[Federal Register Volume 76, Number 148 (Tuesday, August 2, 2011)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 46362-46594]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Printing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2011-17162]
[[Page 46361]]
Vol. 76
Tuesday,
No. 148
August 2, 2011
Part II
Department of the Interior
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Fish and Wildlife Service
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50 CFR Part 17
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Listing 23 Species on
Oahu as Endangered and Designating Critical Habitat for 124 Species;
Proposed Rule
Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 2, 2011 /
Proposed Rules
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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Fish and Wildlife Service
50 CFR Part 17
[Docket No. FWS-R1-ES-2010-0043; MO 92210-0-0009]
RIN 1018-AV49
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Listing 23 Species
on Oahu as Endangered and Designating Critical Habitat for 124 Species
AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.
ACTION: Proposed rule.
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SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), propose to
list 23 species on the island of Oahu in the Hawaiian Islands as
endangered under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act).
We also propose to designate critical habitat for these 23 species, to
designate critical habitat for 2 plant species that are already listed
as endangered, and revise critical habitat for 99 plant species that
are already listed as endangered or threatened. The proposed critical
habitat designation totals 43,491 acres (ac) (17,603 hectares (ha)),
and includes occupied and unoccupied habitat. Approximately 93percent
of the area being proposed as critical habitat is already designated as
critical habitat for the 99 plant species or other species. In this
proposed rule we are also proposing a taxonomic revision of the
scientific names of nine plant species.
DATES: We will consider comments received on or postmarked on or before
October 3, 2011. Please note that if you are using the Federal
eRulemaking Portal (see ADDRESSES section below), the deadline for
submitting an electronic comment is Eastern Time on this date. We must
receive requests for public hearings, in writing, at the address shown
in the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT section by September 16, 2011.
ADDRESSES: You may submit comments by one of the following methods:
Federal eRulemaking Portal: http://www.regulations.gov. In
the box that reads ``Enter Keyword or ID,'' enter the docket number for
this proposed rule, which is FWS-R1-ES-2010-0043. Check the box that
reads ``Open for Comments/Submission,'' and click the Search Button.
You should then see an icon that reads ``Submit a Comment.'' Please
ensure that you have found the correct rulemaking before submitting
your comment.
U.S. mail or hand-delivery: Public Comments Processing,
Attn: FWS-R1-ES-2010-0043; Division of Policy and Directives
Management; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; 4401 N. Fairfax Drive, MS
2042; Arlington, VA 22203.
We will post all comments on http://www.regulations.gov. This
generally means that we will post any personal information you provide
us (see the Public Comments section below for more information).
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Loyal Mehrhoff, Field Supervisor,
Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office, 300 Ala Moana Boulevard, Box
50088, Honolulu, HI 96850; by telephone at 808-792-9400; or by
facsimile at 808-792-9581. If you use a telecommunications device for
the deaf (TDD), call the Federal Information Relay Service (FIRS) at
800-877-8339.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Public Comments
We intend that any final action resulting from this proposal will
be based on the best scientific and commercial data available and be as
accurate and as effective as possible. Therefore, we solicit comments
or suggestions on this proposed rule from other concerned governmental
agencies, the scientific community, industry, or other interested
parties concerning this proposed rule. We particularly seek comments
concerning:
(1) Biological, commercial trade, or other relevant data concerning
any threats (or lack thereof) to the 23 species proposed for listing,
and regulations that may be addressing those threats.
(2) Additional information concerning the range, distribution, and
population size of each of the 23 species proposed for listing,
including the locations of any additional populations of these species.
(3) Any information on the biological or ecological requirements of
the 23 species proposed for listing.
(4) Current or planned activities in the areas occupied by both the
23 species proposed for listing and the additional 101 plant species
proposed for critical habitat designation or revision, and possible
impacts of these activities on this species.
(5) The reasons why we should or should not designate habitat for
all species in this proposal as ``critical habitat'' under section 4 of
the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act) (16 U.S.C. 1531 et
seq.), including whether there are threats to these species from human
activity, the degree of which can be expected to increase due to the
designation, and whether the benefit of designation would outweigh
threats to these species caused by the designation, such that the
designation of critical habitat is prudent.
(6) Whether a revision of critical habitat is warranted for the 99
plant species already listed as endangered or threatened under the Act.
(7) Specific information on:
The amount and distribution of critical habitat for the
species included in this proposed rule;
What areas currently occupied, and that contain the
necessary physical or biological features essential for the
conservation of the species, we should include in the designation and
why;
Whether special management considerations or protections
may be required for the physical or biological features essential to
the conservation of the species in this proposed rule; and
What areas not currently occupied are essential to the
conservation of the species and why.
(8) Land use designations and current or planned activities in the
areas occupied by the species, and the possible impacts of proposed or
revised critical habitat on these designations or activities.
(9) Any foreseeable economic, national security, or other relevant
impacts of designating any area as critical habitat. We are
particularly interested in any impacts on small entities, and the
benefits of including or excluding areas that exhibit these impacts.
(10) Whether the benefits of excluding any particular area from
critical habitat outweigh the benefits of including that area as
critical habitat under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, after considering
the potential impacts and benefits of the proposed critical habitat
designation. Under section 4(b)(2), we may exclude an area from
critical habitat if we determine that the benefits of such exclusion
outweigh the benefits of including that particular area as critical
habitat, unless failure to designate that specific area as critical
habitat will result in the extinction of the species. We request
specific information on:
The benefits of including specific areas in the final
designation and supporting rationale;
The benefits of excluding specific areas from the final
designation and supporting rationale; and
Whether any specific exclusions may result in the
extinction of the species and why.
(11) Whether our exemptions under section 4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the Act
of the lands on Department of Defense (DOD) land at Dillingham Military
Reservation,
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Kahuku Training Area, Kawailoa Training Area, Makua Military
Reservation, Schofield Barracks East Range, and Schofield Barracks
Military Reservation, are or are not appropriate and why.
(12) Information on the projected and reasonably likely impact of
climate change on the species included in this proposed rule, and any
special management needs or protections that may be needed in the
critical habitat areas we are proposing.
(13) Whether we could improve or modify our approach to designating
critical habitat in any way to provide for greater public participation
and understanding, or to better accommodate public concerns and
comments.
(14) Specific information on ways to improve the clarity of this
rule as it pertains to completion of consultations under section 7 of
the Act.
(15) Comments on our proposal to revise the taxonomic
classification for the nine plant species identified in this proposed
rule.
You may submit your comments and materials concerning this proposed
rule by one of the methods listed in the ADDRESSES section. We request
that you send comments only by the methods described in the ADDRESSES
section.
We will post your entire comment--including your personal
identifying information--on http://www.regulations.gov. If you provide
personal identifying information in addition to the required items
specified in the previous paragraph, such as your street address, phone
number, or e-mail address, you may request at the top of your document
that we withhold this information from public review. However, we
cannot guarantee that we will be able to do so.
Comments and materials we receive, as well as supporting
documentation we used in preparing this proposed rule, will be
available for public inspection at http://www.regulations.gov, or by
appointment, during normal business hours, at the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (see FOR
FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT).
You may obtain copies of the proposed rule by mail from the Pacific
Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT)
or by visiting the Federal eRulemaking Portal at http://www.regulations.gov.
Background
It is our intent to discuss below only those topics directly
relevant to the listing of and designation of critical habitat for the
species in this proposed rule.
Previous Federal Action
Nineteen of the 23 species proposed for listing are candidate
species (75 FR 69222; November 10, 2010). Candidate species are those
taxa for which the Service has sufficient information on their
biological status and threats to propose them for listing under the
Act, but for which the development of a listing regulation has been
precluded to date by other higher priority listing activities. The
current candidate species addressed in this proposed listing rule
include the plants Bidens amplectens, Cyanea calycina, C. lanceolata,
Cyrtandra kaulantha, C. sessilis, Doryopteris takeuchii, Korthalsella
degeneri, Melicope christophersenii, M. hiiakae, M. makahae, Platydesma
cornuta var. cornuta, P. cornuta var. decurrens, Pleomele forbesii,
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis, Pteralyxia macrocarpa, and
Zanthoxylum oahuense; and the blackline Hawaiian damselfly (Megalagrion
nigrohamatum nigrolineatum), the crimson Hawaiian damselfly (M.
leptodemas), and the oceanic Hawaiian damselfly (M. oceanicum). The
candidate status of all of these species was most recently assessed and
reaffirmed in the November 10, 2010, Notice of Review of Native Species
that are Candidates for Listing as Threatened or Endangered (CNOR) (75
FR 69222).
On May 4, 2004, the Center for Biological Diversity petitioned the
Secretary of the Interior to list 225 species of plants and animals,
including the 19 candidate species listed above, as endangered or
threatened under the provisions of the Act. Since then, we have
published our annual findings on the May 4, 2004, petition (including
our findings on the 19 candidate species listed above) in the CNORs
dated May 11, 2005 (70 FR 24870), September 12, 2006 (71 FR 53756),
December 6, 2007 (72 FR 69034), December 10, 2008 (73 FR 75176),
November 9, 2009 (74 FR 57803), and November 10, 2010 (75 FR 69222).
In addition to the 19 candidate species, we are proposing to list
four species of plants endemic to Oahu, which include Cyanea
purpurellifolia, Cyrtandra gracilis, C. waiolani, and Tetraplasandra
lydgatei. These four Oahu plant species, as well as approximately 180
others on the Hawaiian Islands, have been identified as the ``rarest of
the rare'' Hawaiian plant species in need of immediate conservation,
under the multi-agency (Federal, State, and private) Plant Extinction
Prevention (PEP) Program. The goal of this program is to prevent the
extinction of plant species that currently have fewer than 50
individuals remaining in the wild on the islands of Kauai, Oahu, Maui,
Molokai, Lanai, and Hawaii (Hawaii Division of Forestry and Wildlife
(DOFAW) 2007; Service 2007). We believe these four endemic Oahu plant
species warrant listing under the Act for the reasons discussed in the
Summary of Factors Affecting the 23 Species Proposed for Listing
section (below). Because these 4 plant species occur within 3 of the 7
ecosystems identified in this proposed rule, and share common threats
with the other 19 species proposed for listing under the Act, we have
included them in this proposed rule to provide them with protection
under the Act in an expeditious manner.
On June 17, 2003, we published a final rule designating
approximately 55,040 ac (22,274 ha) as critical habitat for 99 plant
species on Oahu (68 FR 35950; June 17, 2003). If made final, this rule
would supersede that designation. In addition, we are proposing
critical habitat for two endangered plant species for which critical
habitat has not been previously proposed or designated. When we listed
the plant Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. skottsbergii in 1982 (47 FR
36846), we found that the designation of critical habitat was not
determinable, since we were unable to identify the biological needs of
this species (see Proposed Taxonomic Name Changes below for additional
information). When we listed the plant Achyranthes splendens var.
rotundata as endangered in 1986 (58 FR 10518), we found that
designation of critical habitat was not prudent because this plant was
threatened by taking for lei-making, and the publication of plant
locations could make this plant more vulnerable to collection by
individuals. We have reviewed the best available information on both
species, and have determined the designation of critical habitat is now
prudent (see Prudency Determination below for additional information).
An Ecosystem-Based Approach to Listing 23 Species on Oahu
On the island of Oahu, as on most of the Hawaiian Islands, native
species that occur in the same habitat types (ecosystems) depend on
many of the same biological features and on the successful functioning
of that ecosystem to survive. We have therefore organized the species
addressed in this proposed rule by common ecosystems. Although the
listing determination for each species is analyzed separately, we have
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organized the specific analysis for each species within the context of
the broader ecosystem in which it occurs, to avoid redundancy. In
addition, native species that share ecosystems often face a suite of
common factors that may threaten them, and ameliorating or eliminating
these threats requires similar management actions. Effective management
of these threats often requires implementation of conservation actions
at the ecosystem scale, to enhance or restore critical ecological
processes and provide for long-term viability of those species in their
native environment. Thus, by taking this approach, we hope not only to
organize this proposed rule efficiently, but also to more effectively
focus conservation management efforts on the common threats that occur
across these ecosystems, restore ecosystem functionality for the
recovery of each species, and provide conservation benefits for
associated native species, thereby potentially precluding the need to
list other species under the Act that occur in these shared ecosystems.
We propose to list Bidens amplectens, Cyanea calycina, Cyanea
lanceolata, Cyanea purpurellifolia, Cyrtandra gracilis, Cyrtandra
kaulantha, Cyrtandra sessilis, Cyrtandra waiolani, Doryopteris
takeuchii, Korthalsella degeneri, Melicope christophersenii, Melicope
hiiakae, Melicope makahae, Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta, Platydesma
cornuta var. decurrens, Pleomele forbesii, Psychotria hexandra ssp.
oahuensis, Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Tetraplasandra lydgatei, and
Zanthoxylum oahuense; and the blackline, crimson, and oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies, endemic to the island of Oahu, as endangered species.
These 23 species (20 plants and 3 damselflies) are found in 7 ecosystem
types: coastal, lowland dry, lowland mesic, lowland wet, montane wet,
dry cliff, and wet cliff (Table 1).
Table 1--The 23 Species and the Ecosystems Upon Which They Depend
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Ecosystem Species
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Coastal...................... Plants: Bidens amplectens.
Lowland Dry.................. Plants: Bidens amplectens, Doryopteris
takeuchii, Pleomele forbesii.
Lowland Mesic................ Plants: Cyanea calycina, Cyanea
lanceolata, Cyrtandra waiolani, Melicope
makahae, Platydesma cornuta var.
decurrens, Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Tetraplasandra lydgatei.
Animals: oceanic Hawaiian damselfly.
Lowland Wet.................. Plants: Cyanea calycina, Cyanea
lanceolata, Cyanea purpurellifolia,
Cyrtandra gracilis, Cyrtandra kaulantha,
Cyrtandra sessilis, Cyrtandra waiolani,
Melicope hiiakae, Melicope makahae,
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta,
Pleomele forbesii, Psychotria hexandra
ssp. oahuensis, Pteralyxia macrocarpa,
Zanthoxylum oahuense.
Animals: crimson Hawaiian damselfly,
blackline Hawaiian damselfly, oceanic
Hawaiian damselfly.
Montane Wet.................. Plants: Cyanea calycina, Melicope
christophersenii.
Dry Cliff.................... Plants: Korthalsella degeneri, Melicope
makahae, Platydesma cornuta var.
decurrens, Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa.
Wet Cliff.................... Plants: Cyanea calycina, Cyanea
purpurellifolia, Cyrtandra kaulantha,
Cyrtandra sessilis, Melicope
christophersenii, Psychotria hexandra
ssp. oahuensis, Pterlyxia macrocarpa.
Animals: crimson Hawaiian damselfly,
oceanic Hawaiian damselfly.
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Most of these species are found in multiple ecosystems. For each
species, we identified and evaluated those factors that threaten the
species and that may be common to all of the species at the ecosystem
level. For example, the degradation of habitat by nonnative plants is
considered a threat to each species within each ecosystem. As a result,
this threat factor is considered to be a multiple ecosystem threat, as
each individual species within each ecosystem faces a threat that is
essentially identical in terms of the nature of the impact, its
severity, its imminence, and its scope. We further identified and
evaluated any threat factors that may be unique to certain species,
that is, threat factors that do not apply to all species under
consideration within the same ecosystem. For example, the threat of
predation by nonnative fish is unique to the three damselflies in this
proposed rule; it is not applicable to any of the other species
proposed for listing. We have identified such threat factors, which
apply only to certain species within the ecosystems addressed here, as
species-specific threats.
An Ecosystem-Based Approach to Determining Physical or Biological
Features of Critical Habitat
Under the Act, we are required to designate critical habitat to the
maximum extent prudent and determinable concurrently with the
publication of a final determination that a species is endangered or
threatened. In this proposed rule, we are proposing to designate
critical habitat for the 23 Oahu species for which we are also
proposing endangered status. We are also proposing to designate
critical habitat for two Oahu plants that are already listed as
endangered species but for which critical habitat has not been
designated. In addition, we are proposing to revise critical habitat
for 99 Oahu plants already listed as endangered or threatened species.
When critical habitat was designated for these 99 Oahu plant species in
2003 (68 FR 35950; June 17, 2003), it was based primarily on the
specific localities where the species were known to occur. We are
proposing to revise critical habitat for these species because since
then, we have learned that many native Hawaiian plants and animals
currently occupy only areas of marginal habitat because the threats are
reduced in these areas, and can thrive when reintroduced into
historical habitats when threats are effectively managed. For this
reason, we believe it is important to designate unoccupied habitat
where it is essential for the recovery of the species. Based on new
information on plant occurrences and a better understanding of the
species' biological requirements, the physical or biological features
have been more precisely identified, and now include elevation,
precipitation, substrate, canopy, subcanopy, and understory
characteristics. We believe the added precision will be helpful in
identifying the special management considerations or protections needed
in specific occupied areas to recover the species. In addition, because
the 2003 designation focused on discrete areas occupied by the species
at the time of listing, the result was an overlapping and confusing
patchwork of critical habitat areas for the 99 plant species that was
difficult for the public to interpret. Although this proposed revision
of critical habitat is solely based on occupied areas with physical or
biological features essential to the
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species' conservation, and unoccupied areas that are essential to the
species' conservation, we believe the end result will provide for
greater public understanding of the conservation and recovery needs of
each of the species in the specific areas addressed in this proposed
rule.
In this proposed rule, we propose critical habitat for 124 species
in 66 multiple-species critical habitat units. Although critical
habitat is identified for each species individually, we have found that
the conservation of each depends, at least in part, on the successful
functioning of the physical or biological features of the commonly
shared ecosystem. Each critical habitat unit identified in this
proposed rule contains the physical or biological features essential to
the conservation of those individual species that occupy that
particular unit, or contains areas essential to the conservation of
those species that do not presently occupy that particular unit but
depend on that ecosystem type for recovery purposes. Where the unit is
not occupied by a particular species, we believe it is still essential
for the conservation of that species. The designation of unoccupied
habitat allows for the expansion of its range and reintroduction of
individuals into areas where it occurred historically, and provides
area for recovery in the case of a stochastic event at one or more
locations where the species occurs.
Each of the areas proposed for designation represents critical
habitat for multiple species, based upon their shared habitat
requirements, and takes into account any species-specific conservation
needs as appropriate. For example, the presence of a perennial stream
is essential for the conservation of the blackline Hawaiian damselfly,
but is not a requirement shared by all species within the same
ecosystem; however, a functioning ecosystem is also essential to the
damselfly because the ecosystem provides other physical or biological
features that support the damselfly's specific life-history
requirements.
The Island of Oahu
The island of Oahu is the third oldest and third largest of the
eight main Hawaiian Islands, located southeast of Kauai and northwest
of Molokai and Lanai (Foote et al. 1972, p. 19; Department of
Geography, University of Hawaii at Hilo (UHH) 1998, p. 7). It was
formed from two shield volcanoes that ceased erupting about 1 to 2
million years ago, and is about 600 square (sq) miles (mi) (1,557 sq
kilometers (km)) in area (Macdonald and Abbot 1970, p. 265; Foote et
al. 1972, p. 19; Department of Geography, UHH 1998, p. 7). Two mountain
ranges resulted from these eruptions, the western Waianae range and
eastern Koolau range. Oahu is characterized by the fact that the two
mountain ranges are aligned perpendicular to the prevailing trade
winds, so that distinctive leeward and windward climates result, with
the Waianae range in the rain shadow of the Koolau range (Department of
Geography, UHH 1998, p. 7; Wagner et al. 1999, p. 39). The maximum
elevation on Oahu is 4,025 feet (ft) (1,225 meters (m)) at the summit
of Mount Kaala in the Waianae Mountains, and this higher elevation area
is not affected by the rain shadow (Blumenstock and Price 1972, p. 156;
Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 39-41). The maximum elevation is relatively low
compared to the higher Hawaiian Islands. Consequently, Oahu does not
have dry alpine areas, as the mountains do not reach the height of the
temperature inversion layer (Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 38, 40). Rainfall
ranges from less than 20 inches (in) (500 millimeters (mm)) to more
than 250 in (6,350 mm) per year (Department of Geography, UHH 1998, p.
7). Temperatures in the Hawaiian Islands differ by an average of 41
degrees Fahrenheit ([deg]F) (22 degrees Celsius ([deg]C)) throughout
the year. Since temperature decreases with increasing elevation,
microclimates range from tropical to sub-arctic across the island chain
(Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 37-38), although the sub-arctic zone does not
occur on Oahu.
The current soil classification system for the Hawaiian Islands
distinguishes soil types based on their measurable physical and
chemical properties and environmental factors that influenced their
formation. Widely ranging geological ages of rocks, different rates of
weathering, and microclimates create these highly variable soils
(Sherman 1972, pp. 205-207). Most soils are volcanic in origin; a few
formed from organic material and sand (Foote et al. 1972, p. 1). On
Oahu, sizable areas of highly weathered, red-colored oxisols (nutrient
poor soils, red or yellowish) occur on the Schofield Plateau; in
contrast, the Koolau and Waianae mountain ranges have large areas of
rocky, unweathered entisols (soils with few or no horizontal layers)
due to erosion (Gavenda et al. 1998, p. 92).
Because of its age and relative isolation, species diversity and
endemism are high in the Hawaiian archipelago (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999,
p. 45). However, the flora and fauna of Oahu have undergone extreme
alterations because of past and present land use and other activities.
Land with rich soils was altered by the early Hawaiians and, more
recently, converted to agricultural use (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, p. 45)
or pasture. Intentional and inadvertent introduction of alien plant and
animal species has contributed to the reduction in range of native
species on the island (throughout this proposal, the terms ``alien,''
``feral,'' ``nonnative,'' and ``introduced'' all refer to species that
are not naturally native to the Hawaiian Islands.) Most of the taxa
included in this proposed rule persist on steep slopes, precipitous
cliffs, valley headwalls, and other regions where unsuitable topography
has prevented urbanization and agricultural development, or where
inaccessibility has limited encroachment by nonnative plant and animal
species.
Oahu Ecosystems
The seven Oahu ecosystems that support the species addressed in
this proposed rule are described in the following sections.
Coastal
The coastal ecosystem is found on all of the main Hawaiian Islands,
with the highest species diversity found in the least populated coastal
areas of Hawaii, Maui, Molokai, Kahoolawe, Oahu, and Kauai, and their
associated islets. On Oahu, the coastal ecosystem includes mixed
herblands, shrublands, and grasslands, from sea level to approximately
980 ft (300 m) in elevation, generally within a narrow zone above the
influence of waves to within 330 ft (100 m) inland, sometimes extending
farther inland if strong prevailing onshore winds drive sea spray and
sand dunes into the lowland zone (The Nature Conservancy (TNC) 2006a).
The coastal vegetation zone is typically dry, with annual rainfall of
less than 20 in (50 cm); however, windward rainfall may be high enough
(up to 40 in (100 cm)) to support mesic-associated and sometimes wet-
associated vegetation (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, pp. 54-66). Biological
diversity is low to moderate in this ecosystem, but may include some
specialized plants and animals such as nesting seabirds and the rare
native plant Sesbania tomentosa (ohai) (TNC 2006a). The plant Bidens
amplectens, which is proposed for listing as endangered in this
proposed rule, is reported from this ecosystem on Oahu (Hawaii
Biodiversity and Mapping Program (HBMP) 2008; TNC 2007).
Lowland Dry
The lowland dry ecosystem includes shrublands and forests generally
below
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3,300 ft (1,000 m) elevation that receive less than 50 in (130
centimeters (cm)) annual rainfall, or are in otherwise prevailingly dry
substrate conditions. Areas consisting of predominantly native species
in the lowland dry ecosystem are now rare; however, this ecosystem is
found on the islands of Hawaii, Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe, Oahu, and
Kauai, and is best represented on the leeward sides of the islands
(Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, p. 67). On Oahu, this ecosystem is typically
found on the leeward side of the Waianae Mountains, and the leeward
southern coast, including Diamond Head Crater (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999,
p. 67; TNC 2006b). Biological diversity is low to moderate in this
ecosystem, and includes specialized animals and plants such as the
Hawaiian owl or pueo (Asio flammeus sandwichensis) and Santalum
ellipticum (iliahialoe) (Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 1,220-1,221; TNC
2006b). The plants Bidens amplectens, Doryopteris takeuchii, and
Pleomele forbesii, which are proposed for listing as endangered in this
proposed rule, are reported in this ecosystem on Oahu (HBMP 2008; TNC
2007).
Lowland Mesic
The lowland mesic ecosystem includes a variety of grasslands,
shrublands, and forests, generally below 3,300 ft (1,000 m) elevation,
that receive between 50 and 75 in (130 and 190 cm) annual rainfall, or
are in otherwise mesic substrate conditions (TNC 2006c). In the
Hawaiian Islands, this ecosystem is found on Hawaii, Maui, Molokai,
Lanai, and Kauai, on both windward and leeward sides of the islands. On
Oahu, this ecosystem is typically found on the leeward slopes of both
the Waianae and Koolau Mountains (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, p. 75; TNC
2006c). Biological diversity is high in this system (TNC 2006c). The
plants Cyanea calycina, C. lanceolata, Cyrtandra waiolani, Melicope
makahae, Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens, Pleomele forbesii,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, and Tetraplasandra lydgatei, and the oceanic
Hawaiian damselfly, which are proposed for listing as endangered in
this proposed rule, are reported in this ecosystem (HBMP 2008; TNC
2007).
Lowland Wet
The lowland wet ecosystem is generally found below 3,300 ft (1,000
m) elevation on the windward sides of the main Hawaiian Islands, except
Kahoolawe and Niihau (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, p. 85; TNC 2006d). These
areas include a variety of wet grasslands, shrublands, and forests that
receive greater than 75 in (190 cm) annual precipitation, or are in
otherwise wet substrate conditions (TNC 2006d). On Oahu, this system is
best developed in wet valleys and slopes along the summit of the Koolau
Mountains, with a small area located on the windward side of the summit
of the Waianae Mountains (TNC 2006d). Biological diversity is high in
this system (TNC 2006d). The plants Cyanea calycina, C. lanceolata, C.
purpurellifolia, Cyrtandra gracilis, C. kaulantha, C. sessilis, C.
waiolani, Melicope hiiakae, M. makahae, Platydesma cornuta var.
cornuta, Pleomele forbesii, Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, and Zanthoxylum oahuense; and the blackline,
crimson, and oceanic Hawaiian damselflies, which are proposed for
listing as endangered in this proposed rule, are reported in this
ecosystem (HBMP 2008; TNC 2007).
Montane Wet
The montane wet ecosystem is composed of natural communities
(grasslands, shrublands, forests, and bogs) found at elevations
generally between 3,300 and 6,600 ft (1,000 and 2,000 m), in areas
where annual precipitation is greater than 75 in (190 cm) (TNC 2006e).
This system is found on all of the main Hawaiian Islands except Niihau
and Kahoolawe (only the islands of Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii have areas
above 4,020 ft (1,225 m)) (TNC 2006e). On Oahu, this ecosystem is found
only at the summit of the Waianae Mountains (TNC 2007). Biological
diversity is moderate to high (TNC 2006e). Due to the restricted
distribution of this ecosystem on Oahu, only the plants Cyanea calycina
and Melicope christophersenii, which are proposed for listing as
endangered in this proposed rule, are reported in this ecosystem (HBMP
2008; TNC 2007).
