2)(ii), (i)(269)(ii), and (i)(293)(ii), and adding in their place
the maps set forth below.
j. Amend paragraph (i)(305), the Table of Protected Species Within
Each Critical Habitat Unit for Oahu, by removing the words listed in
the ``Remove'' column below in all places that they appear and adding
in their place the words listed in the ``Add'' column below:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Column heading Remove Add
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unit name................... Oahu 1--Centaurium Oahu 1--Schenkia
sebaeoides--a. sebaeoides--a.
Unit name................... Oahu 27--Centaurium Oahu 27--Schenkia
sebaeoides--b. sebaeoides--a.
Species unoccupied.......... Centaurium Schenkia sebaeoides.
sebaeoides.
Unit name................... Oahu 35--Diellia Oahu 35--Asplenium
erecta--a. dielerectum--a.
Species occupied............ Diellia erecta...... Asplenium
dielerectum.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
k. Amend paragraph (j)(1) by removing the words listed in the
``Remove'' column below in all places that they appear and adding in
their place the words listed in the ``Add'' column below:
[[Page 34650]]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Remove Add
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Family Gentianaceae: Centaurium Family Gentianaceae: Schenkia
sebaeoides (awiwi). sebaeoides (awiwi).
Oahu 1--Centaurium sebaeoides--a....... Oahu 1--Schenkia sebaeoides--a.
Oahu 27--Centaurium sebaeoides--b...... Oahu 27--Schenkia sebaeoides--
a.
Centaurium sebaeoides.................. Schenkia sebaeoides.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
l. Amend paragraph (j)(2) by removing the words listed in the
``Remove'' column below in all places that they appear and adding in
their place the words listed in the ``Add'' column below:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Remove Add
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Family Aspleniaceae: Diellia erecta Family Aspleniaceae: Asplenium
(asplenium-leaved diellia). dielerectum (asplenium-leaved
diellia).
Oahu 35--Diellia erecta--a............. Oahu 35--Asplenium dielerectum--
a.
Diellia erecta......................... Asplenium dielerectum.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
m. Amend paragraph (k) by removing the words listed in the
``Remove'' column below and adding in their place the words listed in
the ``Add'' column below:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Paragraph designation Remove Add
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(k)(62), the introductory Hawaii 17--Diellia Hawaii 17--Asplenium
text. erecta--a. dielerectum--a.
(k)(65), the introductory Hawaii 18--Diellia Hawaii 18--Asplenium
text. erecta--b. dielerectum--b.
(k)(70), the introductory Hawaii 19--Mariscus Hawaii 19--Cyperus
text. fauriei--a. fauriei--a.
(k)(77), the introductory Hawaii 24--Asplenium Hawaii 24--Asplenium
text. fragile var. peruvianum var.
insulare--a. insulare--a.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
n. Amend paragraph (k) by removing the maps in paragraphs
(k)(62)(ii), (k)(65)(ii), (k)(70)(ii), and (k)(77)(ii), and adding in
their place the maps set forth below.
o. Amend paragraph (k) by revising paragraph (k)(104), the Table of
Protected Species Within Each Critical Habitat Unit for the Island of
Hawaii, by removing the words listed in the ``Remove'' column below in
all places that they appear and adding in their place the words listed
in the ``Add'' column below:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Column heading Remove Add
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unit name................... Hawaii 24--Asplenium Hawaii 24--Asplenium
fragile var. peruvianum var.
insulare--a. insulare--a.
Species occupied............ Asplenium fragile Asplenium peruvianum
var. insulare. var. insulare.
Unit name................... Hawaii 17--Diellia Hawaii 17--Asplenium
erecta--a. dielerectum--a.
Unit name................... Hawaii 18--Diellia Hawaii 18--Asplenium
erecta--b. dielerectum--b.
Species occupied............ Diellia erecta...... Asplenium
dielerectum.
Unit name................... Hawaii 19--Mariscus Hawaii 19--Cyperus
fauriei--a. fauriei--a.
Species occupied............ Mariscus fauriei.... Cyperus fauriei.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
p. Amend paragraph (l)(1) by removing the words listed in the
``Remove'' column below in all places that they appear and adding in
their place the words listed in the ``Add'' column below:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Remove Add
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Family Cyperaceae: Mariscus fauriei Family Cyperaceae: Cyperus
(NCN). fauriei (NCN).
Hawaii 19--Mariscus fauriei--a......... Hawaii 19--Cyperus fauriei--a.
Mariscus fauriei....................... Cyperus fauriei.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
q. Amend paragraph (l)(2) by removing the words listed in the
``Remove'' column below in all places that they appear and adding in
their place the words listed in the ``Add'' column below:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Remove Add
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Family Aspleniaceae: Asplenium fragile Family Aspleniaceae: Asplenium
var. insulare (NCN). peruvianum var. insulare
(NCN).
Hawaii 24--Asplenium fragile var. Hawaii 24--Asplenium peruvianum
insulare--a,. var. insulare--a.
Asplenium fragile var. insulare........ Asplenium peruvianum var.
insulare.
Family Aspleniaceae: Diellia erecta Family Aspleniaceae: Asplenium
(asplenium-leaved diellia). dielerectum (asplenium-leaved
diellia).
Hawaii 17--Diellia erecta--a........... Hawaii 17--Asplenium
dielerectum--a.
Hawaii 18--Diellia erecta--b........... Hawaii 18--Asplenium
dielerectum--b.
[[Page 34651]]
Diellia erecta......................... Asplenium dielerectum.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
r. Add new paragraphs (m) and (n), to read as set forth below.
Sec. 17.99 Critical habitat; plants on the Hawaiian Islands, HI.
(a) * * *
(1) * * *
(cxxxiv) * * *
(B) Note: Map 67 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.060
* * * * *
(clxxi) * * *
(B) Note: Map 86 follows:
[[Page 34652]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.061
* * * * *
(c) Maps and critical habitat unit descriptions for the island of
Molokai, HI. Critical habitat units are described below. Coordinates
are in UTM Zone 4 with units in meters using North American Datum of
1983 (NAD83). The following map shows the general locations of the
critical habitat units designated on the island of Molokai. Existing
manmade features and structures, such as buildings, roads, railroads,
airports, runways, other paved areas, lawns, and other urban landscaped
areas, do not contain one or more of the physical and biological
features. Federal actions limited to those areas, therefore, would not
trigger a consultation under section 7 of the Act unless they may
affect the species or physical or biological features in adjacent
critical habitat.
(1) NOTE: Map 1--Index map follows:
[[Page 34653]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.062
(2) Molokai--Coastal--Unit 1 (250 ac, 101 ha) and Molokai--
Coastal--Unit 2 (3,544 ac, 1,434 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 1.] This unit is
critical habitat for Bidens wiebkei, Brighamia rockii, Canavalia
molokaiensis, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, Marsilea villosa, Peucedanum
sandwicense, Pittosporum halophilum, Schenkia sebaeoides, Sesbania
tomentosa, and Tetramolopium rockii.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 2.] This unit is
critical habitat for Bidens wiebkei, Brighamia rockii, Canavalia
molokaiensis, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, Marsilea villosa, Peucedanum
sandwicense, Pittosporum halophilum, Schenkia sebaeoides, Sesbania
tomentosa, and Tetramolopium rockii.
(iii) NOTE: Map of Molokai--Coastal--Unit 1 and Molokai--Coastal--
Unit 2 (Map 2) follows:
[[Page 34654]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.063
(3) Molokai--Coastal--Unit 3 (862 ac, 349 ha), Molokai--Coastal--
Unit 4 (10 ac, 4 ha), and Molokai--Coastal--Unit 5 (1 ac, 0.5 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 3.] This unit is
critical habitat for Bidens wiebkei, Brighamia rockii, Canavalia
molokaiensis, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, Marsilea villosa, Peucedanum
sandwicense, Pittosporum halophilum, Schenkia sebaeoides, Sesbania
tomentosa, and Tetramolopium rockii.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 4.] This unit is
critical habitat for Bidens wiebkei, Brighamia rockii, Canavalia
molokaiensis, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, Marsilea villosa, Peucedanum
sandwicense, Pittosporum halophilum, Schenkia sebaeoides, Sesbania
tomentosa, and Tetramolopium rockii.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 5.] This unit is
critical habitat for Bidens wiebkei, Brighamia rockii, Canavalia
molokaiensis, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, Marsilea villosa, Peucedanum
sandwicense, Pittosporum halophilum, Schenkia sebaeoides, Sesbania
tomentosa, and Tetramolopium rockii.
(iv) NOTE: Map of Molokai--Coastal--Unit 3, Molokai--Coastal--Unit
4, and Molokai--Coastal--Unit 5 (Map 3) follows:
[[Page 34655]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.064
(4) Molokai--Coastal--Unit 6 (1,913 ac, 774 ha) and Molokai--
Coastal--Unit 7 (306 ac, 124 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 6.] This unit is
critical habitat for Bidens wiebkei, Brighamia rockii, Canavalia
molokaiensis, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, Marsilea villosa, Peucedanum
sandwicense, Pittosporum halophilum, Schenkia sebaeoides, Sesbania
tomentosa, and Tetramolopium rockii.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 7.] This unit is
critical habitat for Bidens wiebkei, Brighamia rockii, Canavalia
molokaiensis, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, Marsilea villosa, Peucedanum
sandwicense, Pittosporum halophilum, Schenkia sebaeoides, Sesbania
tomentosa, and Tetramolopium rockii.
(iii) NOTE: Map of Molokai--Coastal--Unit 6 and Molokai--Coastal--
Unit 7 (Map 4) follows:
[[Page 34656]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.065
[[Page 34657]]
(5) Molokai--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 (70 ac, 28 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 1.] This unit is
critical habitat for Bonamia menziesii, Cyperus trachysanthos, Eugenia
koolauensis, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Kokia cookei, and Sesbania
tomentosa.
(ii) NOTE: Map of Molokai--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 (Map 5) follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.066
(6) Molokai--Lowland Dry--Unit 2 (3,201 ac, 1,295 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 2.] This unit is
critical habitat for Bonamia menziesii, Cyperus trachysanthos, Eugenia
koolauensis, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Kokia cookei, and Sesbania
tomentosa.
(ii) NOTE: Map of Molokai--Lowland Dry--Unit 2 (Map 6) follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.067
(7) Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1 (10,330 ac, 4,180 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 1.] This unit is
critical habitat for Alectryon macrococcus, Asplenium dielerectum,
Bonamia menziesii, Canavalia molokaiensis, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp.
brevipes, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea dunbariae, Cyanea mannii, Cyanea
procera, Cyanea profuga, Cyanea solanacea, Cyperus fauriei, Cyrtandra
filipes, Diplazium molokaiense, Festuca molokaiensis, Flueggea
neowawraea, Gouania hillebrandii, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua
laxiflora, Labordia triflora, Melicope mucronulata, Melicope munroi,
Melicope reflexa, Neraudia sericea, Phyllostegia haliakalae,
Phyllostegia mannii, Phyllostegia pilosa, Santalum haleakalae var.
lanaiense, Schiedea lydgatei, Schiedea sarmentosa, Sesbania tomentosa,
Silene alexandri, Silene lanceolata, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Stenogyne
bifida, Vigna o-wahuensis, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense.
(ii) NOTE: Map of Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1 (Map 7) follows:
[[Page 34658]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.068
(8) Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1 (3,628 ac, 1,468 ha), Molokai--
Lowland Wet--Unit 2 (1,952 ac, 790 ha), and Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit
3 (8,074 ac, 3,267 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 1.] This unit is
critical habitat for Asplenium dielerectum, Bidens wiebkei, Canavalia
molokaiensis, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, Cyanea dunbariae,
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea solanacea, Cyrtandra filipes,
Lysimachia maxima, Melicope reflexa, Peucedanum sandwicense,
Phyllostegia hispida, Phyllostegia mannii, Plantago princeps, Stenogyne
bifida, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 2.] This unit is
critical habitat for Asplenium dielerectum, Bidens wiebkei, Canavalia
molokaiensis, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, Cyanea dunbariae,
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea solanacea, Cyrtandra filipes,
Lysimachia maxima, Melicope reflexa, Peucedanum sandwicense,
Phyllostegia hispida, Phyllostegia mannii, Plantago princeps, Stenogyne
bifida, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 3.] This unit is
critical habitat for Asplenium dielerectum, Bidens wiebkei, Canavalia
molokaiensis, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, Cyanea dunbariae,
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea solanacea, Cyrtandra filipes,
Lysimachia maxima, Melicope reflexa, Peucedanum sandwicense,
Phyllostegia hispida, Phyllostegia mannii, Plantago princeps, Stenogyne
bifida, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense.
(iv) NOTE: Map of Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--Lowland
Wet--Unit 2, and Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 3 (Map 8) follows:
[[Page 34659]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.069
(9) Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 1 (4,818 ac, 1,950 ha), Molokai--
Montane Wet--Unit 2 (910 ac, 368 ha), and Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 3
(803 ac, 325 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 1.] This unit is
critical habitat for Adenophorus periens, Bidens wiebkei, Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, Cyanea mannii, Cyanea procera, Cyanea
profuga, Cyanea solanacea, Hesperomannia arborescens, Lysimachia
maxima, Melicope reflexa, Phyllostegia hispida, Phyllostegia mannii,
Phyllostegia pilosa, Platanthera holochila, Pteris lidgatei, Schiedea
laui, Stenogyne bifida, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 2.] This unit is
critical habitat for Adenophorus periens, Bidens wiebkei, Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, Cyanea mannii, Cyanea procera, Cyanea
profuga, Cyanea solanacea, Hesperomannia arborescens, Lysimachia
maxima, Melicope reflexa, Phyllostegia hispida, Phyllostegia mannii,
Phyllostegia pilosa, Platanthera holochila, Pteris lidgatei, Schiedea
laui, Stenogyne bifida, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 3.] This unit is
critical habitat for Adenophorus periens, Bidens wiebkei, Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, Cyanea mannii, Cyanea procera, Cyanea
profuga, Cyanea solanacea, Hesperomannia arborescens, Lysimachia
maxima, Melicope reflexa, Phyllostegia hispida, Phyllostegia mannii,
Phyllostegia pilosa, Platanthera holochila, Pteris lidgatei, Schiedea
laui, Stenogyne bifida, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense.
(iv) NOTE: Map of Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--Montane
Wet--Unit 2, and Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 3 (Map 9) follows:
[[Page 34660]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.070
(10) Molokai--Montane Mesic--Unit 1 (1,629 ac, 659 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 1.] This unit is
critical habitat for Alectryon macrococcus, Asplenium dielerectum,
Bidens wiebkei, Cyanea dunbariae, Cyanea mannii, Cyanea procera, Cyanea
solanacea, Cyperus fauriei, Kadua laxiflora, Melicope mucronulata,
Neraudia sericea, Plantago princeps, Santalum haleakalae var.
lanaiense, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, and Stenogyne bifida.
(ii) NOTE: Map of Molokai--Montane Mesic--Unit 1 (Map 10) follows:
[[Page 34661]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.071
(11) Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit 1 (1,888 ac, 764 ha), Molokai--Wet
Cliff--Unit 2 (1,280 ac, 518 ha), and Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit 3 (1,362
ac, 551 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 1.] This unit is
critical habitat for Brighamia rockii, Canavalia molokaiensis,
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, Cyanea munroi, Hesperomannia arborescens, Hibiscus
arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, Phyllostegia hispida, Pteris lydgatei,
and Stenogyne bifida.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 2.] This unit is
critical habitat for Brighamia rockii, Canavalia molokaiensis,
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, Cyanea munroi, Hesperomannia arborescens, Hibiscus
arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, Phyllostegia hispida, Pteris lydgatei,
and Stenogyne bifida.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 3.] This unit is
critical habitat for Brighamia rockii, Canavalia molokaiensis,
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, Cyanea munroi, Hesperomannia arborescens, Hibiscus
arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, Phyllostegia hispida, Pteris lydgatei,
and Stenogyne bifida.
(iv) NOTE: Map of Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit 1, Molokai--Wet Cliff--
Unit 2, and Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit 3 (Map 11) follows:
[[Page 34662]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.072
(12) Table of Protected Species Within Each Critical Habitat Unit for
Molokai
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unit name Species occupied Species unoccupied
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Molokai--Coastal--Unit 1.... .................... Bidens wiebkei.
Brighamia rockii.
Canavalia
molokaiensis.
Hibiscus arnottianus
ssp. Immaculatus.
Hibiscus
brackenridgei.
Ischaemum byrone.
Marsilea villosa.... Marsilea villosa.
Peucedanum
sandwicense.
Pittosporum
halophilum.
Schenkia sebaeoides.
Sesbania tomentosa.
Tetramolopium
rockii.
Molokai--Coastal--Unit 2.... .................... Bidens wiebkei.
Brighamia rockii.
Canavalia
molokaiensis.
Hibiscus arnottianus
ssp. Immaculatus.
Hibiscus
brackenridgei.
Ischaemum byrone.
[[Page 34663]]
Marsilea villosa.... Marsilea villosa.
Peucedanum
sandwicense.
Pittosporum
halophilum.
Schenkia sebaeoides. Schenkia sebaeoides.
Sesbania tomentosa.. Sesbania tomentosa.
Tetramolopium rockii Tetramolopium
rockii.
Molokai--Coastal--Unit 3.... .................... Bidens wiebkei.
Brighamia rockii.
Canavalia Canavalia
molokaiensis. molokaiensis.
Hibiscus arnottianus
ssp. Immaculatus.
Hibiscus
brackenridgei.
Ischaemum byrone.
Marsilea villosa.
Peucedanum
sandwicense.
Pittosporum Pittosporum
halophilum. halophilum.
Schenkia sebaeoides. Schenkia sebaeoides.
Sesbania tomentosa.
Tetramolopium rockii Tetramolopium
rockii.
Molokai--Coastal--Unit 4.... .................... Bidens wiebkei.
Brighamia rockii.
Canavalia
molokaiensis.
Hibiscus arnottianus
ssp. Immaculatus.
Hibiscus
brackenridgei.
Ischaemum byrone.
Marsilea villosa.
Peucedanum Peucedanum
sandwicense. sandwicense.
Pittosporum Pittosporum
halophilum. halophilum.
Schenkia sebaeoides.
Sesbania tomentosa.
Tetramolopium
rockii.
Molokai--Coastal--Unit 5.... .................... Bidens wiebkei.
Brighamia rockii.... Brighamia rockii.
Canavalia
molokaiensis.
Hibiscus arnottianus
ssp. Immaculatus.
Hibiscus
brackenridgei.
Ischaemum byrone.
Marsilea villosa.
Peucedanum
sandwicense.
Pittosporum Pittosporum
halophilum. halophilum.
Schenkia sebaeoides.
Sesbania tomentosa.
Tetramolopium
rockii.
Molokai--Coastal--Unit 6.... Bidens wiebkei...... Bidens wiebkei.
Brighamia rockii.
Canavalia Canavalia
molokaiensis. molokaiensis.
Hibiscus arnottianus Hibiscus arnottianus
ssp. immaculatus. ssp. Immaculatus.
Hibiscus
brackenridgei.
Ischaemum byrone.... Ischaemum byrone.
Marsilea villosa.
Peucedanum Peucedanum
sandwicense. sandwicense.
Pittosporum
halophilum.
Schenkia sebaeoides.
Sesbania tomentosa.
Tetramolopium
rockii.
Molokai--Coastal--Unit 7.... .................... Bidens wiebkei.
Brighamia rockii.
Canavalia
molokaiensis.
Hibiscus arnottianus
ssp. Immaculatus.
Hibiscus
brackenridgei.
Ischaemum byrone.
Marsilea villosa.
Peucedanum
sandwicense.
Pittosporum
halophilum.
Schenkia sebaeoides.
Sesbania tomentosa.
Tetramolopium
rockii.
Molokai--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 .................... Bonamia menziesii.
Cyperus
trachysanthos.
Eugenia koolauensis.
Hibiscus
brackenridgei.
Kokia cookie.
Sesbania tomentosa.
[[Page 34664]]
Molokai--Lowland Dry--Unit 2 .................... Bonamia menziesii.
Cyperus
trachysanthos.
Eugenia koolauensis.
Hibiscus
brackenridgei.
Kokia cookie.
Sesbania tomentosa.
Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit Alectryon Alectryon
1. macrococcus. micrococcus.
Asplenium Asplenium
dielerectum. dielerectum.
Bonamia menziesii.
Canavalia Canavalia
molokaiensis. molokaiensis.
Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp.
Brevipes.
Ctenitis squamigera. Ctenitis squamigera.
Cyanea dunbariae.... Cyanea dunbariae.
Cyanea mannii....... Cyanea mannii.
Cyanea procera.
Cyanea profuga...... Cyanea profuga.
Cyanea solanacea.
Cyperus fauriei..... Cyperus fauriei.
Cyrtandra filipes... Cyrtandra filipes.
Diplazium
molokaiense.
Festuca molokaiensis Festuca
molokaiensis.
Flueggea neowawraea.
Gouania hillebrandii Gouania
hillebrandii.
Isodendrion
pyrifolium.
Kadua laxiflora.
Labordia triflora... Labordia triflora.
Melicope mucronulata Melicope
mucronulata.
Melicope munroi.
Melicope reflexa.
Neraudia sericea.... Neraudia sericea.
Phyllostegia
haliakalae.
Phyllostegia mannii.
Phyllostegia pilosa.
Santalum haleakalae Santalum haleakalae
var. lanaiense. var. lanaiense.
Schiedea lydgatei... Schiedea lydgatei.
Schiedea sarmentosa. Schiedea sarmentosa.
Sesbania tomentosa.
Silene alexandri.... Silene alexandri.
Silene lanceolata... Silene lanceolata.
Spermolepis Spermolepis
hawaiiensis. hawaiiensis.
Stenogyne bifida.
Vigna o-wahuensis... Vigna o-wahuensis.
Zanthoxylum Zanthoxylum
hawaiiense. hawaiiense.
Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1 .................... Asplenium
dielerectum.
Bidens wiebkei.
Canavalia Canavalia
molokaiensis. molokaiensis.
Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp.
Brevipes.
Cyanea dunbariae.
Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. Grimesiana.
Cyanea solanacea.
Cyrtandra filipes... Cyrtandra filipes.
Lysimachia maxima.
Melicope reflexa.
Peucedanum
sandwicense.
Phyllostegia
hispida.
Phyllostegia mannii.
Plantago princeps.
Stenogyne bifida.
Zanthoxylum
hawaiiense.
Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 2 .................... Asplenium
dielerectum.
Bidens wiebkei.
Canavalia
molokaiensis.
Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp.
Brevipes.
Cyanea dunbariae.
Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. Grimesiana.
Cyanea solanacea.
Cyrtandra filipes.
Lysimachia maxima... Lysimachia maxima.
Melicope reflexa.
Peucedanum
sandwicense.
Phyllostegia
hispida.
Phyllostegia mannii.
[[Page 34665]]
Plantago princeps.
Stenogyne bifida.
Zanthoxylum
hawaiiense.
Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 3 .................... Asplenium
dielerectum.
Bidens wiebkei...... Bidens wiebkei.
Canavalia
molokaiensis.
Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp.
Brevipes.
Cyanea dunbariae.
Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. Grimesiana.
Cyanea solanacea.
Cyrtandra filipes... Cyrtandra filipes.
Lysimachia maxima.
Melicope reflexa.... Melicope reflexa.
Peucedanum
sandwicense.
Phyllostegia
hispida.
Phyllostegia mannii.
Plantago princeps.
Stenogyne bifida.
Zanthoxylum
hawaiiense.
Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 1 Adenophorus periens. Adenophorus periens.
Bidens wiebkei...... Bidens wiebkei.
Clermontia Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp. oblongifolia ssp.
brevipes. Brevipes.