Dry Cliff
The dry cliff ecosystem is composed of vegetation communities
occupying steep slopes (greater than 65 degrees) in areas that receive
less than 75 in (190 cm) of rainfall annually, or are in otherwise dry
substrate conditions (TNC 2006f). This ecosystem is found on all of the
main Hawaiian Islands except Niihau, and on the island of Oahu is best
represented along the leeward slopes of the Waianae Mountains (TNC
2006f). A variety of shrublands occur within this ecosystem (TNC
2006f). Biological diversity is low to moderate (TNC 2006f). The plants
Korthalsella degeneri, Melicope makahae, Platydesma cornuta var.
decurrens, Pleomele forbesii, and Pteralyxia macrocarpa, which are
proposed for listing as endangered in this proposed rule, are reported
in this ecosystem (HBMP 2008; TNC 2007).
Wet Cliff
The wet cliff ecosystem is generally composed of shrublands on
near-vertical slopes (greater than 65 degrees) in areas that receive
more than 75 in (190 cm) of annual precipitation, or in otherwise wet
substrate conditions (TNC 2006g). This system is found on the islands
of Hawaii, Maui, Molokai, Lanai, Oahu, and Kauai. On Oahu, this
ecosystem is typically found along the entire length of the summit of
the Koolau Mountains and at the summit of Mt. Kaala in the Waianae
Mountains (TNC 2006g). Biological diversity is low to moderate (TNC
2006g). The plants Cyanea calycina, C. purpurellifolia, Cyrtandra
kaulantha, C. sessilis, Melicope christophersenii, Psychotria hexandra
ssp. oahuensis, Pteralyxia macrocarpa; and the crimson and oceanic
Hawaiian damselflies, which are proposed for listing as endangered in
this proposed rule, are reported in this ecosystem (HBMP 2008; TNC
2007).
Species Description of the 23 Species Proposed for Listing
Below is a brief description of each of the 23 species proposed for
listing, presented in alphabetical order by genus. Plants are presented
first, followed by animals.
Plants
Bidens amplectens (kookoolau), a perennial or sometimes annual herb
in the sunflower family (Asteraceae), is restricted to windward cliffs
and crests along the northern portion of the Waianae Mountains on the
island of Oahu, in the coastal and lowland dry ecosystems, at
elevations between 300 and 1,400 ft (90 and 430 m) (Ganders and Nagata
1999, p. 271; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). This species intergrades with B.
torta and forms hybrid swarms from near Kaena Point along the Waianae
summit ridges to the head of Makua Valley (a hybrid swarm occurs where
there is no reproductive barrier between distinct populations, or where
a barrier has broken down). Pure B. amplectens is restricted to the
windward cliffs and crests of the Waianae range (Ganders and Nagata
1999, p. 271). Bidens amplectens was historically known from five
locations spanning 7 mi (11 km) in the northern Waianae Mountains
including Makaleha Valley, Uluhulu Gulch, Puu Pueo to Alau Gulch,
Manini Gulch to Alau Gulch, and Nihoa Gulch (HBMP 2008).
[[Page 46367]]
At last observation, it totaled fewer than 1,000 individuals in four
locations separated by less than 4 mi (6 km): Kealia Trail on the east
side of Haili Gulch; Kapuna-Kamimi Ridge on the road to the Pahole
Natural Area Reserve (NAR); Kealia east of Kawaiu Gulch; and from
Kuaokala to Keawaula Ridge (J. Lau, in litt. 2001; HBMP 2008).
Cyanea calycina (haha), an unbranched shrub in the bellflower
family (Campanulaceae), is found in both the Waianae and Koolau
Mountains of Oahu in the lowland mesic, lowland wet, montane wet, and
wet cliff ecosystems (Lammers 1999, p. 483; Wagner and Herbst 2003, p.
17; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). In the Waianae Mountains, C. calycina occurs
in Acacia-Metrosideros-Dicranopteris (koa-ohia-uluhe) forests at
elevations between 1,800 and 3,920 ft (550 and 1,195 m), and in the
Koolau Mountains this species occurs in wet Metrosideros-Dicranopteris
forest and shrubland at elevations generally between 1,830 and 3,000 ft
(558 and 900 m) (HBMP 2008). Historically, in the Waianae Mountains,
plants were found from Palikea Gulch to Pualii Gulch (HBMP 2008).
Currently, C. calycina is found from Pahole in the northern portion of
the Waianae Mountains south along the summit to Palawai in 18
occurrences totaling at least 170 individuals (U.S. Army 2006; HBMP
2008). In the Koolau Mountains, C. calycina was known historically
along the entire length of the range (HBMP 2008). Currently, 22
occurrences totaling between 155 and 169 individuals are known, from
the most northern point at Kamananui Gulch along the summit ridges
south to Konahuanui (U.S. Army 2006; HBMP 2008). The combined 40
occurrences total 325 to 339 individuals.
Cyanea lanceolata (haha) is an unbranched shrub in the bellflower
family (Campanulaceae) that occurs in the southeastern Koolau Mountains
in the lowland mesic and lowland wet ecosystems, at elevations
generally between 1,000 and 2,500 ft (300 and 760 m) (Wagner et al.
1999, p. 483; Wagner and Herbst 2003, p. 17; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Historically, this species was wide-ranging along the Koolau Mountains,
from the northern Schofield-Waikane area to Wailupe at the southern end
of the range, in at least 17 occurrences (HBMP 2008). Currently, there
are 7 known occurrences, totaling fewer than 123 individuals, sparsely
scattered over a much smaller area of the southern and northern Koolau
range. The southern occurrences include Kului-Hawaii Loa, Wailupe,
Mauumae, and Waialae Nui, with an unconfirmed report of individuals in
Pia Valley (HBMP 2008; J. Lau, in litt. 2008). The northern occurrences
include individuals north of Kawaiiki Stream, at Poamoho, and at
Peahinaia (U.S. Army 2006).
Cyanea purpurellifolia (haha) is an unbranched shrub in the
bellflower family (Campanulaceae) that occurs in the Koolau Mountains
in the lowland wet and wet cliff ecosystems, at elevations generally
between 1,860 and 2,160 ft (570 and 660 m) (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Historically, this species was known from a few individuals in the
vicinity of Kaluanui Valley and north to Maakua-Papali Ridge (Lammers
1999, p. 484; Wagner and Herbst 2003, p. 17; HBMP 2008). Currently, C.
purpurellifolia occurs in the northern Koolau Mountains from Maakua-
Kaipapau to Punaluu-Kaluanui Ridge, in 5 occurrences totaling
approximately 18 individuals (Plant Extinction Prevention (PEP) Program
2008, pp. 20-21; HBMP 2008).
Cyrtandra gracilis (haiwale) (Gesneriaceae, African violet family)
is a perennial shrub that is found in Metrosideros-Dicranopteris forest
in the lowland wet ecosystem at approximately 1,600 ft (490 m) in
elevation, on the leeward side of the southern Koolau Mountains (Wagner
et al. 1999, p. 755; National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG)
Provenance Report 2004; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; PEP Program 2008, p. 16).
Presumed extinct since the 1800s, 10 individuals of C. gracilis were
discovered by botanists in Pia Valley in 2001 (NTBG Provenance Report
2002). Between 2001 and 2008, only six to eight plants were observed at
this location (NTBG Provenance Report 2002; PEP Program 2008, p. 16; A.
Bakutis, in litt. 2008). It is apparently extirpated from historical
locations in Palolo Valley, Konahuanui Gulch, and Manoa Valley (Wagner
et al. 1999, p. 755; HBMP 2008).
Cyrtandra kaulantha (haiwale) is a perennial shrub in the African
violet family (Gesneriaceae) found in dense shade in moist wooded
gulches at elevations generally between 840 and 1,050 ft (255 and 320
m), in the lowland wet and wet cliff ecosystems in the Koolau Mountains
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 763; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). Cyrtandra kaulantha
was historically known from the Waiahole Ditch trail and Kahanaiki
Stream. It was considered ``locally common,'' and a collection was
taken from a ``large colony'' in 1985 (W. Takeuchi, in litt. 1985;
Wagner et al. 1999, p. 763; J. Lau, in litt. 2006). Prior to October
2005, there were 34 wild individuals in 3 occurrences (15, 8, and 11
individuals, respectively) in the subgulches of Waianu Valley (A.
Bakutis, in litt. 2005). In 2005, the third occurrence was discovered
crushed by a tree, leaving six living individuals (A. Bakutis, in litt.
2005). In March 2006, it was reported that only one individual remained
at the second occurrence, and that some individuals in the other two
occurrences had fruit (A. Bakutis, in litt. 2006a). In addition, 4 more
individuals were discovered at the site of the first occurrence,
bringing the total number of wild individuals to 26 (Bakutis 2006a). In
May 2006, another tree fall crushed 4 individuals in the third
occurrence, leaving 2 remaining; however, a fourth occurrence of 4
individuals was discovered in another subgulch, and 1 new individual
was found in the first occurrence, bringing the total number of wild
individuals to 27 (A. Bakutis, in litt. 2006a; Bakutis 2006b). All
occurrences were visited again in April 2007, with a total of 28 wild
individuals observed (PEP Program 2007, p. 17). Outplanting has been
conducted in the four subgulches of Waianu Valley, but in areas some
distance from the known occurrences. A total of 28 individuals were
outplanted between 2005 and 2007. However, due to predation by
nonnative slugs, only 12 outplanted individuals remained in 2007 (PEP
Program 2007, p. 17). Cyrtandra kaulantha is therefore currently found
in 5 occurrences totaling 28 wild and 12 outplanted individuals.
Cyrtandra sessilis (haiwale) (Gesneriaceae, African violet family)
is a small shrub that was historically known only from a few
collections in wet gulch bottoms and slopes of mesic valleys in the
windward Koolau Mountains (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 778). Typical habitat
is Metrosideros forests at elevations generally between 1,600 and 2,200
ft (490 and 670 m) in the lowland wet and wet cliff ecosystems (TNC
2007; HBMP 2008; A. Bakutis, in litt. 2008). In 1993, there were about
200 individuals in the only known occurrence near the summit of the
Schofield-Waikane Trail (HBMP 2008). In 2003, there were an estimated
50 individuals in 2 occurrences (S. Perlman, in litt. 2003). Cyrtandra
sessilis is currently known from 2 occurrences, one consisting of 75
individuals along the Waikane-Schofield Trail in Kahana Valley and the
second consisting of 5 individuals at Hawaii Loa Ridge near Pia Valley
(S. Perlman, in litt. 2003; A. Bakutis, in litt. 2006c; HBMP 2008; A.
Bakutis, in litt. 2008).
Cyrtandra waiolani (haiwale), a small shrub in the African violet
family (Gesneriaceae), is found in rich, partly sunny gulches; shady,
moist banks above creeks; and wet gulch bottoms in
[[Page 46368]]
mesic valleys in the lowland mesic and lowland wet ecosystems (Wagner
et al. 1999, p. 781; HBMP 2008). Cyrtandra waiolani was historically
known from at least seven locations: five in the southern Koolau
Mountains and two in the northern Koolau Mountains, at elevations
generally between 800 and 3,000 ft (240 and 900 m) (HBMP 2008). Plants
have not been since observed in these areas (HBMP 2008). Individuals
likely representing C. waiolani, based on vegetative characteristics,
were seen in 1994 along the ridge between Kaipapau and Maakua, and in
2005 in Kahana, but these plants are no longer alive (J. Lau, in litt.
2009). In 2005, individuals thought to be C. waiolani were found on the
Kualono Ridge near Kaaawa; however, these plants were not flowering or
fruiting at that time. Cuttings were taken for propagation and positive
identification when flowering and fruiting occur (Hawaii Department of
Land and Natural Resources (HDLNR) 2005; U.S. Army 2006; A. Bakutis, in
litt. 2008; S. Ching, PEP, in litt. 2009; J. Lau, in litt. 2009). Many
areas within the lowland mesic ecosystem in Kaaawa in the Koolau
Mountains have not been surveyed for this species, including three of
the historically known locations from Anahulu to Lanihuli. The Koolau
mountain range is over 35 mi (58 km) in length. Historic surveys that
we have records of from the 1800s did not cover the entire mountain
range, but collections were made at seven widely distributed locations
along the 35-mi (58-km) range. In the 1800s, forests in the Koolau
Mountains were more intact at the summits; therefore, we believe that
if seven collections were made, there were many more individuals in the
wild. The plants were only known from a ridge between Kaipapau and
Maakua in 1994, and from Kahana in 2005, but those plants are no longer
present, which represents a population decline from seven (and more
than seven historically) to zero. Botanists suggest that the species is
likely still extant in these areas and may be found with more intensive
surveying (Bakutis 2008a; J. Lau, in litt. 2009).
Doryopteris takeuchii (no common name (NCN)) is a fern in the
Pteridaceae family (Palmer 2003, p. 133). It occurs in dry shrubland on
the slopes of Diamond Head Crater, a volcanic tuff cone on the southern
coast of Oahu, at elevations generally between 140 and 300 ft (43 and
91 m) (NTBG 2007, p.1). This area consists of pockets of native and
nonnative species in the lowland dry ecosystem (TNC 2007). Little is
known of the historical distribution of D. takeuchii. Currently, there
are 101 to 124 clumps on the Kuilei cliffs and the southwest-facing
gulches above Munro Trail on the outer slopes of the crater (NTBG 2007,
p. 1).
Korthalsella degeneri (hulumoa), a subshrub (a perennial with stems
that are woody at the base) in the mistletoe family (Viscaceae), is
parasitic on the native trees Sapindus oahuensis (kaulu) and Nestegis
sandwicensis (olopua) (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,339). This species
occurs in diverse forest in the dry cliff ecosystem at elevations
generally between 1,100 and 1,500 ft (335 and 457 m) in the Waianae
Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). In 1938, K. degeneri
was recorded from Makua Valley but little else is known of its
historical range (HBMP 2008). Currently, this species is known only
from one widespread occurrence in Makua Valley, estimated to be between
900 and 1,000 individuals (J. Lau, in litt. 2000), and one occurrence
of an unknown number of individuals in Makaha on the north-facing
slopes of the southern side of the valley (U.S. Army 2006).
Melicope christophersenii (alani), a shrub or tree in the rue
family (Rutaceae), occurs in wet forest and shrubland in the montane
wet and wet cliff ecosystems at elevations generally between 2,400 and
4,010 ft (732 and 1,222 m) in the Waianae Mountains (Stone et al. 1999,
pp. 1,184-1,185; U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). Historically, M.
christophersenii was known from the Mt. Kaala area of the Waianae
Mountains, and as far south as Puu Kaua (HBMP 2008). Currently, there
are 3 occurrences totaling approximately 250 individuals in the Waianae
summit area, with the southernmost occurrence at Puu Hapapa (U.S. Army
2006; HBMP 2008).
Melicope hiiakae (alani) is a small tree in the rue family
(Rutaceae) that occurs in wet forest in the lowland wet ecosystem in
the Koolau Mountains, generally between elevations of 1,300 and 2,260
ft (396 and 689 m) (U.S. Army 2006; NTBG 2007, p. 3; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008). Historically, M. hiiakae was found along the entire length of
the Koolau range (HBMP 2008). Currently there are 8 scattered
occurrences totaling fewer than 40 individuals from Kawailoa to Waimalu
(NTBG 2007, p. 3; HBMP 2008).
Melicope makahae (alani), a shrubby tree in the rue family
(Rutaceae), occurs in mesic and wet forest and shrubland in the lowland
mesic, lowland wet, and dry cliff ecosystems in the Waianae Mountains,
at elevations generally between 2,200 and 2,900 ft (670 and 884 m)
(Stone et al. 1999, p. 1,194; U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Historically, M. makahae was found in the central summit area of the
Waianae Mountains on the west side of Mt. Kaala in Makaha Valley (Stone
1963, p. 410; TNC 2007). Currently, there are 4 occurrences totaling
fewer than 200 individuals north and west of the summit area of the
Waianae Mountains (HBMP 2008).
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta (NCN) is a palmoid (leaves dividing
or radiating from one point) shrub in the rue family (Rutaceae) (Stone
et al. 1999, pp. 1,209-1,210). It occurs in wet forest, shrubland, and
gulches in the lowland wet ecosystem of the Koolau Mountains, at
elevations generally between 1,900 and 2,500 ft (579 and 762 m) (U.S.
Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). Historically, this species was found
along the entire length of the Koolau range, and at elevations below
800 ft, from Pupukea to Wailupe Valley (HBMP 2008). Currently, 9
occurrences (totaling 32 individuals) are restricted to the summit area
of the northern Koolau Mountains, with only 1 occurrence (16
individuals) near the summit of the southern Koolau Mountains (HBMP
2008).
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens (NCN), a palmoid shrub in the rue
family (Rutaceae), occurs in the lowland mesic and dry cliff ecosystems
of the Waianae Mountains, at elevations generally between 1,990 and
3,000 ft (607 and 914 m) (Stone et al. 1999, pp. 1,209-1,210; U.S. Army
2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). Historically this species was wide-ranging
in the Waianae Mountains, from the Mokuleia Forest Reserve south to
Kaluaa (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). Currently, P. cornuta var. decurrens is
found in 15 occurrences scattered from Pahole to Palawai Gulch,
totaling 259 to 309 individuals (U.S. Army 2006; HBMP 2008).
Pleomele forbesii (hala pepe) is a tree in the asparagus
(Asparagaceae) family (Smithsonian Department of Botany 2008). It
occurs in mesic and dry forest and shrubland in the lowland dry,
lowland mesic, lowland wet, and dry cliff ecosystems in the Waianae and
Koolau Mountains, at elevations generally between 800 and 2,920 ft (244
and 890 m) (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,352; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Historically, P. forbesii was found in at least 11 areas, totaling an
unknown number of individuals, in the Waianae Mountains (HBMP 2008).
Currently, there are approximately 19 occurrences totaling 290 to 307
individuals, from the Mokuleia Forest Reserve, west to Keaau and south
to Nanakuli, in the Waianae Mountains, and one occurrence of a few
[[Page 46369]]
individuals in the Koolau Mountains (J. Lau, in litt. 2008; HBMP 2008).
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis (kopiko), a tree in the coffee
family (Rubiaceae), occurs in wet forest and shrubland in the lowland
wet and wet cliff ecosystems of the Koolau Mountains, at elevations
generally between 1,080 and 2,000 ft (329 and 610 m) (Wagner et al.
1999, p. 1,166; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). Historically known only from the
northern Koolau Mountains, this species is currently known from three
occurrences in that area: one occurrence of 8 to 9 individuals in
Maakua Gulch; 1 individual at Opaeula Gulch; and an estimated fewer
than 10 individuals scattered between Kaipapau and Kaluanui, just south
of Maakua Gulch (A. Bakutis, in litt. 2005; U.S. Army 2006; PEP Program
2007, p. 25; HBMP 2008). A single individual was outplanted within a
fenced area in Makaua Valley (February 2007) and has been observed to
be healthy in subsequent monitoring visits (PEP Program 2007, p. 25).
Pteralyxia macrocarpa (kaulu) is a tree in the dogbane family
(Apocynaceae). It occurs in the Waianae and Koolau Mountains, in the
lowland mesic, lowland wet, dry cliff, and wet cliff ecosystems, at
elevations generally between 1,100 and 2,800 ft (335 and 850 m) (Wagner
et al. 1999, p. 220; U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Historically, this species was found along the entire length of the
Koolau range and on the summit ridges of the Waianae Mountains (HBMP
2008). Currently, P. macrocarpa is found from Kapuhi Gulch to North
Palawai Gulch in the Waianae Mountains, in approximately 31 occurrences
totaling between 233 and 289 individuals. In the Koolau Mountains, 7
occurrences totaling 47 individuals occur in the most northern portion
of this mountain range, while only 11 individuals in 2 occurrences are
found in the southernmost portion of the range (U.S. Army 2006; HBMP
2008).
Tetraplasandra lydgatei (NCN), a tree in the ginseng family
(Araliaceae), is found in mesic forest in the lowland mesic ecosystem
at elevations generally between 800 and 1,600 ft (240 and 490 m) in the
Koolau Mountains (Motley 2005, p. 107; TNC 2007). In 2005, Motley
formally recognized T. lydgatei as distinct from T. oahuensis (Motley
2005; p. 105), and all known occurrences were surveyed at that time
(PEP Program 2007, pp. 27-28). Formerly found from Niu Valley to the
Halawa Ridge Trail, its distribution is now limited to two wild
occurrences: one on the eastern slope of Hawaii Loa Ridge and another
on the slopes of Kuliouou Valley. These occurrences total eight
individuals (PEP Program 2007, pp. 27-28). In addition, 34 individuals
have been outplanted in a fenced enclosure at Kulepeamoa Ridge (PEP
Program 2007, p. 28).
Zanthoxylum oahuense (ae), a small tree in the rue family
(Rutaceae), occurs in wet forest in the lowland wet ecosystem at
elevations generally between 2,060 and 2,720 ft (628 and 829 m) (Wagner
et al. 1999, p. 1,216; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). This species was
historically known from 17 areas along the entire length of the Koolau
Mountains (HBMP 2008). Currently, Z. oahuense is restricted to the
northern Koolau Mountains from Puu Kainapuaa along the summit to
Waimano Stream, in 8 occurrences totaling approximately 29 individuals
(U.S Army 2006; HBMP 2008).
Animals
The crimson Hawaiian damselfly is a medium-sized, slender and
delicate species, with adults measuring from 1.4 to 1.6 in (36 to 41
mm) in length and having a wingspan of 1.5 to 1.6 in (39 to 42 mm). The
species exhibits minimal striping and patterns. Males are primarily red
and black in color, with females appearing somewhat paler and with
green coloration present on the abdomen laterally (Polhemus and Asquith
1996, p. 65).
The crimson Hawaiian damselfly breeds in the slow reaches of
streams and seep-fed pools (Williams 1936, p. 306; Zimmerman 1948a, p.
369; Polhemus 1994a, p. 7; Polhemus 1994b, p. 37). Crimson Hawaiian
damselfly naiads, the aquatic life-history stage, frequent open water,
resting horizontally, submerged below the surface, or on submerged
vegetation (Williams 1936, p. 309). Adults perch on streamside
vegetation and patrol along the stream corridor, staying close to
breeding pools (Polhemus and Asquith 1996, p. 65).
Between 1991 and 2003, over 150 sites were surveyed on the island
of Oahu for native damselflies, and results indicate that one lowland
species, the Pacific Hawaiian damselfly, has been extirpated from Oahu,
and the orangeblack Hawaiian damselfly has been reduced to a single
remnant population (Polhemus 2007, pp. 233-235). The crimson Hawaiian
damselfly was known historically from approximately eight areas where
it is now extirpated, including the windward side of the Waianae
Mountains and scattered locations in the Koolau Mountains (Polhemus
1994a, p. 7; Polhemus 1994b, pp. 37-38; Englund 1999, pp. 228-229, 231;
Polhemus 2007, pp. 234, 238). In 2003, this species was not found
during surveys of Kahana Stream and may be extirpated from this stream
system (D. Polhemus, in litt. 2008). Currently, only five occurrences
of the crimson Hawaiian damselfly are known, all from the Koolau
Mountains in the lowland wet and wet cliff ecosystems at Waiawa, north
Halawa, Punaluu, Moanalua, and Hauula (TNC 2007; D. Polhemus, in litt.
2008; HBMP 2008). All colonies of this damselfly are constrained to
portions of streams not occupied by nonnative predatory fish--that is,
stream portions above geologic or manmade barriers (e.g., waterfalls,
steep gradients, dry stream midreaches, or constructed diversions). No
estimates of population size for the crimson Hawaiian damselfly are
available.
The blackline Hawaiian damselfly is a moderately-sized and delicate
subspecies (Polhemus and Asquith 1996, p. 73). It occurs in and along
the slow sections or pools of mid-reach and headwater sections of
perennial upland streams and in seep-fed pools along overflow channels
bordering such streams. The adults measure from 1.4 to 1.8 in (35 to 45
mm) in length and have a wingspan of 1.7 to 1.9 in (45 to 50 mm).
Naiads remain concealed and are found in the water under stones or in
mats of algae (Williams 1936, p. 318; Zimmerman 1948, pp. 371-372).
The blackline Hawaiian damselfly was known historically from the
Koolau and Waianae Mountains, from sea level to over 2,400 ft (732 m)
(Williams 1936, p. 318; Polhemus 1994a, pp. 6-12). Currently, this
species is found in the lowland wet ecosystem on the windward and
leeward sides of the Koolau Mountains, in the headwaters and upper
reaches of 17 streams: Koloa, Kaluanui, Helemano, Poamoho, Kahana,
Waikane, Waiahole, Waianu, Waiawa, Kaalaea, Waihee, Kahaluu, north
Halawa, Heeia, Kalihi, Moole, and Maunawili (TNC 2007; D. Polhemus, in
litt. 2008; R. Wolff, USGS, in litt. 2008; HBMP 2008). Like the crimson
Hawaiian damselfly, all colonies of the blackline Hawaiian damselfly
are constrained to portions of streams not occupied by nonnative
predatory fish--that is, stream portions above geologic or manmade
barriers (e.g., waterfalls, steep gradients, dry stream midreaches, or
constructed diversions). Currently, the 17 stream colonies are
estimated to total 800 to 1,000 individuals, with approximately 50
individuals per stream (D. Polhemus, in litt. 2008).
The oceanic Hawaiian damselfly is a comparatively large and robust
species. The adults measure from 1.8 to 1.9 in (47 to 50 mm) in length
and have a
[[Page 46370]]
wingspan of 2.0 to 2.2 in (51 to 55 mm). Both sexes exhibit prominent
patterns including black stripes, but males are bright red in color
while females are pale green. Immature individuals of this species are
also large with long grasping legs and dagger-like gills (Polhemus and
Asquith 1996, p. 77). The oceanic Hawaiian damselfly can be
distinguished from other Oahu damselfly species by its large size,
black stripes, and fast flight along flowing sections of streams.
Individuals of the immature stage of the oceanic Hawaiian damselfly
are found in swiftly flowing sections of streams, usually amid rocks
and gravel in stream riffles (stream sections with sufficient gradient
to create small standing waves) and small cascades on waterfalls
(Williams 1936, pp. 321-322; Polhemus and Asquith 1996, p. 106). While
capable of swimming, the naiads usually crawl among gravel or submerged
vegetation. Older naiads frequently forage out of the actual stream
channel and have been observed among wet moss on rocks, and wet rock
walls and seeps (Williams 1936, pp. 321-323). Adults are very bold and
strong flyers, and when disturbed frequently fly upward into the forest
canopy overhanging the stream or waterfall (Williams 1936, p. 323;
Polhemus 1994b, p. 48).
Historically, the oceanic Hawaiian damselfly occurred on both the
leeward and windward sides of the Koolau and Waianae Mountains, and was
known, but is currently extirpated, from approximately 16 general
localities, including the Waianae Mountains and all leeward streams of
the Koolau Mountains (Englund and Polhemus 1994, p. 8). The species now
currently occupies between 7 and 10 sites above 300 ft (100 m) in
elevation on the windward side of the Koolau Mountains at Kaaawa,
Kahaluu, Koloa, and Sacred Falls, in the lowland mesic, lowland wet,
and wet cliff ecosystems (TNC 2007; Polhemus 2007, pp. 237-239; HBMP
2008). Like the crimson and blackline Hawaiian damselflies, the oceanic
Hawaiian damselfly is constrained to portions of streams not occupied
by nonnative predatory fish--that is, stream portions above geologic or
manmade barriers (e.g., waterfalls, steep gradients, dry stream
midreaches, or constructed diversions). No estimates of population size
for the oceanic Hawaiian damselfly are available.