Cyanea mannii....... Cyanea mannii.
Cyanea procera.
Cyanea profuga...... Cyanea profuga.
Cyanea solanacea.... Cyanea solanacea.
Hesperomannia
arborescens.
Lysimachia maxima... Lysimachia maxima.
Melicope reflexa.
Phyllostegia hispida Phyllostegia
hispida.
Phyllostegia mannii. Phyllostegia mannii.
Phyllostegia pilosa.
Platanthera Platanthera
holochila. holochila.
Pteris lidgatei..... Pteris lidgatei.
Schiedea laui....... Schiedea laui.
Stenogyne bifida.... Stenogyne bifida.
Zanthoxylum
hawaiiense.
Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 2 .................... Adenophorus periens.
Bidens wiebkei.
Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp.
Brevipes.
Cyanea mannii.
Cyanea procera.
Cyanea profuga.
Cyanea solanacea.
Hesperomannia
arborescens.
Lysimachia maxima.
Melicope reflexa.
Phyllostegia
hispida.
Phyllostegia mannii.
Phyllostegia pilosa.
Platanthera
holochila.
Pteris lidgatei.
Schiedea laui.
Stenogyne bifida.
Zanthoxylum
hawaiiense.
Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 3 .................... Adenophorus periens.
Bidens wiebkei.
Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp.
Brevipes.
Cyanea mannii.
Cyanea procera.
Cyanea profuga.
Cyanea solanacea.
Hesperomannia
arborescens.
Lysimachia maxima.
Melicope reflexa.... Melicope reflexa.
Phyllostegia
hispida.
Phyllostegia mannii.
Phyllostegia pilosa.
Platanthera
holochila.
Pteris lidgatei.
Schiedea laui.
Stenogyne bifida.
[[Page 34666]]
Zanthoxylum
hawaiiense.
Molokai--Montane Mesic--Unit Alectryon Alectryon
1. macrococcus. micrococcus.
Asplenium
dielerectum.
Bidens wiebkei...... Bidens wiebkei.
Cyanea dunbariae.
Cyanea mannii....... Cyanea mannii.
Cyanea procera...... Cyanea procera.
Cyanea solanacea.
Cyperus fauriei..... Cyperus fauriei.
Kadua laxiflora.
Melicope
mucronulata.
Neraudia sericea.
Plantago princeps.
Santalum haleakalae Santalum haleakalae
var. lanaiense. var. lanaiense.
Spermolepis Spermolepis
hawaiiensis. hawaiiensis.
Stenogyne bifida.
Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit 1.. Brighamia rockii.... Brighamia rockii.
Canavalia Canavalia
molokaiensis. molokaiensis.
Clermontia Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp. oblongifolia ssp.
brevipes. Brevipes.
Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. Grimesiana.
Cyanea munroi.
Hesperomannia Hesperomannia
arborescens. arborescens.
Hibiscus arnottianus Hibiscus arnottianus
ssp. immaculatus. ssp. Immaculatus.
Phyllostegia
hispida.
Pteris lidgatei.
Stenogyne bifida.
Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit 2.. .................... Brighamia rockii.
Canavalia
molokaiensis.
Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp.
Brevipes.
Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. Grimesiana.
Cyanea munroi.
Hesperomannia
arborescens.
Hibiscus arnottianus
ssp. Immaculatus.
Phyllostegia hispida Phyllostegia
hispida.
Pteris lidgatei.
Stenogyne bifida.
Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit 3.. .................... Brighamia rockii.
Canavalia
molokaiensis.
Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp.
Brevipes.
Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. Grimesiana.
Cyanea munroi.
Hesperomannia
arborescens.
Hibiscus arnottianus
ssp. Immaculatus.
Phyllostegia
hispida.
Pteris lidgatei.
Stenogyne bifida
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(d) Plants on Molokai; Constituent elements.
(1) Flowering plants.
Family Apiaceae
Peucedanum sandwicense (Makou)
Molokai--Coastal--Unit 1, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 2, Molokai--
Coastal--Unit 3, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 4, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 5,
Molokai--Coastal--Unit 6, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 7, Molokai--Lowland
Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, and Molokai--Lowland Wet--
Unit 3, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (c) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for Peucedanum sandwicense on
Molokai.
(i) In units Molokai--Coastal--Unit 1, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 2,
Molokai--Coastal--Unit 3, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 4, Molokai--Coastal--
Unit 5, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 6, and Molokai--Coastal--Unit 7, the
physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 in (50 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-drained, calcareous, talus slopes; weathered
clay soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats.
(D) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, Santalum, Scaevola.
(E) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, Vitex.
(F) Understory: Eragrostis, Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, Sesuvium,
Sporobolus, Vigna.
(ii) In units Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--Lowland Wet--
Unit 2, and Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
[[Page 34667]]
Spermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN)
Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1 and Molokai--Montane Mesic--Unit 1,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Spermolepis hawaiiensis on Molokai.
(i) In unit Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In unit Molokai--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis,
Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua,
Labordia, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Peperomia.
Family Asteraceae
Bidens wiebkei (KOOKOOLAU)
Molokai--Coastal--Unit 1, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 2, Molokai--
Coastal--Unit 3, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 4, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 5,
Molokai--Coastal--Unit 6, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 7, Molokai--Lowland
Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit
3, Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 2,
Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 3, and Molokai--Montane Mesic--Unit 1,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Bidens wiebkei on Molokai.
(i) In units Molokai--Coastal--Unit 1, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 2,
Molokai--Coastal--Unit 3, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 4, Molokai--Coastal--
Unit 5, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 6, and Molokai--Coastal--Unit 7, the
physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 in (50 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-drained, calcareous, talus slopes; weathered
clay soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats.
(D) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, Santalum, Scaevola.
(E) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, Vitex.
(F) Understory: Eragrostis, Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, Sesuvium,
Sporobolus, Vigna.
(ii) In units Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--Lowland Wet--
Unit 2, and Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(iii) In units Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--Montane Wet--
Unit 2, and Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(iv) In unit Molokai--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis,
Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua,
Labordia, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Peperomia.
Hesperomannia arborescens (NCN)
Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 2,
Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 3, Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit 1, Molokai--Wet
Cliff--Unit 2, and Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit 3, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section, constitute critical
habitat for Hesperomannia arborescens on Molokai.
(i) In units Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--Montane Wet--
Unit 2, and Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(ii) In units Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit 1, Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit
2, and Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit 3, the physical and biological features
of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Tetramolopium rockii (NCN)
Molokai--Coastal--Unit 1, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 2, Molokai--
Coastal--Unit 3, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 4, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 5,
Molokai--Coastal--Unit 6, and Molokai--Coastal--Unit 7, identified in
the legal descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Tetramolopium rockii on Molokai. In units
Molokai--Coastal--Unit 1, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 2, Molokai--Coastal--
Unit 3, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 4, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 5, Molokai--
Coastal--Unit 6, and Molokai--Coastal--Unit 7, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 in (50 cm).
[[Page 34668]]
(iii) Substrate: Well-drained, calcareous, talus slopes; weathered
clay soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats.
(iv) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, Santalum, Scaevola.
(v) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, Vitex.
(vi) Understory: Eragrostis, Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, Sesuvium,
Sporobolus, Vigna.
Family Campanulaceae
Brighamia rockii (PAU ALA)
Molokai--Coastal--Unit 1, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 2, Molokai--
Coastal--Unit 3, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 4, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 5,
Molokai--Coastal--Unit 6, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 7, Molokai--Wet
Cliff--Unit 1, Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit 2, and Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit
3, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (c) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for Brighamia rockii on Molokai.
(i) In units Molokai--Coastal--Unit 1, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 2,
Molokai--Coastal--Unit 3, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 4, Molokai--Coastal--
Unit 5, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 6, and Molokai--Coastal--Unit 7, the
physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 in (50 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-drained, calcareous, talus slopes; weathered
clay soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats.
(D) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, Santalum, Scaevola.
(E) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, Vitex.
(F) Understory: Eragrostis, Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, Sesuvium,
Sporobolus, Vigna.
(ii) In units Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit 1, Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit
2, and Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit 3, the physical and biological features
of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes (OHA WAI)
Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1,
Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Molokai--
Montane Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 2, Molokai--Montane
Wet--Unit 3, Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit 1, Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit 2,
and Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit 3, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (c) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes on Molokai.
(i) In unit Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--Lowland Wet--
Unit 2, and Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(iii) In units Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--Montane Wet--
Unit 2, and Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(iv) In units Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit 1, Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit
2, and Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit 3, the physical and biological features
of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Cyanea dunbariae (HAHA)
Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1,
Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, and
Molokai--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (c) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Cyanea
dunbariae on Molokai.
(i) In unit Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (127 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--Lowland Wet--
Unit 2, and Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(iii) In unit Molokai--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis,
[[Page 34669]]
Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua,
Labordia, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Peperomia.
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana (HAHA)
Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 2,
Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit 1, Molokai--Wet
Cliff--Unit 2, and Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit 3, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section, constitute critical
habitat for Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana on Molokai.
(i) In units Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--Lowland Wet--
Unit 2, and Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(ii) In units Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit 1, Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit
2, and Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit 3, the physical and biological features
of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Cyanea mannii (HAHA)
Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 1,
Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 2, Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 3, and
Molokai--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (c) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Cyanea
mannii on Molokai.
(i) In unit Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--Montane Wet--
Unit 2, and Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(iii) In unit Molokai--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis,
Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua,
Labordia, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Peperomia.
Cyanea munroi (HAHA)
Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit 1, Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit 2, and
Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit 3, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (c) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Cyanea
munroi on Molokai. In units Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit 1, Molokai--Wet
Cliff--Unit 2, and Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit 3, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(iv) Canopy: None.
(v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla,
Metrosideros. (vi) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia,
Kadua, Peperomia.
Cyanea procera (HAHA)
Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 1,
Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 2, Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 3, and
Molokai--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (c) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Cyanea
procera on Molokai.
(i) In unit Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--Montane Wet--
Unit 2, and Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(iii) In unit Molokai--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis,
Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua,
Labordia, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium.
(F) Understory: Fern, Carex, Peperomia.
[[Page 34670]]
Cyanea profuga (HAHA)
Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 1,
Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 2, and Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 3,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Cyanea profuga on Molokai.
(i) In unit Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--Montane Wet--
Unit 2, and Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
Cyanea solanacea (POPOLO, HAHA NUI)
Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1,
Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Molokai--
Montane Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 2, Molokai--Montane
Wet--Unit 3, and Molokai--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Cyanea solanacea on Molokai.
(i) In unit Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--Lowland Wet--
Unit 2, and Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(iii) In units Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--Montane Wet--
Unit 2, and Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(iv) In unit Molokai--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis,
Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua,
Labordia, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Peperomia.
Family Caryophyllaceae
Schiedea laui (NCN)
Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 2, and
Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 3, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (c) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Schiedea
laui on Molokai. In units Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--
Montane Wet--Unit 2, and Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 3, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
Schiedea lydgatei (NCN)
Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section, constitutes critical
habitat for Schiedea lydgatei on Molokai. In unit Molokai--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
Schiedea sarmentosa (NCN)
Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section, constitutes critical
habitat for Schiedea sarmentosa on Molokai. In unit Molokai--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
Silene alexandri (NCN)
Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section, constitutes
[[Page 34671]]
critical habitat for Silene alexandri on Molokai. In unit Molokai--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and biological features of critical
habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
Silene lanceolata (NCN)
Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section, constitutes critical
habitat for Silene lanceolata on Molokai. In unit Molokai--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
Family Convolvulaceae
Bonamia menziesii (NCN)
Molokai--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Molokai--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, and
Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (c) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Bonamia
menziesii on Molokai.
(i) In units Molokai--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 and Molokai--Lowland
Dry--Unit 2, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In unit Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
Family Cyperaceae
Cyperus fauriei (NCN)
Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1 and Molokai--Montane Mesic--Unit 1,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Cyperus fauriei on Molokai.
(i) In unit Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In unit Molokai--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis,
Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua,
Labordia, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Peperomia.
Cyperus trachysanthos (PUUKAA)
Molokai--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 and Molokai--Lowland Dry--Unit 2,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Cyperus trachysanthos on Molokai. In
units Molokai--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 and Molokai--Lowland Dry--Unit 2,
the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(iv) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(v) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
Family Euphorbiaceae
Flueggea neowawraea (MEHAMEHAME)
Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitutes critical
habitat for Flueggea neowawraea on Molokai. In unit Molokai--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
Family Fabaceae
Canavalia molokaiensis (AWIKIWIKI)
Molokai--Coastal--Unit 1, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 2, Molokai--
Coastal--Unit 3, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 4, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 5,
Molokai--Coastal--Unit 6, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 7, Molokai--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 1, Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit
2, Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit 1, Molokai--
Wet Cliff--Unit 2, and Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit 3, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Canavalia molokaiensis on Molokai.
(i) In units Molokai--Coastal--Unit 1, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 2,
Molokai--Coastal--Unit 3, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 4, Molokai--Coastal--
Unit 5, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 6, and
[[Page 34672]]
Molokai--Coastal--Unit 7, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 in (50 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-drained, calcareous, talus slopes; weathered
clay soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats.
(D) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, Santalum, Scaevola.
(E) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, Vitex.
(F) Understory: Eragrostis, Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, Sesuvium,
Sporobolus, Vigna.
(ii) In unit Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(iii) In units Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--Lowland Wet--
Unit 2, and Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(iv) In units Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit 1, Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit
2, and Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit 3, the physical and biological features
of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Sesbania tomentosa (OHAI)
Molokai--Coastal--Unit 1, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 2, Molokai--
Coastal--Unit 3, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 4, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 5,
Molokai--Coastal--Unit 6, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 7, Molokai--Lowland
Dry--Unit 1, Molokai--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, and Molokai--Lowland Mesic--
Unit 1, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (c) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for Sesbania tomentosa on Molokai.
(i) In units Molokai--Coastal--Unit 1, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 2,
Molokai--Coastal--Unit 3, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 4, Molokai--Coastal--
Unit 5, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 6, and Molokai--Coastal--Unit 7, the
physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 in (50 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-drained, calcareous, talus slopes; weathered
clay soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats.
(D) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, Santalum, Scaevola.
(E) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, Vitex.
(F) Understory: Eragrostis, Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, Sesuvium,
Sporobolus, Vigna.
(ii) In units Molokai--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 and Molokai--Lowland
Dry--Unit 2, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
(iii) In unit Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
Vigna o-wahuensis (NCN)
Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section, constitutes critical
habitat for Vigna o-wahuensis on Molokai. In unit Molokai--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
Family Gentianaceae
Schenkia sebaeoides (AWIWI)
Molokai--Coastal--Unit 1, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 2, Molokai--
Coastal--Unit 3, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 4, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 5,
Molokai--Coastal--Unit 6, and Molokai--Coastal--Unit 7, identified in
the legal descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Schenkia sebaeoides on Molokai. In units Molokai--
Coastal--Unit 1, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 2, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 3,
Molokai--Coastal--Unit 4, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 5, Molokai--Coastal--
Unit 6, and Molokai--Coastal--Unit 7, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 in (50 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Well-drained, calcareous, talus slopes; weathered
clay soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats.
(iv) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, Santalum, Scaevola.
(v) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, Vitex.
(vi) Understory: Eragrostis, Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, Sesuvium,
Sporobolus, Vigna.
Family Gesneriaceae
Cyrtandra filipes (HAIWALE)
Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1,
Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, and Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 3,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Cyrtandra filipes on Molokai.
[[Page 34673]]
(i) In unit Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--Lowland Wet--
Unit 2, and Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
Family Lamiaceae
Phyllostegia haliakalae (NCN)
Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section, constitutes critical
habitat for Phyllostegia haliakalae on Molokai. In unit Molokai--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and biological features of critical
habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
Phyllostegia hispida (NCN)
Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 2,
Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--
Montane Wet--Unit 2, Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 3, Molokai--Wet Cliff--
Unit 1, Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit 2, and Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit 3,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Phyllostegia hispida on Molokai.
(i) In units Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--Lowland Wet--
Unit 2, and Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(ii) In units Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--Montane Wet--
Unit 2, and Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(iii) In units Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit 1, Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit
2, and Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit 3, the physical and biological features
of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Phyllostegia mannii (NCN)
Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1,
Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Molokai--
Montane Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 2, and Molokai--Montane
Wet--Unit 3, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (c) of
this section, constitute critical habitat for Phyllostegia mannii on
Molokai.
(i) In unit Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--Lowland Wet--
Unit 2, and Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(iii) In units Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--Montane Wet--
Unit 2, Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
Phyllostegia pilosa (NCN)
Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 1,
Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 2, and Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 3,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Phyllostegia pilosa on Molokai.
(i) In unit Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
[[Page 34674]]
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--Montane Wet--
Unit 2, and Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
Stenogyne bifida (NCN)
Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1,
Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Molokai--
Montane Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 2, Molokai--Montane
Wet--Unit 3, Molokai--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit
1, Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit 2, and Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit 3,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Stenogyne bifida on Molokai.
(i) In unit Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--Lowland Wet--
Unit 2, and Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(iii) In units Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--Montane Wet--
Unit 2, and Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(iv) In unit Molokai--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis,
Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua,
Labordia, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Peperomia.
(v) In units Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit 1, Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit
2, and Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit 3, the physical and biological features
of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Family Loganiaceae
Labordia triflora (KAMAKAHALA)
Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section, constitute critical
habitat for Labordia triflora on Molokai. In unit Molokai--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
Family Malvaceae
Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus (KOKIO KEOKEO)
Molokai--Coastal--Unit 1, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 2, Molokai--
Coastal--Unit 3, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 4, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 5,
Molokai--Coastal--Unit 6, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 7, Molokai--Wet
Cliff--Unit 1, Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit 2, and Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit
3, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (c) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for Hibiscus arnottianus ssp.
immaculatus on Molokai.
(i) In units Molokai--Coastal--Unit 1, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 2,
Molokai--Coastal--Unit 3, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 4, Molokai--Coastal--
Unit 5, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 6, and Molokai--Coastal--Unit 7, the
physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 in (50 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-drained, calcareous, talus slopes; weathered
clay soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats.
(D) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, Santalum, Scaevola.
(E) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, Vitex.
(F) Understory: Eragrostis, Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, Sesuvium,
Sporobolus, Vigna.
(ii) In units Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit 1, Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit
2, and Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit 3, the physical and biological features
of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
[[Page 34675]]
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Hibiscus brackenridgei (MAO HAU HELE)
Molokai--Coastal--Unit 1, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 2, Molokai--
Coastal--Unit 3, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 4, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 5,
Molokai--Coastal--Unit 6, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 7, Molokai--Lowland
Dry--Unit 1, and Molokai--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section, constitute critical
habitat for Hibiscus brackenridgei on Molokai.
(i) In units Molokai--Coastal--Unit 1, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 2,
Molokai--Coastal--Unit 3, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 4, Molokai--Coastal--
Unit 5, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 6, and Molokai--Coastal--Unit 7, the
physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 in (50 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-drained, calcareous, talus slopes; weathered
clay soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats.
(D) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, Santalum, Scaevola.
(E) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, Vitex.
(F) Understory: Eragrostis, Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, Sesuvium,
Sporobolus, Vigna.
(ii) In units Molokai--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 and Molokai--Lowland
Dry--Unit 2, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
Kokia cookei (COOKE'S KOKIO)
Molokai--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 and Molokai--Lowland Dry--Unit 2,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Kokia cookei on Molokai. In units
Molokai--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 and Molokai--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, the
physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(iv) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(v) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
Family Myrtaceae
Eugenia koolauensis (NIOI)
Molokai--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 and Molokai--Lowland Dry--Unit 2,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Eugenia koolauensis on Molokai. In
units Molokai--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 and Molokai--Lowland Dry--Unit 2,
the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(iv) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(v) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
Family Orchidaceae
Platanthera holochila (NCN)
Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 2, and
Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 3, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (c) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Platanthera holochila on Molokai. In units Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit
1, Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 2, and Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
Family Pittosporaceae
Pittosporum halophilum (HOAWA)
Molokai--Coastal--Unit 1, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 2, Molokai--
Coastal--Unit 3, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 4, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 5,
Molokai--Coastal--Unit 6, and Molokai--Coastal--Unit 7, identified in
the legal descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Pittosporum halophilum on Molokai. In units
Molokai--Coastal--Unit 1, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 2, Molokai--Coastal--
Unit 3, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 4, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 5, Molokai--
Coastal--Unit 6, and Molokai--Coastal--Unit 7, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 in (50 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Well-drained, calcareous, talus slopes; weathered
clay soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats.
(iv) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, Santalum, Scaevola.
(v) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, Vitex.
(vi) Understory: Eragrostis, Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, Sesuvium,
Sporobolus, Vigna.
Family Plantaginaceae
Plantago princeps (LAUKAHI KUAHIWI)
Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 2,
Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, and Molokai--Montane Mesic--Unit 1,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Plantago princeps on Molokai.
(i) In units Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--Lowland Wet--
Unit 2, and Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
[[Page 34676]]
(ii) In unit Molokai--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis,
Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua,
Labordia, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Peperomia.
Family Poaceae
Festuca molokaiensis (NCN)
Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section, constitutes critical
habitat for Festuca molokaiensis on Molokai. In unit Molokai--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
Ischaemum byrone (HILO ISCHAEMUM)
Molokai--Coastal--Unit 1, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 2, Molokai--
Coastal--Unit 3, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 4, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 5,
Molokai--Coastal--Unit 6, and Molokai--Coastal--Unit 7, identified in
the legal descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Ischaemum byrone on Molokai. In units Molokai--
Coastal--Unit 1, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 2, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 3,
Molokai--Coastal--Unit 4, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 5, Molokai--Coastal--
Unit 6, and Molokai--Coastal--Unit 7, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 in (50 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Well-drained, calcareous, talus slopes; weathered
clay soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats.
(iv) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, Santalum, Scaevola.
(v) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, Vitex.
(vi) Understory: Eragrostis, Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, Sesuvium,
Sporobolus, Vigna.
Family Primulaceae
Lysimachia maxima (NCN)
Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 2,
Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--
Montane Wet--Unit 2, and Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 3, identified in
the legal descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Lysimachia maxima on Molokai.
(i) In units Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--Lowland Wet--
Unit 2, Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(ii) In units Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--Montane Wet--
Unit 2, and Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
Family Rhamnaceae
Gouania hillebrandii (NCN)
Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section, constitutes critical
habitat for Gouania hillebrandii on Molokai. In unit Molokai--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
Family Rubiaceae
Kadua laxiflora (PILO)
Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1 and Molokai--Montane Mesic--Unit 1,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Kadua laxiflora on Molokai.
(i) In unit Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In unit Molokai--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis,
Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua,
Labordia, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Peperomia.
Family Rutaceae
Melicope mucronulata (ALANI)
Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1 and Molokai--Montane Mesic--Unit 1,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Melicope mucronulata on Molokai.
(i) In unit Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
[[Page 34677]]
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In unit Molokai--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis,
Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua,
Labordia, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Peperomia.
Melicope munroi (ALANI)
Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section, constitutes critical
habitat for Melicope munroi on Molokai. In unit Molokai--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
Melicope reflexa (ALANI)
Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1,
Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Molokai--
Montane Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 2, and Molokai--Montane
Wet--Unit 3, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (c) of
this section, constitute critical habitat for Melicope reflexa on
Molokai.
(i) In unit Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--Lowland Wet--
Unit 2, and Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(iii) In units Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--Montane Wet--
Unit 2, and Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (AE)
Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1,
Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Molokai--
Montane Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 2, and Molokai--Montane
Wet--Unit 3, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (c) of
this section, constitute critical habitat for Zanthoxylum hawaiiense on
Molokai.
(i) In unit Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--Lowland Wet--
Unit 2, and Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(iii) In units Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--Montane Wet--
Unit 2, and Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
Family Santalaceae
Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense (LANAI SANDALWOOD, ILIAHI)
Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1 and Molokai--Montane Mesic--Unit 1,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense on
Molokai.
(i) In unit Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
[[Page 34678]]
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In unit Molokai--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis,
Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua,
Labordia, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Peperomia.
Family Sapindaceae
Alectryon macrococcus (MAHOE)
Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1 and Molokai--Montane Mesic--Unit 1,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Alectryon macrococcus on Molokai.
(i) In unit Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In unit Molokai--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis,
Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua,
Labordia, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Peperomia.
Family Urticaceae
Neraudia sericea (NCN)
Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1 and Molokai--Montane Mesic--Unit 1,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Neraudia sericea on Molokai.
(i) In unit Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In unit Molokai--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis,
Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua,
Labordia, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Peperomia.
Family Violaceae
Isodendrion pyrifolium (WAHINE NOHO KULA)
Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section, constitutes critical
habitat for Isodendrion pyrifolium on Molokai. In unit Molokai--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(2) Ferns and fern allies.
Family Adiantaceae
Pteris lidgatei (NCN)
Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 2,
Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 3, Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit 1, Molokai--Wet
Cliff--Unit 2, and Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit 3, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section, constitute critical
habitat for Pteris lidgatei on Molokai.
(i) In units Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--Montane Wet--
Unit 2, and Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(ii) In units Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit 1, Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit
2, and Molokai--Wet Cliff--Unit 3, the physical and biological features
of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Family Aspleniaceae
Asplenium dielerectum (ASPLENIUM-LEAVED DIELLIA)
Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1,
Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, and
Molokai--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (c) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Asplenium dielerectum on Molokai.
(i) In unit Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
[[Page 34679]]
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--Lowland Wet--
Unit 2, and Molokai--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(iii) In unit Molokai--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis,
Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua,
Labordia, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Peperomia.
Ctenitis squamigera (PAUOA)
Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section, constitutes critical
habitat for Ctenitis squamigera on Molokai. In unit Molokai--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
Diplazium molokaiense (NCN)
Molokai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section, constitutes critical
habitat for Diplazium molokaiense on Molokai. In unit Molokai--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
Family Grammitidaceae
Adenophorus periens (PENDANT KIHI FERN)
Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 2, and
Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 3, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (c) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Adenophorus periens on Molokai. In units Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 1,
Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 2, and Molokai--Montane Wet--Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
Family Marsileaceae
Marsilea villosa (IHI IHI)
Molokai--Coastal--Unit 1, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 2, Molokai--
Coastal--Unit 3, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 4, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 5,
Molokai--Coastal--Unit 6, and Molokai--Coastal--Unit 7, identified in
the legal descriptions in paragraph (c) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Marsilea villosa on Molokai. In units Molokai--
Coastal--Unit 1, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 2, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 3,
Molokai--Coastal--Unit 4, Molokai--Coastal--Unit 5, Molokai--Coastal--
Unit 6, and Molokai--Coastal--Unit 7, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 in (50 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Well-drained, calcareous, talus slopes; weathered
clay soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats.
(iv) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, Santalum, Scaevola.
(v) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, Vitex.
(vi) Understory: Eragrostis, Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, Sesuvium,
Sporobolus, Vigna.
(e) Maps and critical habitat unit descriptions for the islands of
Maui and Kahoolawe, HI.
(1) Maui. Critical habitat units are described below. Coordinates
are in UTM Zone 4 with units in meters using North American Datum of
1983 (NAD83). The following maps show the general locations of the
critical habitat units designated on the island of Maui. Existing
manmade features and structures, such as buildings, roads, railroads,
airports, runways, other paved areas, lawns, and other urban landscaped
areas, do not contain one or more of the physical and biological
features. Federal actions limited to those areas, therefore, would not
trigger a consultation under section 7 of the Act unless they may
affect the species or physical or biological features in adjacent
critical habitat.
(i) NOTE: Map 1--East Maui Index map follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P
[[Page 34680]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.073
(ii) NOTE: Map 2--West Maui Index map follows:
[[Page 34681]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.074
(iii) Maui--Coastal--Unit 1 (2 ac, 1 ha), Maui--Coastal--Unit 2 (68
ac, 28 ha), Maui--Coastal--Unit 3 (54 ac, 22 ha), and Maui--Coastal--
Unit 4 (243 ac, 98 ha).
(A) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 1.] This unit is
critical habitat for Brighamia rockii, Cyperus pennatiformis, Ischaemum
byrone, Peucedanum sandwicense, and Vigna o-wahuensis.
(B) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 2.] This unit is
critical habitat for Brighamia rockii, Cyperus pennatiformis, Ischaemum
byrone, Peucedanum sandwicense, and Vigna o-wahuensis.
(C) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 3.] This unit is
critical habitat for Brighamia rockii, Cyperus pennatiformis ssp.
pennatiformis, Ischaemum byrone, Peucedanum sandwicense, and Vigna o-
wahuensis.
(D) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 4.] This unit is
critical habitat for Brighamia rockii, Cyperus pennatiformis, Ischaemum
byrone, Peucedanum sandwicense, and Vigna o-wahuensis.
(E) NOTE: Map of Maui--Coastal--Unit 1, Maui--Coastal--Unit 2,
Maui--Coastal--Unit 3, and Maui--Coastal--Unit 4 (Map 3) follows:
[[Page 34682]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.075
(iv) Maui--Coastal--Unit 5 (27 ac, 11 ha).
(A) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 5.] This unit is
critical habitat for Brighamia rockii, Cyperus pennatiformis, Ischaemum
byrone, Peucedanum sandwicense, and Vigna o-wahuensis.
(B) NOTE: Map of Maui--Coastal--Unit 5 (Map 4) follows:
[[Page 34683]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.076
(v) Maui--Coastal--Unit 6 (357 ac, 144 ha)
(A) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 6.] This unit is
critical habitat for Brighamia rockii, Cyperus pennatiformis ssp.
pennatiformis, Ischaemum byrone, Peucedanum sandwicense, and Vigna o-
wahuensis.
(B) NOTE: Map of Maui--Coastal--Unit 6 (Map 5) follows:
[[Page 34684]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.077
[[Page 34685]]
(vi) Maui--Coastal--Unit 7 (187 ac, 75 ha)
(A) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 7.] This unit is
critical habitat for Brighamia rockii, Cyperus pennatiformis, Ischaemum
byrone, Peucedanum sandwicense, and Vigna o-wahuensis.
(B) NOTE: Map of Maui--Coastal--Unit 7 (Map 6) follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.078
(vii) Maui--Coastal--Unit 8 (597 ac, 242 ha)
(A) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 8.] This unit is
critical habitat for Brighamia rockii, Cyperus pennatiformis, Ischaemum
byrone, Peucedanum sandwicense, and Vigna o-wahuensis.
(B) NOTE: Map of Maui--Coastal--Unit 8 (Map 7) follows:
[[Page 34686]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.079
(viii) Maui--Coastal--Unit 9 (393 ac, 159 ha), Maui--Coastal--Unit
10 (434 ac, 176 ha), and Maui--Coastal--Unit 11 (6 ac, 3 ha)
(A) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 9.] This unit is
critical habitat for Brighamia rockii, Schenkia sebaeoides, and
Sesbania tomentosa.
(B) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 10.] This unit is
critical habitat for Brighamia rockii, Schenkia sebaeoides, and
Sesbania tomentosa.
(C) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 11.] This unit is
critical habitat for Brighamia rockii, Schenkia sebaeoides, and
Sesbania tomentosa.
(D) NOTE: Map of Maui--Coastal-Unit 9, Maui--Coastal--Unit 10, and
Maui--Coastal--Unit 11 (Map 8) follows:
[[Page 34687]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.080
(ix) Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 (22,196 ac, 8,983 ha)
(A) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 1.] This unit is
critical habitat for Alectryon macrococcus, Bidens micrantha ssp.
kalealaha, Bonamia menziesii, Canavalia pubescens, Cenchrus
agrimonioides, Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Flueggea
neowawraea, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Melanthera kamolensis, Melicope
adscendens, Melicope mucronulata, Neraudia sericea, Nototrichium
humile, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, Sesbania tomentosa, Solanum
incompletum, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense.
(B) NOTE: Map of Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 (Map 9) follows:
[[Page 34688]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.081
(x) Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 2 (2,612 ac, 1,057 ha), Maui--Lowland
Dry--Unit 3 (1,089 ac, 441 ha), and Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 4 (1,283
ac, 519 ha)
(A) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 2.] This unit is
critical habitat for Alectryon macrococcus, Bidens micrantha ssp.
kalealaha, Bonamia menziesii, Canavalia pubescens, Cenchrus
agrimonioides, Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Flueggea
neowawraea, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Melanthera kamolensis, Melicope
adscendens, Melicope mucronulata, Neraudia sericea, Nototrichium
humile, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, Sesbania tomentosa, Solanum
incompletum, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense.
(B) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 3.] This unit is
critical habitat for Alectryon macrococcus, Bidens micrantha ssp.
kalealaha, Bonamia menziesii, Canavalia pubescens, Cenchrus
agrimonioides, Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Flueggea
neowawraea, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Melanthera kamolensis, Melicope
adscendens, Melicope mucronulata, Neraudia sericea, Nototrichium
humile, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, Sesbania tomentosa, Solanum
incompletum, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense.
(C) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 4.] This unit is
critical habitat for Alectryon macrococcus, Bidens micrantha ssp.
kalealaha, Bonamia menziesii, Canavalia pubescens, Cenchrus
agrimonioides, Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Flueggea
neowawraea, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Melanthera kamolensis, Melicope
adscendens, Melicope mucronulata, Neraudia sericea, Nototrichium
humile, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, Sesbania tomentosa, Solanum
incompletum, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense.
(D) NOTE: Map of Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit
3, and Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 4 (Map 10) follows:
[[Page 34689]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.082
(xi) Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 5 (5,448 ac, 2,205 ha) and Maui--
Lowland Dry--Unit 6 (579 ac, 234 ha)
(A) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 5.] This unit is
critical habitat for Asplenium dielerectum, Bidens campylotheca ssp.
pentamera, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea obtusa,
Gouania hillebrandii, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus brackenridgei,
Kadua coriacea, Lysimachia lydgatei, Neraudia sericea, Remya mauiensis,
Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, Schiedea salicaria, Sesbania
tomentosa, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium capillare, and
Tetramolopium remyi.
(B) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 6.] This unit is
critical habitat for Asplenium dielerectum, Bidens campylotheca ssp.
pentamera, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea obtusa,
Gouania hillebrandii, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus brackenridgei,
Kadua coriacea, Lysimachia lydgatei, Neraudia sericea, Remya mauiensis,
Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, Schiedea salicaria, Sesbania
tomentosa, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium capillare, and
Tetramolopium remyi.
(C) NOTE: Map of Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 5 and Maui--Lowland Dry--
Unit 6 (Map 11) follows:
[[Page 34690]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.083
(xii) Maui--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1 (1,930 ac, 781 ha)
(A) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 1.] This unit is
critical habitat for Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea asplenifolia, Cyanea
copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, Huperzia mannii, and Solanum
incompletum.
(B) NOTE: Map of Lowland Mesic--Unit 1 (Map 12) follows:
[[Page 34691]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.084
(xiii) Maui--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2 (3,424 ac, 1,386 ha) and Maui--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 3 (477 ac, 193 ha)
(A) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 2.] This unit is
critical habitat for Asplenium dielerectum, Bidens campylotheca ssp.
pentamera, Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Remya
mauiensis, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, and Zanthoxylum
hawaiiense.
(B) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 3.] This unit is
critical habitat for Asplenium dielerectum, Bidens campylotheca ssp.
pentamera, Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Remya
mauiensis, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, and Zanthoxylum
hawaiiense.
(C) NOTE: Map of Maui--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2 and Maui--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 3 (Map 13) follows:
[[Page 34692]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.085
(xiv) Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 1 (26,703 ac, 10,807 ha)
(A) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 1.] This unit is
critical habitat for Bidens campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis, Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Clermontia peleana, Clermontia samuelii,
Cyanea asplenifolia, Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea
duvalliorum, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, Cyanea kunthiana,
Cyanea maritae, Cyanea mceldowneyi, Huperzia mannii, Melicope balloui,
Melicope ovalis, Mucuna sloanei var. persericea, and Wikstroemia
villosa.
(B) NOTE: Map of Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 1 (Map 14) follows:
[[Page 34693]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.086
(xv) Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 2 (5,066 ac, 2,050 ha), Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 3 (1,427 ac, 577 ha), Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 4 (1,165 ac,
472 ha), and Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 6 (639 ac, 259 ha)
(A) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 2.] This unit is
critical habitat for Alectryon macrococcus, Asplenium dielerectum,
Bidens conjuncta, Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea asplenifolia,
Cyanea glabra, Cyanea kunthiana, Cyanea lobata, Cyanea magnicalyx,
Cyrtandra filipes, Cyrtandra munroi, Diplazium molokaiense,
Hesperomannia arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Huperzia mannii,
Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua laxiflora, Peucedanum sandwicense,
Phyllostegia bracteata, Pteris lidgatei, Remya mauiensis, Santalum
haleakalae var. lanaiense, and Wikstroemia villosa.
(B) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 3.] This unit is
critical habitat for Alectryon macrococcus, Asplenium dielerectum,
Bidens conjuncta, Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea asplenifolia,
Cyanea glabra, Cyanea kunthiana, Cyanea lobata, Cyanea magnicalyx,
Cyrtandra filipes, Cyrtandra munroi, Diplazium molokaiense,
Hesperomannia arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Huperzia mannii,
Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua laxiflora, Peucedanum sandwicense,
Phyllostegia bracteata, Pteris lidgatei, Remya mauiensis, Santalum
haleakalae var. lanaiense, and Wikstroemia villosa.
(C) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 4.] This unit is
critical habitat for Alectryon macrococcus, Asplenium dielerectum,
Bidens conjuncta, Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea asplenifolia,
Cyanea glabra, Cyanea kunthiana, Cyanea lobata, Cyanea magnicalyx,
Cyrtandra filipes, Cyrtandra munroi, Diplazium molokaiense,
Hesperomannia arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Huperzia mannii,
Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua laxiflora, Peucedanum sandwicense,
[[Page 34694]]
Phyllostegia bracteata, Pteris lidgatei, Remya mauiensis, Santalum
haleakalae var. lanaiense, and Wikstroemia villosa.
(D) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 6.] This unit is
critical habitat for Alectryon macrococcus, Asplenium dielerectum,
Bidens conjuncta, Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea asplenifolia,
Cyanea glabra, Cyanea kunthiana, Cyanea lobata, Cyanea magnicalyx,
Cyrtandra filipes, Cyrtandra munroi, Diplazium molokaiense,
Hesperomannia arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Huperzia mannii,
Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua laxiflora, Peucedanum sandwicense,
Phyllostegia bracteata, Pteris lidgatei, Remya mauiensis, Santalum
haleakalae var. lanaiense, and Wikstroemia villosa.
(E) NOTE: Map of Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit
3, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, and Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 6 (Map 15)
follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.087
(xvi) Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 5 (2,112 ac, 855 ha), Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 7 (898 ac, 364 ha), and Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 8 (230 ac, 93
ha)
(A) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 5.] This unit is
critical habitat for Alectryon macrococcus, Asplenium dielerectum,
Bidens conjuncta, Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea asplenifolia,
Cyanea glabra, Cyanea kunthiana, Cyanea lobata, Cyanea magnicalyx,
Cyrtandra filipes, Cyrtandra munroi, Diplazium molokaiense,
Hesperomannia arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Huperzia mannii,
Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua laxiflora, Peucedanum sandwicense,
Phyllostegia bracteata, Pteris lidgatei,
[[Page 34695]]
Remya mauiensis, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, and Wikstroemia
villosa.
(B) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 7.] This unit is
critical habitat for Alectryon macrococcus, Asplenium dielerectum,
Bidens conjuncta, Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea asplenifolia,
Cyanea glabra, Cyanea kunthiana, Cyanea lobata, Cyanea magnicalyx,
Cyrtandra filipes, Cyrtandra munroi, Diplazium molokaiense,
Hesperomannia arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Huperzia mannii,
Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua laxiflora, Peucedanum sandwicense,
Phyllostegia bracteata, Pteris lidgatei, Remya mauiensis, Santalum
haleakalae var. lanaiense, and Wikstroemia villosa.
(C) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 8.] This unit is
critical habitat for Alectryon macrococcus, Asplenium dielerectum,
Bidens conjuncta, Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea asplenifolia,
Cyanea glabra, Cyanea kunthiana, Cyanea lobata, Cyanea magnicalyx,
Cyrtandra filipes, Cyrtandra munroi, Diplazium molokaiense,
Hesperomannia arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Huperzia mannii,
Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua laxiflora, Peucedanum sandwicense,
Phyllostegia bracteata, Pteris lidgatei, Remya mauiensis, Santalum
haleakalae var. lanaiense, and Wikstroemia villosa.
(D) NOTE: Map of Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit
7, and Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 8 (Map 16) follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.088
(xvii) Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1 (7,815 ac, 3,162 ha), Maui--
Montane Wet--Unit 2 (16,687 ac, 6,753 ha), Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 3
(2,228 ac, 902 ha), Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4 (1,833 ac, 742 ha), and
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 5 (387 ac, 156 ha)
[[Page 34696]]
(A) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 1.] This unit is
critical habitat for Adenophorus periens, Asplenium peruvianum var.
insulare, Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Bidens camylotheca ssp.
waihoiensis, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Clermontia
samuelii, Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea duvalliorum,
Cyanea glabra, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, Cyanea horrida,
Cyanea kunthiana, Cyanea maritae, Cyanea mceldowneyi, Cyrtandra
ferripilosa, Diplazium molokaiense, Geranium hanaense, Geranium
multiflorum, Huperzia mannii, Melicope balloui, Melicope ovalis,
Peperomia subpetiolata, Phyllostegia bracteata, Phyllostegia mannii,
Phyllostegia pilosa, Platanthera holochila, Schiedea jacobii, and
Wikstroemia villosa.
(B) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 2.] This unit is
critical habitat for Adenophorus periens, Asplenium peruvianum var.
insulare, Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Bidens camylotheca ssp.
waihoiensis, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Clermontia
samuelii, Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea duvalliorum,
Cyanea glabra, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, Cyanea horrida,
Cyanea kunthiana, Cyanea maritae, Cyanea mceldowneyi, Cyrtandra
ferripilosa, Diplazium molokaiense, Geranium hanaense, Geranium
multiflorum, Huperzia mannii, Melicope balloui, Melicope ovalis,
Peperomia subpetiolata, Phyllostegia bracteata, Phyllostegia mannii,
Phyllostegia pilosa, Platanthera holochila, Schiedea jacobii, and
Wikstroemia villosa.
(C) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 3.] This unit is
critical habitat for Adenophorus periens, Asplenium peruvianum var.
insulare, Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Bidens camylotheca ssp.
waihoiensis, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Clermontia
samuelii, Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea duvalliorum,
Cyanea glabra, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, Cyanea horrida,
Cyanea kunthiana, Cyanea maritae, Cyanea mceldowneyi, Cyrtandra
ferripilosa, Diplazium molokaiense, Geranium hanaense, Geranium
multiflorum, Huperzia mannii, Melicope balloui, Melicope ovalis,
Peperomia subpetiolata, Phyllostegia bracteata, Phyllostegia mannii,
Phyllostegia pilosa, Platanthera holochila, Schiedea jacobii, and
Wikstroemia villosa.
(D) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 4.] This unit is
critical habitat for Adenophorus periens, Asplenium peruvianum var.
insulare, Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Bidens camylotheca ssp.
waihoiensis, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Clermontia
samuelii, Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea duvalliorum,
Cyanea glabra, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, Cyanea horrida,
Cyanea kunthiana, Cyanea maritae, Cyanea mceldowneyi, Cyrtandra
ferripilosa, Diplazium molokaiense, Geranium hanaense, Geranium
multiflorum, Huperzia mannii, Melicope balloui, Melicope ovalis,
Peperomia subpetiolata, Phyllostegia bracteata, Phyllostegia mannii,
Phyllostegia pilosa, Platanthera holochila, Schiedea jacobii, and
Wikstroemia villosa.
(E) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 5.] This unit is
critical habitat for Adenophorus periens, Asplenium peruvianum var.
insulare, Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Bidens camylotheca ssp.
waihoiensis, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Clermontia
samuelii, Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea duvalliorum,
Cyanea glabra, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, Cyanea horrida,
Cyanea kunthiana, Cyanea maritae, Cyanea mceldowneyi, Cyrtandra
ferripilosa, Diplazium molokaiense, Geranium hanaense, Geranium
multiflorum, Huperzia mannii, Melicope balloui, Melicope ovalis,
Peperomia subpetiolata, Phyllostegia bracteata, Phyllostegia mannii,
Phyllostegia pilosa, Platanthera holochila, Schiedea jacobii, and
Wikstroemia villosa.
(F) NOTE: Map of Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit
2, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4, and Maui--
Montane Wet--Unit 5 (Map 17) follows:
[[Page 34697]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.089
(xviii) Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 6 (3,964 ac, 1,604 ha), Maui--
Montane Wet--Unit 7 (608 ac, 246 ha), and Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 8 (46
ac, 19 ha)
(A) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 6.] This unit is
critical habitat for Acaena exigua, Bidens conjuncta, Calamagrostis
hillebrandii, Cyanea kunthiana, Cyrtandra oxybapha, Geranium
hillebrandii, Huperzia mannii, Myrsine vaccinioides, Phyllostegia
bracteata, Platanthera holochila, and Sanicula purpurea.
(B) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 7.] This unit is
critical habitat for Acaena exigua, Bidens conjuncta, Calamagrostis
hillebrandii, Cyanea kunthiana, Cyrtandra oxybapha, Geranium
hillebrandii, Huperzia mannii, Myrsine vaccinioides, Phyllostegia
bracteata, Platanthera holochila, and Sanicula purpurea.
(C) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 8.] This unit is
critical habitat for Acaena exigua, Bidens conjuncta, Calamagrostis
hillebrandii, Cyanea kunthiana, Cyrtandra oxybapha, Geranium
hillebrandii, Huperzia mannii, Myrsine vaccinioides, Phyllostegia
bracteata, Platanthera holochila, and Sanicula purpurea.
(D) NOTE: Map of Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit
7, and Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 8 (Map 18) follows:
[[Page 34698]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.090
(xix) Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 1 (20,972 ac, 8,487 ha)
(A) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 1.] This unit is
critical habitat for Alectryon macrococcus, Argyroxiphium sandwicense
ssp. macrocephalum, Asplenium dielerectum, Asplenium peruvianum var.
insulare, Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Bidens micrantha ssp.
kalealaha, Clermontia lindseyana, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea hamatiflora
ssp. hamatiflora, Cyanea horrida, Cyanea kunthiana, Cyanea mceldowneyi,
Cyanea obtusa, Cyrtandra ferripilosa, Cyrtandra oxybapha, Diplazium
molokaiense, Geranium arboreum, Geranium multiflorum, Huperzia mannii,
Melicope adscendens, Neraudia sericea, Phyllostegia bracteata,
Phyllostegia mannii, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, Wikstroemia
villosa, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense.
(B) NOTE: Map of Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 1 (Map 19) follows:
[[Page 34699]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.091
(xx) Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 2 (366 ac, 148 ha), Maui--Montane
Mesic--Unit 3 (218 ac; 88 ha), Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 4 (72 ac, 29
ha), Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 5 (304 ac, 123 ha), and Maui--Montane
Mesic--Unit 6 (94 ac, 38 ha)
(A) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 2.] This unit is
critical habitat for Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea magnicalyx, Diplazium
molokaiense, Geranium hillebrandii, Huperzia mannii, Lysimachia
lydgatei, Remya mauiensis, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense,
Stenogyne kauaulaensis, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense.
(B) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 3.] This unit is
critical habitat for Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea magnicalyx, Diplazium
molokaiense, Geranium hillebrandii, Huperzia mannii, Lysimachia
lydgatei, Remya mauiensis, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense,
Stenogyne kauaulaensis, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense.