Summary of Factors Affecting the 23 Species Proposed for Listing
Section 4 of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1533) and its implementing
regulations (50 CFR part 424) set forth the procedures for adding
species to the Federal Lists of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and
Plants. A species may be determined to be an endangered or threatened
species due to one or more of the five factors described in section
4(a)(1) of the Act: (A) The present or threatened destruction,
modification, or curtailment of its habitat or range; (B)
overutilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or
educational purposes; (C) disease or predation; (D) the inadequacy of
existing regulatory mechanisms; and (E) other natural or manmade
factors affecting its continued existence. Listing actions may be
warranted based on any of the above threat factors, singly or in
combination. Each of these factors is discussed below.
In considering what factors might constitute threats to a species,
we must look beyond the exposure of the species to a particular factor
to evaluate whether the species may respond to that factor in a way
that causes actual impacts to the species. If there is exposure to a
factor and the species responds negatively, the factor may be a threat
and, during the status review, we attempt to determine how significant
a threat it is. The threat is significant if it drives, or contributes
to, the risk of extinction of the species such that the species
warrants listing as endangered or threatened as those terms are defined
in the Act. However, the identification of factors that could impact a
species negatively may not be sufficient to warrant listing the species
under the Act. The information must include evidence sufficient to show
that these factors are operative threats that act on the species to the
point that the species meets the definition of endangered or threatened
under the Act. That evidence is discussed below for each of the species
proposed for listing in this proposed rule.
If we determine that the level of threat posed to a species by one
or more of the five listing factors is such that the species meets the
definition of either endangered or threatened under section 3 of the
Act, we would then propose that species for listing when resources
become available to do so. The Act defines an endangered species as
``in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of
its range,'' and a threatened species as ``likely to become an
endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a
significant portion of its range.'' The threats to each of the
individual 23 species are summarized in Table 2, and discussed in
detail below. Factor B (overutilization) is not included in the table,
as no threats to the species fall under this category. If these species
are listed under the Act, the final rule will refer readers to the
proposed rule for the detailed discussion of threats, rather than
republishing that information in the Federal Register.
Ecosystem Approach
Each of the species proposed for listing in this proposed rule is
adversely affected by the threats to the ecosystems on which it
depends. There is information available on many of the threats that act
on Hawaiian ecosystems, and for some ecosystems, there is a growing
body of literature regarding these threats (e.g., non-native ungulates
and invasive plant species). The best available information on
ecosystem threats affecting the species therein is discussed below.
Table 2 identifies the threats to the ecosystems and the individual
species within those ecosystems that are affected by those threats.
Information on threats specific to certain species is also discussed
where necessary and available; however, we acknowledge that we do not
completely understand all the threats to each species. Scientific
research directed toward each of these species is limited because of
their rarity and the generally challenging logistics associated with
conducting field work in Hawaii (e.g., areas are typically remote,
difficult to survey in a comprehensive manner, and the target species
are exceptionally uncommon).
Ecosystem-Scale Threats That Affect the Proposed Species
The following constitutes a list of ecosystem-scale threats that
affect the proposed species in all of the seven ecosystems on Oahu:
(1) Foraging and trampling of native plants by goats (Capra
hircus), pigs (Sus scrofa) and other ungulates, which results in severe
erosion of watersheds because these mammals inhabit terrain that is
often steep and remote (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 63). These events
destabilize soils that support native plant communities, bury or damage
native plants, and have adverse water quality effects due to runoff
over exposed soils.
(2) Disturbance of soils by feral pigs, which creates fertile
seedbeds for alien plants (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 65).
(3) Increased nutrient availability as a result of pigs rooting in
nitrogen-poor soils, which facilitates the establishment of alien
weeds. Alien weeds are more adapted to nutrient rich soils than native
plants (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 63), and rooting activity creates
open areas in forests allowing alien species to completely replace
native stands.
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(4) Ungulate destruction of seeds and seedlings of native plant
species (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 63), which facilitates the
conversion of disturbed areas from native to nonnative vegetative
communities.
(5) Rodent damage to plant propagules, seedlings, or native trees,
which changes forest composition and structure (Cuddihy and Stone 1990,
p. 67).
(6) Feeding or defoliation of native plants from alien insects,
which reduces geographic ranges of some species because of damage
(Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 71);
(7) Alien insect predation on native insects, which affects
pollination of native plant species (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 71).
(8) Significant changes in nutrient cycling processes because of
large numbers of alien invertebrates such as earthworms, ants, slugs,
isopods, millipedes, and snails, resulting in the changes to the
composition and structure of plant communities (Cuddihy and Stone 1990,
p. 73).
Each of the above threats is discussed in more detail below, and
summarized in Table 2 below. The most-often cited effects of nonnative
plants on native plant species are competition and displacement;
competition may be for water or nutrients, or it may involve
allelopathy (chemical inhibition of other plants). Alien plants may
displace native species of plants by preventing their reproduction,
usually by shading and taking up available sites for seedling
establishment. Alien plant invasions may also alter entire ecosystems
by forming monotypic stands, changing fire characteristics of native
communities, altering soil-water regimes, changing nutrient cycling, or
encouraging other nonnative organisms (Smith 1995; Vitousek et al. 1987
in Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 74).
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A. The Present or Threatened Destruction, Modification, or Curtailment
of Its Habitat or Range
The Hawaiian Islands are located over 2,000 mi (3,200 km) from the
nearest continent. This isolation has allowed the few plants and
animals that arrived in the Hawaiian Islands to evolve into many highly
varied and endemic species (species that occur nowhere else in the
world). The only native terrestrial mammals on the Hawaiian Islands are
two bat taxa, the Hawaiian hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus semotus), and
an extinct, unnamed insectivorous bat (Ziegler 2002, p. 245). The
native plants of the Hawaiian Islands therefore evolved in the absence
of mammalian predators, browsers, or grazers; many of the native
species lost unneeded defenses against threats such as mammalian
predation and competition with aggressive, weedy plant species that are
typical of mainland environments (Loope 1992, p. 11; Gagne and Cuddihy
1999, p. 45; Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 3-6). For example, Carlquist (in
Carlquist and Cole 1974, p. 29) notes that ``Hawaiian plants are
notably nonpoisonous, free from armament, and free from many
characteristics thought to be deterrents to herbivores (oils, resins,
stinging hairs, coarse texture).'' In addition, species restricted to
highly specialized locations or food sources (e.g., some Hawaiian
damselflies) are particularly vulnerable to changes (from nonnative
species, hurricanes, fire, and climate change) in their habitat
(Carlquist and Cole 1974, pp. 28-29; Loope 1992, pp. 3-6; Stone 1992,
pp. 88-102).
Habitat Destruction and Modification by Introduced Ungulates
Introduced mammals have greatly impacted the native vegetation, as
well as the native fauna, of the Hawaiian Islands. Impacts to the
native species and ecosystems of Hawaii accelerated following the
arrival of Captain James Cook in 1778. The Cook expedition and
subsequent explorers intentionally introduced a European race of pigs
or boars and other livestock such as goats to serve as food sources for
seagoing explorers (U.S. Geological Survey 1998, p. 752). The mild
climate of the islands, combined with the lack of competitors or
predators, led to the successful establishment of large populations of
these introduced mammals, to the detriment of native Hawaiian species
and ecosystems (Cox 1992, pp. 116-117). The presence of introduced
alien mammals is considered one of the primary factors underlying the
alteration and degradation of native vegetation and habitats on the
island of Oahu (Cox 1992, pp. 118-119). Six of the seven ecosystems
(lowland dry, lowland mesic, lowland wet, montane wet, dry cliff, and
wet cliff) and their associated species are currently threatened by the
destruction or degradation of habitat due to nonnative ungulates
(hoofed mammals), including pigs (Sus scrofa) and goats (Capra hircus)
(HBMP 2008). Only the coastal ecosystem on Oahu is not currently
threatened by nonnative ungulates (S. Perlman, in litt. 2007).
Pigs have been described as the most pervasive and disruptive
nonnative influence on the unique native forests of the Hawaiian
Islands, and are widely recognized as one of the greatest current
threats to forest ecosystems in Hawaii (Aplet et al. 1991, p. 56;
Anderson and Stone 1993, p. 195). European pigs, introduced to Hawaii
by Captain James Cook in 1778, hybridized with domesticated Polynesian
pigs, became feral, and invaded forested areas, especially wet and
mesic forests and dry areas at high elevations. They are currently
present on Kauai, Niihau, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii. The Hawaii
Territorial Board of Agriculture and Forestry started a feral pig
eradication project in the early 1900s that continued through 1958,
removing 170,000 pigs from forests Statewide (Diong 1982 in Loope 1998,
pp. 752-753).
These introduced pigs are extremely destructive and have both
direct and indirect impacts on native plant communities. While rooting
in the earth in search of invertebrates and plant material, pigs
directly impact native plants by disturbing and destroying vegetative
cover, and trampling plants and seedlings. They may also reduce or
eliminate plant regeneration by damaging or eating seeds and seedlings.
Further discussion of predation by nonnative ungulates is under Factor
C, below. Pigs are a major vector for the establishment and spread of
competing invasive nonnative plant species, by dispersing plant seeds
on their hooves and coats as well as through the spread of their feces
(Diong 1982, pp. 169-170), and by fertilizing the disturbed soil with
their feces (Matson 1990, p. 245; Siemann et al. 2009, p. 547). Pigs
feed preferentially on the fruits of many nonnative plants, such as
Passiflora tarminiana (banana poka) and Psidium cattleianum (strawberry
guava), spreading the seeds of these invasive species through their
feces as they travel in search of food. In addition, rooting pigs
contribute to erosion by clearing vegetation and creating large areas
of disturbed soil, especially on slopes (Smith 1985, pp. 190, 192, 196,
200, 204, 230-231; Stone 1985, pp. 254-255, 262-264; Medeiros et al.
1986, pp. 27-28; Scott et al. 1986, pp. 360-361; Tomich 1986, pp. 120-
126; Cuddihy and Stone 1990, pp. 64-65; Aplet et al. 1991, p. 56; Loope
et al. 1991, pp. 1-21; Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, p. 52).
Goats native to the Middle East and India were also successfully
introduced to the Hawaiian Islands in the late 1700s. Actions to
control goat populations began in the 1920s (Tomich 1986, pp. 152-153).
Feral goats now occupy a wide variety of habitats on Oahu, where they
consume native vegetation, trample roots and seedlings, accelerate
erosion, and promote the invasion of alien plants that have greater
competitive abilities (van Riper and van Riper 1982, pp. 34-35; Stone
1985, p. 261). Goats are able to access, and forage in, extremely
rugged terrain, and they have a high reproductive capacity (Clarke and
Cuddihy 1980, pp. C-19, C-20; Culliney 1988, p. 336; Cuddihy and Stone
1990, p. 64). Because of these factors, goats are believed to have
completely eliminated some plant species from islands (Atkinson and
Atkinson 2000, p. 21). Goats can be highly destructive to natural
vegetation and contribute to erosion by: (1) Eating young trees and
young shoots of plants before they can become established; (2) creating
trails that can damage native vegetative cover, destabilize substrate
and create gullies that convey water; and (3) dislodging stones from
ledges that can cause rockfalls and landslides that damage vegetation
below (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, pp. 63-64).
The species proposed for listing dependent on the lowland dry,
lowland mesic, lowland wet, montane wet, dry cliff, and wet cliff
ecosystems are exposed to direct and indirect negative impacts of feral
ungulates (pigs and goats), which result in the destruction and
degradation of habitat for these native Oahu species. The effects of
these nonnative animals include: (1) The destruction of vegetative
cover; (2) trampling of plants and seedlings; (3) direct consumption of
native vegetation; (4) soil disturbance; (5) dispersal of alien plant
seeds on hooves, coats, and through the spread of seeds in feces; and
(6) the creation of open, disturbed areas conducive to further invasion
by nonnative pest plant species. All of these impacts lead to the
subsequent conversion of a plant community dominated by native species
to one dominated by nonnative species (See ``Habitat Destruction and
Modification by Nonnative Plants,'' below). In addition, because these
mammals
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inhabit terrain that is often steep and remote (Cuddihy and Stone 1990,
p. 59), foraging and trampling contributes to severe erosion of
watersheds and degradation of streams. As early as 1900, there was
increasing concern expressed about the integrity of island watersheds,
due to effects of ungulates and other factors, leading to establishment
of a professional forestry program emphasizing soil and water
conservation (Nelson 1989, p. 3).
Habitat Destruction and Modification by Nonnative Plants
Native vegetation on all of the main Hawaiian Islands has undergone
extreme alteration because of past and present land management
practices, including ranching, the deliberate introduction of nonnative
plants and animals, and agricultural development (Cuddihy and Stone
1990, pp. 27, 58). The original native flora of Hawaii (species that
were present before humans arrived) consisted of about 1,000 taxa, 89
percent of which were endemic. Over 800 plant taxa have been introduced
from outside Hawaii, and nearly 100 of these have become pests (e.g.,
injurious plants) (Smith 1985, p. 180; Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 73;
Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, p. 45). Of these 100 nonnative plant species,
over 50 species have altered the habitat of 20 of the 23 species
proposed for listing on Oahu. Some of these plants were brought to
Hawaii by various groups of people, for food or cultural reasons, to
reforest native forests destroyed by grazing feral and domestic
animals, for pasture for domestic animals, and for other agricultural
purposes. Other plants were brought to Hawaii for their potential
horticultural value (Scott et al. 1986, pp. 361-363; Cuddihy and Stone
1990, p. 73).
Nonnative plants adversely impact native habitat in Hawaii,
including the seven Oahu ecosystems and the 20 plant species identified
in this proposed rule, by: (1) Modifying the availability of light; (2)
altering soil-water regimes; (3) modifying nutrient cycling; (4)
altering fire characteristics of native plant communities (e.g.,
successive fires that burn farther and farther into native habitat,
destroying native plants and removing habitat for native species by
altering microclimatic conditions to favor alien species); and (5)
ultimately, converting native-dominated plant communities to nonnative
plant communities (Smith 1985, pp. 180-181; Cuddihy and Stone, 1990, p.
74; D'Antonio and Vitousek 1992, p. 73; Vitousek et al. 1997, p. 6).
Nonnative plants (and animals) have contributed to the extinction of
native species in the lowlands of Hawaii and have been a primary cause
of extinction in upland habitats (Vitousek et al. 1987, in Cuddihy and
Stone 1990, p. 74). The most-often cited effects of nonnative plants on
native plant species are displacement through competition. Competition
may be for water or nutrients, or it may involve allelopathy (chemical
inhibition of other plants) (Smith 1985, in Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p.
74). Nonnative plants may also displace native species by preventing
their reproduction, usually by shading and taking up available sites
for seedling establishment (Vitousek et al. 1987, in Cuddihy and Stone
1990, p. 74).
Alteration of fire regimes clearly represents an ecosystem-level
change caused by the invasion of nonnative grasses (D'Antonio and
Vitousek 1992, p. 73). The grass life form supports standing dead
material that burns readily, and grass tissues have large surface/
volume ratios and can dry out quickly (D'Antonio and Vitousek 1992, p.
73). The flammability of biological materials is determined primarily
by their surface/volume ratio and moisture content, and secondarily by
mineral content and tissue chemistry (D'Antonio and Vitousek 1992, p.
73). The finest size classes of material (mainly grasses) ignite and
spread fires under a broader range of conditions than do woody fuels or
even surface litter (D'Antonio and Vitousek 1992, p. 73). The grass
life form allows rapid recovery following fire; there is little above-
ground structural tissue, so almost all new tissue fixes carbon and
contributes to growth (D'Antonio and Vitousek 1992, p. 73). Grass
canopies also support a microclimate in which surface temperatures are
hotter, vapor pressure deficits are larger, and the drying of tissues
more rapid than in forests or woodlands (D'Antonio and Vitousek 1992,
p. 73). Thus, conditions that favor fire are much more frequent in
grasslands (D'Antonio and Vitousek 1992, p. 73). In summary, nonnative
plants directly and indirectly affect the plant species proposed for
listing by modifying or destroying their terrestrial habitat. Below, we
have organized a list of nonnative plants by their ecosystems, followed
by a discussion of the specific negative effects of those nonnative
plants on the proposed species.
Nonnative Plants in the Coastal Ecosystem
Nonnative plant threats to Bidens amplectens, the only species
proposed for listing in this proposed rule that inhabits the coastal
ecosystem on Oahu, include the understory and subcanopy species
Asystasia gangetica (Chinese violet), Atriplex semibaccata (Australian
saltbush), Leucaena leucocephala (koa haole), Pluchea indica (Indian
fleabane), P. carolinensis (sourbush), and Verbesina encelioides
(golden crown-beard) (DOFAW 2007, pp. 20-22, 54-58; HBMP 2008).
Nonnative canopy species includes Prosopis pallida (kiawe) (DOFAW 2007,
pp. 20-22, 54-58; HBMP 2008). In addition, Bidens amplectens is
threatened by several nonnative grasses such as Cenchrus ciliaris
(buffelgrass), Chloris barbata (swollen fingergrass), Digitaria
insularis (sourgrass), and Panicum maximum (guinea grass) in this
ecosystem (DOFAW 2007, pp. 20-22, 54-58; HBMP 2008). These nonnative
plant species pose a serious threat (see ``Specific Nonnative Plant
Species Impacts,'' below) to Bidens amplectens in this ecosystem.
Nonnative Plants in the Lowland Dry Ecosystem
Nonnative plant threats to Bidens amplectens, Doryopteris
takeuchii, and Pleomele forbesii, the three species proposed for
listing in this proposed rule that inhabit the lowland dry ecosystem
include the understory and subcanopy species Leonotis nepetifolia
(lion's ear), Passiflora foetida (love-in-a-mist), P. suberosa (huehue
haole), and Stapelia gigantea (giant toad plant) (HBMP 2006; Perlman
2007a, p. 3; HBMP 2008). Canopy species include Aleurites moluccana
(kukui), Grevillea robusta (silk oak), Leucaena leucocephala, Psidium
cattleianum, P. guajava (common guava), Schinus terebinthifolius
(Christmas berry), and Syzygium cumini (Java plum) (Perlman 2007a, p.
7; HBMP 2006; HBMP 2008). In addition, Bidens amplectens, Doryopteris
takeuchii, and Pleomele forbesii are threatened by several nonnative
grasses such as Andropogon virginicus (broomsedge), Cenchrus ciliaris,
Melinis minutiflora (molasses grass), Panicum maximum, and Pennisetum
setaceum (fountain grass) in this ecosystem (HBMP 2006; Perlman 2007a,
p. 3; HBMP 2008). These nonnative plant species pose a serious threat
(see ``Specific Nonnative Plant Species Impacts,'' below) to the three
species proposed for listing that depend on this ecosystem.
Nonnative Plants in the Lowland Mesic Ecosystem
Nonnative plant threats to the eight plant species (Cyanea
calycina, Cyanea lanceolata, Cyrtandra waiolani, Melicope makahae,
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens, Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, and
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Tetraplasandra lydgatei) proposed for listing in this proposed rule
that inhabit the lowland mesic ecosystem include the understory and
subcanopy species Ageratina riparia (Hamakua pamakani), Ardisia
elliptica (shoebutton ardisia), Blechnum appendiculatum (no common name
(NCN)), Buddleia asiatica (dog tail), Clidemia hirta (Koster's curse),
Erigeron karvinskianus (daisy fleabane), Kalanchoe pinnata (air plant),
Lantana camara (lantana), Passiflora suberosa, Rubus argutus (prickly
Florida blackberry), and R. rosifolius (thimbleberry) (TNC 1997, pp.
10, 15; HBMP 2008). Canopy species include Aleurites moluccana, Ficus
microcarpa (Chinese banyan), Grevillea robusta, Heliocarpus
popayanensis (moho), Morella faya (firetree), Psidium cattleianum, P.
guajava, Schefflera actinophylla (octopus tree), Schinus
terebinthifolius, Syzygium cumini, S. jambos (rose apple), Tecoma stans
(yellow elder), and Toona ciliata (Australian red cedar). An additional
threat is the nonnative grass Melinus minutiflora (TNC 1997, p. 15;
Motley 2005, p. 109; HBMP 2008). These nonnative plant species pose a
serious threat (see ``Specific Nonnative Plant Species Impacts,''
below) to all eight of the species proposed for listing that are
dependent on this ecosystem.
Nonnative Plants in the Lowland Wet Ecosystem
Nonnative plant threats to the 14 plant species (Cyanea calycina,
C. lanceolata, C. purpurellifolia, Cyrtandra gracilis, C. kaulantha, C.
sessilis, C. waiolani, Melicope hiiakae, M. makahae, Platydesma cornuta
var. cornuta, Pleomele forbesii, Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, and Zanthoxylum oahuense) proposed for listing
in this proposed rule that inhabit the lowland wet ecosystem include
the understory and subcanopy species Ageratina riparia, Blechnum
appendiculatum, Buddleia asiatica, Clidemia hirta, Erechtites
valerianifolia (fireweed), Kalanchoe pinnata, Passiflora suberosa,
Pterolepis glomerata (NCN), Rubus argutus, R. rosifolius, and
Sphaeropteris cooperi (Australian tree fern), and the canopy species
Aleurites moluccana, Ardisia elliptica, Chrysophyllum oliviforme
(satinleaf), Heliocarpus popayanensis, Leptospermum scoparium (tea
tree), Morella faya, Pimenta dioica (allspice), Psidium cattleianum, P.
guajava, and Schinus terebinthifolius (TNC 1997, p. 10; U.S. Army 2006;
HBMP 2008). Nonnative grasses that are threats to the 14 plant species
proposed for listing in this ecosystem are Andropogon virginicus,
Axonopus fissifolius (narrow-leaved carpetgrass), Melinus minutiflora,
Oplismenus hirtellus (basketgrass), Sacciolepis indica (glenwood
grass), and Urochloa mutica (California grass) (TNC 1997, p. 10;
Erickson and Puttock 2006, p. 270; U.S. Army 2006). These nonnative
plant species pose a serious threat (see ``Specific Nonnative Plant
Species Impacts,'' below) to the 14 plants proposed for listing that
inhabit this ecosystem.
Nonnative Plants in the Montane Wet Ecosystem
Nonnative plant threats to Cyanea calycina and Melicope
christophersenii, proposed for listing in this proposed rule that
inhabit the montane wet ecosystem include the understory and subcanopy
species Clidemia hirta and Rubus argutus, and the canopy species
Psidium cattleianum (HBMP 2008). These nonnative plant species pose a
serious threat (See ``Specific Nonnative Plant Species Impacts,''
below) to the two proposed species dependent on this ecosystem.
Nonnative Plants in the Dry Cliff Ecosystem
Nonnative plant threats to the five plant species (Korthasella
degeneri, Melicope makahae, Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens, Pleomele
forbesii, and Pteralyxia macrocarpa) which are proposed for listing in
this proposed rule and that inhabit the dry cliff ecosystem include the
understory and subcanopy species Ageratina riparia, Blechnum
appendiculatum, Clidemia hirta, Erigeron karvinskianus, Kalanchoe
pinnata, Lantana camara, Passiflora suberosa, and Sphaeropteris
cooperi, and the canopy species Acacia confusa (Formosa koa), Aleurites
moluccana, Grevillea robusta, Leucaena leucocephala, Melia azederach
(Chinaberry), Psidium cattleianum, P. guajava, Schinus
terebinthifolius, Syzygium cumini, Tecoma stans, and Toona ciliata
(HBMP 2008). Nonnative grasses that are a threat to this ecosystem
include Digitaria insularis (sourgrass), Ehrharta stipoides (meadow
ricegrass), Melinus minutiflora, Panicum maximum, and Paspalum
conjugatum (Hilo grass) (HBMP 2008). These nonnative plant species pose
a serious threat (see ``Specific Nonnative Plant Species Impacts,''
below) to the five species proposed for listing that are dependent on
this ecosystem.
Nonnative Plants in the Wet Cliff Ecosystem
Nonnative plant threats to the seven plant species (Cyanea
calycina, C. purpurellifolia, Cyrtandra kaulantha, C. sessilis,
Melicope christophersenii, Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa) proposed for listing in this proposed rule that
inhabit the wet cliff ecosystem include the understory and subcanopy
species Blechnum appendiculatum, Clidemia hirta, Erechtites
valerianifolia, Erigeron karvinskianus, Passiflora suberosa, Pterolepis
glomerata, Rubus argutus, R. rosifolius, and the canopy species Ardisia
elliptica, Buddleia asiatica, Heliocarpus popayanensis, Psidium
cattleianum, P. guajava, Schinus terebinthifolius, and Toona ciliata
(HBMP 2008). Nonnative grasses that are a threat to this ecosystem
include Axonopus fissifolius, Melinus minutiflora, Oplismenus
hirtellus, and Paspalum conjugatum (HBMP 2008). These nonnative plant
species pose a serious threat (see ``Specific Nonnative Plant Species
Impacts,'' below) to all seven of the proposed plant species dependent
on this ecosystem.
Specific Nonnative Plant Species Impacts
To reiterate, nonnative plants represent a serious and ongoing
threat to each of the 20 plant species proposed for listing in this
proposed rule throughout their ranges by destroying and modifying
habitat. Nonnative plants can adversely impact microhabitat by
modifying the availability of light and nutrient cycling processes, and
by altering soil-water regimes. They can also alter fire
characteristics of native plant habitat, leading to incursions of fire-
tolerant, nonnative plant species in native habitat. Nonnative plants
outcompete native plants by growing faster, and some may release
chemicals that inhibit the growth of other plants. By outcompeting
native plants, nonnative plants convert native-dominated plant
communities to nonnative plant communities (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p.
74; Vitousek 1992, pp. 33-35). The following list provides a brief
description of specific nonnative plants that present a threat to the
species proposed for listing in this proposed rule because they
threaten the ecosystems in which the plant species occur.
Acacia confusa is a tree introduced to Hawaii from Taiwan
and the Philippine Islands about 1915 by the Board of Agriculture and
Forestry and the Hawaiian Sugar Planter's Association for use as a
windbreak (Geesink et al. 1999, p. 641). This species forms monotypic
stands at lower elevations that prevent establishment of native plants.
Seeds present in the ground germinate profusely after fire,
outcompeting native plants (Pacific
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Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) 2008a). This species occurs in dry to
mesic disturbed habitats (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 640).
Ageratina riparia is a subshrub that spreads from a
creeping rootstock (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 255). This species forms
dense mats, preventing regeneration of native plants (Davis et al.
1992, p. 427), and occurs in dry, disturbed habitats and mesic and wet
forests (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 255).
Aleurites moluccana is a spreading, tall tree native to
Malesia, and considered a Polynesian introduction to Hawaii. It is now
a significant component of the mesic valley vegetation from sea level
to 2,300 ft (700 m) on all the main islands (Wagner et al. 1999, p.
598). According to the Hawaii Weed Risk Assessment for A. moluccana,
this species has a high risk of invasiveness or a high risk of becoming
a serious pest (PIER 2008b). The species tolerates a wide range of soil
conditions and forms dense thickets, which increases its competitive
abilities over native plants. This species occurs in mesic valley
habitats (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 599).
Andropogon virginicus is a fire-adapted bunch grass with
seeds that are easily distributed by wind, clothing, vehicles, and
feral animals (Smith 1989, p. 63). It can outcompete and displace
native plants. Some research suggests that this species may also
release allelopathic substances (chemicals that inhibit growth of other
plants) that dramatically decrease the reestablishment of native plants
(Rice 1972, p. 752). This species has become dominant in areas
subjected to natural or human-induced fires (Wagner et al. 1999, p.
77). This species is on the Hawaii State noxious weed list (HAR Title
4, Subtitle 6, Chapter 68), and occurs in disturbed, dry to mesic
forests and shrubland habitats, especially on ridges (Wagner et al.
1999, p. 1497).
Ardisia elliptica is a branched shrub native to Sri Lanka
that is now naturalized (i.e., introduced by man from another area, and
established and reproducing itself in the wild) in Hawaii (Wagner et
al. 1999, pp. 932-933). This species is shade-tolerant and can rapidly
form dense, monotypic stands, preventing establishment of other species
(Global Invasive Species Database (GISD) 2005). Its fruit are
attractive to birds, which can then spread the seeds over the
landscape. According to the Hawaii Weed Risk Assessment for A.
elliptica, this species has a high risk of invasiveness or a high risk
of becoming a serious pest (PIER 2008c). This species occurs in mesic
forest habitats and the lower portions of wet forests (Wagner et al.
1999, p. 933).
Asystasia gangetica, a perennial herb native to India,
Malay Peninsula, and Africa, is naturalized in disturbed habitats in
Hawaii. This species can grow over shrubs and smother all vegetation in
the herbaceous layer, covering native plants and preventing their
establishment (Smith 1985, p. 185). According to the Hawaii Weed Risk
Assessment for A. gangetica, this species has a high risk of
invasiveness or a high risk of becoming a serious pest (PIER 2009).
This species occurs in low-elevation, disturbed habitats (Wagner et al.
1999, p. 168).
Atriplex semibaccata is a drought- and saline-tolerant,
low-growing shrub, that forms dense spreading mats that displace native
plants. It was introduced to Hawaii around 1895, as an experimental
forage grass plant for cattle, and is now naturalized in dry to
seasonally wet areas (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 535). The seeds are
attractive to fruit eaters, which may help disperse this plant
(California Invasive Plant Council 2006). This species occurs in dry to
seasonally wet habitat areas (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 535).
Axonopus fissifolius is a pasture grass that forms dense
mats with tall foliage. This species does well in soils with low
nitrogen levels, and can outcompete other grasses in wet forests and
bogs. The species is not subject to any major diseases or insect pests,
and recovers quickly from fire. The seeds are readily spread by water,
vehicles, and grazing animals (O'Connor 1999, pp. 1,500-1,502; Cook et
al. 2005, p. 4). This species occurs in wet pastures, disturbed wet
forests, and bogs (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,502).
Blechnum appendiculatum is a fern with fronds to 23 in (60
cm) long that forms large colonies in closed canopy mesic forests,
especially on rocky substrate. It occurs in all but the most extreme
habitats (Palmer 2003, p. 81).
Buddleia asiatica is a shrub or small tree that can
tolerate a wide range of habitats, forms dense thickets, and is rapidly
spreading into wet forest and even lava and cinder substrate areas in
Hawaii, displacing native vegetation (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 415; PIER
2008d). This species occurs in lava, cinder fields, and wet forest
habitats (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 416).
Cenchrus ciliaris is native to Africa and tropical Asia
and is naturalized in Hawaii. It is a fire-adapted grass that provides
fuel for fires and recovers quickly, increasing its cover with each
succeeding fire (PIER 2007a), because it can reproduce through
vegetative fragmentation and be dispersed by animals or other vectors,
increasing its competitive abilities over native plants. This species
occurs in dry areas and sandy soil, in a variety of habitat types
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,512).
Chloris barbata, native to Central America, West Indies,
and South America, is widely naturalized in Hawaii (O'Connor 1999, p.
1,514). This species first evolved resistance to Group C1/5 herbicides
in Hawaii in 1987. The species infests roadsides and sugarcane
plantations, and encroaches on native habitat (WeedScience.com 2009;
HBMP 2008). According to the Hawaii Weed Risk Assessment for C.
barbata, this species has a high risk of invasiveness or a high risk of
becoming a serious pest (PIER 2008e) because of its ability to
outcompete native species. This species occurs in dry disturbed areas,
roadsides, vacant lots, and pastures (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,514).
Chrysophyllum oliviforme is a small tree native to the
United States (Florida), West Indies, and Central America, and is
naturalized in Hawaii (Pennington 1999, p. 1,231; PIER 2006a). Birds
easily disperse the fleshy fruit, and the species becomes a dominant
component over native forest (Pennington 1999, p. 1,231; Maui Land and
Pineapple Company 2002, pp. A 1-4). According to the Hawaii Weed Risk
Assessment for C. oliviforme, this species has a high risk of
invasiveness or a high risk of becoming a serious pest (PIER 2006a).
This species has been documented in low-elevation moist forests.
Clidemia hirta is a noxious shrub in the Melastomataceae
family that forms a dense understory, shades out native plants and
prevents their regeneration, and is considered a significant nonnative
plant threat (Wagner et al. 1985, p 41; Smith 1989, p. 64). All plants
in the Melastomataceae family are legally designated ``noxious'' in the
State of Hawaii (HAR Title 4, Subtitle 6, Chapter 68). This species has
been documented in forests and pastures (http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/invweed/weedsHI.html).
Digitaria insularis is a densely tufted, perennial grass
that is 3.2 to 5 ft (100 to 150 cm) tall. It is native to the
neotropics, and is widely naturalized on Hawaiian and other Pacific
islands, and in Malesia (O'Connor 1999, p. 1,531). It forms dense mats,
crowding out native species (Motooka et al. 2003a), and occurs in lawns
and pastures (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,531).
Ehrharta stipoides is a grass that creates a thick mat in
which other species cannot regenerate; its seeds are easily dispersed
by awns (slender, terminal bristle-like process found at the
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spikelette in many grasses) that attach to fur or clothing (U.S. Army
Garrison 2006, p. 2-1-20). This species has been documented in dry to
mesic areas between elevations of 330 to 1700 ft (100 to 500 m)
Erechtites valerianifolia is a tall (up to 8 ft (2.5 m)), widely-
distributed annual herb that produces thousands of wind-dispersed
seeds, and outcompetes native plants (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 314). This
species occurs in relatively wet disturbed habitats (Wagner et al.
1999, p. 314).
Erigeron karvinskianus reproduces and spreads rapidly by
stem layering and regrowth of broken roots to form dense mats. This
species crowds out and displaces ground-level plants (Weeds of Blue
Mountains Bushland 2006), and occurs in moderately wet habitats (Wagner
et al. 1999, p. 315).
Ficus microcarpa is a very large, spreading tree with
numerous aerial roots that form columnar stems. It is epiphytic and can
germinate on other trees, eventually strangling its host, and can shade
out native plants with its broad canopy. Seeds are spread by birds
(Motooka et al. 2003b). This species occurs in highly disturbed low-
elevation habitats (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 926).
Grevillea robusta is a large evergreen tree native to
Australia. Over two million trees were planted in Hawaii between 1919
and 1959 in an effort to reduce erosion and to provide timber. The
leaves produce an allelopathic substance that inhibits the
establishment of all species (Smith 1985, p. 191). This species has
been documented in dry and moist forests, and open areas.
Heliocarpus popayanensis is a tree native to Mexico and
Argentina, planted extensively in Hawaii by foresters beginning in
1941, and has since escaped into wet forests at low to mid elevations
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,292). The seeds are dispersed by wind, and H.
popayanensis is becoming a dominant tree in some forest areas on Oahu
(Smith 1998). The species grows rapidly and spreads readily in
disturbed wetter mesic forest habitats, where it can outcompete native
vegetation (Mootka 2003c). This species occurs in disturbed forest
habitats (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1292).
Kalanchoe pinnata is a succulent perennial plant with
hollow stems that can form dense stands that prevent reproduction of
native species. It can also reproduce by vegetative means at indents
along the leaf margin (Motooka et al. 2003c). This species occurs in
low-elevation, dry to mesic, disturbed habitats (Wagner et al. 1999, p.
568).
Lantana camara was brought to Hawaii as an ornamental
plant, and is an aggressive, thorny, thicket-forming shrub that is now
found on all of the main islands (Davis et al. 1992, p. 412; Wagner et
al. 1999, p. 1,320). It forms dense impenetrable stands that negatively
affect native plants through competition (Mootka 2003d), and occurs in
mesic forest, dry shrubland, and dry/disturbed low elevation habitats
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1320).
Leonotis nepetifolia is a coarse annual herb that is
widely naturalized and forms dense thickets that displace native
plants. According to the Hawaii Weed Risk Assessment for L.
nepetifolia, this species has a high risk of invasiveness or a high
risk of becoming a serious pest (PIER 2006b). This species occurs in
low-elevation, dry to occasionally wet, disturbed habitats (Wagner et
al. 1999, p. 803).
Leptospermum scoparium is a shrub or small tree native to
New Zealand and Australia, which is now widely naturalized in Hawaii.
It forms thickets that crowd out other plants, and is allelopathic
(produces chemicals that inhibit growth of other plants) (Smith 1985,
p. 193)). This species occurs in disturbed, mesic to wet, forest
habitats (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 963).
Leucaena leucocephala, a shrub native to the neotropics,
is now found on all of the main Hawaiian Islands and Midway atoll. It
is an aggressive competitor that often forms the dominant element of
the vegetation in low-elevation, dry, disturbed areas (Geesink et al.
1999, pp. 679-680).
Melia azedarach is a small, deciduous tree native to
southwestern Asia that is invading forests, fence lines, and disturbed
areas in Hawaii. Its fast growth and rapidly spreading thickets make it
a significant pest plant by shading out and displacing native
vegetation (University of Florida 2008). Feral pigs and fruit-eating
birds further distribute the seeds (Stone 1985, pp. 194-195). According
to the Hawaii Weed Risk Assessment for M. azedarach, this species has a
high risk of invasiveness or a high risk of becoming a serious pest
(PIER 2008f). This species occurs in dry, disturbed habitats (Wagner et
al. 1999, p. 918).
Melinus minutiflora is a spreading, perennial grass that
forms dense mats that can fuel more intense fires that destroy native
plants (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 89; O'Connor 1999, p. 1,562). This
species occurs in dry to mesic habitats, in disturbed and usually open
areas (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1563).
Morella faya is an evergreen shrub or small tree that
forms monotypic stands, has the ability to fix nitrogen, and alters the
successional ecosystems in areas it invades, displacing native
vegetation through competition. It is also a prolific fruit producer
(average of 400,000 fruits per individual shrub or tree per year), and
the fruit are spread by frugivorous birds and feral pigs (Vitousek
1990, pp. 8-9; Wagner et al. 1999, p. 931; PIER 2008g). This species is
on the Hawaii State noxious weed list (HAR Title 4, Subtitle 6, Chapter
68). The species has been documented in forested habitats (http://www.hawaiiinvasivespecies.org/pests/firetree.html).
Oplismenus hirtellus is a perennial grass that forms a
dense groundcover, is sometimes climbing, and roots at the nodes,
enabling its rapid spread. It also has sticky seeds that attach to
visiting animals and birds that then carry them to new areas where they
are deposited, resulting in the spread of this species (O'Connor 1999,
p. 1,565; Johnson 2005). The species displaces native plants on forest
floors and trailsides (Motooka 2003e), and occurs in shaded mesic
valleys, mesic forest, and disturbed wet forest habitats (Wagner et al.
1999, p. 1,565).
Panicum maximum is cultivated as an important forage grass
throughout the tropics and is naturalized in Hawaii (O'Connor 1999, p.
1,569). This tall grass produces profuse seeds that are spread by wind,
birds, and flowing water. This plant is strongly allelopathic (PIER
2007b), and can form dense stands that exclude native species. It
regenerates rapidly from underground rhizomes after a fire (PIER
2007b). This species has been documented in open disturbed areas of
forests, wastelands, and roadsides (http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/
invweed/weedsHi.html).
Paspalum conjugatum is a perennial grass that is found in
wet habitats, and forms a dense ground cover. Its small hairy seeds are
easily transported on humans and animals or are carried by the wind
through native forests, where it establishes and displaces native
vegetation (Tomich 1986, p. 125; Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 83; PIER
2007c; Motooka et al. 2003d). This species occurs in moist to wet
disturbed habitats (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,576).
Passiflora foetida is a vine with glandular hairs that
give the plant a fetid odor. This species is naturalized in Hawaii, and
grows over and covers low vegetation that prevents or delays
establishment of native species. Its fruit are eaten and spread by
birds (Escobar 1999, p. 1,011; GISD 2006). This species occurs in
disturbed sites and rock outcrop habitats (Wagner et al. 1999, p.
1,011).
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Passiflora suberosa has many-seeded purple fruits that are
dispersed widely by birds. It is an aggressive vine that grows over and
smothers shrubs, small trees, and ground layer vegetation, and
sometimes upper canopy layer vegetation (Smith 1985, pp. 191-192). This
species occurs in grassland, shrubland, open dry forest, mesic forest,
and exposed ridge habitats (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,014).
Pennisetum setaceum is a grass that is an aggressive
colonizer, and outcompetes most native species. This species is also
fire-adapted and burns swiftly and hot, causing extensive damage to the
surrounding habitat (O'Connor 1999, p. 1,581). This species occurs in
dry open places, barren lava flows, and cinder fields (Wagner et al.
1999, p. 1,578).
Pimenta dioica is a tree with sticky grape-like seeds that
are spread by birds. Widely cultivated, this species was introduced to
Hawaii in 1885, and is believed to be naturalized on Kauai and perhaps
on Oahu (Staples and Herbst 2005, p. 427). According to the Hawaii Weed
Risk Assessment for P. dioica, this species has a high risk of
invasiveness or a high risk of becoming a serious pest (PIER 2008h).
The species forms dense thickets, tolerates a wide range of soil
conditions, and has propagules that survive passage through bird
digestive systems. These capabilities increase its competitive ability
over native plants. This species has been documented in dry and moist
forests up to elevation 3,000 ft.
Pluchea indica is native to southern Asia, and P.
carolinensis is native to Mexico, the West Indies, and South America
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 351). These 3- to 6 ft- (1- to 2-m) tall, fast-
growing shrubs form thickets in dry habitats and can tolerate saline
conditions. They are widespread in Hawaii from coastal areas up to
almost 3,000 ft (900 m). The seeds are wind-dispersed (Francis 2006).
The species is adapted to a wide variety of soils and sites, tolerates
excessively well to poorly drained soil conditions, the full range of
soil textures, acid and alkaline reactions, salt and salt spray, and
compaction. It quickly invades burned areas, but being early
successional, it is soon replaced by other species. These adaptive
capabilities increase the species' competitive abilities over native
plants. This species occurs in low-elevation, dry, coastal habitats
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 351).
Pluchea carolinensis is native to Mexico, the West Indies,
and northern South America. The species has naturalized in Hawaii,
usually in relatively dry, coastal areas, but ranging up to 3,000 ft
(900 m) in mesic to wet forest. The species was first collected on Oahu
in 1931 (Wagner et al., 1999. p. 351). This fast-growing shrub forms
thickets in dry habitats. The seeds are wind-dispersed. Its resistance
to fire depends on the intensity of the fire. It generally regenerates
from basal shoots. Some biological control agents have been introduced
but they have not been effective (http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/cw_smith/plu_sym.htm).
Prosopis pallida was introduced to Hawaii in 1828, and its
seeds were used as fodder for ranch animals. This species became a
dominant component of the vegetation in low-elevation, dry, disturbed
sites, as it is well adapted to dry habitats. It overshadows other
vegetation and the deep tap roots use all available water. This plant
fixes nitrogen and can outcompete native species (Geesink et al. 1999,
pp. 692-693; PIER 2006c). This species occurs in low-elevation, dry,
disturbed habitats; behind beaches; on raised limestone reefs; on dry
slopes and bulches; and in degraded dry forest habitats (Wagner et al.
1999, p. 693).
Psidium cattleianum is a tall shrub or tree that forms
dense stands in which few other plants can grow, displacing native
vegetation through competition. The fruit is eaten by pigs and birds
that disperse the seeds throughout the forest (Smith 1985, p. 200;
Wagner et al. 1985, p. 24). This species occurs in disturbed, mesic
forest and wet forest habitats (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 970).
Psidium guajava is a shrub or tree that forms dense stands
in disturbed forest. The seeds are spread by feral pigs and alien
birds, and it can also regenerate from underground parts by suckering
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 972). Seeds are dispersed throughout the
forest, which facilitates competition with native plants. This species
occurs in disturbed, dry, mesic and wet, forest habitats (Wagner et al.
1999, p. 972).
Pterolepis glomerata is a member of the Melastomataceae
family. The basis for its classification as invasive are the plant's
germination rates, rapid growth, early maturity, ability of fragments
to root, possible asexual reproduction, and seed dispersal by birds
(University of Florida Herbarium 2006). Because of these attributes, it
displaces native vegetation through competition. This species is on the
Hawaii State noxious weed list (HAR Title 4, Subtitle 6, Chapter 68).
This species occurs in disturbed, mesic to wet habitats and trail
margins (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 913).
Rubus argutus is a prickly bramble with long, arching
stems that reproduces both vegetatively and by seed. It readily sprouts
from underground runners, and is quickly spread by frugivorous birds
(Tunison 1991, p. 2; Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,107; U.S. Army 2006, pp.
2-1-21, 2-1-22). This species, which displaces native vegetation
through competition, is on the Hawaii State noxious weed list (HAR
Title 4, Subtitle 6, Chapter 68). This species occurs in mesic to wet
forest and subalpine grassland habitats (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,107).
Rubus rosifolius is an erect to trailing shrub that forms
dense thickets and outcompetes native plant species. It easily
reproduces from roots left in the ground, and seeds are spread by birds
and feral animals (GISD 2008a; PIER 2008i). This species occurs in
disturbed, mesic to wet, forest habitat (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,110).
Sacciolepis indica is an annual grass that invades
disturbed and open areas in wet habitats, and outcompetes native
plants. The seeds are dispersed by sticking to animal fur (University
of Hawaii 1998). This species occurs in open, wet areas such as
grasslands, ridge crests, openings in wet forest, and along trails
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1589).
Schefflera actinophylla is a tree native to Australia and
New Guinea, and now naturalized in Hawaii (Lowry 1999, p. 232). This
species is shade tolerant and can spread into undisturbed forests,
forming dense thickets. Schefflera actinophylla grows epiphytically,
strangling host trees, and its numerous seeds are readily dispersed by
birds (PIER 2008j). This species occurs in low-elevation, disturbed,
mesic habitats (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 232).
Schinus terebinthifolius forms dense thickets in all
habitats, and its red berries are attractive to birds (Smith 1989, p.
63). Schinus seedlings grow very slowly and can survive in dense shade,
exhibiting vigorous growth when the canopy is opened after a
disturbance (Brazilian Pepper Task Force 1997). Because of these
attributes, S. terebinthifolius is able to displace native vegetation
through competition. This species occurs in disturbed, mesic habitats
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 195).
Sphaeropteris cooperi is a tree fern native to Australia
that was brought to Hawaii for use in landscaping (Medeiros et al.
1992, p. 27). It can achieve high densities in native Hawaiian forests,
grows up to 1 ft (0.3 m) in height per year (Jones and Clemesha 1976, p
56), and can displace native species. Understory disturbance by pigs
facilitates the establishment of this species (Medeiros et al. 1992, p.
30), and
[[Page 46382]]
it has been known to spread over 7 mi (12 km) through windblown
dispersal of spores from plant nurseries (Medeiros et al. 1992, p. 29).
This species has been documented in rain forest, moist forest, and
openings in wet and moist areas.
Stapelia gigantea is a succulent, cactus-like plant native
to tropical Africa and Mozambique (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 241). It can
compete with native species for space and water in exposed areas. This
species has been documented in dry forests and open areas.
Syzygium cumini is a tree that forms dense cover,
excluding all other species, and prevents the reestablishment of native
lowland forest plants. The large, black fruit is dispersed by
frugivorous birds and feral pigs (PIER 2008k). This species occurs in
mesic valleys and disturbed mesic forest habitats (Wagner et al. 1999,
p. 168).
Syzygium jambos has fruit that are dispersed by birds as
well as by humans, and possibly by pigs. This tree is detrimental to
native ecosystems because it does not need disturbance to become
established, and can germinate and thrive in shade, eventually
overtopping and replacing native canopy trees (U.S. Army 2006, p. 2-1-
23). This species occurs in low-elevation, mesic to wet sites,
primarily valleys and occasionally in disturbed, mesic forest habitats
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 975).
Tecoma stans is a shrub or small tree that can form dense
stands that inhibit regeneration of native species. Its seeds are wind-
dispersed (PIER 2008l). This species occurs in dry to mesic habitats
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 389).
Toona ciliata is a fast-growing tree with wind-dispersed
seeds and an open, spreading crown that overtops and displaces native
forest (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 920; Koala Native Plants 2005). This
species occurs in disturbed mesic to wet habitats (Wagner et al. 1999,
p. 168).
Urochloa mutica is a fast growing, perennial grass native
to Africa. It is considered an aggressive invasive weed of marshes and
wetlands, forming dense monotypic stands that eliminate any open water
by layering of its trailing stems (Smith 1985, p. 186; Erickson and
Puttock 2006, p. 270). The species also forms monotypic stands in
forest openings, displacing native plants. This species has been
documented in riparian habitats, freshwater wetlands, swamps, and
disturbed sites (http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/uromut/all.html).
Verbesina encelioides, a tap-rooted, annual herb native to
Mexico and the southwestern United States, is naturalized in Hawaii
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 372). This plant has a number of aggressive
characteristics that allow it to outcompete native plants, including
tolerance of a wide range of growing conditions, rapid growth,
allelopathic effects on other plants, high seed production, and
dispersal with high germination rates. In addition, it is poisonous to
livestock (Shluker 2002, pp. 3-4, 7-8). Verbesina has become a
widespread and aggressive weed on both Midway Atoll and Kure Atoll,
where it interferes with seabird nesting and inhibits native plant
growth (Shluker 2002, pp. 3-4, 8). This species has been documented at
several localities on Oahu, and occurs in dry and disturbed habitats
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 168).
Habitat Destruction and Modification by Fire
Fire is a relatively new, human-exacerbated threat to native
species and natural vegetation in Hawaii. The historical fire regime in
Hawaii was characterized by infrequent, low-severity fires, as few
natural ignition sources existed (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 91; Smith
and Tunison 1992, pp. 395-397). Natural fuel beds were often
discontinuous, and rainfall in many areas on most islands was, and is
moderate to high. Fires inadvertently or intentionally ignited by the
original Polynesians in Hawaii probably contributed to the initial
decline of native vegetation in the drier plains and foothills. These
early settlers practiced slash-and-burn agriculture that created open
lowland areas suitable for the later colonization of nonnative, fire-
adapted grasses (Kirch 1982, pp. 5-6, 8; Cuddihy and Stone 1990, pp.
30-31). Beginning in the late 18th century, Europeans and Americans
introduced plants and animals that further degraded native Hawaiian
ecosystems. Pasturage and ranching, in particular, created highly fire-
prone areas of nonnative grasses and shrubs (D'Antonio and Vitousek
1992, p. 67). Although fires are infrequent in mountainous regions
today, extensive fires have occurred in lowland mesic areas, leading to
grass/fire cycles that convert woodland to grassland (D'Antonio and
Vitousek 1992, p. 77).
Although Vogl (1969) (in Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 91) proposed
that naturally occurring fires, primarily from lightning strikes, have
been important in the development of the original Hawaiian flora, and
that many Hawaiian plants might be fire adapted, Mueller-Dombois
(1981), in Cuddihy and Stone (1990, p. 91), points out that most
natural vegetation types of Hawaii would not carry fire before the
introduction of alien grasses. Smith and Tunison (in Cuddihy and Stone
1990, p. 91) state that native plant fuels typically have low
flammability. Because of the greater frequency, intensity, and duration
of fires that have resulted from the introduction of nonnative plants
(especially grasses), fires are now destructive to native Hawaiian
ecosystems (Brown and Smith 2000, p. 172), and a single grass-fueled
fire can kill most native trees and shrubs in the burned area
(D'Antonio and Vitousek 1992, p. 74).
Fire represents a threat to six of the plant species proposed for
listing in this proposed rule, Bidens amplectens, Cyanea calycina,
Doryopteris takeuchii, Korthalsella degeneri, Pleomele forbesii, and
Pteralyxia macrocarpa (see Table 2). These six plant species are found
in the coastal, lowland dry, lowland mesic, or dry cliff ecosystems.
Fire can destroy dormant seeds of the six species as well as the plants
themselves, even in steep or inaccessible areas. Successive fires that
burn farther and farther into native habitat destroy native plants and
remove habitat for native species by altering microclimate conditions
favorable to alien plants. Alien plant species most likely to be spread
as a consequence of fire are those that produce a high fuel load, are
adapted to survive and regenerate after fire, and establish rapidly in
newly burned areas. Grasses (particularly those that produce mats of
dry material or retain a mass of standing dead leaves) that invade
native forests and shrublands provide fuels that allow fire to burn
areas that would not otherwise easily burn (Fujioka and Fujii 1980, in
Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 93; D'Antonio and Vitousek 1992, pp. 70, 73-
74; Tunison et al. 2002, p. 122). Native woody plants may recover from
fire to some degree, but fire tips the competitive balance toward alien
species (National Park Service 1989, in Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 93).
On a post-burn survey at Puuwaawaa on the island of Hawaii, within
an area of native Diospyros forest with undergrowth of the nonnative
grass Pennisetum setaceum, Takeuchi noted that ``no regeneration of
native canopy is occurring within the Puuwaawaa burn area'' (Takeuchi
1991, p. 2). Takeuchi also stated that ``burn events served to
accelerate a decline process already in place, compressing into days a
sequence which would ordinarily have taken decades'' (Takeuchi 1991, p.
4), and concluded that in addition to increasing the number of fires,
the nonnative Pennisetum acted to suppress establishment of native
plants after a
[[Page 46383]]
fire (Takeuchi 1991, p. 6). There have been several recent fires on
Oahu that have impacted rare or endangered species, including areas
being proposed as critical habitat in this proposed rule. Between 2004
and 2005, wildfires burned more than 360 ac (146 ha) in Honouliuli
Preserve, home to more than 90 rare and endangered plants and animals,
which is located along the windward side of the Waianae Mountains (The
Nature Conservancy, in litt. 2005). In 2006, a fire at Kaena Point
State Park burned 60 ac (24 ha), including portions of two proposed
critical habitat units, and encroached on endangered plants in Makua
Military Training Area. In 2007, there was a significant fire at
Kaukonahua that crossed 12 gulches, eventually encompassing 5,655 ac
(2,289 ha), and negatively impacted seven endangered plant species.