(C) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 4.] This unit is
critical habitat for Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea magnicalyx, Diplazium
molokaiense, Geranium hillebrandii, Huperzia mannii, Lysimachia
lydgatei, Remya mauiensis, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense,
Stenogyne kauaulaensis, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense.
(D) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 5.] This unit is
critical habitat for Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea magnicalyx, Diplazium
molokaiense, Geranium hillebrandii, Huperzia mannii, Lysimachia
lydgatei, Remya mauiensis, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense,
Stenogyne kauaulaensis, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense.
(E) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 6.] This unit is
critical habitat for Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea magnicalyx, Diplazium
molokaiense, Geranium hillebrandii, Huperzia mannii, Lysimachia
lydgatei, Remya mauiensis, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense,
Stenogyne kauaulaensis, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense.
(F) NOTE: Map of Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 2, Maui--Montane Mesic--
[[Page 34700]]
Unit 3, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 4, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 5, and
Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 6 (Map 20) follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.092
(xxi) Maui--Montane Dry--Unit 1 (4,988 ac, 2,019 ha)
(A) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 1.] This unit is
critical habitat for Alectryon macrococcus, Geranium arboreum, Melicope
knudsenii, Melicope mucronulata, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense,
and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense.
(B) NOTE: Map of Maui--Montane Dry--Unit 1 (Map 21) follows:
[[Page 34701]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.093
(xxii) Maui--Subalpine--Unit 1 (19,401 ac, 7,851 ha) and Maui--
Subalpine--Unit 2 (10,931 ac, 4,424 ha)
(A) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 1.] This unit is
critical habitat for Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum,
Asplenium peruvianum var. insulare, Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha,
Geranium arboreum, Geranium multiflorum, Phyllostegia bracteata,
Schiedea haleakalensis, Solanum incompletum, and Zanthoxylum
hawaiiense.
(B) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 2.] This unit is
critical habitat for Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum,
Asplenium peruvianum var. insulare, Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha,
Geranium arboreum, Geranium multiflorum, Phyllostegia bracteata,
Schiedea haleakalensis, Solanum incompletum, and Zanthoxylum
hawaiiense.
(C) NOTE: Map of Maui--Subalpine--Unit 1 and Maui--Subalpine--Unit
2 (Map 22) follows:
[[Page 34702]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.094
(xxiii) Maui--Alpine--Unit 1 (2,107 ac, 853 ha)
(A) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 1.] This unit is
critical habitat for Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum.
(B) NOTE: Map of Maui--Alpine--Unit 1 (Map 23) follows:
[[Page 34703]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.095
(xxiv) Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 1 (1,018 ac, 412 ha), Maui--Dry
Cliff--Unit 2 (688 ac, 279 ha), Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 3 (293 ac, 119
ha), and Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 4 (315 ac, 127 ha)
(A) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 1.] This unit is
critical habitat for Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Diplazium
molokaiense, Plantago princeps, and Schiedea haleakalensis.
(B) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 2.] This unit is
critical habitat for Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Diplazium
molokaiense, Plantago princeps, and Schiedea haleakalensis.
(C) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 3.] This unit is
critical habitat for Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Diplazium
molokaiense, Plantago princeps, and Schiedea haleakalensis.
(D) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 4.] This unit is
critical habitat for Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Diplazium
molokaiense, Plantago princeps, and Schiedea haleakalensis.
(E) NOTE: Map of Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 2,
Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, and Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 4 (Map 24) follows:
[[Page 34704]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.096
(xxv) Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 5 (1,536 ac, 622 ha), Maui--Dry Cliff--
Unit 6 (279 ac, 113 ha), and Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 7 (808 ac, 327 ha)
(A) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 5.] This unit is
critical habitat for Bonamia menziesii, Diplazium molokaiense,
Hesperomannia arbuscula, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua laxiflora,
Neraudia sericea, and Tetramolopium capillare.
(B) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 6.] This unit is
critical habitat for Bonamia menziesii, Diplazium molokaiense,
Hesperomannia arbuscula, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua laxiflora,
Neraudia sericea, and Tetramolopium capillare.
(C) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 7.] This unit is
critical habitat for Bonamia menziesii, Diplazium molokaiense,
Hesperomannia arbuscula, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua laxiflora,
Neraudia sericea, and Tetramolopium capillare.
(D) NOTE: Map of Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 5, Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 6,
and Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 7 (Map 25) follows:
[[Page 34705]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.097
(xxvi) Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 1 (460 ac, 186 ha)
(A) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 1.] This unit is
critical habitat for Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Bidens
campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis, Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis,
Cyanea horrida, Melicope ovalis, Phyllostegia bracteata, Phyllostegia
haliakalae, and Plantago princeps.
(B) NOTE: Map of Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 1 (Map 26) follows:
[[Page 34706]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.098
(xxvii) Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 2 (1,407 ac, 569 ha), Maui--Wet
Cliff--Unit 3 (438 ac, 177 ha), and Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 4 (184 ac, 75
ha)
(A) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 2.] This unit is
critical habitat for Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Bidens
campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis, Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis,
Cyanea horrida, Melicope ovalis, Phyllostegia bracteata, Phyllostegia
haliakalae, and Plantago princeps.
(B) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 3.] This unit is
critical habitat for Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Bidens
campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis, Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis,
Cyanea horrida, Melicope ovalis, Phyllostegia bracteata, Phyllostegia
haliakalae, and Plantago princeps.
(C) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 4.] This unit is
critical habitat for Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera, Bidens
campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis, Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis,
Cyanea horrida, Melicope ovalis, Phyllostegia bracteata, Phyllostegia
haliakalae, and Plantago princeps.
(D) NOTE: Map of Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 2, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 3,
and Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 4 (Map 27) follows:
[[Page 34707]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.099
(xxviii) Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 5 (2,048 aci 829 ha), Maui--Wet
Cliff--Unit 6 (9,103 ac, 3,684 ha), Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 7 (781 ac,
316 ha), and Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 8 (337 ac, 137 ha)
(A) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 5.] This unit is
critical habitat for Alectryon macrococcus, Bidens campylotheca ssp.
pentamera, Bidens conjuncta, Bonamia menziesii, Ctenitis squamigera,
Cyanea glabra, Cyanea lobata, Cyanea magnicalyx, Cyrtandra filipes,
Cyrtandra munroi, Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis, Gounaia vitifolia,
Hesperomannia arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Isodendrion
pyrifolium, Kadua laxiflora, Lysimachia lydgatei, Plantago princeps,
Platanthera holochila, Pteris lidgatei, Remya mauiensis, Santalum
haleakalae var. lanaiense, and Tetramolopium capillare.
(B) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 6.] This unit is
critical habitat for Alectryon macrococcus, Bidens campylotheca ssp.
pentamera, Bidens conjuncta, Bonamia menziesii, Ctenitis squamigera,
Cyanea glabra, Cyanea lobata, Cyanea magnicalyx, Cyrtandra filipes,
Cyrtandra munroi, Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis, Gounaia vitifolia,
Hesperomannia arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Isodendrion
pyrifolium, Kadua laxiflora, Lysimachia lydgatei, Plantago princeps,
Platanthera holochila, Pteris lidgatei, Remya mauiensis, Santalum
haleakalae var. lanaiense, and Tetramolopium capillare.
(C) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 7.] This unit is
critical habitat for Alectryon macrococcus, Bidens campylotheca ssp.
pentamera, Bidens conjuncta, Bonamia menziesii, Ctenitis squamigera,
Cyanea glabra, Cyanea lobata, Cyanea magnicalyx, Cyrtandra filipes,
Cyrtandra munroi, Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis, Gounaia vitifolia,
Hesperomannia arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Isodendrion
pyrifolium, Kadua laxiflora, Lysimachia lydgatei, Plantago princeps,
Platanthera holochila, Pteris lidgatei, Remya mauiensis, Santalum
haleakalae var. lanaiense, and Tetramolopium capillare.
[[Page 34708]]
(D) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 8.] This unit is
critical habitat for Alectryon macrococcus, Bidens campylotheca ssp.
pentamera, Bidens conjuncta, Bonamia menziesii, Ctenitis squamigera,
Cyanea glabra, Cyanea lobata, Cyanea magnicalyx, Cyrtandra filipes,
Cyrtandra munroi, Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis, Gounaia vitifolia,
Hesperomannia arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Isodendrion
pyrifolium, Kadua laxiflora, Lysimachia lydgatei, Plantago princeps,
Platanthera holochila, Pteris lidgatei, Remya mauiensis, Santalum
haleakalae var. lanaiense, and Tetramolopium capillare.
(E) NOTE: Map of Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 5, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 6,
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 8 (Map 28) follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.100
(xxix) Table of Protected Species Within Each Critical Habitat Unit for
Maui
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unit name Species occupied Species unoccupied
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maui--Coastal--Unit 1....... .................... Brighamii rockii.
Cyperus
pennatiformis.
Ischaemum byrone.... Ischaemum byrone.
Peucedanum Peucedanum
sandwicense. sandwicense.
Vigna o-wahuensis.
Maui--Coastal--Unit 2....... .................... Brighamii rockii.
Cyperus
pennatiformis.
Ischaemum byrone.
[[Page 34709]]
Peucedanum
sandwicense.
Vigna o-wahuensis.
Maui--Coastal--Unit 3....... .................... Brighamii rockii.
Cyperus
pennatiformis.
Ischaemum byrone.... Ischaemum byrone.
Peucedanum
sandwicense.
Vigna o-wahuensis.
Maui--Coastal--Unit 4....... .................... Brighamii rockii.
Cyperus
pennatiformis.
Ischaemum byrone.... Ischaemum byrone.
Peucedanum Peucedanum
sandwicense. sandwicense.
Vigna o-wahuensis.
Maui--Coastal--Unit 5....... .................... Brighamii rockii.
Cyperus
pennatiformis.
Ischaemum byrone.... Ischaemum byrone.
Peucedanum
sandwicense.
Vigna o-wahuensis.
Maui--Coastal--Unit 6....... .................... Brighamii rockii.
Cyperus
pennatiformis.
Ischaemum byrone.
Peucedanum
sandwicense.
Vigna o-wahuensis.
Maui--Coastal--Unit 7....... .................... Brighamii rockii.
Cyperus
pennatiformis.
Ischaemum byrone.
Peucedanum
sandwicense.
Vigna o-wahuensis.
Maui--Coastal--Unit 8....... .................... Brighamii rockii.
Cyperus
pennatiformis.
Ischaemum byrone.
Peucedanum
sandwicense.
Vigna o-wahuensis.
Maui--Coastal--Unit 9....... .................... Brighamii rockii.
Schenkia sebaeoides. Schenkia sebaeoides.
Sesbania tementosa.. Sesbania tomentosa.
Maui--Coastal--Unit 10...... .................... Brighamii rockii.
Schenkia sebaeoides. Schenkia sebaeoides.
Sesbania tomentosa.. Sesbania tomentosa.
Maui--Coastal--Unit 11...... .................... Brighamii rockii.
Schenkia sebaeoides. Schenkia sebaeoides.
Sesbania tomentosa.
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 1... Alectryon Alectryon
macrococcus. macrococcus.
Bidens micrantha
ssp. kalealaha.
Bonamia menziesii... Bonamia menziesii.
Canavalia pubescens.
Cenchrus Cenchrus
agrimonioides. agrimonioides.
Colubrina
oppositifolia.
Ctenitis squamigera.
Flueggea neowawraea. Flueggea neowawraea.
Hibiscus
brackenridgei.
Melanthera Melanthera
kamolensis. kamolensis.
Melicope adscendens. Melicope adscendens.
Melicope
mucronulata.
Neraudia sericea.
Nototrichium humile.
Santalum haleakalae Santalum haleakalae
var. lanaiense. var. lanaiense.
Sesbania tomentosa.. Sesbania tomentosa.
Solanum incompletum.
Spermolepis Spermolepis
hawaiiensis. hawaiiensis.
Zanthoxylum Zanthoxylum
hawaiiense. hawaiiense.
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 2... .................... Alectryon
macrococcus.
Bidens micrantha
ssp. kalealaha.
Bonamia menziesii... Bonamia menziesii.
Canavalia pubescens. Canavalia pubescens.
Cenchrus
agrimonioides.
Colubrina
oppositifolia.
Ctenitis squamigera.
Flueggea neowawraea.
Hibiscus Hibiscus
brackenridgei. brackenridgei.
Melanthera
kamolensis.
Melicope adscendens.
Melicope
mucronulata.
[[Page 34710]]
Neraudia sericea.
Nototrichium humile.
Santalum haleakalae
var. lanaiense.
Sesbania tomentosa.
Solanum incompletum.
Spermolepis
hawaiiensis.
Zanthoxylum
hawaiiense.
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 3... .................... Alectryon
macrococcus.
Bidens micrantha
ssp. kalealaha.
Bonamia menziesii.
Canavalia pubescens. Canavalia pubescens.
Cenchrus
agrimonioides.
Colubrina
oppositifolia.
Ctenitis squamigera.
Flueggea neowawraea.
Hibiscus Hibiscus
brackenridgei. brackenridgei.
Melanthera
kamolensis.
Melicope adscendens.
Melicope
mucronulata.
Neraudia sericea.
Nototrichium humile.
Santalum haleakalae
var. lanaiense.
Sesbania tomentosa.
Solanum incompletum.
Spermolepis
hawaiiensis.
Zanthoxylum
hawaiiense.
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 4... .................... Alectryon
macrococcus.
Bidens micrantha
ssp. kalealaha.
Bonamia menziesii.
Canavalia pubescens. Canavalia pubescens.
Cenchrus
agrimonioides.
Colubrina
oppositifolia.
Ctenitis squamigera.
Flueggea neowawraea.
Hibiscus
brackenridgei.
Melanthera
kamolensis.
Melicope adscendens.
Melicope
mucronulata.
Neraudia sericea.
Nototrichium humile.
Santalum haleakalae
var. lanaiense.
Sesbania tomentosa.
Solanum incompletum.
Spermolepis
hawaiiensis.
Zanthoxylum
hawaiiense.
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 5... Asplenium Asplenium
dielerectum. dielerectum.
Bidens campylotheca Bidens campylotheca
ssp. pentamera. ssp. pentamera.
Cenchrus Cenchrus
agrimonioides. agrimonioides.
Ctenitis squamigera. Ctenitis squamigera.
Cyanea obtusa.
Gouania hillebrandii Gouania
hillebrandii.
Hesperomannia
arbuscula.
Hibiscus Hibiscus
brackenridgei. brackenridgei.
Kadua coriacea.
Lysimachia lydgatei.
Neraudia sericea.
Remya mauiensis..... Remya mauiensis.
Santalum haleakalae Santalum haleakalae
var. lanaiense. var. lanaiense.
Schiedea salicaria.
Sesbania tomentosa.. Sesbania tomentosa.
Spermolepis Spermolepis
hawaiiensis. hawaiiensis.
Tetramolopium
capillare.
Tetramolopium remyi.
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 6... .................... Asplenium
dielerectum.
Bidens campylotheca
ssp. pentamera.
Cenchrus
agrimonioides.
Ctenitis squamigera.
Cyanea obtusa.
Gouania
hillebrandii.
Hesperomannia
arbuscula.
Hibiscus Hibiscus
brackenridgei. brackenridgei.
Kadua coriacea.
[[Page 34711]]
Lysimachia lydgatei.
Neraudia sericea.
Remya mauiensis.
Santalum haleakalae
var. lanaiense.
Schiedea salicaria.. Schiedea salicaria.
Sesbania tomentosa.
Spermolepis
hawaiiensis.
Tetramolopium
capillare.
Tetramolopium remyi.
Maui--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1. .................... Ctenitis squamigera.
Cyanea asplenifolia. Cyanea asplenifolia.
Cyanea copelandii Cyanea copelandii
ssp. haleakalaensis. ssp.
haleakalaensis.
Huperzia mannii..... Huperzia mannii.
Solanum incompletum.
Maui--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2. .................... Asplenium
dielerectum.
Bidens campylotheca Bidens campylotheca
ssp. pentamera. ssp. pentamera.
Colubrina Colubrina
oppositifolia. oppositifolia.
Ctenitis squamigera. Ctenitis squamigera.
Remya mauiensis..... Remya mauiensis.
Santalum haleakalae Santalum haleakalae
var. lanaiense. var. lanaiense.
Zanthoxylum Zanthoxylum
hawaiiense. hawaiiense.
Maui--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3. .................... Asplenium
dielerectum.
Bidens campylotheca
ssp. pentamera.
Colubrina
oppositifolia.
Ctenitis squamigera.
Remya mauiensis.
Santalum haleakalae
var. lanaiense.
Zanthoxylum
hawaiiense.
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 1... Bidens campylotheca Bidens campylotheca
ssp. waihoiensis. ssp. waihoiensis.
Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp.
mauiensis.
Clermontia peleana.
Clermontia samuelii. Clermontia samuelii.
Cyanea asplenifolia. Cyanea asplenifolia.
Cyanea copelandii Cyanea copelandii
ssp. haleakalaensis. ssp.
haleakalaensis.
Cyanea duvalliorum.. Cyanea duvalliorum.
Cyanea hamatiflora Cyanea hamatiflora
ssp. hamatiflora. ssp. hamatiflora.
Cyanea kunthiana.... Cyanea kunthiana.
Cyanea maritae...... Cyanea maritae.
Cyanea mceldowneyi.. Cyanea mceldowneyi.
Huperzia mannii..... Huperzia mannii.
Melicope balloui.... Melicope balloui.
Melicope ovalis..... Melicope ovalis.
Mucuna sloanei var.
persericea.
Wikstroemia villosa.
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 2... .................... Alectryon
macrococcus.
Asplenium
dielerectum.
Bidens conjuncta.
Bidens micrantha
ssp. kalealaha.
Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp.
mauiensis.
Ctenitis squamigera. Ctenitis squamigera.
Cyanea asplenifolia. Cyanea asplenifolia.
Cyanea glabra.
Cyanea kunthiana.
Cyanea lobata....... Cyanea lobata.
Cyanea magnicalyx... Cyanea magnicalyx.
Cyrtandra filipes... Cyrtandra filipes.
Cyrtandra munroi.... Cyrtandra munroi.
Diplazium
molokaiense.
Hesperomannia
arborescens.
Hesperomannia
arbuscula.
Huperzia mannii.
Isodendrion
pyrifolium.
Kadua laxiflora.
Peucedanum
sandwicense.
Phyllostegia
bracteata.
Pteris lidgatei.
Remya mauiensis.
Santalum haleakalae Santalum haleakalae
var. lanaiense. var. lanaiense.
Wikstroemia villosa.
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 3... .................... Alectryon
macrococcus.
Asplenium
dielerectum.
Bidens conjuncta.... Bidens conjuncta.
[[Page 34712]]
Bidens micrantha
ssp. kalealaha.
Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp.
mauiensis.
Ctenitis squamigera.
Cyanea asplenifolia. Cyanea asplenifolia.
Cyanea glabra.
Cyanea kunthiana.
Cyanea lobata.
Cyanea magnicalyx.
Cyrtandra filipes.
Cyrtandra munroi.
Diplazium
molokaiense.
Hesperomannia
arborescens.
Hesperomannia
arbuscula.
Huperzia mannii.
Isodendrion
pyrifolium.
Kadua laxiflora.
Peucedanum
sandwicense.
Phyllostegia
bracteata.
Pteris lidgatei..... Pteris lidgatei.
Remya mauiensis.
Santalum haleakalae
var. lanaiense.
Wikstroemia villosa.
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 4... .................... Alectryon
macrococcus.
Asplenium
dielerectum.
Bidens conjuncta.... Bidens conjuncta.
Bidens micrantha
ssp. kalealaha.
Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp.
mauiensis.
Ctenitis squamigera.
Cyanea asplenifolia. Cyanea asplenifolia.
Cyanea glabra.
Cyanea kunthiana.
Cyanea lobata.
Cyanea magnicalyx.
Cyrtandra filipes.
Cyrtandra munroi.... Cyrtandra munroi.
Diplazium
molokaiense.
Hesperomannia Hesperomannia
arborescens. arborescens.
Hesperomannia
arbuscula.
Huperzia mannii.
Isodendrion
pyrifolium.
Kadua laxiflora.
Peucedanum
sandwicense.
Phyllostegia
bracteata.
Pteris lidgatei.
Remya mauiensis.
Santalum haleakalae
var. lanaiense.
Wikstroemia villosa.
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 5... Alectryon Alectryon
macrococcus. macrococcus.
Asplenium Asplenium
dielerectum. dielerectum.
Bidens conjuncta.
Bidens micrantha
ssp. kalealaha.
Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp.
mauiensis.
Ctenitis squamigera.
Cyanea asplenifolia.
Cyanea glabra.
Cyanea kunthiana.
Cyanea lobata.
Cyanea magnicalyx.
Cyrtandra filipes.
Cyrtandra munroi.
Diplazium
molokaiense.
Hesperomannia
arborescens.
Hesperomannia Hesperomannia
arbuscula. arbuscula.
Huperzia mannii.
Isodendrion
pyrifolium.
Kadua laxiflora.
Peucedanum
sandwicense.
Phyllostegia
bracteata.
Pteris lidgatei.
Remya mauiensis.
Santalum haleakalae
var. lanaiense.
Wikstroemia villosa.
[[Page 34713]]
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 6... Alectryon Alectryon
macrococcus. macrococcus.
Asplenium
dielerectum.
Bidens conjuncta.
Bidens micrantha Bidens micrantha
ssp. kalealaha. ssp. kalealaha.
Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp.
mauiensis.
Ctenitis squamigera.
Cyanea asplenifolia. Cyanea asplenifolia.
Cyanea glabra.
Cyanea kunthiana.
Cyanea lobata....... Cyanea lobata.
Cyanea magnicalyx.
Cyrtandra filipes.
Cyrtandra munroi.... Cyrtandra munroi.
Diplazium
molokaiense.
Hesperomannia
arborescens.
Hesperomannia
arbuscula.
Huperzia mannii.
Isodendrion
pyrifolium.
Kadua laxiflora.
Peucedanum
sandwicense.
Phyllostegia
bracteata.
Pteris lidgatei.
Remya mauiensis.
Santalum haleakalae Santalum haleakalae
var. lanaiense. var. lanaiense.
Wikstroemia villosa.
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 7... .................... Alectryon
macrococcus.
Asplenium
dielerectum.
Bidens conjuncta.
Bidens micrantha
ssp. kalealaha.
Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp.
mauiensis.
Ctenitis squamigera.
Cyanea asplenifolia.
Cyanea glabra.
Cyanea kunthiana.
Cyanea lobata.
Cyanea magnicalyx.
Cyrtandra filipes.
Cyrtandra munroi.
Diplazium
molokaiense.
Hesperomannia
arborescens.
Hesperomannia
arbuscula.
Huperzia mannii.
Isodendrion
pyrifolium.
Kadua laxiflora.
Peucedanum
sandwicense.
Phyllostegia
bracteata.
Pteris lidgatei.
Remya mauiensis.
Santalum haleakalae
var. lanaiense.
Wikstroemia villosa.
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 8... .................... Alectryon
macrococcus.
Asplenium
dielerectum.
Bidens conjuncta.
Bidens micrantha
ssp. kalealaha.
Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp.
mauiensis.
Ctenitis squamigera.
Cyanea asplenifolia.
Cyanea glabra.
Cyanea kunthiana.
Cyanea lobata.
Cyanea magnicalyx.
Cyrtandra filipes.
Cyrtandra munroi.
Diplazium
molokaiense.
Hesperomannia
arborescens.
Hesperomannia
arbuscula.
Huperzia mannii.
Isodendrion
pyrifolium.
Kadua laxiflora.
Peucedanum
sandwicense.