Occurrences of three of the species were extirpated as a result of the
fire. The Kaukonahua fire also provided pathways for nonnative
ungulates (cattle, goats, and pigs) into previously undisturbed areas,
and opened up previously densely vegetated areas for growth of the
invasive grass Panicum maximum (guinea grass), which is also used as a
food source by cattle and goats. An area infested by guinea grass
burned, and the grass was observed to generate blades over 2 feet in
length only 2 weeks after the fire (U.S. Army Garrison 2007, Appendices
pp. 1-5). In 2009, there were two smaller fires that burned 200 ac (81
ha) at Manini Pali (Kaena Point State Park) and 3.8 ac (1.5 ha) at
Makua Cave (at the mouth of Makua Valley). Both of these fires burned
in currently designated critical habitat, although no individual plants
were directly affected (U.S. Army Natural Resource Program 2009,
Appendix 2, 17 pp.). These examples of recent fires illustrate that
nonnative grass invasion leads to grass/fire cycles that convert native
vegetation to grassland (D'Antonia and Vitousek 1992, p. 77).
Habitat Destruction and Modification by Hurricanes
Hurricanes adversely impact native Hawaiian terrestrial habitat,
including each of the seven Oahu ecosystems and their associated
species identified in this proposed rule. They do this by destroying
native vegetation, opening the canopy and thus modifying the
availability of light, and creating disturbed areas conducive to
invasion by nonnative pest species (see ``Specific Nonnative Plant
Species Impacts,'' above) (Asner and Goldstein 1997, p. 148; Harrington
et al. 1997, pp. 539-540). Canopy gaps allow for the establishment of
nonnative plant species, which may be present as plants, or as seeds
incapable of growing under shaded conditions. In addition, hurricanes
adversely impact native Hawaiian stream habitat by defoliating and
toppling vegetation, thus loosening the soil around the toppled
vegetation. Loosened soil, loose vegetation, and other debris can be
washed into streambeds (by hurricane-induced rain or subsequent rain
storms), resulting in the scouring of the stream bottoms and channels,
and catastrophic flooding (Polhemus 1993, 88 pp.). Because many
Hawaiian plant and animal species, including the 23 species proposed
for listing as endangered in this proposed rule, persist in low numbers
and in restricted ranges, natural disasters, such as hurricanes, can be
particularly devastating (Mitchell et al. 2005, p. 4-3).
Hurricanes affecting Hawaii were only rarely reported from ships in
the area from the 1800s until 1949. Between 1950 and 1997, 22
hurricanes passed near or over the Hawaiian Islands, 5 of which caused
serious damage (Businger 1998, pp. 1-2). In November 1982, Hurricane
Iwa struck the Hawaiian Islands, with wind gusts exceeding 100 miles
per hour (mph) (161 kilometers per hour (kph)), causing extensive
damage, especially on the islands of Niihau, Kauai, and Oahu (Businger
1998, pp. 2, 6). Many forest trees were destroyed (Perlman 1992, pp. 1-
9), which opened the canopy and facilitated the invasion of nonnative
plants (Kitayama and Mueller-Dombois 1995, p. 671). Competition with
nonnative plants is a threat to each of the 7 ecosystems and the 20
plant species addressed in this proposed rule, as described in the
``Specific Nonnative Plant Species Impacts'' section above. In
September 1992, Hurricane Iniki, a category 4 hurricane with maximum
sustained wind speeds recorded at 140 mph (225 kph), passed directly
over the island of Kauai and close to the island of Oahu, causing
significant damage to areas along Oahu's southwestern coast (Barber's
Point or Kalaeloa, through Kaena Point) (Blake et al. 2007, p. 20),
where Bidens amplectens occurs. Biologists have documented hurricane
damage (e.g., denuded foliage, toppled and uprooted trees and shrubs,
landslides) to the habitat of six other plant species (Cyrtandra
kaulantha, C. sessilis, Melicope christophersenii, M. hiiakae,
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta, and Psychotria hexandra ssp.
oahuensis). Polhemus (1993, pp. 86-87) documented the extirpation of
the scarlet Kauai damselfly (Megalagrion vagabundum), a species related
to the blackline, crimson, and oceanic Hawaiian damselflies included in
this listing proposal, from the entire Hanakapiai Stream system on the
island of Kauai as a result of the impacts of Hurricane Iniki in 1992.
Damage by future hurricanes could further decrease the remaining
native-plant dominated habitat areas that support rare plants and
animals in Oahu ecosystems (Bellingham et al. 2005, p. 681).
Habitat Destruction and Modification Due to Landslides, Rockfalls,
Flooding, and Drought
Landslides, rockfalls, and flooding destabilize substrates, damage
and destroy individual plants, and alter hydrological patterns, which
result in changes to native plant and animal communities. In the open
sea near Hawaii, rainfall averages 25 to 30 in (630 to 760 mm) per
year, yet the islands may receive up to 15 times this amount in some
places, caused by orographic features (Wagner et al. 1999; adapted from
Price (1983) and Carlquist (1980), pp. 38-39). During storms, rain may
fall at 3 in (76 mm) per hour or more, and sometimes may reach nearly
40 in (1,016 mm) in 24 hours, causing destructive flash-flooding in
streams and narrow gulches (Wagner et al. 1999; adapted from Price
(1983) and Carlquist (1980)), pp. 38-39). Due to the steep topography
of much of the area on Oahu where the species remain, erosion and
disturbance caused by introduced ungulates exacerbate the potential for
landslides, rockfalls, or flooding, which in turn threaten native
plants and some of the damselfly species (see Table 2). For those
species that occur in small numbers in highly restricted geographic
areas, such events have the potential to eradicate all individuals of a
population, or even all populations of a species, resulting in
extinction.
Landslides and rockfalls likely adversely impact nine of the
species addressed in this proposed rule, including Cyanea lanceolata,
Cyrtandra kaulantha, C. sessilis, Doryopteris takeuchii, Melicope
makahae, Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens, Psychotria hexandra ssp.
oahuensis, and the crimson and oceanic Hawaiian damselflies, as
documented in observations by field botanists and surveyors (HBMP
2008). Monitoring data from the PEP program and the Hawaii Biodiversity
and Mapping Program (HBMP) suggest that these nine species are
threatened by landslides or falling rocks, as they are found in
landscape settings susceptible to these events (e.g., steep slopes and
cliffs). Since C. kaulantha is known from only
[[Page 46384]]
a few individuals in steep-walled stream valleys, one landslide could
lead to near extirpation of the species by direct destruction of the
individual plants, mechanical damage to individual plants that could
lead to their death, destabilization of the cliff habitat leading to
additional landslides, and alteration of hydrological patterns (e.g.,
affecting the availability of soil moisture). Landslides can modify and
destroy riparian and stream habitat by direct physical damage (e.g.,
rocks and debris falling in a stream, mechanical damage to riparian
vegetation), and create disturbed areas leading to invasion by
nonnative plants that outcompete the native plants, as well as damage
or destroy plants used by the crimson and oceanic damselflies for
perching. Field survey data presented by Bakutis (in litt. 2006c) and
the PEP Program (2006, p. 51) suggest that flooding is a likely threat
to two plant species included in this proposed listing, one population
of Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis, located in a narrow gulch, and
one population of Cyrtandra sessilis, growing near a stream in a narrow
valley. Intermittent flooding events likely occurred in the stream
habitats of the blackline, crimson, and oceanic Hawaiian damselflies in
the past, due to stochastic events such as storms and hurricanes.
However, the current low numbers of individuals and populations,
combined with their breeding, life history requirements in stream
habitats, and reduced ranges of these three Hawaiian damselflies
increase their vulunerability to the threat of flooding. The impact of
flooding events may be increased by channelization of stream reaches,
or degradation of riparian vegetation by feral ungulates. Naiads may be
washed out of streams into the surrounding terrestrial habitat or
washed downstream into portions of streams that are occupied by
nonnative predatory fish. Adults perching on surrounding vegetation may
be washed into flooded streams and drown.
The blackline, crimson, and oceanic Hawaiian damselflies may also
be affected by temporary habitat loss associated with droughts, which
are not uncommon in the Hawaiian Islands. Between 1860 and 2002, the
island of Oahu was affected by 49 periods of drought (Giambelluca et
al. 1991, pp. 3-4; Hawaii Commission on Water Resource Management 2009a
and 2009b). These drought events often desiccate streams, irrigation
ditches, and reservoirs; deplete groundwater supplies; and lead to
forest and brush fires (Hawaii Commission on Water Resource Management
2009a and 2009b). Desiccation of streams, ditches, and reservoirs
directly removes damselfly hunting and breeding habitat. Drought leads
to an increase in the number of forest and brush fires (Giambelluca et
al. 1991, p. v), causing a reduction of native plant cover and habitat
(D'Antonio and Vitousek 1992, pp. 77-79), and of plants used by the
three Hawaiian damselflies for perching and hunting for prey.
Habitat Destruction and Modification by Agriculture and Urban
Development
Although we are unaware of any comprehensive, site-by-site
assessment of wetland loss in Hawaii (Erikson and Puttock 2006, p. 40),
Dahl (1990, p. 7) estimated that at least 12 percent of lowland to
upper-elevation wetlands in Hawaii had been converted to non-wetland
habitat by the 1980s. If only coastal plain (below 1,000 ft (305 m))
marshlands and wetlands are considered, it is estimated that 30 percent
have been converted to agricultural and urban development (E. Kosaka,
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, in litt. 1990). Historical records show
these marshlands and wetlands provided habitat for many damselfly
species, including the blackline, oceanic, and crimson Hawaiian
damselflies (Polhemus 2007, pp. 233, 237-239; HBMP 2008).
Although filling of wetlands is regulated by permitting today, the
loss of riparian or wetland habitats utilized by the blackline and
crimson Hawaiian damselflies may still occur due to Oahu's population
growth and development, with concurrent demands on limited developable
land and water resources (Lester 2007). The State's Commission on Water
Resource Management recognized the need for a water resource protection
plan, which is currently under development (Commission on Water
Resource Management 2010). In addition, marshes have been slowly filled
and converted to meadow habitat as a result of sedimentation from
increased storm water runoff from upslope development, the accumulation
of uncontrolled growth of invasive vegetation, and blockage of
downslope drainage (Wilson Okamoto & Associates, Inc. 1993, pp. 3-4, 3-
5).
The threats posed by conversion of wetland and other aquatic
habitat for agriculture and urban development are ongoing and are
expected to continue into the future. Hawaii's population has increased
almost 7 percent in the past 10 years, along with the associated
increased demands on limited land and water resources (Hawaii
Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism 2010). These
modified areas lack the aquatic habitat features that the blackline and
crimson Hawaiian damselflies require for essential life-history needs,
such as marshes, sidepools along streams, and slow sections of
perennial streams, and no longer support populations of these two
species. Agriculture and urban development have thus contributed to the
present curtailment of the habitat of these two Hawaiian damselflies,
and we have no indication that this threat is likely to be
significantly ameliorated in the near future.
Habitat Destruction and Modification by Stream Diversion
Stream modifications began with the early Hawaiians who diverted
water to irrigate taro (kalo, Colocasia esculenta). A taro planter's
share of water was determined by the amount of labor contributed to the
construction and maintenance of the ditch, and was not proportional to
their acreage of flooded terraces. Water rights of others taking water
from the main stream below the dam had to be respected, and no ditch
was permitted to divert more than half the flow from a stream. Water
was withdrawn according to a time schedule, from a few hours at a time
day or night up to two or three days, and in times of drought, the
``water boss'' had the right to adjust the sharing of available water
to meet exigencies (Handy and Handy 1972, pp. 58-59).
The advent of plantation sugarcane cultivation led to far more
extensive stream diversions, with the first diversion built in 1856 on
Kauai (Wilcox 1996, p. 54). The first diversion on Oahu, Oahu Ditch,
was built in 1902 (Wilcox 1996, p. 65). These systems were designed to
tap water at upper elevations (above 984 ft (300 m)) by means of a
concrete weir in the stream (Wilcox 1996, p. 54). All, or most, of the
low or average flow of the stream was, and often still is, diverted
into fields or reservoirs, leaving many stream channels completely dry
(Takasaki et al. 1969, pp. 27-28; Harris et al. 1993, p. 12; Wilcox
1996, p. 56).
By the 1930s, water diversions had been developed on all of the
main Hawaiian Islands, and by 1978, the stream flow in more than half
the 366 perennial streams in Hawaii had been altered in some manner
(Brasher 2003, p. 1,055). Some stream diversion systems are extensive,
such as the Waiahole Ditch on Oahu, built in the early 1900s, which
diverts water from 37 streams within the ranges of the blackline,
crimson, and oceanic damselflies, on the windward side of
[[Page 46385]]
Oahu to the dry plains on the leeward side of the island via a tunnel
cut through the Koolau mountain range (Stearns and Vaksvik 1935, pp.
399-403; Tvedt and Oestigaard 2006, pp. 43-44). Historically,
damselflies in the genus Megalagrion were a common component of
Hawaiian streams and wetlands at elevations ranging from sea level to
the summit of the Koolau Mountains on Oahu. This loss of stream habitat
may have contributed to the extirpation of populations of the three
damselflies from lower elevations in the Koolau range (Polhemus 2007,
pp. 233-234, 238-239).
Habitat Destruction and Modification by Dewatering of Aquifers
In addition to the diversion of stream water and the resultant
downstream dewatering, many streams on Oahu have experienced reduced or
zero surface flow as a result of the dewatering of their source
aquifers. Often these aquifers, which previously fed the streams, were
tapped by tunneling or through the injudicious placement of wells
(Gingerich and Oki 2000, p. 6; Stearns 1985, pp. 291-305). These
groundwater sources were diverted for both domestic and agricultural
use, and in some areas have completely depleted nearby stream and
spring flows. For example, both the bore tunnels and the contour tunnel
of the Waiahole Ditch system intersect perched aquifers (aquifers above
the primary ground water table), which subsequently are drained to the
elevation of the tunnels (Stearns and Vaksvik 1935, pp. 399-406). This
has reduced stream habitat available to the blackline, crimson, and
oceanic damselflies. Likewise, the boring of the Haiku tunnel on Oahu
in 1940 caused a 25 percent reduction in the base flow of Kahaluu
Stream, over 2.5 mi (4 km) away (Takasaki et al. 1969, pp. 31-32), and
has impacted available habitat for the blackline and oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies (HBMP 2008). Many of these aquifers were also the sources
of springs that contributed flow to Oahu's windward streams; draining
of these aquifers caused many of the springs to dry up, including some
over 0.3 mi (0.5 km) away from the bore tunnels (Stearns and Vaksvik
1935, pp. 379-380).
Habitat Destruction and Modification by Vertical Wells
Surface flow of streams has also been affected by vertical wells
drilled in pre-modern times, because the basal aquifer (lowest
groundwater layer) and alluvial caprock (sediment-deposited harder rock
layer) through which the lower sections of streams flow can be
penetrated and hydraulically connected by wells (Gingerich and Oki
2000, p. 6; Stearns 1940, p. 88). This allows water in aquifers
normally feeding the stream to be diverted elsewhere underground.
Dewatering of the streams by tunneling and well placement near or in
streams was a significant cause of habitat loss, and these effects
continue today. Historically, for example, there was sufficient surface
flow in Makaha and Nanakuli Streams on Oahu to support taro loi
(artificial ponds for taro cultivation) in their lower reaches, but
this flow disappeared subsequent to construction of vertical wells
upstream (B. Devick, State of Hawaii, pers. comm. 1995). The
inadvertent dewatering of streams through the penetration of their
aquifers (which are normally separated from adjacent waterbearing
layers by an impermeable layer) by tunneling or through placement of
vertical wells, caused the loss of blackline, crimson, and oceanic
Hawaiian damselflies habitat, as these species were historically known
from these areas.
Habitat Destruction and Modification by Stream Channelization
Stream degradation has been particularly severe on the island of
Oahu where, by 1978, 58 percent of the perennial streams and banks had
been channelized (e.g., concrete lined, partially lined, or altered) to
control flooding (Polhemus and Asquith 1996, p. 24; Brasher 2003, p.
1,055). These alterations have resulted in an overall 89 percent loss
of the total stream length island-wide (Polhemus and Asquith 1996, p.
24; Parrish et al. 1984, p. 83). The channelization of streams creates
artificial, wide-bottomed stream beds and often results in removal of
riparian vegetation, which reduces shading, increases substrate
homogeneity, increases temporal water velocity (increased water flow
speed during times of higher precipitation including minor and major
flooding), and causes higher water temperatures (Parrish et al. 1984,
p. 83; Brasher 2003, p. 1,052). Tests conducted on native aquatic
species showed that the higher water temperatures in channelized
streams caused stress, and sometimes death (Parrish et al. 1984, p.
83). Natural streams meander and are lined with rocks, trees, and
natural debris, and during times of flooding, jump their banks.
Channelized streams are straightened and often lack natural
obstructions, and during times of higher precipitation or flooding,
facilitate a higher water flow velocity. Hawaiian damselflies are
largely absent from channelized portions of streams (Polhemus and
Asquith 1996, p. 24), which has likely contributed to a reduction in
the historic range of Hawaiian damselfly species. In contrast,
undisturbed Hawaiian stream systems exhibit a greater amount of riffle
and pool habitat canopy closure, higher consistent flow velocity, and
lower water temperatures that are characteristic of streams to which
the Hawaiian damselflies, in general, are adapted (Brasher 2003, pp.
1,054-1,057).
Channelization of streams has not been restricted to lower stream
reaches. For example, there is extensive channelization of Oahu's
Kalihi Stream above 1,000 ft (300 m) elevation. Extensive stream
channelization on Oahu has also contributed to the loss of habitat for
the blackline, crimson, and oceanic Hawaiian damselflies (Englund 1999,
p. 236; D. Polhemus, in litt. 2008).
Stream diversion, channelization, dewatering, and vertical wells
represent serious and ongoing threats to the blackline, crimson, and
oceanic Hawaiian damselflies for the following reasons: (1) They reduce
the amount and distribution of stream habitat available to these
species; (2) they reduce stream flow, leaving lower elevation stream
segments completely dry except during storms, or leaving many streams
completely dry year round, thus reducing or eliminating stream habitat;
and (3) they indirectly lead to an increase in water temperature that
results in physiological stress and to the loss of blackline, crimson,
and oceanic Hawaiian damselfly naiads. The blackline, crimson, and
oceanic Hawaiian damselflies are particularly vulnerable to extinction
due to such changes (i.e., stream diversion, channelization, and
dewatering), which is exacerbated by their range and habitat
constrictions and declines in their population numbers.
Habitat Destruction and Modification by Climate Change
Climate change will be a particular challenge for biodiversity
because the introduction and interaction of additional stressors may
push species beyond their ability to survive (Lovejoy et al. 2005, pp.
325-326). The synergistic implications of climate change and habitat
fragmentation are the most threatening facet of climate change for
biodiversity (Lovejoy et al. 2005, p. 4). The magnitude and intensity
of the impacts of global climate change and increasing temperatures on
native Hawaiian ecosystems are unknown. We are not aware of climate
change studies specifically related to the seven Oahu ecosystems
described in this proposed rule, or the 23 species proposed for
[[Page 46386]]
listing that are associated with those ecosystems. Based on the best
available information, climate change impacts could lead to the loss of
native species that comprise the communities in which the 23 species
occur (Pounds et al. 1999, p. 611-612; Still et al. 1999, p. 610;
Benning et al. 2002, pp. 14,246 and 14,248). In addition, weather
regime changes (e.g., droughts, floods) will likely result from
increased annual average temperatures related to more frequent El
Ni[ntilde]o episodes in Hawaii. These changes may decrease water
availability and increase the consumptive demand on Oahu's natural
streams and reservoirs by Oahu's residents (Giambelluca et al. 1991, p.
v). The effects of increasing temperatures on the aquatic habitat of
the three damselfly species are not specifically known, but likely
include the loss of aquatic habitat from reduced stream flow,
evaporation of standing water, and increased water temperature (Pounds
et al. 1999, pp. 611-612; Still et al. 1999, p. 610; Benning et al.
2002, pp. 14,246 and 14,248).
Oki (2004, p. 4) has noted long-term evidence of decreased
precipitation and stream flow on the Hawaiian Islands, based upon
evidence collected by stream gauging stations. This long-term drying
trend, coupled with existing ditch diversions and periodic El
Ni[ntilde]o-caused drying events, has created a pattern of severe and
persistent stream dewatering events (D. Polhemus, in litt 2008, p. 26).
Future changes in precipitation and the forecast of those changes are
highly uncertain because they depend, in part, on how the El
Ni[ntilde]o-La Ni[ntilde]a weather cycle (a disruption of the ocean
atmospheric system in the tropical Pacific having important global
consequences for weather and climate) might change (Hawaii Climate
Change Action Plan 1998, pp. 2-10).
The 23 species proposed for listing may be especially vulnerable to
extinction due to anticipated environmental changes that may result
from global climate change. Environmental changes that may affect these
species are expected to include habitat loss or alteration and changes
in disturbance regimes (e.g., storms and hurricanes), in addition to
direct physiological stress caused by increased streamwater
temperatures to which the native Hawaiian damselfly fauna are not
adapted. The probability of a species going extinct as a result of
these factors increases when its range is restricted, habitat
decreases, and population numbers decline (Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change 2007, p. 8). The 23 species have limited environmental
tolerances, limited ranges, restricted habitat requirements, small
population sizes, and low numbers of individuals. Therefore, we would
expect these species to be particularly vulnerable to projected
environmental impacts that may result from changes in climate, and
subsequent impacts to their habitats (e.g., Pounds et al. 1999, pp.
611-612; Still et al. 1999, p. 610; Benning et al. 2002, pp. 14,246 and
14,248). We believe changes in environmental conditions that may result
from climate change may impact these 23 species, and we do not
anticipate a reduction in this potential threat in the near future.
Summary of Habitat Destruction and Modification
The threats to the habitats of each of the 23 Oahu species
addressed in this proposed rule are occurring throughout the entire
range of each of the species. These threats include introduced
ungulates, nonnative plants, fire, natural disasters, and climate
change. In addition, the blackline, crimson, and oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies are also threatened by agricultural and urban development,
stream diversion, stream channelization, and stream dewatering.
The effects from ungulates are ongoing because ungulates currently
occur in six of the seven ecosystems on which these species depend. The
threat posed by introduced ungulates to the species proposed for
listing that occur in these six ecosystems (see Table 2) is serious
because they cause: (1) Trampling and grazing that directly impact the
plant communities, which include the plant species proposed for
listing, and impact plants in riparian areas used by the blackline,
crimson, and oceanic damselflies for perching, reproduction, and
hunting for prey; (2) increased soil disturbance, leading to mechanical
damage to individuals of the plant species proposed for listing, and
plants in riparian areas used by the damselflies for perching,
reproduction, and hunting for prey; (3) creation of open, disturbed
areas conducive to weedy plant invasion and establishment of alien
plants from dispersed fruits and seeds, which results over time in the
conversion of a community dominated by native vegetation to one
dominated by nonnative vegetation (leading to all of the negative
impacts associated with nonnative plants, listed below); and (4)
increased watershed erosion and sedimentation, which affects aquatic
habitats used by the three Hawaiian damselflies. Although plants used
for perching by damselflies are not necessarily native plants, ungulate
activity damages or removes all plants near the stream. Damselflies
depend on plants near the stream for their daily activities, territory
establishment, reproduction, and hunting prey. These threats are
expected to continue or increase without ungulate control or
eradication.
Nonnative plants represent a serious and ongoing threat to all 20
plant species being addressed in this proposed rule through habitat
destruction and modification because they: (1) Adversely impact
microhabitat by modifying the availability of light; (2) alter soil-
water regimes; (3) modify nutrient cycling processes; (4) alter fire
characteristics of native plant habitat, leading to incursions of fire-
tolerant nonnative plant species into native habitat; and (5)
outcompete and possibly directly inhibit the growth of, native plant
species. Each of these threats can convert native-dominated plant
communities to nonnative plant communities (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p.
74; Vitousek 1992, pp. 33-35). This conversion has negative impacts on,
and threatens, the 20 plant species addressed here.
The threat from fire to six species in this proposed rule (Bidens
amplectens, Cyanea calycina, Doryopteris takeuchii, Korthalsella
degeneri, Pleomele forbesii, and Pteralyxia macrocarpa; see Table 2) is
a serious and ongoing threat because fire damages and destroys native
vegetation, including dormant seeds, seedlings, and juvenile and adult
plants. Many nonnative invasive plants, particularly fire-tolerant
grasses, can outcompete native plants and inhibit their regeneration
(D'Antonio and Vitousek 1992, pp. 70, 73-74; Tunison et al. 2002, p.
122). Successive fires that burn farther and farther into native
habitat destroy native plants and remove habitat for native species by
altering microclimatic conditions and creating conditions favorable to
alien plants. The threat from fire is unpredictable but omnipresent in
ecosystems that have been invaded by nonnative, fire-prone grasses.
Natural disasters such as hurricanes represent a serious threat to
7 of the 20 plant species addressed in this proposed rule (Bidens
amplectens, Cyrtandra kaulantha, C. sessilis, Melicope
christophersenii, M. hiiakae, Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta, and
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis), because they open the forest
canopy, modify available light, and create disturbed areas that are
conducive to invasion by nonnative pest plants (Asner and Goldstein
1997, p. 148; Harrington et al. 1997, pp. 346-347). The discussion
under ``Habitat Destruction and Modification by
[[Page 46387]]
Nonnative Plants'' above provides additional information related to
canopy gaps, light availability, and the establishment of nonnative
plant species. In addition, hurricanes threaten the three Hawaiian
damselfly species in this proposed rule because they alter and cause
direct damage to streams (Polhemus 1993, pp. 86-87). These impacts can
be particularly devastating to the seven plant species and three
Hawaiian damselfly species addressed in this proposed rule because due
to other threats, they now persist in low numbers or occur in
restricted ranges, and are therefore less resilient to such
disturbances. Furthermore, a particularly destructive hurricane holds
the potential of driving a localized endemic species to extinction in a
single event. Hurricanes pose an ongoing and ever-present threat,
because they can occur at any time, although their occurrence is not
predictable.
Landslides, rockfalls, and flooding adversely impact ten of the
species being proposed for listing (Cyanea lanceolata, Cyrtandra
kaulantha, C. sessilis, Doryopteris takeuchii, Melicope makahae,
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens, Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis,
and the blackline, crimson and oceanic Hawaiian damselflies) (see Table
2), by destabilizing substrates, damaging and destroying individual
plants and damselflies, and altering hydrological patterns. These
threats result in habitat destruction or modification, and changes to
native plant and animal communities. Drought threatens all three
damselfly species being proposed for listing by dessication of streams,
ditches, and reservoirs, which eliminates damselfly hunting and
breeding habitat. These threats are significant and have the potential
to occur at any time, although their incidence is not predictable.
The threats caused by conversion of wetland and other aquatic
habitat to agriculture and urban development are ongoing, expected to
continue into the future, and affect each of the damselflies proposed
for listing in this proposed rule. Twelve percent of the freshwater
habitat in Hawaii has already been lost, and 30 percent of all coastal
plain wetlands in Hawaii have been lost to agriculture and urban
development (E. Kosaka, in litt. 1990). These modified areas no longer
support populations of these Hawaiian damselflies. These threats are
expected to continue in the future.
Stream diversion, channelization, and dewatering represent serious
and ongoing threats to the blackline, crimson, and oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies because they: (1) Reduce the amount and distribution of
stream habitat; (2) reduce stream flow, which leaves lower elevation
stream segments either completely dry year round or completely dry
except during storms, which reduces or eliminates stream habitat; and
(3) indirectly lead to an increase in water temperature by altering the
normal hydrograph patterns, which leads to the loss of damselfly naiads
due to direct physiological stress. The probability of species
extinction increases when ranges are restricted, the quality and
quantity of habitat decreases, and population numbers decline.
Accordingly, the blackline, crimson, and oceanic Hawaiian damselflies
are vulnerable to extinction due to such changes in their stream
habitat.
The projected effects of global climate change and increasing
temperatures on the 23 species addressed in this proposed rule are
related to changes in microclimatic conditions in their habitats. These
changes may lead to the loss of native species due to direct
physiological stress, the loss or alteration of habitat, increased
competition from nonnative species, and changes in disturbance regimes
(e.g., fire, storms and hurricanes). Because the specific and
cumulative effects of climate change on these 23 species are presently
unknown, we are not able to determine the magnitude of this possible
threat with confidence.
B. Overutilization for Commercial, Recreational, Scientific, or
Educational Purposes
We are not aware of any threats to the 23 species addressed in this
proposed rule that would be attributable to overutilization for
commercial, recreational, scientific, or educational purposes.
C. Disease or Predation
Disease
We are not aware of any threats to the 23 species addressed in this
proposed rule that would be attributable to disease.
Predation
Hawaii's plants and animals evolved in nearly complete isolation
from continental influences. Successful colonization of these remote
volcanic islands was infrequent, and many organisms never established
populations. For example, Hawaii lacks any native ants or conifers, has
very few bird families, and has only a single native land mammal (Loope
1998, p. 748). Defenses against mammalian herbivory, such as thorns,
prickles, and production of toxins, were not needed, and the
evolutionary pressure for plants to produce or maintain them was
lacking. Therefore, Hawaiian plants either lost or never developed
these defenses (Carlquist 1980, p. 173). The native flora and fauna of
the islands are thus particularly vulnerable to the impacts of
introduced nonnative species, as discussed below.
Introduced Ungulates
In addition to the habitat impacts discussed above, ungulates
threaten the following 18 of the 20 plant species in this proposal by
trampling and eating individual plants (this information is also
presented in Table 2): Bidens amplectens (feral pigs and goats), Cyanea
calycina (feral pigs and goats), C. lanceolata (feral pigs), C.
purpurellifolia (feral pigs), Cyrtandra gracilis (feral pigs), C.
kaulantha (feral pigs), C. sessilis (feral pigs), C. waiolani (feral
pigs), Melicope christophersenii (feral pigs), M. hiiakae (feral pigs),
M. makahae (feral pigs and goats), Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta
(feral pigs), P. cornuta var. decurrens (feral pigs and goats),
Pleomele forbesii (feral pigs and goats), Psychotria hexandra spp.
oahuensis (feral pigs), Pteralyxia macrocarpa (feral pigs and goats),
Tetraplasandra lydgatei (feral pigs), and Zanthoxylum oahuense (feral
pigs). Predation by feral pigs and goats is also a threat to the host
plants (Nestegis sandwicensis and Sapindus oahuensis) of Korthalsella
degeneri.
We have direct evidence of ungulate damage to some of these
species, but for many, ungulate damage is presumed based on several
studies conducted in Hawaii and elsewhere. In a study conducted by
Diong (1982, p. 160) on Maui, feral pigs were observed browsing on
young shoots, leaves, and fronds of a wide variety of plants, of which
over 75 percent were endemic species (Diong 1982, p. 160). A stomach
content analysis in this study showed that 60 percent of the pigs' food
source consisted of the endemic Cibotium (hapuu, tree fern). Pigs were
observed to fell plants and remove the bark of the native plant species
Clermontia, Cibotium, Coprosma, Psychotria, Scaevola, and Hedyotis,
resulting in larger trees being killed over a few months of repeated
feeding (Diong 1982, p. 144). A study in Texas conducted by Beach
(1997, pp. 3-4) revealed that feral pigs spread disease and parasites,
and that their rooting and wallowing behavior led to spoilage of
watering holes and loss of soil through leaching and erosion. Rooting
activities also decreased the survivability of some plant species
through disruption at root
[[Page 46388]]
level of mature plants and seedlings (Beach 1997, pp. 3-4).
Feral goats thrive on a variety of food plants, and are
instrumental in the decline of native vegetation in many areas (Cuddihy
and Stone 1990, p. 64). Feral goats trample roots and seedlings, cause
erosion, and promote the invasion of alien plants. They are able to
forage in extremely rugged terrain and have a high reproductive
capacity (Clarke and Cuddihy 1980, p. C-20; van Riper and van Riper
1982, pp. 34-35; Tomich 1986, pp. 153-156; Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p.
64). A study of goat predation on a native Acacia koa forest on the
island of Hawaii has shown that grazing pressure by goats can cause the
eventual extinction of Acacia koa because it is unable to reproduce
(Spatz and Mueller-Dombois 1973, p. 876). If goats are maintained at
constantly high numbers, mature trees will eventually die, including
the root systems that support suckers and vegetative reproduction
(Spatz and Mueller-Dombois 1973, p. 876). Another study at Puuwaawaa on
the island of Hawaii demonstrated that prior to management actions in
1985, regeneration of endemic shrubs and trees in goat-grazed areas was
almost totally lacking, contributing to the invasion of the forest
understory by exotic grasses and weeds. After the removal of grazing
animals in 1985, A. koa and Metrosideros spp. seedlings were observed
germinating by the thousands (HDLNR 2002, p. 52). Based on a comparison
of fenced and unfenced areas, it is clear that goats can devastate
native ecosystems (Loope et al. 1988, p. 277). Because goats occur in 6
of the 7 described ecosystems on Oahu, the results of the studies
described above suggest that goats can also alter these ecosystems and
directly damage or destroy native plants.
Rats
There are three species of introduced rats on the Hawaiian Islands.
The Polynesian rat (Rattus exulans) and the black rat (Rattus rattus)
are primarily found in the wild, in dry to wet habitats, while the
Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) is typically found in manmade habitats
such as urban areas or agricultural fields (Tomich 1986, p. 41).
Studies of Polynesian rat DNA suggest that they first appeared in the
Hawaiian Islands along with emigrants from the Marquesas about 400
A.D., with a second cultural interaction around 1100 A.D. (Ziegler
2002, p. 315). The black rat and the Norway rat most likely arrived in
the Hawaiian Islands more recently, as stowaways on ships, sometime in
the 19th century (Atkinson and Atkinson 2000, p. 25).
Rats occur in all 7 of the Oahu ecosystems, and rat predation
threatens 5 of the 20 plant species addressed in this proposed rule
(Cyanea calycina, C. lanceolata, Cyrtandra gracilis, Melicope hiiakae,
and Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis; see Table 2). Rats impact
native plants by eating fleshy fruits, seeds, flowers, stems, leaves,
roots, and other plant parts (Atkinson and Atkinson 2000, p. 23), and
can seriously affect regeneration. They are known to have caused
declines or even the total elimination of island plant species
(Campbell and Atkinson 1999, as cited in Atkinson and Atkinson 2000, p.
24). On the Hawaiian Islands, rats may consume as much as 90 percent of
the seeds produced by some trees, or, in some cases, prevent the
regeneration of forest species completely (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, pp.
68-69). Plants with fleshy fruits are particularly susceptible to rat
predation, including several of the plant genera proposed for listing
here, for example, the fruits of plants in the bellflower (e.g., Cyanea
spp.) and African violet (e.g., Cyrtandra spp.) families (Cuddihy and
Stone 1990, pp. 67-69). Research on rats in forests in New Zealand has
demonstrated that, over time, rats may alter the species composition of
forested areas (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, pp. 68-69).
Nonnative Fish
Predation by nonnative fish is a serious and ongoing threat to the
blackline, crimson, and oceanic Hawaiian damselflies. Crimson and
blackline Hawaiian damselfly naiads occur in standing or seep-fed pools
and slow-flowing sections of streams, and oceanic Hawaiian damselfly
naiads occur under stones or mats of moss and algae in streams, where
they are each vulnerable to predation by nonnative fish. Information
suggests that Hawaiian damselflies experience limited natural predation
pressure from the five species of freshwater fish native to Hawaii--
gobies (Gobiidae) and sleepers (Eleotridae) (Ego 1956, p. 24; Kido et
al. 1993, pp. 43-44; Englund 1999, pp. 236-237). Hawaii's native fishes
are benthic (bottom) feeders, and stream-dwelling Hawaiian damselfly
species, including the blackline, crimson, and oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies, avoid these areas in preference for shallow side channels,
sidepools, and higher velocity riffles and seeps (Englund 1999, pp.
236-237). While fish predation has been an important factor in the
evolution of behavior in damselfly naiads in continental systems
(Johnson 1991, p. 8), it can only be speculated that Hawaii's stream-
dwelling damselflies adapted behaviors to avoid the benthic feeding
habits of native fish species. Additionally, some species of
damselflies, including some native Hawaiian species, are found only in
bodies of water without fish, and may have evolved in the absence of
some fish species (Henrickson 1988, p. 179; McPeek 1990, p. 83).
Over 70 species of nonnative fish have been introduced into
Hawaiian freshwater habitats (Devick 1991, p. 190; Englund 1999, p.
226; Englund and Eldredge 2001, p. 32; Brasher 2003, p. 1,054; Englund
2004, p. 27; Englund et al. 2007, p. 232), with at least 51 species now
established (Freshwater Fishes of Hawaii 2008). The initial
introduction of nonnative fish to Hawaii began with the release of food
stock species by Asian immigrants at the turn of the 20th century;
however, the impact of these first introductions on Hawaiian
damselflies cannot be assessed because they predated the initial
collection of damselflies in Hawaii (Perkins 1899, pp. 64-76). Between
1905 and 1922, fish were introduced for biological control of
mosquitoes, including the mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis), sailfin
molly (Poecilia latipinna), green swordtail (Xiphophorus helleri),
moonfish (Xiphophorus maculatus), and guppy (Poecilia reticulata) (Van
Dine 1907, p. 9; Englund 1999, p. 225; Brasher 2003, p. 1,054). By
1935, some Oahu damselflies were becoming less common, and these
introduced fish were the suspected cause of their decline (Williams
1936, p. 313; Zimmerman 1948a, p. 341). From 1946 through 1961, several
additional nonnative fish were introduced for the purpose of
controlling nonnative aquatic plants and for recreational fishing
(Brasher 2003, p. 1,054). During the 1980s, additional nonnative fish
species were established in Oahu waters, including aggressive predators
and habitat-altering species such as the channel catfish (Ictalurus
punctatus), cichlids (e.g., Tilapia spp.), sailfin catfish (Liposarcus
multiradiatus), top minnows (Limia vittata), and piranha (Serrasalmus
sp.) (Devick 1991, pp. 189, 191-192; Brasher 2003, p. 1,054; Freshwater
Fishes of Hawaii 2008). Englund (1999, p. 233) found several of these
species to be abundant in nearly all lowland Oahu streams and water
systems, although not all were as capable of colonizing higher
elevation stream reaches as the introduced poeciliid species.
Geologic or manmade barriers (e.g., waterfalls, steep gradients,
dry stream midreaches, or constructed diversions) appear to prevent
access by nonnative fish species to stream areas above these barriers;
however, there is still a chance
[[Page 46389]]
of facilitated fish movement. For example, in 2000, a maintenance
worker introduced Tilapia spp. into ponds located on the grounds of
Tripler Medical Army Hospital that were upslope from the remaining Oahu
population of the orangeblack Hawaiian damselfly (Megalagrion
xanthomelas) (R. Englund, Bishop Museum, in litt. 2000). The ponds were
drained and the Tilapia spp. removed. The importance of their removal
was underscored by the fact that a large storm caused the ponds to fill
and overflow downslope into the stream supporting the damselflies soon
after the Tilapia spp. were removed (Preston et al. 2007, p. 263).
Current literature indicates that the extirpation of Hawaiian
damselflies from nearly all of their historical lowland habitat sites
on Oahu is the result of predation by introduced nonnative fish (Moore
and Gagne 1982, p. 4; Liebherr and Polhemus 1997, p. 502; Englund 1999,
pp. 235-237; Brasher 2003, p. 1,055; Englund et al. 2007, p. 215;
Polhemus 2007, pp. 238-239). The threats posed by continued
introduction and establishment of nonnative fish in Hawaiian waters,
and the possible movement of those nonnative species to new streams and
other aquatic habitat, are ongoing and expected to continue into the
future. This represents a serious threat to the survival of the
blackline, crimson, and oceanic Hawaiian damselflies.
Bullfrogs and Toads
Currently there are three species of introduced aquatic amphibians
on the Hawaiian Islands: the North American bullfrog (Rana
catesbeiana), the cane toad (Bufo marinus), and the Japanese wrinkled
frog (Rana rugosa). Native to the eastern United States and the Great
Plains region (Moyle 1973, pp. 18-19; Bury and Whelan 1984, p. 1; Lever
2003, p. 203), the bullfrog was first introduced to Hawaii in 1899
(Bryan 1931, pp. 62-63) to help control insects, specifically the
nonnative Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica), a significant pest of
ornamental plants (Bryan 1931, p. 62). First released on the island of
Hawaii, bullfrogs have demonstrated great success in establishing new
populations on all the main islands (Bryan 1931, p. 63; Moyle 1973, p.
19; USGS 2008, p. 8). This species is flexible in both habitat and food
requirements (McKeown 1996, pp. 24-27; Bury and Whelan 1984, pp. 3-7;
Lever 2003, pp. 203-204), and can utilize any water source within its
temperature range, 60 [deg]F to 75 [deg]F (16 [deg]C to 24 [deg]C)
(DesertUSA 2008). In other areas outside its native range, the
bullfrog's primary impact is the elimination of native frog species
(Moyle 1973, p. 21). Englund et al. (2007, pp. 215, 219) found a strong
correlation between the presence of bullfrogs and the absence of
Hawaiian damselflies in their study of streams on all the main Hawaiian
Islands. Bullfrogs are a threat to the blackline, crimson, and oceanic
Hawaiian damselflies because they are omnivorous feeders that occur in
the same habitat as the damselflies on Oahu (McKeown 1996, pp. 24-27;
Bury and Whelan 1984, pp. 3-7; Lever 2003, pp. 203-204).
The effects of possible predation by the cane toad and the Japanese
wrinkled frog on the blackline, crimson, and oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies are unknown at this time, and we are not able to determine
the magnitude or the significance of this potential threat.
Invertebrates
Predation by nonnative invertebrate pests adversely impacts 13 of
the plant species (see Table 2) through mechanical damage, destruction
of plant parts, parasitism, and mortality. Those introduced
invertebrate pests with the greatest effect on these native plant
species include at least 14 different species of slugs (Joe 2006, p.
10), the black twig borer (Xylosandrus compactus) (Davis 1970, pp. 38-
39), and the two-spotted leafhopper (Sophonia rufofascia) (Fukada 1996,
pp. 1-12; Hawaii Department of Agriculture 2006). The blackline,
crimson, and oceanic Hawaiian damselflies are threatened by predation
by ants (Borror et al. 1989, pp. 737-741).
Slugs
Predation by nonnative slugs is most likely a threat to individuals
of the three species of Cyanea (Cyanea calycina, C. lanceolata, and C.
purpurellifolia) and the four species of Cyrtandra (Cyrtandra gracilis,
C. kaulantha, C. sessilis, and C. waiolani) (Joe 2006, p. 10) in this
proposed rule. On Oahu, slugs have been reported to destroy Cyanea
calycina and Cyrtandra kaulantha in the wild, and have been observed
eating leaves and fruit of cultivated individuals of Cyanea (L.
Mehrhoff, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, in litt. 1995; U.S. Army
Garrison 2005a, pp. 3-34, 3-51). In addition, slugs have damaged
individuals of Cyrtandra and individuals of other species of Cyanea in
the wild (Wood et. al. 2001, p. 3; Sailer and Kier 2002, p. 3; PEP
2007, p. 38; PEP 2008, pp. 23, 49, 52, 53, 57). Little is known about
predation of certain rare plants by slugs; however, information in the
U.S. Army's 2005 ``Status Report for the Makua Implementation Plan''
indicates that slugs can be a threat to all species of Cyanea (U.S.
Army Garrison 2005, p. 3-51). Research investigating slug herbivory and
control methods shows that slug impacts on Cyanea sp. seedlings results
in up to 80 percent seedling mortality (U.S. Army Garrison 2005a, p. 3-
51). Although we do not have direct evidence of slug predation on the
three species of Cyanea and four species of Cyrtandra addressed in this
proposed rule, slugs are found in the ecosystems on Oahu in which these
plants occur. It is therefore reasonable to assume these plant species
would be exposed to similar impacts from slug predation.
Black Twig Borer
The black twig borer is known to infest a wide variety of common
plant taxa, including native species of Melicope (Davis 1970, p. 39;
Extension Entomology and UH-CTAHR Integrated Pest Management Program
2006, p. 1). This insect pest burrows into branches, introduces a
pathogenic fungus as food for its larvae, and lays its eggs (Davis
1970, p. 39). Twigs, branches, and entire plants can be damaged or
killed from an infestation (Extension Entomology and UH-CTAHR
Integrated Pest Management Program 2006, p. 2). On the Hawaiian
Islands, the black twig borer has many hosts, disperses easily, and is
probably present at most elevations up to 2,500 ft (762 m) (Howarth
1985, pp. 152-153). The black twig borer is a likely threat to Melicope
christophersenii, M. hiiakae, and M. makahae.
Two-Spotted Leafhopper
The effects of predation by the two-spotted leafhopper have been
observed on three plant species included in this proposed rule,
Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia macrocarpa, and Zanthoxylum oahuense
(HBMP 2008). This nonnative insect damages the leaves it feeds on,
typically causing chlorosis (yellowing due to disrupted chlorophyll
production) to browning and death of foliage (Hawaii Department of
Agriculture 2006). The damage to plants can result in the death of
affected leaves or the whole plant, owing to the combined action of its
feeding and oviposition behavior (Alyokhin et al. 2004, p. 1). In
addition to the mechanical damage caused by the feeding process, the
insect may introduce plant pathogens that lead to eventual plant death
(Extension Entomology and UH-CTAHR Integrated Pest Management Program
2006, p. 2). The two-spotted leafhopper is a highly polyphagous insect
(it feeds on many different types of food). Sixty-eight
[[Page 46390]]
percent of its recorded host plant species in Hawaii are fruit,
vegetable and ornamental crops, and 22 percent are endemic plants, over
half of which are rare and endangered (Alyokhin et al. 2004, p. 6). Its
range is limited to below 4,000 ft (1,219 m) in elevation, unless there
is a favorable microclimate. While there has been a dramatic reduction
in the number of two-spotted leafhopper populations in the past few
years, (possibly due to egg parasitism), this nonnative insect has not
been eradicated and predation by this nonnative insect remains a threat
(M. Fukada, Hawaii Department of Agriculture, pers. comm. 2007).
Ants
Ants are not a natural component of Hawaii's arthropod fauna, and
native species evolved in the absence of predation pressure from ants.
Ants can be particularly destructive predators because of their high
densities, recruitment behavior, aggressiveness, and broad range of
diet (Reimer 1993, pp. 14, 17-18). The threat of ant predation on the
blackline, crimson, and oceanic Hawaiian damselflies is amplified by
the fact that most ant species have winged reproductive adults (Borror
et al. 1989, p. 738) and can quickly establish new colonies in
additional suitable habitats (Staples and Cowie 2001, pp. 53-55). These
attributes allow some ants to destroy otherwise geographically isolated
populations of native arthropods (Nafus 1993, pp. 19, 22-23).
At least 47 species of ants are known to be established on the
Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii Ants 2008, pp. 1-11), and at least four
particularly aggressive species, the big-headed ant (Pheidole
megacephala), the long-legged ant (also known as the yellow crazy ant,
Anoplolepis gracilipes), Solenopsis papuana (NCN), and Solenopsis
geminata (NCN) have severely impacted the native insect fauna, likely
including native damselflies (Zimmerman 1948b, p. 173; Reimer 1993, pp.
11-13; Hawaii Ecosystems at Risk (HEAR) database 2007). Numerous other
species of ants are recognized as threats to Hawaii's native
invertebrates, and an unknown number of new species are established
every few years (Staples and Cowie 2001, p. 53). Due to their
preference for drier habitat sites, ants are less likely to occur in
high densities in the aquatic habitat currently occupied by the
blackline, crimson, and oceanic Hawaiian damselflies. However, some
species of ants (e.g., the long-legged ant and Solenopsis pauana) have
increased their range into this aquatic habitat. Furthermore, the
presence of ants in nearly all of the lower elevation, historical
habitat sites may preclude the future recolonization of these areas by
damselflies, including the blackline, crimson, and oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies. Damselfly naiads may be particularly susceptible to ant
predation while perching on vegetation or rocks when they crawl out of
the water or seek a terrestrial location for their metamorphosis into
the adult stage (D. Polhemus, in litt. 2008). Newly emerged adult
damselflies are also susceptible to predation until their wings have
sufficiently hardened to permit flight (Polhemus and Asquith 1996, p.
4).
The long-legged ant appeared in Hawaii in 1952, and now occurs on
Kauai, Oahu, Maui, and Hawaii (Reimer et al. 1990, p. 42). It inhabits
low- to mid-elevation (less than 2,000 ft (600 m)) rocky areas of
moderate rainfall (less than 100 in (250 cm) annually) (Reimer et al.
1990, p. 42). Direct observations indicate that Hawaiian arthropods are
susceptible to predation by this species (Hardy 1979, p. 34; Gillespie
and Reimer 1993, p. 21). Solenopsis papuana is the only abundant,
aggressive ant that has invaded intact mesic and wet forest from sea
level to 3,600 ft (1,100 m) on all the main Hawaiian Islands. Colonies
reach dense populations, and ranges of this species are expanding on
all islands (Reimer 1993, p. 14). The blackline, crimson, and oceanic
Hawaiian damselflies' historical ranges were from sea level to over
2,400 ft (732 m) (Williams 1936, p. 318; Englund 1999, pp. 229-230),
and they are currently found between 80 and 2,500 ft (24 and 762 m) in
elevation (D. Polhemus, in litt. 2008; Polhemus and Asquith 1996, p.
77; HBMP 2008). It is likely, based on our knowledge of the expanding
range of Solenopsis papuana, that it threatens all populations of these
three Hawaiian damselflies. The rarity or disappearance of the native
blackline, crimson, and oceanic damselfly species from historical
observation sites is due to a variety of factors. While there is no
documentation that conclusively ties the decrease in the blackline,
crimson, and oceanic Hawaiian damselfly observations to the
establishment of nonnative ants in the lowland mesic and lowland wet
habitats, the presence of ants in these habitats, the knowledge that
they prey on native invertebrates, and the decline of damselfly
observations in some areas in these habitats suggest that nonnative
ants play a role in the decline of some populations of these
damselflies.
Summary of Disease or Predation
We are unaware of any information that indicates that disease is a
threat to the 23 species. We consider predation and parasitism by
nonnative animal species (pigs, goats, rats, fish, bullfrogs, and
invertebrates) to pose an ongoing threat to 22 of the 23 species in
this proposed rule throughout their ranges, and will continue to be so
in the foreseeable future, for the following reasons:
(1) Observations and reports have documented that pigs and goats
browse on and trample 18 of the 20 plant species, and browse on and
trample the host plants of the other species (see Table 2); other
studies demonstrate the negative impacts of ungulate browsing and
trampling on native plant species of the Hawaiian islands (Spatz and
Mueller-Dombois 1973, p. 874; Diong 1982, p. 160; Cuddihy and Stone
1990, p. 67).
(2) Nonnative invertebrates and rats cause mechanical damage to
plants and destruction of plant parts (branches, fruits, seeds),
affecting 14 of the 20 plant species in this proposed rule (see Table
2).
(3) The absence of Hawaiian damselflies (including the blackline,
crimson, and oceanic Hawaiian damselflies), in streams and other
aquatic habitat on the main Hawaiian Islands is strongly correlated
with the presence of predatory nonnative fish as documented in numerous
observations and reports (Englund 1999, p. 237; Englund 2004, p. 27;
Englund et al. 2007, p. 215), which suggests nonnative predatory fishes
eliminate native Hawaiian damselflies from these aquatic habitats.
There are 70 introduced species of nonnative fishes, with over 51
species established in freshwater habitats on the Hawaiian Islands from
sea level to over 3,800 ft (1,152 m) in elevation (Devick 1991, p. 190;
Englund and Eldredge 2001, p. 32; Brasher 2003, p. 1,054; Englund 1999,
p. 226; Englund 2004, p. 27; Englund et al. 2007, p. 232). Accordingly,
predation by nonnative fishes is a serious and ongoing threat to the
blackline, crimson, and oceanic Hawaiian damselflies (See Table 2).
(4) Damselfly naiads are vulnerable to predation by ants, and the
ranges of the blackline, crimson, and oceanic Hawaiian damselflies
overlap that of particularly aggressive, nonnative, predatory ant
species that currently occur from sea level to 2,000 ft (610 m) in
elevation on all of the main Hawaiian Islands. We therefore consider
the three Hawaiian damselflies in this proposed rule to be threatened
by predation by these nonnative ants.
(5) Englund et al. (2007, pp. 215, 219) found a strong correlation
between the presence of nonnative bullfrogs and the absence of Hawaiian
damselflies.
[[Page 46391]]
Bullfrogs are reported from riparian habitat on all the main Hawaiian
Islands, except Kahoolawe and Niihau. Bullfrogs prey on almost anything
that moves, including a wide variety of insects, invertebrates, and
vertebrates (McKeown 1996, p. 24). The blackline, crimson, and oceanic
Hawaiian damselflies also use riparian habitat, and are likely
threatened by predation by bullfrogs.
D. The Inadequacy of Existing Regulatory Mechanisms
Inadequate Habitat Protection in Terrestrial Habitat
Currently, there are no existing Federal, State, or local laws,
treaties, or regulations that specifically conserve or protect the 23
species proposed for listing, or adequately address the threats
described in this proposed rule. Although Hawaii's Plant Extinction
Prevention Program supports conservation of the plant species by
securing seeds or cuttings from the rarest and most critically
endangered native species for propagation, the program is non-
regulatory. Nonnative ungulates pose a major ongoing threat to 19 of
the 20 plant species and the 3 damselflies through destruction and
degradation of terrestrial habitat, and through direct predation of 19
of the 20 plant species. The State of Hawaii provides game mammal
(feral pigs and goats) hunting opportunities on 12 State-designated
public hunting areas on the island of Oahu (H.A.R. sec. 13-123; DLNR
2009, pp. 25-30). The State's management objectives for game animals
range from maximizing public hunting opportunities (e.g., sustained
yield) in some areas to removal by State staff, or their designees, in
other areas (H.A.R. sec. 13-123). Fifteen of the 20 plant species and
all three damselfly species have populations in areas where terrestrial
habitat may be managed for game enhancement, and where game populations
are maintained at certain levels through public hunting (HBMP 2008;
H.A.R. sec. 13-123). Public hunting areas are not fenced, and game
mammals have unrestricted access to most areas across the landscape,
regardless of underlying land use designation. While fences are
sometimes built to provide protection from game mammals, the current
number and locations of fences are not adequate to prevent habitat
destruction and degradation of the terrestrial habitat of 22 of the 23
species, and direct predation of 19 of the 20 plant species on Oahu.