Phyllostegia
bracteata.
Pteris lidgatei.
[[Page 34714]]
Remya mauiensis.
Santalum haleakalae
var. lanaiense.
Wikstroemia villosa.
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1... .................... Adenophorus periens.
Asplenium peruvianum Asplenium peruvianum
var. insulare. var. insulare.
Bidens campylotheca
ssp. pentamera.
Bidens campylotheca
ssp. waihoiensis.
Clermontia Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp. oblongifolia ssp.
mauiensis. mauiensis.
Clermontia samuelii.
Cyanea copelandii Cyanea copelandii
ssp. haleakalaensis. ssp.
haleakalaensis.
Cyanea duvalliorum.. Cyanea duvalliorum.
Cyanea glabra.
Cyanea hamatiflora
ssp. hamatiflora.
Cyanea horrida...... Cyanea horrida.
Cyanea kunthiana.... Cyanea kunthiana.
Cyanea maritae...... Cyanea maritae.
Cyanea mceldowneyi.. Cyanea mceldowneyi.
Cyrtandra
ferripilosa.
Diplazium Diplazium
molokaiense. molokaiense.
Geranium hanaense.
Geranium
multiflorum.
Huperzia mannii..... Huperzia mannii.
Melicope balloui.... Melicope balloui.
Melicope ovalis.
Peperomia
subpetiolata.
Phyllostegia
bracteata.
Phyllostegia mannii.
Phyllostegia pilosa. Phyllostegia pilosa.
Platanthera
holochila.
Schiedea jacobii.
Wikstroemia villosa.
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 2... .................... Adenophorus periens.
Asplenium peruvianum Asplenium peruvianum
var. insulare. var. insulare.
Bidens campylotheca Bidens campylotheca
ssp. pentamera. ssp. pentamera.
Bidens campylotheca Bidens campylotheca
ssp. waihoiensis. ssp. waihoiensis.
Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp.
mauiensis.
Clermontia samuelii. Clermontia samuelii.
Cyanea copelandii Cyanea copelandii
ssp. haleakalaensis. ssp.
haleakalaensis.
Cyanea duvalliorum.. Cyanea duvalliorum.
Cyanea glabra.
Cyanea hamatiflora Cyanea hamatiflora
ssp. hamatiflora. ssp. hamatiflora.
Cyanea horrida...... Cyanea horrida.
Cyanea kunthiana.... Cyanea kunthiana.
Cyanea maritae.
Cyanea mceldowneyi.. Cyanea mceldowneyi.
Cyrtandra
ferripilosa.
Diplazium
molokaiense.
Geranium hanaense... Geranium hanaense.
Geranium multiflorum Geranium
multiflorum.
Huperzia mannii.
Melicope balloui.
Melicope ovalis.
Peperomia
subpetiolata.
Phyllostegia
bracteata.
Phyllostegia mannii.
Phyllostegia pilosa.
Platanthera
holochila.
Schiedea jacobii.
Wikstroemia villosa. Wikstroemia villosa.
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 3... .................... Adenophorus periens.
Asplenium peruvianum
var. insulare.
Bidens campylotheca Bidens campylotheca
ssp. pentamera. ssp. pentamera.
Bidens campylotheca Bidens campylotheca
ssp. waihoiensis. ssp. waihoiensis.
Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp.
mauiensis.
Clermontia samuelii.
Cyanea copelandii Cyanea copelandii
ssp. haleakalaensis. ssp.
haleakalaensis.
Cyanea duvalliorum.
Cyanea glabra.
Cyanea hamatiflora Cyanea hamatiflora
ssp. hamatiflora. ssp. hamatiflora.
Cyanea horrida.
Cyanea kunthiana.
Cyanea maritae...... Cyanea maritae.
[[Page 34715]]
Cyanea mceldowneyi.
Cyrtandra
ferripilosa.
Diplazium
molokaiense.
Geranium hanaense.
Geranium
multiflorum.
Huperzia mannii.
Melicope balloui.
Melicope ovalis..... Melicope ovalis.
Peperomia
subpetiolata.
Phyllostegia
bracteata.
Phyllostegia mannii.
Phyllostegia pilosa.
Platanthera
holochila.
Schiedea jacobii.
Wikstroemia villosa.
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4... .................... Adenophorus periens.
Asplenium peruvianum
var. insulare.
Bidens campylotheca
ssp. pentamera.
Bidens campylotheca
ssp. waihoiensis.
Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp.
mauiensis.
Clermontia samuelii. Clermontia samuelii.
Cyanea copelandii Cyanea copelandii
ssp. haleakalaensis. ssp.
haleakalaensis.
Cyanea duvalliorum.
Cyanea glabra.
Cyanea hamatiflora Cyanea hamatiflora
ssp. hamatiflora. ssp. hamatiflora.
Cyanea horrida...... Cyanea horrida.
Cyanea kunthiana.... Cyanea kunthiana.
Cyanea maritae...... Cyanea maritae.
Cyanea mceldowneyi.
Cyrtandra Cyrtandra
ferripilosa. ferripilosa.
Diplazium
molokaiense.
Geranium hanaense.
Geranium
multiflorum.
Huperzia mannii..... Huperzia mannii.
Melicope balloui.
Melicope ovalis.
Peperomia
subpetiolata.
Phyllostegia
bracteata.
Phyllostegia mannii.
Phyllostegia pilosa.
Platanthera
holochila.
Schiedea jacobii.
Wikstroemia villosa.
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 5... .................... Adenophorus periens.
Asplenium peruvianum
var. insulare.
Bidens campylotheca
ssp. pentamera.
Bidens campylotheca
ssp. waihoiensis.
Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp.
mauiensis.
Clermontia samuelii.
Cyanea copelandii
ssp.
haleakalaensis.
Cyanea duvalliorum.
Cyanea glabra.
Cyanea hamatiflora
ssp. hamatiflora.
Cyanea horrida.
Cyanea kunthiana.
Cyanea maritae.
Cyanea mceldowneyi.
Cyrtandra
ferripilosa.
Diplazium
molokaiense.
Geranium hanaense.
Geranium
multiflorum.
Huperzia mannii.
Melicope balloui.
Melicope ovalis.
Peperomia
subpetiolata.
Phyllostegia
bracteata.
Phyllostegia mannii.
Phyllostegia pilosa.
Platanthera
holochila.
Schiedea jacobii.
Wikstroemia villosa.
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 6... .................... Acaena exigua.
[[Page 34716]]
Bidens conjuncta.... Bidens conjuncta.
Calamagrostis Calamagrostis
hillebrandii. hillebrandii.
Cyanea kunthiana.... Cyanea kunthiana.
Cyrtandra oxybapha.
Geranium Geranium
hillebrandii. hillebrandii.
Huperzia mannii.
Myrsine vaccinioides Myrsine
vaccinioides.
Phyllostegia
bracteata.
Platanthera
holochila.
Sanicula purpurea... Sanicula purpurea.
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 7... .................... Acaena exigua.
Bidens conjuncta.
Calamagrostis
hillebrandii.
Cyanea kunthiana.
Cyrtandra oxybapha.. Cyrtandra oxybapha.
Geranium
hillebrandii.
Huperzia mannii.
Myrsine
vaccinioides.
Phyllostegia
bracteata.
Platanthera Platanthera
holochila. holochila.
Sanicula purpurea.
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 8... .................... Acaena exigua.
Bidens conjuncta.
Calamagrostis
hillebrandii.
Cyanea kunthiana.
Cyrtandra oxybapha.
Geranium
hillebrandii.
Huperzia mannii.
Myrsine
vaccinioides.
Phyllostegia
bracteata.
Platanthera
holochila.
Sanicula purpurea.
Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 1. .................... Alectryon
macrococcus.
Argyroxiphium Argyroxiphium
sandwicense ssp. sandwicense ssp.
macrocephalum. macrocephalum.
Asplenium Asplenium
dielerectum. dielerectum.
Asplenium peruvianum Asplenium peruvianum
var. insulare. var. insulare.
Bidens campylotheca Bidens campylotheca
ssp. pentamera. ssp. pentamera.
Bidens micrantha
ssp. kalealaha.
Clermontia Clermontia
lindseyana. lindseyana.
Cyanea glabra.
Cyanea hamatiflora
ssp. hamatiflora.
Cyanea horrida...... Cyanea horrida.
Cyanea kunthiana.
Cyanea mceldowneyi.. Cyanea mceldowneyi.
Cyanea obtusa....... Cyanea obtusa.
Cyrtandra Cyrtandra
ferripilosa. ferripilosa.
Cyrtandra oxybapha.. Cyrtandra oxybapha.
Diplazium Diplazium
molokaiense. molokaiense.
Geranium arboreum... Geranium arboreum.
Geranium multiflorum Geranium
multiflorum.
Huperzia mannii..... Huperzia mannii.
Melicope adscendens. Melicope adscendens.
Neraudia sericea.... Neraudia sericea.
Phyllostegia
bracteata.
Phyllostegia mannii.
Santalum haleakalae Santalum haleakalae
var. lanaiense. var. lanaiense.
Wikstroemia villosa.
Zanthoxylum
hawaiiense.
Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 2. Ctenitis squamigera. Ctenitis squamigera.
Cyanea magnicalyx... Cyanea magnicalyx.
Diplazium Diplazium
molokaiense. molokaiense.
Geranium
hillebrandii.
Huperzia mannii.
Lysimachia lydgatei. Lysimachia lydgatei.
Remya mauiensis.
Santalum haleakalae Santalum haleakalae
var. lanaiense. var. lanaiense.
Stenogyne Stenogyne
kauaulaensis. kauaulaensis.
Zanthoxylum Zanthoxylum
hawaiiense. hawaiiense.
Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 3. .................... Ctenitis squamigera.
Cyanea magnicalyx.
Diplazium
molokaiense.
[[Page 34717]]
Geranium Geranium
hillebrandii. hillebrandii.
Huperzia mannii..... Huperzia mannii.
Lysimachia lydgatei. Lysimachia lydgatei.
Remya mauiensis.
Santalum haleakalae
var. lanaiense.
Stenogyne
kauaulaensis.
Zanthoxylum
hawaiiense.
Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 4. .................... Ctenitis squamigera.
Cyanea magnicalyx.
Diplazium
molokaiense.
Geranium
hillebrandii.
Huperzia mannii.
Lysimachia lydgatei. Lysimachia lydgatei.
Remya mauiensis.
Santalum haleakalae
var. lanaiense.
Stenogyne
kauaulaensis.
Zanthoxylum
hawaiiense.
Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 5. .................... Ctenitis squamigera.
Cyanea magnicalyx.
Diplazium
molokaiense.
Geranium
hillebrandii.
Huperzia mannii.
Lysimachia lydgatei.
Remya mauiensis..... Remya mauiensis.
Santalum haleakalae Santalum haleakalae
var. lanaiense. var. lanaiense.
Stenogyne
kauaulaensis.
Zanthoxylum
hawaiiense.
Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 6. .................... Ctenitis squamigera.
Cyanea magnicalyx.
Diplazium
molokaiense.
Geranium
hillebrandii.
Huperzia mannii.
Lysimachia lydgatei.
Remya mauiensis.
Santalum haleakalae
var. lanaiense.
Stenogyne
kauaulaensis.
Zanthoxylum
hawaiiense.
Maui--Montane Dry--Unit 1... .................... Alectryon
macrococcus.
Geranium arboreum.
Melicope knudsenii.. Melicope knudsenii.
Melicope
mucronulata.
Santalum haleakalae Santalum haleakalae
var. lanaiense. var. lanaiense.
Zanthoxylum Zanthoxylum
hawaiiense. hawaiiense.
Maui--Subalpine--Unit 1..... .................... Argyroxiphium
sandwicense ssp.
macrocephalum.
Asplenium peruvianum Asplenium peruvianum
var. insulare. var. insulare.
Bidens micrantha Bidens micrantha
ssp. kalealaha. ssp. kalealaha.
Geranium arboreum... Geranium arboreum.
Geranium
multiflorum.
Phyllostegia
bracteata.
Schiedea
haleakalensis.
Solanum incompletum.
Zanthoxylum
hawaiiense.
Maui--Subalpine--Unit 2..... Argyroxiphium Argyroxiphium
sandwicense ssp. sandwicense ssp.
macrocephalum. macrocephalum.
Asplenium peruvianum
var. insulare.
Bidens micrantha
ssp. kalealaha.
Geranium arboreum.
Geranium multiflorum Geranium
multiflorum.
Phyllostegia
bracteata.
Schiedea Schiedea
haleakalensis. haleakalensis.
Solanum incompletum.
Zanthoxylum
hawaiiense.
Maui--Alpine--Unit 1........ Argyroxiphium Argyroxiphium
sandwicense ssp. sandwicense ssp.
macrocephalum. macrocephalum.
Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 1..... Bidens campylotheca Bidens campylotheca
ssp. pentamera. ssp. pentamera.
Diplazium
molokaiense.
Plantago princeps.
Schiedea
haleakalensis.
Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 2..... .................... Bidens campylotheca
ssp. pentamera.
Diplazium
molokaiense.
Plantago princeps... Plantago princeps.
[[Page 34718]]
Schiedea Schiedea
haleakalensis. haleakalensis.
Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 3..... .................... Bidens campylotheca
ssp. pentamera.
Diplazium
molokaiense.
Plantago princeps.
Schiedea
haleakalensis.
Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 4..... .................... Bidens campylotheca
ssp. pentamera.
Diplazium
molokaiense.
Plantago princeps.
Schiedea
haleakalensis.
Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 5..... .................... Bonamia menziesii.
Diplazium
molokaiense.
Hesperomannia
arbuscula.
Isodendrion
pyrifolium.
Kadua laxiflora.
Neraudia sericea.
Tetramolopium
capillare.
Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 6..... .................... Bonamia menziesii.
Diplazium
molokaiense.
Hesperomannia
arbuscula.
Isodendrion
pyrifolium.
Kadua laxiflora.
Neraudia sericea.
Tetramolopium
capillare.
Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 7..... .................... Bonamia menziesii.
Diplazium
molokaiense.
Hesperomannia
arbuscula.
Isodendrion
pyrifolium.
Kadua laxiflora.
Neraudia sericea.
Tetramolopium
capillare.
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 1..... Bidens campylotheca Bidens campylotheca
ssp. pentamera. ssp. pentamera.
Bidens campylotheca
ssp. waihoiensis.
Cyanea copelandii
ssp.
haleakalaensis.
Cyanea horrida...... Cyanea horrida.
Melicope ovalis.
Phyllostegia
bracteata.
Phyllostegia
haliakalae.
Plantago princeps.
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 2..... Bidens campylotheca Bidens campylotheca
ssp. pentamera. ssp. pentamera.
Bidens campylotheca Bidens campylotheca
ssp. waihoiensis. ssp. waihoiensis.
Cyanea copelandii Cyanea copelandii
ssp. haleakalaensis. ssp.
haleakalaensis.
Cyanea horrida.
Melicope ovalis..... Melicope ovalis.
Phyllostegia
bracteata.
Phyllostegia
haliakalae.
Plantago princeps... Plantago princeps.
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 3..... .................... Bidens campylotheca
ssp. pentamera.
Bidens campylotheca
ssp. waihoiensis.
Cyanea copelandii
ssp.
haleakalaensis.
Cyanea horrida.
Melicope ovalis.
Phyllostegia
bracteata.
Phyllostegia
haliakalae.
Plantago princeps.
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 4..... .................... Bidens campylotheca
ssp. pentamera.
Bidens campylotheca Bidens campylotheca
ssp. waihoiensis. ssp. waihoiensis.
Cyanea copelandii
ssp.
haleakalaensis.
Cyanea horrida.
Melicope ovalis.
Phyllostegia
bracteata.
Phyllostegia
haliakalae.
Plantago princeps.
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 5..... .................... Alectryon
macrococcus.
Bidens campylotheca
ssp. pentamera.
Bidens conjuncta.... Bidens conjuncta.
Bonamia menziesii.
Ctenitis squamigera.
Cyanea glabra.
Cyanea lobata....... Cyanea lobata.
Cyanea magnicalyx.
Cyrtandra filipes.
Cyrtandra munroi.... Cyrtandra munroi.
[[Page 34719]]
Dubautia plantaginea
ssp. humilis.
Gouania vitifolia.
Hesperomannia Hesperomannia
arborescens. arborescens.
Hesperomannia
arbuscula.
Isodendrion
pyrifolium.
Kadua laxiflora.
Lysimachia lydgatei.
Plantago princeps.
Platanthera
holochila.
Pteris lidgatei.
Remya mauiensis.
Santalum haleakalae
var. lanaiense.
Tetramolopium
capillare.
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 6..... Alectryon Alectryon
macrococcus. macrococcus.
Bidens campylotheca
ssp. pentamera.
Bidens conjuncta.... Bidens conjuncta.
Bonamia menziesii.
Ctenitis squamigera. Ctenitis squamigera.
Cyanea glabra.
Cyanea lobata.
Cyanea magnicalyx... Cyanea magnicalyx.
Cyrtandra filipes... Cyrtandra filipes.
Cyrtandra munroi.... Cyrtandra munroi.
Dubautia plantaginea Dubautia plantaginea
ssp. humilis. ssp. humilis.
Gouania vitifolia.
Hesperomannia Hesperomannia
arborescens. arborescens.
Hesperomannia
arbuscula.
Isodendrion
pyrifolium.
Kadua laxiflora..... Kadua laxiflora.
Lysimachia lydgatei. Lysimachia lydgatei.
Plantago princeps... Plantago princeps.
Platanthera Platanthera
holochila. holochila.
Pteris lidgatei..... Pteris lidgatei.
Remya mauiensis..... Remya mauiensis.
Santalum haleakalae Santalum haleakalae
var. lanaiense. var. lanaiense.
Tetramolopium
capillare.
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 7..... Alectryon Alectryon
macrococcus. macrococcus.
Bidens campylotheca
ssp. pentamera.
Bidens conjuncta.
Bonamia menziesii... Bonamia menziesii.
Ctenitis squamigera. Ctenitis squamigera.
Cyanea glabra.
Cyanea lobata.
Cyanea magnicalyx.
Cyrtandra filipes... Cyrtandra filipes.
Cyrtandra munroi.... Cyrtandra munroi.
Dubautia plantaginea
ssp. humilis.
Gouania vitifolia.
Hesperomannia
arborescens.
Hesperomannia
arbuscula.
Isodendrion
pyrifolium.
Kadua laxiflora.
Lysimachia lydgatei.
Plantago princeps.
Platanthera Platanthera
holochila. holochila.
Pteris lidgatei.
Remya mauiensis.
Santalum haleakalae
var. lanaiense.
Tetramolopium
capillare.
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 8..... .................... Alectryon
macrococcus.
Bidens campylotheca
ssp. pentamera.
Bidens conjuncta.
Bonamia menziesii.
Ctenitis squamigera.
Cyanea glabra.
Cyanea lobata.
Cyanea magnicalyx.
Cyrtandra filipes... Cyrtandra filipes.
Cyrtandra munroi.
Dubautia plantaginea
ssp. humilis.
Gouania vitifolia.
Hesperomannia
arborescens.
[[Page 34720]]
Hesperomannia
arbuscula.
Isodendrion
pyrifolium.
Kadua laxiflora.
Lysimachia lydgatei.
Plantago princeps.
Platanthera
holochila.
Pteris lidgatei.
Remya mauiensis.
Santalum haleakalae
var. lanaiense.
Tetramolopium
capillare.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) Kahoolawe. Critical habitat units are described below.
Coordinates are in UTM Zone 4 with units in meters using North American
Datum of 1983 (NAD83). The following map shows the general locations of
the critical habitat units designated on the island of Kahoolawe.
Existing manmade features and structures, such as buildings, roads,
railroads, airports, runways, other paved areas, lawns, and other urban
landscaped areas, do not contain one or more of the physical and
biological features. Federal actions limited to those areas, therefore,
would not trigger a consultation under section 7 of the Act unless they
may affect the species or physical or biological features in adjacent
critical habitat.
(i) NOTE: Map 29, Kahoolawe Index Map, follows:
[[Page 34721]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.101
(ii) Kahoolawe--Coastal--Unit 1 (1,515 ac, 613 ha) and Kahoolawe--
Coastal--Unit 2 (12 ac, 5 ha)
(A) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 1.] This unit is
critical habitat for Kanaloa kahoolawensis, Sesbania tomentosa, and
Vigna o-wahuensis.
(B) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 2.] This unit is
critical habitat for Kanaloa kahoolawensis, Sesbania tomentosa, and
Vigna o-wahuensis.
(C) NOTE: Map of Kahoolawe--Coastal--Unit 1 and Kahoolawe--
Coastal--Unit 2 (Map 30) follows:
[[Page 34722]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.102
[[Page 34723]]
(iii) Kahoolawe--Coastal--Unit 3 (339 ac, 137 ha)
(A) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 3.] This unit is
critical habitat for Kanaloa kahoolawensis, Sesbania tomentosa, and
Vigna o-wahuensis.
(B) NOTE: Map of Kahoolawe--Coastal--Unit 3 (Map 31) follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.103
(iv) Kahoolawe--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 (1,380 ac, 559 ha)
(A) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 1.] This unit is
critical habitat for Gouania hillebrandii, Hibiscus brackenridgei,
Kanaloa kahoolawensis, Neraudia sericea, Sesbania tomentosa, and Vigna
o-wahuensis.
(B) NOTE: Map of Kahoolawe--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 (Map 32) follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.104
(v) Kahoolawe--Lowland Dry--Unit 2 (3,205 ac, 1,297 ha)
(A) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 2.] This unit is
critical habitat for Gouania hillebrandii, Hibiscus brackenridgei,
Kanaloa kahoolawensis, Neraudia sericea, Sesbania tomentosa, and Vigna
o-wahuensis.
(B) NOTE: Map of Kahoolawe--Lowland Dry--Unit 2 (Map 33) follows:
[[Page 34724]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.105
(vi) Table of Protected Species Within Each Critical Habitat Unit for
Kahoolawe
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unit name Species occupied Species unoccupied
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kahoolawe--Coastal--Unit 1.. Kanaloa Kanaloa
kahoolawensis. kahoolawensis.
Sesbania tomentosa.
Vigna o-wahuensis.
Kahoolawe--Coastal--Unit 2.. Kanaloa
kahoolawensis.
Sesbania tomentosa.. Sesbania tomentosa.
Vigna o-wahuensis.
Kahoolawe--Coastal--Unit 3.. Kanaloa
kahoolawensis.
Sesbania tomentosa.
Vigna o-wahuensis.
Kahoolawe--Lowland Dry--Unit Gouania
1. hillebrandii.
Hibiscus
brackenridgei.
Kanaloa
kahoolawensis.
Neraudia sericea.
Sesbania tomentosa.
Vigna o-wahuensis.
Kahoolawe--Lowland Dry--Unit Gouania
2. hillebrandii.
Hibiscus
brackenridgei.
Kanaloa
kahoolawensis.
[[Page 34725]]
Neraudia sericea.
Sesbania tomentosa.
Vigna o-wahuensis.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(f) Plants on Maui and Kahoolawe; Constituent elements.
(1) Flowering plants.
Family Amaranthaceae
Nototrichium humile (KULUI)
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland
Dry--Unit 3, and Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical
habitat for Nototrichium humile on Maui. In units Maui--Lowland Dry--
Unit 1, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 3, and
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(iv) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(v) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
Family Apiaceae
Peucedanum sandwicense (MAKOU)
Maui--Coastal--Unit 1, Maui--Coastal--Unit 2, Maui--Coastal--Unit
3, Maui--Coastal--Unit 4, Maui--Coastal--Unit 5, Maui--Coastal--Unit 6,
Maui--Coastal--Unit 7, Maui--Coastal--Unit 8, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit
2, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 7,
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Peucedanum sandwicense on Maui.