Inadequate Habitat Protection in Aquatic Habitat
Existing regulations are inadequate to maintain stream flow year
round for the different life stages of the three damselflies. In
Hawaii, instream flow is regulated by establishing standards on a
stream-by-stream basis. The standards currently in effect represent
flow conditions in 1988, the year the administrative rules were adopted
(State Water Code, Haw. Rev. Stat. 174C-71, and Administrative Rules of
the State Water Code, Title 13, Chapter 169-44-49). The State of Hawaii
considers all natural flowing surface water (streams, springs, and
seeps) as State property (Haw. Rev. Stat. 174C), and the HDLNR has
management responsibility for the aquatic organisms in these waters
(Haw. Rev. Stat. Annotated, 1988, Title 12; 1992 Cumulative
Supplement). Accordingly, damselfly populations in all natural flowing
surface waters are under jurisdiction of the State of Hawaii,
regardless of property ownership. This includes the blackline, crimson,
and oceanic Hawaiian damselfly populations.
The State of Hawaii manages the use of surface and ground water
resources through the Commission on Water Resource Management (Water
Commission), as mandated by the 1987 State Water Code (State Water
Code, Haw. Rev. Stat. 174, and Administrative Rules of the State Water
Code, Title 13, Chapters 168 and 169). Because of the complexity of
establishing Instream Flow Standards (IFS) for approximately 376
perennial streams, the Water Commission established interim IFS at
status quo levels in 1987 (Commission on Water Resource Management
2009). In the Waiahole Ditch Combined Contested Hearing on Oahu (1997-
2006), the Hawaii Supreme Court determined that status quo interim IFS
were not adequate, and required the Water Commission to reassess the
IFS for Waiahole Ditch and other streams Statewide (Case No. CCH-OA95-
1). The Water Commission has been gathering information to fulfill this
requirement since 2006, but no IFS recommendations have been made to
date (Commission on Water Resource Management 2009).
In the Hawaii Stream Assessment Report (1990), prepared in
coordination with the National Park Service, the State Water Commission
identified high-quality rivers or streams, or portions of rivers or
streams, that may be placed within a Wild and Scenic River system. This
report recommended that streams meeting certain criteria be protected
from further development. However, there is no mechanism within the
State's Water Code to designate and set aside these streams, or to
identify and protect stream habitat for Hawaiian damselflies.
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE) has regulatory jurisdiction
under section 404 of the Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq.) for
activities that would result in a discharge of dredged or fill material
into waters of the United States. However, in issuing these permits,
the COE does not typically establish instream flow standards as a
matter of policy (U.S. Army 1985, RGL 85-6).
Because there are currently no Federal, State, or local laws,
treaties, or regulations that specifically or effectively conserve or
protect the 23 species, or adequately address the threats from
nonnative ungulates to the terrestrial habitat of 22 of the 23 species
and from inadequate maintenance of instream flow for blackline,
crimson, and oceanic Hawaiian damselfly habitat, these threats are
ongoing and are expected to continue into the future.
Inadequate Protection From Introduction of Nonnative Species
The Hawaii Department of Agriculture (HDOA) is the lead State
agency in protecting Hawaii's agricultural and horticultural
industries, animal and public health, natural resources and environment
from the introduction of nonnative, invasive species (HDLNR 2003, p. 3-
10). While there are several State agencies (HDOA, HDLNR, Hawaii
Department of Health) authorized to prevent the entry of pest species
into the State, the existing regulations are inadequate for the reasons
discussed in the sections below.
In 1995, a partnership, Coordinating Group on Alien Pest Species
(CGAPS), comprised primarily of managers from every major Federal,
State, county, and private agency and organization involved in invasive
species work in Hawaii, was formed in an effort to influence policy and
funding decisions, improve communication, increase collaboration, and
promote public awareness (CGAPS 2009). This group facilitated the
formation of the Hawaii Invasive Species Council (HISC), which was
created by gubernatorial executive order in 2002, to coordinate local
initiatives for the prevention and control of invasive species by
providing policy level direction and planning for the State departments
responsible for invasive species issues. In 2003, the governor signed
into law Act 85, which conveys statutory authority to the HISC to
continue to coordinate approaches among the various State and Federal
[[Page 46392]]
agencies, and international and local initiatives, for the prevention
and control of invasive species (HDLNR 2003, p. 3-15; HISC 2009a; Haw.
Rev. Stat. sec. 194-2(a)). Some of the recent priorities for the HISC
include interagency efforts to control nonnative species such as the
plants Miconia calvescens (miconia) and Cortaderia sp. (pampas grass),
coqui frogs (Eleutherodactylus coqui), and ants (HISC 2009). In early
2009, HISC projected that, due to a tighter economy in Hawaii and
anticipated budget cuts in State funding support of up to 50 percent,
there will be a serious setback in conservation achievements, and the
loss of experienced, highly trained staff (HISC 2009b).
Nonnative Aquatic Species
Existing State and Federal regulatory mechanisms are not adequately
preventing the introduction of nonnative species to Hawaii via inter-
State and international mechanisms, or intra-State movement of
nonnative species between islands and watersheds in Hawaii. The
importation of non-domestic animals, including aquatic species, is
regulated by a permit system (H.A.R. sec. 4-71) managed through the
Hawaii Department of Agriculture (HDOA). The HDOA's Board of
Agriculture maintains lists of non-domestic animals that are prohibited
from entry, animals with entry restrictions, or those that require a
permit for import and possession. The HDOA requires a permit to import
animals, and conditionally approves entry for individual possession,
businesses (e.g., pet/resale trade, retail sales, food consumption), or
institutions.
The Division of Aquatic Resources (DAR), within the State's HDLNR,
manages the aquatic resources of the State (Hawaii DAR 2009), and is
responsible for conserving, protecting, and enhancing the State's
renewable resources of aquatic life and habitat (HDLNR 2003, p. 3-13).
The release of live nonnative fish or other live nonnative aquatic life
into any waters of the State is prohibited (Haw. Rev. Stat. sec. 187A-
6.5). The DAR has the authority to seize, confiscate, or destroy as a
public nuisance, any fish or other aquatic life found in any waters of
the State and whose importation is prohibited or restricted pursuant to
rules of the HDOA (Section 187A-2 (4 Haw. Rev. Stat. sec. 187A-6.5)).
State and Federal regulations are in place to prevent the unauthorized
entry of nonnative aquatic animals such as fish and amphibians into the
State of Hawaii; however, their intentional or inadvertent introduction
and movement between islands and between watersheds continues, although
prohibited (HDOA 2003, pp. 2-12-2-14). However, there is insufficient
regulatory capacity to adequately enforce such regulations or to
provide for sufficient inspection services and monitoring, although
this priority need is recognized (D. Cravalho, Hawaii Department of
Agriculture, in litt. 2009).
Nonnative Invertebrate Species
Predation by nonnative invertebrate pests (e.g., slugs, black twig
borer, two-spotted leafhopper) adversely impacts 13 of the plant
species (see Table 2). In addition, naiads of the blackline, crimson,
and oceanic Hawaiian damselflies are vulnerable to predation by ants.
The decline of damselfly observations and the establishment of ants in
lowland mesic and lowland wet habitats on Oahu suggest that the
presence of nonnative ants in these habitats may preclude their
occupancy by native damselflies (see Factor C. Disease or Predation).
The prevention and control of introduction of pest species in Hawaii is
the responsibility of Hawaii State government and Federal agencies,
along with a few private organizations. Even though these agencies have
regulations and some controls in place, the introduction and movement
of nonnative invertebrate pest species between islands and from one
watershed to the next continues. For example, an average of 20 new
alien invertebrate species were introduced to Hawaii per year since
1970, an increase of 25 percent over the previous totals between 1930
to 1970 (The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii 1992, p. 8).
Nonnative Plant Species
Nonnative plants destroy and modify habitat throughout the ranges
of each of the 20 plant species being addressed in this proposed rule.
As such, they represent a serious and ongoing threat to each of these
plant species. In addition, nonnative plants have been shown to
outcompete native plants and convert native-dominated plant communities
to nonnative plant communities (see ``Habitat Destruction and
Modification by Nonnative Plants,'' under Factor A, above). The HDOA
regulates the import of plants into the State from domestic origins
under Hawaii State law Haw. Rev. Stat. Ch. 150A. While all plants
require inspection upon entry into the State and must be ``apparently
free'' of insects and diseases, not all plants require import permits.
Parcels brought into the State by mail or cargo must be clearly labeled
as ``plant materials'' or ``agricultural commodities,'' but it is
unlikely that all of these parcels are inspected or monitored prior to
delivery in Hawaii. Shipments of plant material into Hawaii must be
accompanied by an invoice or packing manifest listing the contents and
quantities of the items imported, but, again, it is unclear if all of
these shipments are inspected or monitored prior to delivery (HDOA
2009).
There are only 12 plant crops that are regulated (H.A.R. 4-70) to
some degree, including sugarcane and grasses, pineapple and other
bromeliads, coffee, cruciferous vegetables, orchids, banana, passion
fruit, pine, coconut, hosts of European corn borer, palms, and hosts of
Caribbean fruit fly (HDLNR 2003, p. 3-11). The HDOA also maintains the
State list of noxious weeds, and these plants are restricted from entry
into the State except by permit from the HDOA's Plant Quarantine
Branch. Although the State has general guidelines for the importation
of plants, and regulations are in place regarding the plant crops
mentioned above, the intentional or inadvertent introduction of
nonnative plants outside the regulatory process and movement of species
between islands and from one watershed to the next continues, which
represents a threat to native flora for the reasons described above. In
addition, government funding is inadequate to provide for sufficient
inspection services and monitoring. One study concluded that the plant
importation laws virtually ensure new invasive plants will be
introduced via the nursery and ornamental trade, and that outreach
efforts cannot keep up with the multitude of new invasive plants being
distributed. The author states the only thing that wide-scale public
outreach can do in this regard is to let the public know new invasive
plants are still being sold, and they should ask for noninvasive or
native plants instead (C. Martin, in litt. 2007, p. 9).
On the basis of the above information, existing regulatory
mechanisms do not adequately protect the 23 species being addressed in
this proposed rule from the threat of new introductions of nonnative
species, and the continued expansion of nonnative species populations
on and between islands and watersheds. Nonnative species may prey upon,
modify or destroy habitat of, or directly compete with one or more of
the 23 species for food, space, and other necessary resources. Because
current Federal, State, and local laws, treaties, and regulations are
inadequate to prevent the introduction of nonnative species from
outside the State of Hawaii, as well as the spread of nonnative species
between islands and
[[Page 46393]]
watersheds, the impacts from these introduced threats are ongoing and
are expected to continue in the foreseeable future.
Summary of Inadequacy of Existing Regulatory Mechanisms
We consider the threat from inadequate regulatory mechanisms to be
ongoing, and we expect them to continue into the future, for the
following reasons:
(1) The State's current management of nonnative game mammals is
inadequate to prevent the degradation and destruction of habitat of 22
of the 23 species (Factor A), and predation of 19 of the 20 plant
species (Factor C).
(2) The State Water Code does not provide for permanent or minimum
IFS for the protection of aquatic ecosystems upon which the damselfly
species proposed for listing depend, and does not contain a regulatory
mechanism for identifying and protecting damselfly habitat (Factor A).
(3) Regulatory requirements under section 404 of the Clean Water
Act are triggered only for activities that involve a discharge of
dredged or fill material into waters of the United States. Section 404
of the Clean Water Act does not protect damselfly habitat or require
implementation of instream flow requirements (Factor A).
(4) Existing State and Federal regulatory mechanisms are not
preventing the introduction into Hawaii or the spread of nonnative
species between islands and watersheds. Habitat-altering nonnative
plant species (Factor A) and predation by nonnative animal species
(Factor C) pose a major ongoing threat to the 23 species being
addressed in this proposed rule.
Because existing regulatory mechanisms are inadequate to maintain
habitat for the 23 species, and to prevent the spread of nonnative
species, the inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms is considered
to be a serious threat, both now and in the foreseeable future. Each of
the 20 proposed plant species are threatened by habitat degradation and
loss by nonnative plants (Factor A), and 19 of the 20 plants are
threatened by nonnative animals (Factor A and Factor C). The three
damselflies are threatened by habitat degradation and loss by stream
channeling, conversion, and similar activities (Factor A), and by
predation by nonnative fish and ants (Factor C). Therefore, all 23
species are threatened by the inadequacy of the regulatory mechanisms
to address habitat degradation and loss, and nonnative species.
E. Other Natural or Manmade Factors Affecting Their Continued Existence
Other factors threatening some or all of the 23 species include
small number of populations and small population sizes, human trampling
as a result of hiking and other activities, loss of host plants, and
lack of regeneration. Each threat is discussed in detail below, along
with identification of which species are affected by these threats.
Small Number of Populations and Individuals
Species that are endemic to single islands are inherently more
vulnerable to extinction than are widespread species, because of the
increased risk of genetic bottlenecks; random demographic fluctuations;
climate change effects; and localized catastrophes such as hurricanes,
landslides, rockfalls, drought, and disease outbreaks (Pimm et al.
1988, p. 757; Mangel and Tier 1994, p. 607). These problems are further
magnified when populations are few and restricted to a very small
geographic area, and when the number of individuals of each population
is very small. Populations with these characteristics face an increased
likelihood of stochastic extinction, due to changes in demography, the
environment, genetics, or other factors (Gilpin and Soul[eacute] 1986,
pp. 24-34). Small, isolated populations often exhibit reduced levels of
genetic variability, which diminishes the species' capacity to adapt
and respond to environmental changes, thereby lessening the probability
of long-term persistence (e.g., Barrett and Kohn 1991, p. 4; Newman and
Pilson 1997, p. 361). The problems associated with small population
size and vulnerability to random demographic fluctuations or natural
catastrophes are further magnified by synergistic interactions with
other threats, such as those discussed above (see discussions under
Factors A and C).
Very small plant populations may experience reduced reproductive
vigor due to ineffective pollination or inbreeding depression. This is
particularly true for the functionally unisexual plants in this
proposal like Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis, in which staminate
(male) and pistillate (female) flowers occur on separate individuals.
Isolated individuals have difficulty achieving natural pollen exchange,
which decreases the production of viable seed. Populations are also
impacted by demographic stochasticity, through which populations are
skewed toward either male or female individuals by chance.
The following nine plant species in this proposal are threatened by
limited numbers (e.g., they total fewer than 50 individuals): Cyanea
purpurellifolia, Cyrtandra gracilis, C. kaulantha, C. waiolani,
Melicope hiiakae, Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta, Psychotria hexandra
ssp. oahuensis, Tetraplasandra lydgatei, and Zanthoxylum oahuense. We
consider these species threatened by small population size for the
following reasons:
Cyanea purpurellifolia is susceptible to reduced
reproductive vigor due to the low number (18) of individuals remaining
(DLNR 2005, p. 2). Although highly threatened by feral pigs, none of
the individuals of this species are protected from ungulate predation
(PEP 2007, p. 13).
Cyrtandra gracilis is known only from a single occurrence,
with six to eight individuals (NTBG Provenance Reports 2002, p. 1 and
2004, p. 1; PEP 2007a, p. 16).
The only known wild populations of Cyrtandra kaulantha and
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis are imminently threatened by
flooding, landslides, and rock falls because of their locations in
steep gulches (PEP 2006, p. 46, 51; PEP 2007a, p. 25).
The last confirmed observation of Cyrtandra waiolani in
the wild was approximately 40 years ago. The tentative identification
of an individual in the wild as C. waiolani in 2005 cannot be confirmed
without flowers or fruit. In addition, there are no tissues,
propagules, or seeds in storage or propagation that have positively
been identified (PEP 2007a, p. 19; A. Bakutis, in litt. 2008).
Melicope hiiakae is susceptible to reduced reproductive
vigor due to the lack of pollination and seed predation (NTBG Report
2007, p. 4; S. Perlman, in litt. 2007b).
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta individuals are widely
scattered in the Koolau Mountains, and are susceptible to reduced
reproductive vigor (HBMP 2008).
The range of known occurrences of Tetraplasandra lydgatei
has been reduced from 10 mi (16 km) to 2 mi (3 km) since 2005, and
consists of 2 occurrences totaling 8 individuals (HBMP 2008). These
individuals are showing a decline in health (A. Bakutis, in litt.
2008).
Botanists have observed a steady decline in the numbers of
individuals of Zanthoxylum oahuense over the last 9 years. This species
is also susceptible to infestation by the two-spotted leafhopper (B.
Garnett and J. Obata, in litt. 1999).
[[Page 46394]]
The blackline, crimson, and oceanic Hawaiian damselflies are
threatened by limited numbers. Jordan et al. (2007, p. 247) conducted a
genetic and comparative phylogeography analysis (study of historical
processes responsible for genetic divergence within a species) of four
Hawaiian Megalagrion species, including Pacific Hawaiian damselfly, an
endangered species (June 24, 2010; 75 FR 35990), and the orangeblack
Hawaiian damselfy, a candidate species (November 9, 2009; 74 FR 57804).
This analysis demonstrated Megalagrion populations with low genetic
diversity are at greater risk of decline and extinction than those with
high genetic diversity. The authors found that low genetic diversity
was observed in populations known to be bottlenecked or relictual
(groups of animals or plants that exist as a remnant of a formerly
widely distributed group), including Oahu and Maui populations of
orangeblack Hawaiian damselfly and Pacific Hawaiian damselfly. Although
this study did not include an analysis of the blackline, crimson, or
oceanic Hawaiian damselflies, given that these five species have
similar habitat, breeding, and life-history requirements, are related
phylogenetically (same genus), and have low numbers of populations and
individuals, it is reasonable to assume that populations of the
blackline, crimson, and oceanic Hawaiian damselflies (each known from
fewer than 20 populations) are also at great risk of decline and
extinction.
Human Trampling and Hiking
Visitors on foot, horseback, and motorbikes may threaten Cyanea
calycina directly due to trampling and other direct damage, and
indirectly due to being a source of fire ignition in areas in the
southern Waianae Mountains (TNC 1997, p. 10). Human impacts, such as
trampling by hikers, has been documented as a threat to C. calycina in
the northern Waianae Mountains, between Kaala and Puu Kalena summits
(Wood, in litt. 2001). The largest known population of Cyrtandra
sessilis is located along a popular hiking trail in the Koolau
Mountains, and individuals climbing and hiking off the established
trail to visit this occurrence could trample individual plants and
contribute to soil compaction and erosion, preventing growth and
establishment of seedlings (Bakutis 2008a). This type of activity has
been observed with other native species (Wood, in litt. 2001; Hawaii
Rare Plant Restoration Group 2007, p. 2). Doryopteris takeuchii occurs
on the slopes of Diamond Head crater, a popular location for visitation
by tour groups and hikers (HBMP 2008). Individuals leaving established
trails will inadvertently trample plants and contribute to erosion of
the steep hillsides where the plants are found. Field biologists have
also observed trampling of vegetation near populations of Melicope
hiiakae in the Koolau Mountains, suggesting that hikers could also be a
threat to this species (Hawaii Rare Plant Restoration Group 2007, p.
2).
Loss of Host Plants and Loss of Regeneration
One species in this proposal, Korthalsella degeneri, is an obligate
parasite on two native host plants, Sapindus oahuensis and Nestegis
sandwicensis, which occur in the dry cliff ecosystem of the Waianae
Mountains of Oahu. Introduced ungulates are a threat to the host
plants, because of trampling and topsoil disruption, leading to erosion
and the establishment and spread of nonnative plants (Factor A).
Nonnative plants are a threat to K. degeneri, because they: (1) Degrade
habitat and outcompete native plants; (2) can increase the intensity,
extent, and frequency of fire, converting native shrubland and forest
to land dominated by alien grasses; and (3) may cause the loss of the
native host plants upon which K. degeneri depends (Factor A). In
addition, the host plants are at risk of predation by feral ungulates,
although ungulates are unlikely to be a direct threat to K. degeneri
(Factor C), because of its parasitic characteristics.
Lack of regeneration or low levels of regeneration (i.e.,
reproduction) in the wild has been documented, and represents a threat
to, Melicope makahae and Pleomele forbesii (HBMP 2008; J. Lau, in litt.
2001). There are four scattered populations of Melicope makahae in the
Waianae Mountains. Two of these populations are at risk of extirpation
because only one adult plant has been observed at one location and one
adult plant and a single juvenile plant have been observed at the
second location. There are 19 populations of P. forbesii in the Waianae
Mountains, and only one population in the Koolau Mountains. The Koolau
population is at risk of extirpation because of very few (if any)
seedlings or juvenile plants have been observed, which indicates a lack
of reproduction.
Summary of Other Natural or Manmade Factors Affecting Their Continued
Existence
We consider the limited numbers of populations and few (less than
50) individuals to be serious and ongoing threat to at least nine plant
species in this proposed rule because: (1) These species may experience
reduced reproductive vigor due to ineffective pollination or inbreeding
depression; (2) they may experience reduced levels of genetic
variability leading to diminished capacity to adapt and respond to
environmental changes, thereby lessening the probability of long-term
persistence; and (3) a single catastrophic event may result in
extirpation of remaining populations and extinction of the species.
This threat applies to the entire range of each species.
The threat to the blackline, crimson, and oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies from limited numbers of populations and individuals is
ongoing and is expected to continue into the future because: (1) These
species may experience reduced reproductive vigor due to inbreeding
depression; (2) they may experience reduced levels of genetic
variability leading to diminished capacity to adapt and respond to
environmental changes, thereby lessening the probability of long-term
persistence; (3) a single catastrophic event (e.g., hurricane,
landslide) may result in extirpation of remaining populations and
extinction of these species; and (4) species with few known locations,
such as the blackline, crimson, and oceanic Hawaiian damselflies, are
less resilient to threats that might otherwise have a relatively minor
impact on widely distributed species. For example, the reduced
availability of breeding habitat or an increase in predation of naiads
that might be absorbed in widely distributed species could result in a
significant decrease in survivorship or reproduction of a species with
limited distribution. The limited distribution of these three species
thus magnifies the severity of the impact of the other threats
discussed in this proposed rule.
In addition, the threat to Cyanea calycina, Cyrtandra sessilis,
Doryopteris takeuchii, and Melicope hiiakae from human activities
(e.g., trampling and hiking) is ongoing and expected to continue into
the future because populations of all of these species are located near
hiking trails or in areas used for recreational activities and the
effect of these activities could lead to injury and death of individual
plants.
The threat to Korthalsella degeneri from loss of its host plants is
ongoing and expected to continue into the future because threats to its
host plants from nonnative plants and feral ungulates are uncontrolled.
Finally, we consider the threat to Melicope makahae and Pleomele
forbesii from lack of regeneration to be ongoing and expected to
continue into the future because, with their small numbers in the wild,
any
[[Page 46395]]
competition from nonnative plants or habitat modification or predation
by ungulates could lead to the extirpation of these species.
Proposed Listing Determination for 23 Species
We have carefully assessed the best scientific and commercial
information available regarding threats to each of the 23 Oahu species.
We find that all of these species face threats, which are ongoing and
expected to continue into the future throughout their ranges, from the
present destruction and modification of their habitats, primarily from
feral ungulates and nonnative plants. Six of these species (Bidens
amplectens, Cyanea calycina, Doryopteris takeuchii, Korthalsella
degeneri, Pleomele forbesii, and Pteralyxia macrocarpa) are threatened
by habitat destruction and modification from fire, and 14 species
(Bidens amplectens, Cyanea lanceolata, Cyrtandra kaulantha, C.
sessilis, Doryopteris takeuchii, Melicope christophersenii, M. hiiakae,
M. makahae, Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta, P. cornuta var. decurrens,
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis, and the blackline, crimson, and
oceanic Hawaiian damselflies) are threatened by the destruction and
modification of their habitats from hurricanes, landslides, rockfalls,
and flooding. In addition, we are concerned about the effects of
projected climate change, particularly rising temperatures, but
recognize there is limited information on the exact nature of impacts
from climate change (Factor A). There is a serious threat of widespread
impacts of predation and herbivory on 19 of the 20 plant species (all
plant species except Doryopteris takeuchii) by nonnative pigs, goats,
rats, and invertebrates; and likely by predation on the three
damselflies (blackline, crimson, and oceanic Hawaiian damselflies) by
nonnative fish, bullfrogs and ants (Factor C). The inadequacy of
existing regulatory mechanisms (e.g., inadequate protection of habitat
and inadequate protection from the introduction of nonnative species)
poses a current and ongoing threat to all 23 species (Factor D). There
are current and ongoing threats to nine plant species (Cyanea
purpurellifolia, Cyrtandra gracilis, C. kaulantha, C. waiolani,
Melicope hiiakae, Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta, Psychotria hexandra
ssp. oahuensis, Tetraplasandra lydgatei, and Zanthoxylum oahuense) and
the three damselflies due to factors associated with small numbers of
populations and individuals (Factor E); to Melicope makahae and
Pleomele forbesii from the lack of regeneration (Factor E); to Cyanea
calycina, Cyrtandra sessilis, Doryopteris takeuchii, and Melicope
hiiakae from trampling (Factor E); and to Korthalsella degeneri from
the loss of native host plants (Factor E) (see Table 2). In addition,
the blackline, crimson, and oceanic Hawaiian damselflies are threatened
by habitat degradation and loss due to agriculture and urban
development, by stream diversion and channelization, and by dewatering
of aquifers (Factor A). These threats are exacerbated by these species'
inherent vulnerability to extinction from stochastic events at any time
because of their endemism, small numbers of individuals and
populations, and restricted habitats.
The Act defines an endangered species as any species that is ``in
danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its
range'' and a threatened species as any species that is ``likely to
become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout
all or a significant portion of its range.'' We find that each of these
endemic species is presently in danger of extinction throughout its
entire range, based on the immediacy, severity, and scope of the
threats described above. Therefore, on the basis of the best available
scientific and commercial information, we propose listing the following
23 species as endangered in accordance with section 3(6) of the Act:
the plants Bidens amplectens, Cyanea calycina, Cyanea lanceolata,
Cyanea purpurellifolia, Cyrtandra gracilis, Cyrtandra kaulantha,
Cyrtandra sessilis, Cyrtandra waiolani, Doryopteris takeuchii,
Korthalsella degeneri, Melicope christophersenii, Melicope hiiakae,
Melicope makahae, Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta, Platydesma cornuta
var. decurrens, Pleomele forbesii, Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Tetraplasandra lydgatei, Zanthoxylum oahuense,
and the damselflies Megalagrion leptodemas, Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum, and Megalagrion oceanicum.
Under the Act and our implementing regulations, a species may
warrant listing if it is endangered or threatened throughout all or a
significant portion of its range. Each of the 23 endemic Oahu species
proposed for listing in this proposed rule is highly restricted in its
range, and the threats occur throughout its range. Therefore, we
assessed the status of each species throughout its entire range. In
each case, the threats to the survival of these species occur
throughout the species' range and are not restricted to any particular
portion of that range. Accordingly, our assessment and proposed
determination applies to each species throughout its entire range.
Available Conservation Measures
Conservation measures provided to species listed as endangered or
threatened under the Act include recognition, recovery actions,
requirements for Federal protection, and prohibitions against certain
activities. Recognition through listing results in public awareness and
conservation by Federal, State, and local agencies; private
organizations; and individuals. The Act encourages cooperation with the
States and requires that recovery actions be carried out for all listed
species. The protection measures required of Federal agencies and the
prohibitions against certain activities involving listed animals and
plants are discussed, in part, below.