(i) In units Maui--Coastal--Unit 1, Maui--Coastal--Unit 2, Maui--
Coastal--Unit 3, Maui--Coastal--Unit 4, Maui--Coastal--Unit 5, Maui--
Coastal--Unit 6, Maui--Coastal--Unit 7, and Maui--Coastal--Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 in (50 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-drained, calcareous, talus slopes; weathered
clay soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats.
(D) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, Santalum, Scaevola.
(E) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, Vitex.
(F) Understory: Eragrostis, Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, Sesuvium,
Sporobolus, Vigna.
(ii) In units Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 3,
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, and Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 8,
the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
Sanicula purpurea (NCN)
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 7, and Maui--
Montane Wet--Unit 8, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(e)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Sanicula
purpurea on Maui. In units Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 7, and Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 8, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
Spermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN)
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland
Dry--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 5, and
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 6, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Spermolepis hawaiiensis on Maui. In units Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 1,
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland
Dry--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 5, and Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 6,
the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(iv) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(v) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
Family Asteraceae
Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum (AHINAHINA)
Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, Maui--Subalpine--Unit 1, Maui--
Subalpine--Unit 2, and Maui--Alpine--Unit 1, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical
habitat for Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum on Maui.
(i) In unit Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 15 to 40 in (38 to 100 cm).
(C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis,
Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua,
Labordia, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium.
[[Page 34726]]
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Maui--Subalpine--Unit 1 and Maui--Subalpine--Unit 2,
the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 6,500 to 9,800 ft (2,000 to 3,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 15 to 40 in (38 to 100 cm).
(C) Substrate: Dry ash; sandy loam; rocky, undeveloped soils;
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Chamaesyce, Chenopodium, Metrosideros, Myoporum,
Santalum, Sophora.
(E) Subcanopy: Coprosma, Dodonaea, Dubautia, Geranium,
Leptecophylla, Vaccinium, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Bidens, Carex, Deschampsia, Eragrostis,
Gahnia, Luzula, Panicum, Pseudognaphalium, Sicyos, Tetramolopium.
(iii) In unit Maui--Alpine--Unit 1, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Greater than 9,800 ft (3,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 30 to 50 in (75 to 125 cm).
(C) Substrate: Barren gravel, debris, cinders.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Argyroxiphium, Dubautia, Silene, Tetramolopium.
(F) Understory: None.
Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera (KOOKOOLAU)
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 6, Maui--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1,
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 1,
Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 2, Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit
3, Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 1, Maui--Wet Cliff--
Unit 2, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 3, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 4, Maui--Wet
Cliff--Unit 5, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera on Maui.
(i) In units Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 5 and Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit
6, the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In units Maui--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2 and Maui--Lowland Mesic--
Unit 3, the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(iii) In units Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit
2, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4, and Maui--
Montane Wet--Unit 5, the physical and biological features of critical
habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(iv) In unit Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis,
Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua,
Labordia, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Peperomia.
(v) In units Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 2,
Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, and Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
(vi) In units Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 1, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 2,
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 3, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 4, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit
5, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Maui--Wet
Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Bidens campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis (KOOKOOLAU)
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4,
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 1, Maui--Wet Cliff--
Unit 2, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 3, and Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 4,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for Bidens campylotheca ssp.
waihoiensis on Maui.
(i) In unit Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(ii) In units Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 2,
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4, and Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 5, and the physical and biological features of critical
habitat are:
[[Page 34727]]
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(iii) In units Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 1, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 2,
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 3, and Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 4, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Bidens conjuncta (KOOKOOLAU)
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 6,
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 7, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 8,
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 5, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit
7, and Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Bidens conjuncta on Maui.
(i) In units Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 3,
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, and Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 8,
the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(ii) In units Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 7,
and Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(iii) In units Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 5, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 6,
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha (KOOKOOLAU)
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland
Dry--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 2,
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 7,
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, Maui--
Subalpine--Unit 1, and Maui--Subalpine--Unit 2, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical
habitat for Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha on Maui.
(i) In units Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 2,
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 3, and Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In units Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 3,
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, and Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 8,
the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(iii) In unit Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis,
Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua,
Labordia, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Peperomia.
(iv) In units Maui--Subalpine--Unit 1 and Maui--Subalpine--Unit 2,
the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 6,500 to 9,800 ft (2,000 to 3,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 15 to 40 in (38 to 100 cm).
(C) Substrate: Dry ash; sandy loam; rocky, undeveloped soils;
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Chamaesyce, Chenopodium, Metrosideros, Myoporum,
Santalum, Sophora.
(E) Subcanopy: Coprosma, Dodonaea, Dubautia, Geranium,
Leptecophylla, Vaccinium, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Bidens, Carex, Deschampsia, Eragrostis,
Gahnia, Luzula, Panicum, Pseudognaphalium, Sicyos, Tetramolopium.
Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis (NAENAE)
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 5, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Maui--Wet Cliff--
Unit 7, and Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, identified
[[Page 34728]]
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis on
Maui. In units Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 5, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Maui--
Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(iv) Canopy: None.
(v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla,
Metrosideros.
(vi) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Hesperomannia arborescens (NCN)
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 6,
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Maui--Wet Cliff--
Unit 5, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Maui--Wet
Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1)
of this section, constitute critical habitat for Hesperomannia
arborescens on Maui.
(i) In units Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 3,
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, and Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 8,
the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(ii) In units Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 5, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 6,
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Hesperomannia arbuscula (NCN)
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 6, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 4,
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 7, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 5, Maui--
Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 5,
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Maui--Wet Cliff--
Unit 8, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of
this section, constitute critical habitat for Hesperomannia arbuscula
on Maui.
(i) In units Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 5 and Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit
6, the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In units Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 3,
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, and Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 8,
the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(iii) In units Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 5, Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 6,
and Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
(iv) In units Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 5, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 6,
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Melanthera kamolensis (NEHE)
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland
Dry--Unit 3, and Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical
habitat for Melanthera kamolensis on Maui. In units Maui--Lowland Dry--
Unit 1, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 3, and
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(iv) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(v) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
Remya mauiensis (MAUI REMYA)
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 6, Maui--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 2,
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 7,
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 2, Maui--Montane
Mesic--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 4, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit
5, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 6, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 5, Maui--Wet
Cliff--Unit 6, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Maui--
[[Page 34729]]
Wet Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(e)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Remya mauiensis
on Maui.
(i) In units Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 5 and Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit
6, the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In units Maui--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2 and Maui--Lowland Mesic--
Unit 3, the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(iii) In units Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit
3, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, and Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 8,
the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(iv) In units Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 2, Maui--Montane Mesic--
Unit 3, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 4, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 5, and
Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 6, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis,
Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua,
Labordia, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Peperomia.
(v) In units Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 5, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 6,
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Tetramolopium capillare (PAMAKANI)
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 6, Maui--Dry
Cliff--Unit 5, Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, Maui--
Wet Cliff--Unit 5, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 7,
and Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Tetramolopium capillare on Maui.
(i) In units Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 5 and Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit
6, the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In units Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 5, Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, and
Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
(iii) In units Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 5, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 6,
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Tetramolopium remyi (NCN)
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 5 and Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 6, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Tetramolopium remyi on Maui. In units
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 5 and Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 6, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(iv) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(v) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
Family Campanulaceae
Brighamia rockii (PUA ALA)
Maui--Coastal--Unit 1, Maui--Coastal--Unit 2, Maui--Coastal--Unit
3, Maui--Coastal--Unit 4, Maui--Coastal--Unit 5, Maui--Coastal--Unit 6,
Maui--Coastal--Unit 7, Maui--Coastal--Unit 8, Maui--Coastal--Unit 9,
Maui--Coastal--Unit 10, and Maui--Coastal--Unit 11, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Brighamia rockii on Maui. In units Maui--Coastal--
Unit 1, Maui--Coastal--Unit 2, Maui--Coastal--Unit 3, Maui--Coastal--
Unit 4, Maui--Coastal--Unit 5, Maui--Coastal--Unit 6,
[[Page 34730]]
Maui--Coastal--Unit 7, Maui--Coastal--Unit 8, Maui--Coastal--Unit 9,
Maui--Coastal--Unit 10, and Maui--Coastal--Unit 11, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 in (50 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Well-drained, calcareous, talus slopes; weathered
clay soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats.
(iv) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, Santalum, Scaevola.
(v) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, Vitex.
(vi) Understory: Eragrostis, Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, Sesuvium,
Sporobolus, Vigna.
Clermontia lindseyana (OHA WAI)
Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, identified in the legal descriptions
in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for
Clermontia lindseyana on Maui. In unit Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, the
physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(ii) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis,
Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.
(v) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua,
Labordia, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium.
(vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Peperomia.
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis (OHA WAI)
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 5,
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 8, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 2,
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4, and Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 5, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1)
of this section, constitute critical habitat for Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis on Maui.
(i) In units Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 2,
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, and
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(ii) In units Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 2,
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4, and Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 5, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
Clermontia peleana (OHA WAI)
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for
Clermontia peleana on Maui. In unit Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, the
physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(v) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
Clermontia samuelii (OHA WAI)
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4, and
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 5, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Clermontia samuelii on Maui.
(i) In unit Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(ii) In units Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 2,
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4, and Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 5, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
Cyanea asplenifolia (HAHA)
Maui--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Maui--
Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit
4, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 7, and Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical
habitat for Cyanea asplenifolia on Maui.
(i) In unit Maui--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 2,
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, and
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, the
[[Page 34731]]
physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis (HAHA)
Maui--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Maui--
Montane Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit
3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Wet
Cliff--Unit 1, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 2, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 3, and
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 4, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis on Maui.
(i) In unit Maui--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In unit Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(iii) In units Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit
2, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4, and Maui--
Montane Wet--Unit 5, the physical and biological features of critical
habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(iv) In units Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 1, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 2,
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 3, and Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 4, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Cyanea duvalliorum (HAHA)
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4, and
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 5, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Cyanea duvalliorum on Maui.
(i) In unit Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(ii) In units Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 2,
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4, and Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 5, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
Cyanea glabra (HAHA)
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 6,
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 3,
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Montane
Mesic--Unit 1, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 5, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Maui--
Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical
habitat for Cyanea glabra on Maui.
(i) In units Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 3,
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, and Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 8,
the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(ii) In units Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 2,
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4, and Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 5, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(iii) In unit Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
[[Page 34732]]
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis,
Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua,
Labordia, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Peperomia.
(iv) In units Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 5, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 6,
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora (HAHA)
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4,
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 5, and Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora on
Maui.
(i) In unit Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(ii) In units Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 2,
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4, and Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 5, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(iii) In unit Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis,
Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua,
Labordia, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Peperomia.
Cyanea horrida (HAHA)
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 5,
Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 1, Maui--Wet Cliff--
Unit 2, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 3, and Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 4,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for Cyanea horrida on Maui.
(i) In units Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 2,
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4, and Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 5, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(ii) In unit Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis,
Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua,
Labordia, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Peperomia.
(iii) In units Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 1, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 2,
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 3, and Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 4, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Cyanea kunthiana (HAHA)
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 5,
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 8, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 2,
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 7,
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 8, and Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Cyanea kunthiana on Maui.
(i) In units Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 2,
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, and
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(ii) In units Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 2,
[[Page 34733]]
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 7, and
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(iii) In unit Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis,
Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua,
Labordia, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Peperomia.
Cyanea lobata (HAHA)
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 6,
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Maui--Wet Cliff--
Unit 5, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Maui--Wet
Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1)
of this section, constitute critical habitat for Cyanea lobata ssp.
lobata on Maui.
(i) In units Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 3,
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, and Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 8,
the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(ii) In units Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 5, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 6,
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Cyanea magnicalyx (HAHA)
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 6,
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Maui--Montane
Mesic--Unit 2, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit
4, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 5, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 6, Maui--Wet
Cliff--Unit 5, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Cyanea magnicalyx on Maui.
(i) In units Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 3,
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, and Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 8,
the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(ii) In units Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 2, Maui--Montane Mesic--
Unit 3, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 4, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 5, and
Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 6, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis,
Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua,
Labordia, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Peperomia.
(iii) In units Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 5, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 6,
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Cyanea maritae (HAHA)
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4, and
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 5, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Cyanea maritae on Maui.
(i) In unit Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(ii) In units Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 2,
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4, and Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 5, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
[[Page 34734]]
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
Cyanea mceldowneyi (HAHA)
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4,
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 5, and Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Cyanea mceldowneyi on Maui.
(i) In unit Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(ii) In units Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 2,
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4, and Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 5, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(iii) In unit Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis,
Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua,
Labordia, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Peperomia.
Cyanea obtusa (HAHA)
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 6, and Maui--
Montane Mesic--Unit 1, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Cyanea obtusa on Maui.
(i) In units Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 5 and Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit
6, the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In unit Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis,
Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua,
Labordia, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Peperomia.
Family Caryophyllaceae
Schiedea haleakalensis (NCN)
Maui--Subalpine--Unit 1, Maui--Subalpine--Unit 2, Maui--Dry Cliff--
Unit 1, Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 2, Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, and Maui--Dry
Cliff--Unit 4, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1)
of this section, constitute critical habitat for Schiedea haleakalensis
on Maui.
(i) In units Maui--Subalpine--Unit 1 and Maui--Subalpine--Unit 2,
the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 6,500 to 9,800 ft (2,000 to 3,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 15 to 40 in (38 to 100 cm).
(C) Substrate: Dry ash; sandy loam; rocky, undeveloped soils;
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Chamaesyce, Chenopodium, Metrosideros, Myoporum,
Santalum, Sophora.
(E) Subcanopy: Coprosma, Dodonaea, Dubautia, Geranium,
Leptecophylla, Vaccinium, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Bidens, Carex, Deschampsia, Eragrostis,
Gahnia, Luzula, Panicum, Pseudognaphalium, Sicyos, Tetramolopium.
(ii) In units Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 2,
Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, and Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
Schiedea jacobii (NCN)
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4, and Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 5,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for Schiedea jacobii on Maui. In
units Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 2, Maui--
Montane Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4, and Maui--Montane Wet--
Unit 5, the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
Schiedea salicaria (NCN)
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 5 and Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 6, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Schiedea salicaria on Maui. In units
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 5 and Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 6, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
[[Page 34735]]
(iv) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(v) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
Family Convolvulaceae
Bonamia menziesii (NCN)
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland
Dry--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 5, Maui--
Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 5,
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Maui--Wet Cliff--
Unit 8, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of
this section, constitutes critical habitat for Bonamia menziesii on
Maui.
(i) In units Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 2,
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 3, and Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In units Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 5, Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, and
Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
(iii) In units Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 5, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 6,
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Family Cyperaceae
Cyperus pennatiformis (NCN)
Maui--Coastal--Unit 1, Maui--Coastal--Unit 2, Maui--Coastal--Unit
3, Maui--Coastal--Unit 4, Maui--Coastal--Unit 5, Maui--Coastal--Unit 6,
Maui--Coastal--Unit 7, and Maui--Coastal--Unit 8, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Cyperus pennatiformis ssp. pennatiformis on
Maui.In units Maui--Coastal--Unit 1, Maui--Coastal--Unit 2, Maui--
Coastal--Unit 3, Maui--Coastal--Unit 4, Maui--Coastal--Unit 5, Maui--
Coastal--Unit 6, Maui--Coastal--Unit 7, and Maui--Coastal--Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 in (50 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Well-drained, calcareous, talus slopes; weathered
clay soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats.
(iv) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, Santalum, Scaevola.
(v) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, Vitex.
(vi) Understory: Eragrostis, Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, Sesuvium,
Sporobolus, Vigna.
Family Euphorbiaceae
Flueggea neowawraea (MEHAMEHAME)
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland
Dry--Unit 3, and Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical
habitat for Flueggea neowawraea on Maui. In units Maui--Lowland Dry--
Unit 1, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 3, and
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(iv) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(v) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
Family Fabaceae
Canavalia pubescens (AWIKIWIKI)
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland
Dry--Unit 3, and Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical
habitat for Canavalia pubescens on Maui. In units Maui--Lowland Dry--
Unit 1, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 3, Maui--
Lowland Dry--Unit 4, the physical and biological features of critical
habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(iv) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(v) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
Kanaloa kahoolawensis (KOHE MALAMA MALAMA O KANALOA)
Kahoolawe--Coastal--Unit 1, Kahoolawe--Coastal--Unit 2, Kahoolawe--
Coastal--Unit 3, Kahoolawe--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, and Kahoolawe--Lowland
Dry--Unit 2, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(2)
of this section, constitute critical habitat for Kanaloa kahoolawensis
on Kahoolawe.
(i) In units Kahoolawe--Coastal--Unit 1, Kahoolawe--Coastal--Unit
2, and Kahoolawe--Coastal--Unit 3, the physical and biological features
of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 in (50 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-drained, calcareous, talus slopes; weathered
clay soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats.
(D) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, Santalum, Scaevola.
(E) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, Vitex.
(F) Understory: Eragrostis, Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, Sesuvium,
Sporobolus, Vigna.
(ii) In units Kahoolawe--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 and Kahoolawe--Lowland
Dry--Unit 2, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
[[Page 34736]]
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
Mucuna sloanei var. persericea (SEA BEAN)
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for
Mucuna sloanei var. persericea on Maui. In unit Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit
1, the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(v) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
Sesbania tomentosa (OHAI)
Maui--Coastal--Unit 9, Maui--Coastal--Unit 10, Maui--Coastal--Unit
11, Kahoolawe--Coastal--Unit 1, Kahoolawe--Coastal--Unit 2, Kahoolawe--
Coastal--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 2,
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland
Dry--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 6, Kahoolawe--Lowland Dry--Unit 1,
and Kahoolawe--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraphs (e)(1) and (e)(2) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Sesbania tomentosa on Maui and
Kahoolawe.
(i) In units Maui--Coastal--Unit 9, Maui--Coastal--Unit 10, Maui--
Coastal--Unit 11, Kahoolawe--Coastal--Unit 1, Kahoolawe--Coastal--Unit
2, and Kahoolawe--Coastal--Unit 3, the physical and biological features
of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 in (50 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-drained, calcareous, talus slopes; weathered
clay soils, ephemeral pools; mudflats.
(D) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, Santalum, Scaevola.
(E) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, Vitex.
(F) Understory: Eragrostis, Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, Sesuvium,
Sporobolus, Vigna.
(ii) In units Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 2,
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland
Dry--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 6, Kahoolawe--Lowland Dry--Unit 1,
and Kahoolawe--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
Vigna o-wahuensis (NCN)
Maui--Coastal--Unit 1, Maui--Coastal--Unit 2, Maui--Coastal--Unit
3, Maui--Coastal--Unit 4, Maui--Coastal--Unit 5, Maui--Coastal--Unit 6,
Maui--Coastal--Unit 7, Maui--Coastal--Unit 8, Kahoolawe--Coastal--Unit
1, Kahoolawe--Coastal--Unit 2, Kahoolawe--Coastal--Unit 3, Kahoolawe--
Lowland Dry--Unit 1, and Kahoolawe--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, identified in
the legal descriptions in paragraphs (e)(1) and (e)(2) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Sesbania tomentosa on Maui and
Kahoolawe.
(i) In units Maui--Coastal--Unit 1, Maui--Coastal--Unit 2, Maui--
Coastal--Unit 3, Maui--Coastal--Unit 4, Maui--Coastal--Unit 5, Maui--
Coastal--Unit 6, Maui--Coastal--Unit 7, Maui--Coastal--Unit 8,
Kahoolawe--Coastal--Unit 1, Kahoolawe--Coastal--Unit 2, and Kahoolawe--
Coastal--Unit 3, the physical and biological features of critical
habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 in (50 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-drained, calcareous, talus slopes; weathered
clay soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats.
(D) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, Santalum, Scaevola.
(E) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, Vitex.
(F) Understory: Eragrostis, Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, Sesuvium,
Sporobolus, Vigna.
(ii) In units Kahoolawe--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 and Kahoolawe--Lowland
Dry--Unit 2, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
Family Gentianaceae
Schenkia sebaeoides (AWIWI)
Maui--Coastal--Unit 9, Maui--Coastal--Unit 10, and Maui--Coastal--
Unit 11, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of
this section, constitute critical habitat for Schenkia sebaeoides on
Maui. In units Maui--Coastal--Unit 9, Maui--Coastal--Unit 10, and
Maui--Coastal--Unit 11, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 in (50 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Well-drained, calcareous, talus slopes, weathered
clay soils, ephemeral pools, mudflats.
(iv) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, Santalum, Scaevola.
(v) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, Vitex.
(vi) Understory: Eragrostis, Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, Sesuvium,
Sporobolus, Vigna.
Family Geraniaceae
Geranium arboreum (HAWAIIAN RED-FLOWERED GERANIUM)
Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Dry--Unit 1, Maui--
Subalpine--Unit 1, and Maui--Subalpine--Unit 2, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical
habitat for Geranium arboreum on Maui.
(i) In unit Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 1; the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 15 to 40 in (38 to 100 cm).
(C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis,
Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.
[[Page 34737]]
(E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua,
Labordia, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Peperomia.
(ii) In unit Maui--Montane Dry--Unit 1, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Dry cinder or ash soils, loamy volcanic sands,
blocky lava, rock outcroppings.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Metrosideros, Myoporum, Santalum, Sophora.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Dubautia,
Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Vaccinium.
(iii) In units Maui--Subalpine--Unit 1 and Maui--Subalpine--Unit 2,
the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 6,500 to 9,800 ft (2,000 to 3,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 15 to 40 in (38 to 100 cm).
(C) Substrate: Dry ash; sandy loam; rocky, undeveloped soils;
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Chamaesyce, Chenopodium, Metrosideros, Myoporum,
Santalum, Sophora.
(E) Subcanopy: Coprosma, Dodonaea, Dubautia, Geranium,
Leptecophylla, Vaccinium, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Bidens, Carex, Deschampsia, Eragrostis,
Gahnia, Luzula, Panicum, Pseudognaphalium, Sicyos, Tetramolopium.
Geranium hanaense (NOHOANU)
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4, and Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 5,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for Geranium hanaense on Maui. In
units Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 2, Maui--
Montane Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4, and Maui--Montane Wet--
Unit 5, the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
Geranium hillebrandii (NOHOANU)
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 7, Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 8, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 2, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 3,
Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 4, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 5, and Maui--
Montane Mesic--Unit 6, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Geranium hillebrandii on Maui.
(i) In units Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 7,
and Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(ii) In units Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 2, Maui--Montane Mesic--
Unit 3, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 4, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 5, and
Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 6, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis,
Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua,
Labordia, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Peperomia.
Geranium multiflorum (NOHOANU)
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 5,
Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, Maui--Subalpine--Unit 1, and Maui--
Subalpine--Unit 2, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(e)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Geranium
multiflorum on Maui.
(i) In units Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 2,
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4, and Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 5, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(ii) In unit Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis,
Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua,
Labordia, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Peperomia.
(iii) In units Maui--Subalpine--Unit 1 and Maui--Subalpine--Unit 2,
the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 6,500 to 9,800 ft (2,000 to 3,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 15 to 40 in (38 to 100 cm).
(C) Substrate: Dry ash; sandy loam; rocky, undeveloped soils;
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Chamaesyce, Chenopodium, Metrosideros, Myoporum,
Santalum, Sophora.
(E) Subcanopy: Coprosma, Dodonaea, Dubautia, Geranium,
Leptecophylla, Vaccinium, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Bidens, Carex, Deschampsia, Eragrostis,
Gahnia, Luzula, Panicum, Pseudognaphalium, Sicyos, Tetramolopium.
Family Gesneriaceae
Cyrtandra ferripilosa (HAIWALE)
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 5, and
Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Cyrtandra ferripilosa on Maui.
[[Page 34738]]
(i) In units Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 2,
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 5; the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(ii) In unit Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 1; the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis,
Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua,
Labordia, Leptecophylla Vaccinium.
(F) Understory: Carex, ferns, Peperomia.
Cyrtandra filipes (HAIWALE)
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 6,
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Maui--Wet Cliff--
Unit 5, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Maui--Wet
Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1)
of this section, constitute critical habitat for Cyrtandra filipes on
Maui.
(i) In units Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 3,
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, and Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 8,
the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(ii) In units Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 5, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 6,
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Cyrtandra munroi (HAIWALE)
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 6,
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Maui--Wet Cliff--
Unit 5, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Maui--Wet
Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1)
of this section, constitute critical habitat for Cyrtandra munroi on
Maui.
(i) In units Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 3,
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, and Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 8,
the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(ii) In units Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 5, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 6,
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Cyrtandra oxybapha (HAIWALE)
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 7, Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 8, and Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical
habitat for Cyrtandra oxybapha on Maui.
(i) In units Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 7,
and Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(ii) In unit Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis,
Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua,
Labordia, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Peperomia.
Family Lamiaceae
Phyllostegia bracteata (NCN)
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 6,
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 3,
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 7, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 8,
Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, Maui--Subalpine--Unit 1, Maui--Subalpine--
Unit 2, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 1, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 2, Maui--Wet
Cliff--Unit 3, and Maui--Wet Cliff--
[[Page 34739]]
Unit 4, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of
this section, constitute critical habitat for Phyllostegia bracteata on
Maui.
(i) In units Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 3,
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, and Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 8,
the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(ii) In units Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 2,
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 7, and
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(iii) In unit Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis,
Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua,
Labordia, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Peperomia.
(iv) In units Maui--Subalpine--Unit 1 and Maui--Subalpine--Unit 2,
the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 6,500 to 9,800 ft (2,000 to 3,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 15 to 40 in (38 to 100 cm).
(C) Substrate: Dry ash; sandy loam; rocky, undeveloped soils;
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Chamaesyce, Chenopodium, Metrosideros, Myoporum,
Santalum, Sophora.
(E) Subcanopy: Coprosma, Dodonaea, Dubautia, Geranium,
Leptecophylla, Vaccinium, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Carex, Deschampsia, Eragrostis, ferns,
Gahnia, Luzula, Panicum, Pseudognaphalium, Sicyos, Tetramolopium.
(v) In units Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 1, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 2,
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 3, and Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 4, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Phyllostegia haliakalae (NCN)
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 1, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 2, Maui--Wet Cliff--
Unit 3, and Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 4, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical
habitat for Phyllostegia haliakalae on Maui. In units Maui--Wet Cliff--
Unit 1, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 2, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 3, and Maui--Wet
Cliff--Unit 4, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(i) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(iv) Canopy: None.
(v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla,
Metrosideros.
(vi) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Phyllostegia mannii (NCN)
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 5, and
Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Phyllostegia mannii on Maui.
(i) In units Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 2,
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4, and Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 5, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(ii) In unit Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis,
Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua,
Labordia, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Peperomia.
Phyllostegia pilosa (NCN)
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4, and Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 5,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for Phyllostegia pilosa on Maui.
In units Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 2, Maui--
Montane Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4, and Maui--Montane Wet--
Unit 5, the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
Stenogyne kauaulaensis (NCN)
Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 2, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 3, Maui--
[[Page 34740]]
Montane Mesic--Unit 4, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 5, and Maui--Montane
Mesic--Unit 6, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1)
of this section, constitute critical habitat for Stenogyne kauaulaensis
on Maui. In unit Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 2, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit
3, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 4, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 5, and Maui--
Montane Mesic--Unit 6, the physical and biological features of critical
habitat are:
(i) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis,
Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.
(v) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua,
Labordia, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium.
(vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Peperomia.
Family Malvaceae
Hibiscus brackenridgei (MAO HAU HELE)
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland
Dry--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 5,
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 6, Kahoolawe--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Kahoolawe--
Lowland Dry--Unit 1, and Kahoolawe--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, identified in
the legal descriptions in paragraphs (e)(1) and (e)(2) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Hibiscus brackenridgei on Maui and
Kahoolawe. In units Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit
2, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland
Dry--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 6, Kahoolawe--Lowland Dry--Unit 1,
and Kahoolawe--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(iv) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(v) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
Family Myrsinaceae
Myrsine vaccinioides (KOLEA)
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 7, and Maui--
Montane Wet--Unit 8, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(e)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Myrsine
vaccinioides on Maui. In units Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 7, and Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 8, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
Family Orchidaceae
Platanthera holochila (NCN)
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 5,
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 7, Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 8, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 5, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Maui--
Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 8; identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical
habitat for Platanthera holochila on Maui.
(i) In units Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 2,
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 7, and
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(ii) In units Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 5, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 6,
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Family Piperaceae
Peperomia subpetiolata (ALAALA WAI NUI)
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4, and Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 5,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for Peperomia subpetiolata on
Maui. In units Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 2,
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4, and Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 5, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(i) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
Family Plantaginaceae
Plantago princeps (LAUKAHI KUAHIWI)
Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 2, Maui--Dry Cliff--
Unit 3, Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 1, Maui--Wet
Cliff--Unit 2, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 3, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 4, Maui--
Wet Cliff--Unit 5, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 7,
and Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Plantago princeps on Maui.
(i) In units Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 2,
Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, and Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
[[Page 34741]]
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
(ii) In units Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 1, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 2,
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 3, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 4, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit
5, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Maui--Wet
Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Family Poaceae
Calamagrostis hillebrandii (NCN)
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 7, and Maui--
Montane Wet--Unit 8, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(e)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Calamagrostis
hillebrandii on Maui. In units Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 7, and Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 8, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
Cenchrus agrimonioides (KAMANOMANO (= SANDBUR, AGRIMONY))
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland
Dry--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 5, and
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 6, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Cenchrus agrimonioides on Maui. In units Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 1,
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland
Dry--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 5, and Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 6,
the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(iv) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(v) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
Ischaemum byrone (HILO ISCHAEMUM)
Maui--Coastal--Unit 1, Maui--Coastal--Unit 2, Maui--Coastal--Unit
3, Maui--Coastal--Unit 4, Maui--Coastal--Unit 5, Maui--Coastal--Unit 6,
Maui--Coastal--Unit 7, and Maui--Coastal--Unit 8, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Ischaemum byrone on Maui. In units Maui--Coastal--
Unit 1, Maui--Coastal--Unit 2, Maui--Coastal--Unit 3, Maui--Coastal--
Unit 4, Maui--Coastal--Unit 5, Maui--Coastal--Unit 6, Maui--Coastal--
Unit 7, and Maui--Coastal--Unit 8, the physical and biological features
of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 in (50 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Well-drained, calcareous, talus slopes; weathered
clay soils, ephemeral pools; mudflats.
(iv) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, Santalum, Scaevola.
(v) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, Vitex.
(vi) Understory: Eragrostis, Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, Sesuvium,
Sporobolus, Vigna.
Family Primulaceae
Lysimachia lydgatei (NCN)
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 6, Maui--Montane
Mesic--Unit 2, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit
4, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 5, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 6, Maui--Wet
Cliff--Unit 5, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Lysimachia lydgatei on Maui.
(i) In units Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 5 and Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit
6, the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In units Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 2, Maui--Montane Mesic--
Unit 3, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 4, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 5, and
Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 6, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis,
Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua,
Labordia, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Peperomia.
(iii) In units Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 5, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 6,
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Family Rhamnaceae
Colubrina oppositifolia (KAUILA)
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland
Dry--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2,
and Maui--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, identified in the legal descriptions
in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Colubrina oppositifolia on Maui.
[[Page 34742]]
(i) In units Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 2,
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 3, and Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In units Maui--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2 and Maui--Lowland Mesic--
Unit 3, the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
Gouania hillebrandii (NCN)
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 6, Kahoolawe--
Lowland Dry--Unit 1, and Kahoolawe--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, identified in
the legal descriptions in paragraphs (e)(1) and (e)(2) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Gouania hillebrandii on Maui and
Kahoolawe. In units Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit
6, Kahoolawe--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, and Kahoolawe--Lowland Dry--Unit 2,
the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(iv) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(v) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
Gouania vitifolia (NCN)
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 5, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Maui--Wet Cliff--
Unit 7, and Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical
habitat for Gouania vitifolia on Maui. In units Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit
5, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Maui--Wet
Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(i) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(iv) Canopy: None.
(v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla,
Metrosideros.
(vi) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Family Rosaceae
Acaena exigua (LILIWAI)
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 7, and Maui--
Montane Wet--Unit 8, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(e)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Acaena exigua
on Maui. In units Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 7,
and Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 8; the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
Family Rubiaceae
Kadua coriacea (KIOELE)
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 5 and Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 6, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Kadua coriacea on Maui. In units Maui--
Lowland Dry--Unit 5 and Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 6, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(iv) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(v) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
Kadua laxiflora (PILO)
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 6,
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Maui--Dry Cliff--
Unit 5, Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, Maui--Wet
Cliff--Unit 5, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Kadua
laxiflora on Maui.
(i) In units Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 3,
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, and Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 8,
the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(ii) In units Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 5, Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, and
Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
(iii) In units Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 5, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 6,
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
[[Page 34743]]
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Family Rutaceae
Melicope adscendens (ALANI)
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland
Dry--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, and Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit
1, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for Melicope adscendens on Maui.
(i) In units Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 2,
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 3, and Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In unit Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis,
Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua,
Labordia, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Peperomia.
Melicope balloui (ALANI)
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4, and
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 5, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Melicope balloui on Maui.
(i) In unit Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(ii) In units Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 2,
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4, and Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 5, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
Melicope knudsenii (ALANI)
Maui--Montane Dry--Unit 1, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for
Melicope knudsenii on Maui. In unit Maui--Montane Dry--Unit 1; the
physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(ii) Substrate: Dry cinder or ash soils, loamy volcanic sands,
blocky lava, rock outcroppings.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Metrosideros, Myoporum, Santalum, Sophora.
(v) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Dubautia,
Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, Wikstroemia.
(vi) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Vaccinium.
Melicope mucronulata (ALANI)
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland
Dry--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, and Maui--Montane Dry--Unit 1,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for Melicope mucronulata on Maui.
(i) In units Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 2,
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 3, and Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In unit Maui--Montane Dry--Unit 1, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Dry cinder or ash soils, loamy volcanic sands,
blocky lava, rock outcroppings.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Metrosideros, Myoporum, Santalum, Sophora.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Dubautia,
Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Vaccinium.
Melicope ovalis (ALANI)
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4,
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 1, Maui--Wet Cliff--
Unit 2, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 3, and Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 4,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for Melicope ovalis on Maui.
(i) In unit Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(ii) In units Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 2,
[[Page 34744]]
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4, and Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 5, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(iii) In units Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 1, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 2,
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 3, and Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 4, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (AE)
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland
Dry--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2,
Maui--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, Maui--Montane
Mesic--Unit 2, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit
4, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 5, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 6, Maui--
Montane Dry--Unit 1, Maui--Subalpine--Unit 1, and Maui--Subalpine--Unit
2, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for Zanthoxylum hawaiiense on
Maui.
(i) In units Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 2,
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 3, and Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In units Maui--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2 and Maui--Lowland Mesic--
Unit 3, the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(iii) In units Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Mesic--
Unit 2, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 4,
Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 5, and Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 6, the
physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis,
Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua,
Labordia, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Peperomia.
(iv) In unit Maui--Montane Dry--Unit 1, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Dry cinder or ash soils, loamy volcanic sands,
blocky lava, rock outcroppings.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Metrosideros, Myoporum, Santalum, Sophora.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Dubautia,
Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Vaccinium.
(v) In units Maui--Subalpine--Unit 1 and Maui--Subalpine--Unit 2,
the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 6,500 to 9,800 ft (2,000 to 3,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 15 to 40 in (38 to 100 cm).
(C) Substrate: Dry ash; sandy loam; rocky, undeveloped soils;
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Chamaesyce, Chenopodium, Metrosideros, Myoporum,
Santalum, Sophora.
(E) Subcanopy: Coprosma, Dodonaea, Dubautia, Geranium,
Leptecophylla, Vaccinium, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Bidens, Carex, Deschampsia, Eragrostis,
Gahnia, Luzula, Panicum, Pseudognaphalium, Sicyos, Tetramolopium.
Family Santalaceae
Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense (LANAI SANDALWOOD, ILIAHI)
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland
Dry--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 5,
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 6, Maui--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 3,
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 8,
Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 2, Maui--Montane
Mesic--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 4, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit
5, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 6, Maui--Montane Dry--Unit 1, Maui--Wet
Cliff--Unit 5, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense on Maui.
(i) In units Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 2,
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland
Dry--Unit 5, and Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 6, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In units Maui--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2 and Maui--Lowland Mesic--
Unit 3, the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
[[Page 34745]]
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(iii) In units Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit
3, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, and Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 8,
the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(iv) In units Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Mesic--
Unit 2, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 4,
Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 5, and Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 6, the
physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis,
Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua,
Labordia, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Peperomia.
(v) In unit Maui--Montane Dry--Unit 1, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Dry cinder or ash soils, loamy volcanic sands,
blocky lava, rock outcroppings.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Metrosideros, Myoporum, Santalum, Sophora.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Dubautia,
Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Vaccinium.
(vi) In units Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 5, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 6,
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Family Sapindaceae
Alectryon macrococcus (MAHOE)
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland
Dry--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 2,
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 7,
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, Maui--Montane
Dry--Unit 1, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 5, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Maui--
Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical
habitat for Alectryon macrococcus on Maui.
(i) In units Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 2,
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 3, and Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In units Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 3,
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, and Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 8,
the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(iii) In unit Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis,
Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua,
Labordia, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Peperomia.
(iv) In unit Maui--Montane Dry--Unit 1, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Dry cinder or ash soils, loamy volcanic sands,
blocky lava, rock outcroppings.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Metrosideros, Myoporum, Santalum, Sophora.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Dubautia,
Leptecophylla, Osteomeles, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Vaccinium.
(v) In units Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 5, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 6,
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
[[Page 34746]]
Family Solanaceae
Solanum incompletum (POPOLO KU MAI)
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland
Dry--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1,
Maui--Subalpine--Unit 1, and Maui--Subalpine--Unit 2, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Solanum incompletum on Maui.
(i) In units Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 2,
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 3, and Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In unit Maui--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(iii) In units Maui--Subalpine--Unit 1 and Maui--Subalpine--Unit 2,
the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 6,500 to 9,800 ft (2,000 to 3,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 15 to 40 in (38 to 100 cm).
(C) Substrate: Dry ash; sandy loam; rocky, undeveloped soils;
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Chamaesyce, Chenopodium, Metrosideros, Myoporum,
Santalum, Sophora.
(E) Subcanopy: Coprosma, Dodonaea, Dubautia, Geranium,
Leptecophylla, Vaccinium, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Bidens, Carex, Deschampsia, Eragrostis,
Gahnia, Luzula, Panicum, Pseudognaphalium, Sicyos, Tetramolopium.
Family Thymelaeaceae
Wikstroemia villosa (AKIA)
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 5,
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 8, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 2,
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 5, and Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical
habitat for Wikstroemia villosa on Maui.
(i) In units Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 2,
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, and
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(ii) In units Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 2,
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4, and Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 5, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(iii) In unit Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis,
Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua,
Labordia, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Peperomia.
Family Urticaceae
Neraudia sericea (NCN)
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland
Dry--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 5,
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 6, Kahoolawe--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Kahoolawe--
Lowland Dry--Unit 2, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit
5, Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, and Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, identified in
the legal descriptions in paragraphs (e)(1) and (e)(2) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Neraudia sericea on Maui and Kahoolawe.
(i) In units Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 2,
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland
Dry--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 6, Kahoolawe--Lowland Dry--Unit 1,
and Kahoolawe--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In unit Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis,
Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua,
Labordia, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium.
[[Page 34747]]
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Peperomia.
(iii) In units Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 5, Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 6,
and Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
Family Violaceae
Isodendrion pyrifolium (WAHINE NOHO KULA)
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 6,
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Maui--Dry Cliff--
Unit 5, Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, Maui--Wet
Cliff--Unit 5, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Isodendrion pyrifolium on Maui.
(i) In units Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 3,
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, and Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 8,
the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(ii) In units Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 5, Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, and
Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
(iii) In units Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 5, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 6,
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
(2) Ferns and allies.
Family Adiantaceae
Pteris lidgatei (NCN)
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 6,
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Maui--Wet Cliff--
Unit 5, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Maui--Wet
Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1)
of this section, constitute critical habitat for Pteris lidgatei on
Maui.
(i) In units Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 3,
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, and Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 8,
the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(ii) In units Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 5, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 6,
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Family Aspleniaceae
Asplenium dielerectum (ASPLENIUM-LEAVED DIELLIA)
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 6, Maui--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 2,
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 7,
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, and Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Asplenium dielerectum on Maui.
(i) In units Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 5 and Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit
6, the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In units Maui--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2 and Maui--Lowland Mesic--
Unit 3, the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(iii) In units Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit
3, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, and Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 8,
the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
[[Page 34748]]
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(iv) In unit Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis,
Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua,
Labordia, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Peperomia.
Asplenium peruvianum var. insulare (NCN)
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 5,
Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, Maui--Subalpine--Unit 1, and Maui--
Subalpine--Unit 2, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(e)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Asplenium
peruvianum var. insulare on Maui.
(i) In units Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 2,
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4, and Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 5, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(ii) In unit Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis,
Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua,
Labordia, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Peperomia.
(iii) In units Maui--Subalpine--Unit 1 and Maui--Subalpine--Unit 2,
the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 6,500 to 9,800 ft (2,000 to 3,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 15 to 40 in (38 to 100 cm).
(C) Substrate: Dry ash; sandy loam; rocky, undeveloped soils;
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Chamaesyce, Chenopodium, Metrosideros, Myoporum,
Santalum, Sophora.
(E) Subcanopy: Coprosma, Dodonaea, Dubautia, Geranium,
Leptecophylla, Vaccinium, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Bidens, Carex, Deschampsia, Eragrostis,
Gahnia, Luzula, Panicum, Pseudognaphalium, Sicyos, Tetramolopium.
Ctenitis squamigera (PAUOA)
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland
Dry--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 5,
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 6, Maui--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Maui--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 2,
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 7,
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 2, Maui--Montane
Mesic--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 4, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit
5, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 6, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 5, Maui--Wet
Cliff--Unit 6, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 8,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for Ctenitis squamigera on Maui.
(i) In units Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 2,
Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland
Dry--Unit 5, and Maui--Lowland Dry--Unit 6, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In units Maui--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Maui--Lowland Mesic--
Unit 2, and Maui--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(iii) In units Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit
3, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, and Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 8,
the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(iv) In units Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 2, Maui--Montane Mesic--
Unit 3, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 4, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 5, and
Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 6, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis,
Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.
[[Page 34749]]
(E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua,
Labordia, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Peperomia.
(v) In units Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 5, Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 6,
Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Maui--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Diplazium molokaiense (NCN)
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 6,
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 3,
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Montane
Mesic--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 2, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit
3, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 4, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 5, Maui--
Montane Mesic--Unit 6, Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit
2, Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Maui--Dry Cliff--
Unit 5, Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, and Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 7,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for Diplazium molokaiense on Maui.
(i) In units Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 3,
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, and Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 8,
the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(ii) In units Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 2,
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4, and Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 5, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(iii) In units Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Mesic--
Unit 2, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 4,
Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 5, and Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 6, the
physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis,
Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua,
Labordia, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Peperomia.
(iv) In units Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 2,
Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit
5, Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, and Maui--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
Family Grammitidaceae
Adenophorus periens (PENDANT KIHI FERN)
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4, and Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 5,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for Adenophorus periens on Maui.
In units Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 2, Maui--
Montane Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4, and Maui--Montane Wet--
Unit 5, the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
Family Lycopodiaceae
Huperzia mannii (WAWAEIOLE)
Maui--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Maui--
Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit
4, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 7, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1,
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 2, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 6,
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 7, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 8, Maui--Montane
Mesic--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 2, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit
3, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 4, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 5, and Maui--
Montane Mesic--Unit 6, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Huperzia mannii on Maui.
(i) In unit Maui--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 2,
Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Lowland
Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Lowland Wet--
[[Page 34750]]
Unit 6, Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, and Maui--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(iii) In units Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit
2, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 4, Maui--Montane
Wet--Unit 5, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 6, Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 7, and
Maui--Montane Wet--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(iv) In units Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 1, Maui--Montane Mesic--
Unit 2, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 3, Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 4,
Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 5, and Maui--Montane Mesic--Unit 6, the
physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Deep ash deposits, thin silty loams.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Ilex, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Nestegis,
Nothocestrum, Pisonia, Pittosporum, Psychotria, Sophora, Zanthoxylum.
(E) Subcanopy: Alyxia, Charpentiera, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Kadua,
Labordia, Leptecophylla, Phyllostegia, Vaccinium.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Peperomia.
* * * * *
(i) * * *
(2) * * *
(ii) Note: Map 2 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.106
* * * * *
(269) * * *
(ii) Note: Map 269 follows:
[[Page 34751]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.107
* * * * *
(293) * * *
(ii) Note: Map 293 follows:
[[Page 34752]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.108
[[Page 34753]]
* * * * *
(k) * * *
(62) * * *
(ii) Note: Map 62 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.109
* * * * *
(65) * * *
(ii) Note: Map 65 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.110
* * * * *
(70) * * *
(ii) Note: Map 70 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.111
* * * * *
(77) * * *
(ii) Note: Map 77 follows:
[[Page 34754]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.112
* * * * *
(m) Maps and critical habitat unit descriptions for the island of
Lanai, HI. Critical habitat units are described below. Coordinates are
in UTM Zone 4 with units in meters using North American Datum of 1983
(NAD83). The following map shows the general locations of the critical
habitat units designated on the island of Lanai. Existing manmade
features and structures, such as buildings, roads, railroads, airports,
runways, other paved areas, lawns, and other urban landscaped areas, do
not contain one or more of the physical and biological features.
Federal actions limited to those areas, therefore, would not trigger a
consultation under section 7 of the Act unless they may affect the
species or physical or biological features in adjacent critical
habitat.
(1) NOTE: Map 1, Index map, follows:
[[Page 34755]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.113
(2) Lanai--Coastal--Unit 1 (373 ac, 151 ha) and Lanai--Coastal--
Unit 2 (2 ac; 1 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 1.] This unit is
critical habitat for Canavalia pubescens, Hibiscus brackenridgei,
Portulaca sclerocarpa, and Sesbania tomentosa.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 2.] This unit is
critical habitat for Canavalia pubescens, Hibiscus brackenridgei,
Portulaca sclerocarpa, and Sesbania tomentosa.
(iii) NOTE: Map of Lanai--Coastal--Unit 1 and Lanai--Coastal--Unit
2 (Map 2) follows:
[[Page 34756]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.114
[[Page 34757]]
(3) Lanai--Coastal--Unit 3 (509 ac, 206 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 3.] This unit is
critical habitat for Canavalia pubescens, Hibiscus brackenridgei,
Portulaca sclerocarpa, and Sesbania tomentosa.
(ii) NOTE: Map of Lanai--Coastal--Unit 3 (Map 3) follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.115
(4) Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 (9,766 ac, 3,952 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 1.] This unit is
critical habitat for Abutilon eremitopetalum, Asplenium dielerectum,
Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Cyperus fauriei, Cyperus
trachysanthos, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Neraudia sericea, Pleomele
fernaldii, Schenkia sebaeoides, Sesbania tomentosa, Silene lanceolata,
Solanum incompletum, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium lepidotum
ssp. lepitodotum, Tetramolopium remyi, and Vigna o-wahuensis.
(ii) NOTE: Map of Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 (Map 4) follows:
[[Page 34758]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.116
[[Page 34759]]
(5) Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 2 (939 ac, 380 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 2.] This unit is
critical habitat for Abutilon eremitopetalum, Asplenium dielerectum,
Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Cyperus fauriei, Cyperus
trachysanthos, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Neraudia sericea, Pleomele
fernaldii, Schenkia sebaeoides, Sesbania tomentosa, Silene lanceolata,
Solanum incompletum, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium lepidotum
ssp. lepitodotum, Tetramolopium remyi, and Vigna o-wahuensis.
(ii) NOTE: Map of Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 2 (Map 5) follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.117
(6) Lanai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1 (11,172 ac, 4,521 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 1.] This unit is
critical habitat for Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Bonamia
menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp.
mauiensis, Diplazium molokaiense, Kadua cordata ssp. remyi, Kadua
laxiflora, Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis, Pleomele fernaldii,
Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, Solanum incompletum, Spermolepis
hawaiiensis, and Vigna o-wahuensis.
(ii) NOTE: Map of Lanai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1 (Map 6) follows:
[[Page 34760]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.118
[[Page 34761]]
(7) Lanai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1 (374 ac, 152 ha) and Lanai--Lowland
Wet--Unit 2 (232 ac, 94 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 1.] This unit is
critical habitat for Clermonita oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Kadua
cordata ssp. remyi, Kadua laxiflora, Labordia tinifolia var.
lanaiensis, Pleomele fernaldii, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, and
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 2.] This unit is
critical habitat for Clermonita oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Kadua
cordata ssp. remyi, Kadua laxiflora, Labordia tinifolia var.
lanaiensis, Pleomele fernaldii, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, and
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense.
(iii) NOTE: Map of Lanai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1 and Lanai--Lowland
Wet--Unit 2 (Map 7) follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.119
(8) Lanai--Montane Wet--Unit 1 (248 ac, 101 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 1.] This unit is
critical habitat for Adenophorus periens, Cyanea gibsonii, Cyanea
lobata, Cyrtandra munroi, Kadua laxiflora, Labordia tinifolia var.
lanaiensis, Melicope munroi, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, and
Viola lanaiensis.
(ii) NOTE: Map of Lanai--Montane Wet--Unit 1 (Map 8) follows:
[[Page 34762]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.120
(9) Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 1 (83 ac, 34 ha), Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit
2 (354 ac, 143 ha), and Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 3 (398 ac, 161 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 1.] This unit is
critical habitat for Asplenium dielerectum, Bidens micrantha ssp.
kalealaha, Brighamia rockii, Ctenitis squamigera, Diplazium
molokaiense, Neraudia sericea, Phyllostegia haliakalae, Pleomele
fernaldii, Solanum incompletum, and Viola lanaiensis.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 2.] This unit is
critical habitat for Asplenium dielerectum, Bidens micrantha ssp.
kalealaha, Brighamia rockii, Ctenitis squamigera, Diplazium
molokaiense, Neraudia sericea, Phyllostegia haliakalae, Pleomele
fernaldii, Solanum incompletum, and Viola lanaiensis.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 3.] This unit is
critical habitat for Asplenium dielerectum, Bidens micrantha ssp.
kalealaha, Brighamia rockii, Ctenitis squamigera, Diplazium
molokaiense, Neraudia sericea, Phyllostegia haliakalae, Pleomele
fernaldii, Solanum incompletum, and Viola lanaiensis.
(iv) NOTE: Map of Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit
2, and Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 3 (Map 9) follows:
[[Page 34763]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.121
[[Page 34764]]
(10) Lanai--Wet Cliff--Unit 1 (731 ac, 296 ha), and Lanai--Wet
Cliff--Unit 2 (230 ac, 93 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 1.] This unit is
critical habitat for Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea gibsonii, Cyanea
munroi, Cyrtandra munroi, Hesperomannia arborescens, Kadua laxiflora,
Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis, Melicope munroi, Phyllostegia
haliakalae, Pleomele fernaldii, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, and
Viola lanaiensis.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 2.] This unit is
critical habitat for Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea gibsonii, Cyanea
munroi, Cyrtandra munroi, Hesperomannia arborescens, Kadua laxiflora,
Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis, Melicope munroi, Phyllostegia
haliakalae, Pleomele fernaldii, Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense, and
Viola lanaiensis.
(iii) NOTE: Map of Lanai--Wet Cliff--Unit 1 and Lanai--Wet Cliff--
Unit 2 (Map 10) follows:
[[Page 34765]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP11JN12.122
(11) Table of Protected Species Within Each Critical Habitat Unit for
Lanai
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unit name Species occupied Species unoccupied
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lanai--Coastal--Unit 1...... .................... Canavalia pubescens.
Hibiscus
brackenridgei.
Portulaca
sclerocarpa.
Sesbania tomentosa.
Lanai--Coastal--Unit 2...... .................... Canavalia pubescens.
Hibiscus
brackenridgei.
Portulaca
sclerocarpa.
Sesbania tomentosa.
Lanai--Coastal--Unit 3...... .................... Canavalia pubescens.
Hibiscus
brackenridgei.
Portulaca
sclerocarpa.
Sesbania tomentosa.
Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 1.. Abutilon Abutilon
eremitopetalum. eremitopetalum.
[[Page 34766]]
Asplenium
dielerectum.
Bidens micrantha
ssp. kalealaha.
Cyperus fauriei.
Cyperus
trachysanthos.
Hibiscus
brackenridgei.
Neraudia sericea.
Pleomele fernaldii.
Schenkia sebaeoides. Schenkia sebaeoides.
Sesbania tomentosa.
Silene lanceolata.
Solanum incompletum.
Spermolepis Spermolepis
hawaiiensis. hawaiiensis.
Tetramolopium
lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum.
Tetramolopium remyi.
Vigna o-wahuensis.
Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 2.. .................... Abutilon
eremitopetalum.
Asplenium
dielerectum.
Bidens micrantha
ssp. kalealaha.
Cyperus fauriei.
Cyperus
trachysanthos.
Hibiscus
brackenridgei.
Neraudia sericea.
Pleomele fernaldii.
Schenkia sebaeoides.
Sesbania tomentosa.
Silene lanceolata.
Solanum incompletum.
Spermolepis
hawaiiensis.
Tetramolopium
lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum.
Tetramolopium remyi.
Vigna o-wahuensis.
Lanai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1 Bidens micrantha Bidens micrantha
ssp. kalealaha. ssp. kalealaha.
Bonamia menziesii... Bonamia menziesii.
Cenchrus
agrimonioides.
Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp.
mauiensis.
Diplazium
molokaiense.
Kadua cordata ssp.
remyi.
Kadua laxiflora.
Labordia tinifolia
var. lanaiensis.
Pleomele fernaldii.. Pleomele fernaldii.
Santalum haleakalae Santalum haleakalae
var. lanaiense. var. lanaiense.
Solanum incompletum.
Spermolepis Spermolepis
hawaiiensis. hawaiiensis.
Vigna o-wahuensis.
Lanai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1.. .................... Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp.
mauiensis.
Kadua cordata ssp. Kadua cordata ssp.
remyi. remyi.
Kadua laxiflora.
Labordia tinifolia
var. lanaiensis.
Pleomele fernaldii.. Pleomele fernaldii.
Santalum haleakalae Santalum haleakalae
var. lanaiense. var. lanaiense.
Zanthoxylum
hawaiiense.
Lanai--Lowland Wet--Unit 2.. .................... Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp.
mauiensis.
Kadua cordata ssp.
remyi.
Kadua laxiflora.
Labordia tinifolia
var. lanaiensis.
Pleomele fernaldii.. Pleomele fernaldii.
Santalum haleakalae Santalum haleakalae
var. lanaiense. var. lanaiense.
Zanthoxylum
hawaiiense.
Lanai--Montane Wet--Unit 1.. .................... Adenophorus periens.
Cyanea gibsonii..... Cyanea gibsonii.
Cyanea lobata....... Cyanea lobata.
Cyrtandra munroi.... Cyrtandra munroi.
Kadua laxiflora..... Kadua laxiflora.
Labordia tinifolia
var. lanaiensis.
Melicope munroi..... Melicope munroi.
Santalum haleakalae Santalum haleakalae
var. lanaiense. var. lanaiense.
Viola lanaiensis.... Viola lanaiensis.
Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 1.... .................... Asplenium
dielerectum.
Bidens micrantha
ssp. kalealaha.
Brighamii rockii.
Ctenitis squamigera.
Diplazium
molokaiense.
[[Page 34767]]
Neraudia sericea.
Phyllostegia
haliakalae.
Pleomele fernaldii.
Solanum incompletum.
Viola lanaiensis.
Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 2.... .................... Asplenium
dielerectum.
Bidens micrantha
ssp. kalealaha.
Brighamii rockii.
Ctenitis squamigera.
Diplazium
molokaiense.
Neraudia sericea.
Phyllostegia
haliakalae.
Pleomele fernaldii.. Pleomele fernaldii.
Solanum incompletum.
Viola lanaiensis.
Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 3.... .................... Asplenium
dielerectum.
Bidens micrantha
ssp. kalealaha.
Brighamii rockii.
Ctenitis squamigera.
Diplazium
molokaiense.
Neraudia sericea.
Phyllostegia
haliakalae.
Pleomele fernaldii.
Solanum incompletum.
Viola lanaiensis.
Lanai--Wet Cliff--Unit 1.... Ctenitis squamigera. Ctenitis squamigera.
Cyanea gibsonii.
Cyanea munroi.
Cyrtandra munroi.... Cyrtandra munroi.
Hesperomannia
arborescens.
Kadua laxiflora.
Labordia tinifolia
var. lanaiensis.
Melicope munroi..... Melicope munroi.
Phyllostegia
haliakalae.
Pleomele fernaldii.. Pleomele fernaldii.
Santalum haleakalae Santalum haleakalae
var. lanaiense. var. lanaiense.
Viola lanaiensis.
Lanai--Wet Cliff--Unit 2.... .................... Ctenitis squamigera.
Cyanea gibsonii.
Cyanea munroi....... Cyanea munroi.
Cyrtandra munroi.
Hesperomannia
arborescens.
Kadua laxiflora.
Labordia tinifolia Labordia tinifolia
var. lanaiensis. var. lanaiensis.
Melicope munroi.
Phyllostegia
haliakalae.
Pleomele fernaldii.. Pleomele fernaldii.
Santalum haleakalae Santalum haleakalae
var. lanaiense. var. lanaiense.
Viola lanaiensis.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(n) Plants on Lanai; Constituent elements.
(1) Flowering plants.
Family Apiaceae
Spermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN)
Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, and Lanai--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (m) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Spermolepis hawaiiensis on Lanai.
(i) In units Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 and Lanai--Lowland Dry--
Unit 2, the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In unit Lanai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
Family Asparagaceae
Pleomele fernaldii (HALA PEPE)
Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, Lanai--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Lanai--Lowland Wet--
[[Page 34768]]
Unit 1, Lanai--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Lanai--
Dry Cliff--Unit 2, Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Lanai--Wet Cliff--Unit 1,
and Lanai--Wet Cliff--Unit 2, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (m) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Pleomele
fernaldii on Lanai.
(i) In units Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 and Lanai--Lowland Dry--
Unit 2, the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In unit Lanai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(iii) In units Lanai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1 and Lanai--Lowland Wet--
Unit 2, the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(iv) In units Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 2,
and Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
(v) In units Lanai--Wet Cliff--Unit 1 and Lanai--Wet Cliff--Unit 2,
the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Family Asteraceae
Bidens Micrantha ssp. Kalealaha (KOOKOOLAU)
Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, Lanai--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit
2, and Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, identified in the legal descriptions
in paragraph (m) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha on Lanai.
(i) In units Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 and Lanai--Lowland Dry--
Unit 2, the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In unit Lanai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(iii) In units Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 2,
and Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
Hesperomannia arborescens (NCN)
Lanai--Wet Cliff--Unit 1 and Lanai--Wet Cliff--Unit 2, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (m) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Hesperomannia arborescens on Lanai. In units
Lanai--Wet Cliff--Unit 1 and Lanai--Wet Cliff--Unit 2, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(iv) Canopy: None.
(v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla,
Metrosideros.
(vi) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum (NCN)
Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 and Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 2,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (m) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum
on Lanai. In units Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 and Lanai--Lowland Dry--
Unit 2, the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(iv) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(v) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
[[Page 34769]]
Tetramolopium remyi (NCN)
Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 and Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 2,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (m) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Tetramolopium remyi on Lanai. In units
Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 and Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(iv) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(v) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
Family Campanulaceae
Brighamii rockii (PUA ALA)
Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 2, and Lanai--Dry
Cliff--Unit 3, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (m) of
this section, constitute critical habitat for Brighamii rockii on
Lanai. In units Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 2, and
Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(iv) Canopy: None.
(v) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(vi) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis (OHA WAI)
Lanai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Lanai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, and
Lanai--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (m) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis on Lanai.
(i) In unit Lanai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Lanai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1 and Lanai--Lowland Wet--
Unit 2, the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
Cyanea gibsonii (NCN)
Lanai--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Lanai--Wet Cliff--Unit 1, and Lanai--
Wet Cliff--Unit 2, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(m) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Cyanea gibsonii on
Lanai.
(i) In unit Lanai--Montane Wet--Unit 1, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(ii) In units Lanai--Wet Cliff--Unit 1 and Lanai--Wet Cliff--Unit
2, the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Cyanea lobata (HAHA)
Lanai--Montane Wet--Unit 1, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (m) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for Cyanea
lobata on Lanai. In unit Lanai--Montane Wet--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
Cyanea munroi (HAHA)
Lanai--Wet Cliff--Unit 1 and Lanai--Wet Cliff--Unit 2, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (m) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Cyanea munroi on Lanai. In units Lanai--Wet
Cliff--Unit 1 and Lanai--Wet Cliff--Unit 2, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(iv) Canopy: None.
(v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla,
Metrosideros.
(vi) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Family Caryophyllaceae
Silene lanceolata (NCN)
Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 and Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 2,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (m) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Silene lanceolata on Lanai. In units
Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 and Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(iv) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(v) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
[[Page 34770]]
Family Convolvulaceae
Bonamia menziesii (NCN)
Lanai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, identified in the legal descriptions
in paragraph (m) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for
Bonamia menziesii on Lanai. In unit Lanai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, the
physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
Family Cyperaceae
Cyperus fauriei (NCN)
Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 and Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 2,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (m) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Cyperus fauriei on Lanai. In units
Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 and Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(iv) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(v) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
Cyperus trachysanthos (PUUKAA)
Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 and Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 2,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (m) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Cyperus trachysanthos on Lanai. In
units Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 and Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, the
physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(iv) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(v) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
Family Fabaceae
Canavalia pubescens (AWIKIWIKI)
Lanai--Coastal--Unit 1, Lanai--Coastal--Unit 2, and Lanai--
Coastal--Unit 3, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (m)
of this section, constitute critical habitat for Canavalia pubescens on
Lanai. In units Lanai--Coastal--Unit 1, Lanai--Coastal--Unit 2, and
Lanai--Coastal--Unit 3, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 in (50 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Well-drained, calcareous, talus slopes; weathered
clay soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats.
(iv) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, Santalum, Scaevola.
(v) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, Vitex.
(vi) Understory: Eragrostis, Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, Sesuvium,
Sporobolus, Vigna.
Sesbania tomentosa (OHAI)
Lanai--Coastal--Unit 1, Lanai--Coastal--Unit 2, Lanai--Coastal--
Unit 3, Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, and Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 2,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (m) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Sesbania tomentosa on Lanai.
(i) In units Lanai--Coastal--Unit 1, Lanai--Coastal--Unit 2, and
Lanai--Coastal--Unit 3, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 in (50 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-drained, calcareous, talus slopes; weathered
clay soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats.
(D) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, Santalum, Scaevola.
(E) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, Vitex.
(F) Understory: Eragrostis, Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, Sesuvium,
Sporobolus, Vigna.
(ii) In units Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 and Lanai--Lowland Dry--
Unit 2, the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
Vigna o-wahuensis (NCN)
Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, and Lanai--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (m) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Vigna o-
wahuensis on Lanai.
(i) In units Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 and Lanai--Lowland Dry--
Unit 2, the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In unit Lanai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
Family Gentianaceae
Schenkia sebaeoides (AWIWI)
Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 and Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 2,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (m) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Schenkia sebaeoides on Lanai. In units
Lanai--Lowland Dry--
[[Page 34771]]
Unit 1 and Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(iv) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(v) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
Family Gesneriaceae
Cyrtandra munroi (HAIWALE)
Lanai--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Lanai--Wet Cliff--Unit 1, and Lanai--
Wet Cliff--Unit 2, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(m) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Cyrtandra munroi
on Lanai.
(i) In unit Lanai--Montane Wet--Unit 1, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(ii) In units Lanai--Wet Cliff--Unit 1 and Lanai--Wet Cliff--Unit
2, the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Family Lamiaceae
Phyllostegia haliakalae (NCN)
Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 2, Lanai--Dry
Cliff--Unit 3, Lanai--Wet Cliff--Unit 1, and Lanai--Wet Cliff--Unit 2,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (m) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Phyllostegia haliakalae on Lanai.
(i) In units Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 2,
and Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
(ii) In units Lanai--Wet Cliff--Unit 1 and Lanai--Wet Cliff--Unit
2, the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Family Loganiaceae
Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis (KAMAKAHALA)
Lanai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Lanai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Lanai--
Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Lanai--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Lanai--Wet Cliff--Unit
1, and Lanai--Wet Cliff--Unit 2, identified in the legal descriptions
in paragraph (m) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis on Lanai.
(i) In unit Lanai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Lanai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1 and Lanai--Lowland Wet--
Unit 2, the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(iii) In unit Lanai--Montane Wet--Unit 1; the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(iv) In units Lanai--Wet Cliff--Unit 1 and Lanai--Wet Cliff--Unit
2, the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Family Malvaceae
Abutilon eremitopetalum (NCN)
Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 and Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 2,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (m) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Abutilon eremitopetalum on Lanai. In
units Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 and Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, the
physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(iv) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(v) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
[[Page 34772]]
Hibiscus brackenridgei (MAO HAU HELE)
Lanai--Coastal--Unit 1, Lanai--Coastal--Unit 2, Lanai--Coastal--
Unit 3, Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, and Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 2,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (m) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Hibiscus brackenridgei on Lanai.
(i) In units Lanai--Coastal--Unit 1, Lanai--Coastal--Unit 2, and
Lanai--Coastal--Unit 3, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 in (50 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-drained, calcareous, talus slopes; weathered
clay soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats.
(D) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, Santalum, Scaevola.
(E) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, Vitex.
(F) Understory: Eragrostis, Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, Sesuvium,
Sporobolus, Vigna.
(ii) In units Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 and Lanai--Lowland Dry--
Unit 2, the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
Family Poaceae
Cenchrus agrimonioides (KAMANOMANO (= SANDBUR, AGRIMONY))
Lanai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, identified in the legal descriptions
in paragraph (m) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for
Cenchrus agrimonioides on Lanai. In unit Lanai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1,
the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
Family Portulacaceae:
Lanai--Coastal--Unit 1, Lanai--Coastal--Unit 2, and Lanai--
Coastal--Unit 3, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (m)
of this section, constitute critical habitat for Portulaca sclerocarpa
on Lanai. In units Lanai--Coastal--Unit 1, Lanai--Coastal--Unit 2, and
Lanai--Coastal--Unit 3, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 in (50 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Well-drained, calcareous, talus slopes; weathered
clay soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats.
(iv) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, Santalum, Scaevola.
(v) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, Vitex.
(vi) Understory: Eragrostis, Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, Sesuvium,
Sporobolus, Vigna.
Family Rubiaceae
Kadua cordata ssp. remyi (KOPA)
Lanai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Lanai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, and
Lanai--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (m) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Kadua
cordata ssp. remyi on Lanai.
(i) In unit Lanai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Lanai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1 and Lanai--Lowland Wet--
Unit 2, the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
Kadua laxiflora (PILO)
Lanai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Lanai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Lanai--
Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Lanai--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Lanai--Wet Cliff--Unit
1, and Lanai--Wet Cliff--Unit 2, identified in the legal descriptions
in paragraph (m) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Kadua
laxiflora on Lanai.
(i) In unit Lanai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Lanai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1 and Lanai--Lowland Wet--
Unit 2, the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(iii) In unit Lanai--Montane Wet--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(iv) In units Lanai--Wet Cliff--Unit 1 and Lanai--Wet Cliff--Unit
2, the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
[[Page 34773]]
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Family Rutaceae
Melicope munroi (ALANI)
Lanai--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Lanai--Wet Cliff--Unit 1, and Lanai--
Wet Cliff--Unit 2, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(m) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Melicope munroi on
Lanai.
(i) In unit Lanai--Montane Wet--Unit 1, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(ii) In units Lanai--Wet Cliff--Unit 1 and Lanai--Wet Cliff--Unit
2, the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (AE)
Lanai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1 and Lanai--Lowland Wet--Unit 2,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (m) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Zanthoxylum hawaiiense on Lanai. In
units Lanai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1 and Lanai--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, the
physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(v) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
Family Santalaceae
Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense (LANAI SANDALWOOD, ILIAHI)
Lanai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Lanai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Lanai--
Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Lanai--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Lanai--Wet Cliff--Unit
1, and Lanai--Wet Cliff--Unit 2, identified in the legal descriptions
in paragraph (m) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense on Lanai.
(i) In unit Lanai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Lanai--Lowland Wet--Unit 1 and Lanai--Lowland Wet--
Unit 2, the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(iii) In unit Lanai--Montane Wet--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(iv) In units Lanai--Wet Cliff--Unit 1 and Lanai--Wet Cliff--Unit
2, the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Family Solanaceae
Solanum incompletum (POPOLO KU MAI)
Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, Lanai--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit
2, and Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, identified in the legal descriptions
in paragraph (m) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Solanum incompletum on Lanai.
(i) In units Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 and Lanai--Lowland Dry--
Unit 2, the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In unit Lanai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(iii) In units Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 2,
and Lanai--
[[Page 34774]]
Dry Cliff--Unit 3, the physical and biological features of critical
habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
Family Urticaceae
Neraudia sericea (NCN)
Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, Lanai--Dry
Cliff--Unit 1, Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 2, and Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 3,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (m) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Neraudia sericea on Lanai.
(i) In units Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 and Lanai--Lowland Dry--
Unit 2, the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In units Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 2,
and Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
Family Violaceae
Viola lanaiensis (NCN)
Lanai--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Lanai--Dry
Cliff--Unit 2, Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Lanai--Wet Cliff--Unit 1, and
Lanai--Wet Cliff--Unit 2, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (m) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Viola
lanaiensis on Lanai.
(i) In unit Lanai--Montane Wet--Unit 1, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(ii) In units Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 2,
and Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
(iii) In units Lanai-Wet Cliff-Unit 1 and Lanai-Wet Cliff-Unit 2,
the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
(2) Ferns and fern allies.
Family Aspleniaceae
Asplenium dielerectum (ASPLENIUM-LEAVED DIELLIA)
Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, Lanai--Dry
Cliff--Unit 1, Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 2, and Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 3,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (m) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Asplenium dielerectum on Lanai.
(i) In units Lanai--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 and Lanai--Lowland Dry--
Unit 2, the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In units Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 2,
and Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
Ctenitis squamigera (PAUOA)
Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 2, Lanai--Dry
Cliff--Unit 3, Lanai--Wet Cliff--Unit 1, and Lanai--Wet Cliff--Unit 2,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (m) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Ctenitis squamigera on Lanai.
(i) In units Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 2,
and Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
(ii) In units Lanai--Wet Cliff--Unit 1 and Lanai--Wet Cliff--Unit
2, the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptocophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Diplazium molokaiense (NCN)
Lanai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Lanai--Dry
Cliff--Unit 2, and Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (m) of this section, constitute critical
habitat for Diplazium molokaiense on Lanai.
[[Page 34775]]
(i) In unit Lanai--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 2,
and Lanai--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
Family Grammitidaceae
Adenophorus periens (PENDANT KIHI FERN)
Lanai--Montane Wet--Unit 1, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (m) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for
Adenophorus periens on Lanai. In unit Lanai--Montane Wet--Unit 1; the
physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,500 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(vi) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
* * * * *
Dated: May 3, 2012.
Rachel Jacobson,
Acting Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks.
[FR Doc. 2012-11484 Filed 6-8-12; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P