The primary purpose of the Act is the conservation of endangered
and threatened species and the ecosystems upon which they depend. The
ultimate goal of such conservation efforts is the recovery of these
listed species, so that they no longer need the protective measures of
the Act. Subsection 4(f) of the Act requires the Service to develop and
implement recovery plans for the conservation of endangered and
threatened species unless it would not promote the conservation of the
species. The recovery planning process involves the identification of
actions that are necessary to halt or reverse the species' decline by
addressing the threats to its survival and recovery. The goal of this
process is to restore listed species to a point where they are secure,
self-sustaining, and functioning components of their ecosystems.
Recovery planning includes the development of a recovery outline
shortly after a species is listed, preparation of a draft and final
recovery plan, and revisions to the plan as significant new information
becomes available. The recovery outline guides the immediate
implementation of urgent recovery actions and describes the process to
be used to develop a recovery plan. The recovery plan identifies site-
specific management actions that will achieve recovery of the species,
measurable criteria that determine when a species may be downlisted or
delisted, and methods for monitoring recovery progress. Recovery plans
also establish a framework for agencies to coordinate their recovery
efforts and provide estimates of the cost of implementing recovery
tasks. Recovery teams are often established to develop recovery plans.
When completed, the recovery outlines, draft recovery plans, and the
final
[[Page 46396]]
recovery plans will be available from our Web site (http://www.fws.gov/endangered), or from our Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (see
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT).
Implementation of recovery actions generally requires the
participation of a broad range of partners, including other Federal
agencies, States, non-governmental organizations, businesses, and
private landowners. Examples of recovery actions include habitat
restoration (e.g., restoration of native vegetation), research, captive
propagation and reintroduction, and outreach and education. The
recovery of many listed species cannot be accomplished solely on
Federal lands because their range may occur primarily or solely on non-
Federal lands. To achieve recovery of these species requires
cooperative conservation efforts on private and State lands.
If these species are listed, funding for recovery actions will be
available from a variety of sources, including Federal budgets, State
programs, and cost share grants for non-Federal landowners, the
academic community, and non-governmental organizations. In addition,
pursuant to section 6 of the Act, the State of Hawaii would be eligible
for Federal funds to implement management actions that promote the
protection and recovery of the 23 species proposed for listing.
Information on our grant programs that are available to aid species
recovery can be found at: http://www.fws.gov/grants.
Although the 23 species are only proposed for listing under the Act
at this time, please let us know if you are interested in participating
in recovery efforts for these species in the event they are listed.
Additionally, we invite you to submit any new information on these
species whenever it becomes available and any information you may have
for recovery planning purposes (see ADDRESSES).
Section 7(a) of the Act, as amended, requires Federal agencies to
evaluate their actions with respect to any species that is proposed or
listed as endangered or threatened with respect to its critical
habitat, if any is designated. Regulations implementing this
interagency cooperation provision of the Act are codified at 50 CFR
part 402. Section 7(a)(1) of the Act mandates that all Federal agencies
shall utilize their authorities in furtherance of the purposes of the
Act by carrying out programs for the conservation of endangered and
threatened species listed pursuant to section 4 of the Act. Section
7(a)(2) of the Act requires Federal agencies to ensure that activities
they authorize, fund, or carry out are not likely to jeopardize the
continued existence of a listed species or result in destruction or
adverse modification of critical habitat. If a Federal action may
affect the continued existence of a listed species or its critical
habitat, the responsible Federal agency must enter into consultation
with the Service.
For the 23 plants and animals proposed for listing as endangered
species in this proposed rule, Federal agency actions that may require
consultation as described in the preceding paragraph include, but are
not limited to, actions within the jurisdiction of the Natural
Resources Conservation Service, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and branches of the Department of
Defense (DOD). Examples of these types of actions include activities
funded or authorized under the Farm Bill Program, Environmental Quality
Incentives Program, Ground and Surface Water Conservation Program,
Clean Water Act, Partners for Fish and Wildlife Program, and DOD
construction activities related to training or other military missions.
The Act and its implementing regulations set forth a series of
general prohibitions and exceptions that apply to all endangered
wildlife and plants. The prohibitions, codified at 50 CFR 17.21 for
wildlife and 17.61 for plants, apply. These prohibitions, in part, make
it illegal for any person subject to the jurisdiction of the United
States to take (includes harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound,
kill, trap, capture, or collect; or to attempt any of these), import,
export, ship in interstate commerce in the course of commercial
activity, or sell or offer for sale in interstate or foreign commerce
any listed wildlife species. It is also illegal to possess, sell,
deliver, carry, transport, or ship any such wildlife that has been
taken illegally. In addition, for plants listed as endangered, the
prohibitions include import or export, malicious damage or destruction
on areas under Federal jurisdiction, and the removal, cutting, digging
up, or damaging or destroying of such plants in knowing violation of
any State law or regulation, including State criminal trespass law.
Certain exceptions to the prohibitions apply to agents of the Service
and State conservation agencies.
We may issue permits to carry out otherwise prohibited activities
involving threatened or endangered wildlife and plant species under
certain circumstances. Regulations governing permits are codified at 50
CFR 17.22 and 17.62 for endangered wildlife and plants, respectively.
With regard to endangered wildlife, a permit must be issued for the
following purposes: for scientific purposes, to enhance the propagation
or survival of the species, and for incidental take in connection with
otherwise lawful activities. With regard to endangered plants, a permit
must be issued for the following purposes: for scientific purposes or
for the enhancement of propagation or survival. Requests for copies of
the regulations regarding listed species and inquiries about
prohibitions and permits may be addressed to U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, Ecological Services, Eastside Federal Complex, 911 N.E. 11th
Avenue, Portland, OR 97232-4181 (telephone 503-231-6158; facsimile 503-
231-6243).
It is our policy, as published in the Federal Register on July 1,
1994 (59 FR 34272), to identify to the maximum extent practicable at
the time a species is listed, those activities that would or would not
constitute a violation of section 9 of the Act. The intent of this
policy is to increase public awareness of the effect of a proposed
listing on proposed and ongoing activities within the range of species
proposed for listing. The following activities could potentially result
in a violation of section 9 of the Act; this list is not comprehensive:
(1) Unauthorized collecting, handling, possessing, selling,
delivering, carrying, or transporting of the species, including import
or export across State lines and international boundaries, except for
properly documented antique specimens of these taxa at least 100 years
old, as defined by section 10(h)(1) of the Act.
(2) Introduction of nonnative species that compete with or prey
upon the 23 species, such as the introduction of competing, nonnative
plants or animals to the State of Hawaii.
(3) The unauthorized release of biological control agents that
attack any life stage of these 23 species.
(4) Unauthorized modification of the channel or water flow of any
stream or removal or destruction of emergent aquatic vegetation in any
body of water in which the blackline, crimson, and oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies are known to occur.
(5) Unauthorized discharge of chemicals or fill material into any
waters in which the blackline, crimson, and oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies are known to occur.
Questions regarding whether specific activities would constitute a
violation of section 9 of the Act should be directed to the Pacific
Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT).
Requests for copies of the regulations concerning listed animals
[[Page 46397]]
and general inquiries regarding prohibitions and permits may be
addressed to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Endangered Species
Permits, Ecological Services, Eastside Federal Complex, 911 NE. 11th
Avenue, Portland, OR 97232-4181 (telephone 503-231-6158; facsimile 503-
231-6243).
If the 23 species are listed under the Act, the State of Hawaii's
endangered species law (Haw. Rev. Stat. sec.195D 1-32) will be
automatically invoked and provide supplemental protection, including
prohibiting take of these species and encouraging conservation by State
government agencies. Further, the State may enter into agreements with
Federal agencies to administer and manage any area required for the
conservation, management, enhancement, or protection of endangered
species (Haw. Rev. Stat. sec. 195D-5). Funds for these activities could
be made available under section 6 of the Act (Cooperation with the
States). Thus, the Federal protection afforded to these species by
listing them as endangered species will be reinforced and supplemented
by protection under State law.
Proposed Taxonomic Name Changes for 10 Plant Species Since Listing
In 1982 we listed Euphorbia skottsbergii var. kalaeloana (47 FR
36846; August 24, 1982) as endangered following the taxonomy of Sherff
(1936), although in 1959 Degener and Degener had moved this species to
Chamaesyce (Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. kalaeloana). In both
publications the range for this species included only the ``Ewa Plains
of Oahu, Hawaii, in the vicinity of Barbers Point'' (also known as
Kalaeloa). In 1990, Koutnik (p. 615) placed Chamaesyce skottsbergii
var. kalaeloana in synonymy with C. skottsbergii var. skottsbergii.
According to Koutnik, the range for C. skottsbergii var. skottsbergii
included southwestern Oahu (the Ewa Plains) and northwestern Molokai.
However, in 2005, based on genetic analysis, Morden and Gregoritza
(2005, p. 969) found that the Oahu and Molokai populations of C.
skottsbergii var. skottsbergii are genetically distinct and they
supported the recognition of these two populations as distinct
varieties. The authors suggested that the variety on Molokai should be
recognized by the previously used variety name, C. skottsbergii var.
audens. The scientific community and the Service currently accept
Morden and Gregoritza's taxonomic clarification of C. skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii, the range of which includes only southwestern Oahu.
At the time we listed Alsinidendron obovatum (56 FR 55770; October
29, 1991), A. trinerve (56 FR 55770; October 29, 1991), Hedyotis
coriacea (57 FR 20772; May 15, 1992), H. degeneri (56 FR 55770; October
29, 1991), H. parvula (56 FR 55770; October 29, 1991), and Lipochaeta
tenuifolia (56 FR 55770; October 29, 1991) as endangered, we followed
the taxonomic treatment of Wagner et al. (1990, pp. 343, 501, 1,141-
1,142, 1,148-1,150). Subsequently, Wagner et al. (2005, pp. 57-63)
recognized and published new combinations (new genus and species names)
for Alsinidendron obovatum (now Schiedea obovata) and A. trinerve (now
Schiedea trinervis) based on phylogenetic analyses. These new
combinations are currently accepted by the scientific community and by
the Service. Terrell et al. (2005, pp. 832, 833) published new
combinations for Hedyotis coriacea (now Kadua coriacea), H. degeneri
(now Kadua degeneri, and includes K. degeneri var. coprosmifolia and K.
degeneri var. degeneri), and placed Hedyotis parvula in synonymy with
Kadua parvula, an earlier and validly published name. Wagner and
Robinson (2001, p. 554) recognized and published new combinations for
several Hawaiian species of Lipochaeta, including Lipochaeta tenuifolia
(now Melanthera tenuifolia). At the time we listed Phlegmariurus nutans
(59 FR 14482; March 28, 1994), we followed Ollgaard's Index of the
Lycopodiaceae (1989, 135 pp.). Most recently, Palmer placed
Phlegmariurus nutans in synonymy with Huperzia nutans (Palmer 2003, p.
257). We listed Mariscus pennatiformis (which included M. pennatiformis
ssp. bryanii and M. pennatiformis ssp. pennatiformis) as endangered in
1994 (59 FR 56333) following the taxonomic treatment of Koyama (in
Wagner et al. 1990, pp. 1,421-1,422). Since then, Strong and Wagner
(1997, p. 39) and more recently, Wagner et al. (2003, pp. 52-53) moved
all Hawaiian species of Mariscus to Cyperus. The accepted epithet for
this species is Cyperus pennatiformis and includes C. pennatiformis
var. bryanii and C. pennatiformis var. pennatiformis. The range of the
species at the time of listing and now has not changed.
All of the aforementioned name changes are currently accepted by
the scientific community, and we are proposing to accept them for
purposes of the List of Endangered and Threatened Plants at 50 CFR
17.12 (see Table 3). These changes would also require us to make
editorial revisions to a limited number of units and species
descriptions in 50 CFR 17.99(a)(1) and (b) (Kauai), and 50 CFR
17.99(e)(1) and (f) (Maui), to adopt the taxonomic revisions.
Table 3--Proposed Name Changes for 9 Listed Endangered Hawaiian Plants
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Currently listed Proposed name or
Listing name family change
------------------------------------------------------------------------
56 FR 55770..................... Alsinidendron Schiedea obovata.
obovatum.
56 FR 55770..................... Alsinidendron Schiedea
trinerve. trinervis.
47 FR 36846..................... Chamaesyce Chamaesyce
skottsbergii var. skottsbergii var.
kalaeloana. skottsbergii.
57 FR 20772..................... Hedyotis coriacea. Kadua coriacea.
56 FR 55770..................... Hedyotis degeneri. Kadua degeneri.
56 FR 55770..................... Hedyotis parvula.. Kadua parvula.
56 FR 55770..................... Lipochaeta Melanthera
tenuifolia. tenuifolia.
59 FR 14482..................... Phlegmariurus Huperzia nutans.
nutans.
59 FR 56333..................... Mariscus Cyperus
pennatiformis. pennatiformis.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Critical Habitat
Background
Critical habitat is defined in section 3 of the Act as:
(i) The specific areas within the geographical area occupied by a
species, at the time it is listed in accordance with the Act, on which
are found those physical or biological features
(I) Essential to the conservation of the species and
(II) Which may require special management considerations or
protection; and
[[Page 46398]]
(ii) Specific areas outside the geographical area occupied by a
species at the time it is listed, upon a determination that such areas
are essential for the conservation of the species.
Conservation, as defined under section 3 of the Act, means the use
of all methods and procedures that are necessary to bring an endangered
or threatened species to the point at which the measures provided under
the Act are no longer necessary. Such methods and procedures include,
but are not limited to, all activities associated with scientific
resources management, such as research, census, law enforcement,
habitat acquisition and maintenance, propagation, live trapping,
transplantation, and, in the extraordinary case where population
pressures within a given ecosystem cannot otherwise be relieved, may
include regulated taking.
Critical habitat receives protection under section 7 of the Act
through the prohibition against Federal agencies carrying out, funding,
or authorizing the destruction or adverse modification of critical
habitat. Section 7(a)(2) of the Act requires consultation on Federal
actions that may affect critical habitat. The designation of critical
habitat does not affect land ownership or establish a refuge,
wilderness, reserve, preserve, or other conservation area. Such
designation does not allow the government or public access to private
lands. Such designation does not require implementation of restoration,
recovery, or enhancement measures by the landowner. Where a landowner
seeks or requests Federal agency funding or authorization that may
affect a listed species or critical habitat, the consultation
requirements of section 7(a)(2) of the Act would apply, but even in the
event of a destruction or adverse modification finding, the Federal
action agency's and the applicant's obligation is not to restore or
recover the species, but to implement reasonable and prudent
alternatives to avoid destruction or adverse modification of critical
habitat.
For inclusion in a critical habitat designation, the habitat within
the geographical area occupied by the species at the time of listing
must contain the physical or biological features essential to the
conservation of the species, and be included only if those features may
require special management considerations or protection. Critical
habitat designations identify, to the extent known using the best
scientific and commercial data available, habitat areas that provide
essential life cycle needs of the species (areas on which are found the
physical or biological features (PBFs) essential for the conservation
of the species). Under the Act and regulations at 50 CFR 424.12(e), we
can designate critical habitat in areas outside the geographical area
occupied by the species at the time it is listed only when we determine
that those areas are essential for the conservation of the species and
that designation limited to those areas occupied at the time of listing
would be inadequate to ensure the conservation of the species.
Section 4 of the Act requires that we designate critical habitat on
the basis of the best scientific and commercial data available.
Further, our Policy on Information Standards Under the Endangered
Species Act (published in the Federal Register on July 1, 1994 (59 FR
34271)), the Information Quality Act (section 515 of the Treasury and
General Government Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 2001 (Pub. L.
106-554; H.R. 5658)), and our associated Information Quality
Guidelines, provide criteria, establish procedures, and provide
guidance to ensure that our decisions are based on the best scientific
data available. They require our biologists, to the extent consistent
with the Act and with the use of the best scientific data available, to
use primary and original sources of information as the basis for
recommendations to designate critical habitat.
When we are determining which areas we should designate as critical
habitat, our primary source of information is generally the information
developed during the listing process for the species. Additional
information sources may include the recovery plan for the species,
articles in peer-reviewed journals, conservation plans developed by
States and counties, scientific status surveys and studies, biological
assessments, or other unpublished materials and expert opinion or
personal knowledge.
Habitat is often dynamic, and species may move from one area to
another over time. Furthermore, we recognize that critical habitat
designated at a particular point in time may not include all of the
habitat areas that we may later determine to be necessary for the
recovery of the species, as additional scientific information may
become available in the future. For these reasons, a critical habitat
designation does not signal that habitat outside the designated area is
unimportant or may not be required for recovery of the species.
The information currently available on the effects of global
climate change and increasing temperatures does not make sufficiently
precise estimates of the location and magnitude of the effects. Nor are
we currently aware of any climate change information specific to the
habitat of any of the species being addressed in this proposed rule
that would indicate what areas may become important to the species in
the future. Therefore, we are unable to determine what additional
areas, if any, may be appropriate to include in the proposed critical
habitat designation for these species; however, we are specifically
requesting information from the public on the currently predicted
effects of climate change on the species addressed in this proposed
rule and their habitat. Furthermore, we recognize that designation of
critical habitat may not include all of the habitat areas we may
eventually determine, based on scientific data not now available to the
Service, that are necessary for the recovery of the species. For these
reasons, a critical habitat designation does not signal that habitat
outside the designated area is unimportant or may not be required for
recovery of the species.
Areas that are important to the conservation of the species, but
are outside the critical habitat designation, will continue to be
subject to conservation actions we implement under section 7(a)(1) of
the Act. These areas are also subject to the regulatory protections
afforded by the section 7(a)(2) jeopardy standard, as determined on the
basis of the best available scientific information at the time of the
agency action. Federally funded or permitted projects affecting listed
species outside their designated critical habitat areas may still
result in jeopardy findings in some cases. Similarly, critical habitat
designations made on the basis of the best available information at the
time of designation will not control the direction and substance of
future recovery plans, habitat conservation plans (HCPs), section 7
consultations, or other species conservation planning efforts if new
information available to these planning efforts calls for a different
outcome.
Prudency Determination for 24 Oahu Species
Section 4(a)(3) of the Act, as amended, and implementing
regulations (50 CFR 424.12) require that, to the maximum extent prudent
and determinable, the Secretary designate critical habitat at the time
a species is determined to be endangered or threatened. Our regulations
at 50 CFR 424.12(a)(1) state that designation of critical habitat is
not prudent when one or both of the following situations exist:
[[Page 46399]]
(1) The species is threatened by taking or other activity, and the
identification of critical habitat can be expected to increase the
degree of threat to the species; or (2) the designation of critical
habitat would not be beneficial to the species.
As we have discussed under the Factor B analysis, there is
currently no documentation that the 23 species proposed for listing are
threatened by taking or other human activity. At the time we listed the
plant Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata as endangered, we found that
designation of critical habitat was not prudent because this plant was
threatened by taking for lei-making, and the publication of critical
habitat descriptions would make this plant more vulnerable (51 FR
10518; March 26, 1986). However, we have examined the best available
information and found no information to indicate that this plant is
currently threatened by overcollection for lei-making, or is otherwise
used for commercial, recreational, scientific, or educational purposes.
Moreover, we have no information to indicate that identification of
critical habitat is expected to initiate such a threat to any of the
species addressed in this proposed rule. Accordingly, this designation
will provide information to individuals, local and State governments,
and other entities engaged in activities or long-range planning in
areas essential to the conservation of these species. Conservation of
these species and their essential habitat will require habitat
management, protection, and restoration, which will be facilitated by
knowledge of habitat locations and the physical or biological features
of the habitat. Other potential benefits include: (1) Triggering
consultation under section 7 of the Act in new areas for actions with a
Federal nexus where it would not otherwise occur; (2) focusing
conservation activities on the most essential features and areas; and
(3) preventing individuals from causing inadvertent harm to the
species. Based on this information, we believe critical habitat would
be beneficial, and have determined the designation of critical habitat
is prudent for each of the species addressed in this proposed rule.
The primary regulatory effect of critical habitat is the section
7(a)(2) requirement that Federal agencies refrain from taking any
action that destroys or adversely modifies critical habitat. We find
that the designation of critical habitat for each of the 23 species
proposed for listing in this proposed rule and the endangered plants
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata and Chamaesyce skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii will benefit them by serving to focus conservation efforts
on the restoration and maintenance of ecosystem functions that are
essential for attaining their recovery and long-term viability. In
addition, the designation of critical habitat serves to inform
management and conservation decisions by identifying any additional
physical or biological features of the ecosystem that may be essential
for the conservation of certain species, such as the availability of
sufficient instream flow for the blackline, crimson, and oceanic
Hawaiian damselflies or specific host plants such as Nestegis
sandwicensis and Sapindus oahuensis for Korthalsella degeneri.
Therefore, because we have determined that the designation of critical
habitat will not likely increase the degree of threat to the species
and may provide some measure of benefit, we find that designation of
critical habitat is prudent for the following 25 species, as critical
habitat would be beneficial and there is no evidence that the
designation of critical habitat would result in an increased threat
from taking or other human activity for these species:
(1) Plants--Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata, Bidens
amplectens, Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. skottsbergii (listed as
Euphorbia skottsbergii var. kaleloana), Cyanea calycina, Cyanea
lanceolata, Cyanea purpurellifolia, Cyrtandra gracilis, Cyrtandra
kaulantha, Cyrtandra sessilis, Cyrtandra waiolani, Doryopteris
takeuchii, Korthalsella degeneri, Melicope christophersenii, Melicope
hiiakae, Melicope makahae, Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta, Platydesma
cornuta var. decurrens, Pleomele forbesii, Psychotria hexandra ssp.
oahuensis, Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Tetraplasandra lydgatei, and
Zanthoxylum oahuense;
(2) Animals--Megalagrion leptodemas, Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum, and Megalagrion oceanicum.
Critical Habitat Determinability
As stated above, section 4(a)(3) of the Act requires the
designation of critical habitat concurrently with the species' listing
``to the maximum extent prudent and determinable.'' Our regulations at
50 CFR 424.12(a)(2) state that critical habitat is not determinable
when one or both of the following situations exist:
(i) Information sufficient to perform required analyses of the
impacts of the designation is lacking, or
(ii) The biological needs of the species are not sufficiently well
known to permit identification of an area as critical habitat.
When critical habitat is not determinable, the Act provides for an
additional year to publish a critical habitat designation (16 U.S.C.
1533(b)(6)(C)(ii)).
At the time we listed the plant Chamaesyce skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii (see ``Proposed Taxonomic Name Changes for 11 Plant
Species Since Listing,'' above) as endangered, we were unable to
identify the biological needs of this species, and therefore were
unable to identify areas essential for its conservation (critical
habitat) (47 FR 36846, August 24, 1982). We reviewed the information
available (since it was listed in 1982) pertaining to the biological
needs of Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. skottsbergii and available
information pertaining to the biological needs of the 23 species
proposed for listing in this proposed rule and habitat characteristics
where these species are located. This and other information represent
the best scientific data available and led us to conclude that the
designation of critical habitat is both prudent and determinable for
these 25 species.
Proposed Critical Habitat Designation for 25 Oahu Species and Proposed
Revision of Critical Habitat for 99 Oahu Plants
In this section, we discuss the proposed designation of critical
habitat for 25 species. This includes 23 species identified in the
above listing proposal and the 2 additional plant species (Achyranthes
splendens var. rotundata and Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. skottsbergii)
that were previously listed without designating critical habitat. This
section also discusses the proposed revision of currently designated
critical habitat for 99 Oahu plant species, based on new information.
This information represents the best scientific and commercial
information available.
Revision of Critical Habitat for 99 Oahu Plants
Under section 4(a)(3)(B)(ii) of the Act we may, as appropriate,
revise a critical habitat designation. In 2003, we designated critical
habitat for 99 Oahu plants on 55,040 ac (22,274 ha) in 303 units based
on their known locations (68 FR 35950). Based on new information and
scientific data available since 2003, we are proposing to revise
critical habitat for these 99 plant species. Approximately 93 percent
of the area being proposed as revised critical habitat in this proposed
rule overlaps with the area designated in the 2003 final critical
habitat rule. In some
[[Page 46400]]
areas, the footprint of the proposed revision is larger than the 2003
designation, to accommodate the expansion of species' ranges within the
particular ecosystem in which they occur (e.g., expansion into
unoccupied habitat). In other areas, we are proposing to reduce
critical habitat, based on updated information on the historic ranges
of certain species. The proposed revision correlates each species'
physical or biological requirements with the characteristics of the
ecosystems within which they occur (e.g., elevation, rainfall, species
associations, etc.), and also includes areas unoccupied by the species
but essential for their conservation. The proposed revision will enable
managers to focus conservation management efforts on common threats
that occur across shared ecosystems and facilitate the restoration of
the ecosystem function and species-specific habitat needs for the
recovery of each of the 99 species. An added benefit includes the
publication of more comprehensive critical habitat unit maps that
should be more useful to the public and conservation managers.
Background for 99 Listed Oahu Plants
It is our intent to discuss only those topics directly relevant to
the proposed designation of critical habitat. For additional
information on these 99 Oahu plants, refer to the final critical
habitat rule for Oahu plants published in the Federal Register on June
17, 2003 (68 FR 35950).
Current Status of Plant Species in this Proposed Rule
Abutilon sandwicense (no common name (NCN)), a member of the mallow
family (Malvaceae), is a perennial shrub endemic to the Waianae
Mountains of Oahu (Bates 1999, pp. 873-875). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, the 30 known occurrences contained an
estimated 253 to 263 individuals (68 FR 35951). This species currently
occurs in the Waianae Mountains in the dry cliff and lowland mesic
ecosystems in 17 to 19 occurrences totaling between 296 and 515
individuals (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata (round-leaved chaff flower), a
shrub in the amaranth family (Amaranthaceae), occurred historically on
Oahu, Lanai, and Molokai. In 1986, at the time of listing, four
occurrences containing approximately 400 individuals were known from
southwestern and western Oahu in the coastal ecosystem at Barbers Point
and Kaena Point, respectively (51 FR 10518, March 26, 1986; HBMP 2008).
Subsequently, three additional occurrences were documented in Keawaula,
Makaha, and Waianae Kai (HBMP 2008). Currently, this species is found
in 8 occurrences in the coastal, lowland dry, and dry cliff ecosystems
totaling approximately 700 individuals (Kane 2004, in litt.; Phillipson
2007, in litt.; HBMP 2008; Silbernagle 2010, in litt.).
Adenophorus periens (pendent kihi fern), a fern in the grammitis
family (Grammitidaceae), occurs on the islands of Hawaii, Molokai, and
Kauai, and was known historically from the Koolau Mountains of Oahu
(Palmer 2003, p. 39). This species is an epiphyte found in the lowland
wet and wet cliff ecosystems (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). The last recorded
observances of this fern on Oahu were in the early 1900s (HBMP 2008).
Alectryon macrococcus (mahoe), a member of the soapberry family
(Sapindaceae), is a tree found on the islands of Kauai, Oahu, Molokai,
and Maui (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,225). This species is known from two
varieties, A. macrococcus var. auwahiensis (Maui) and A. macrococcus
var. macrococcus (Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and Maui). At the time we
designated critical habitat in 2003, A. macrococcus var. macrococcus
was known from 82 occurrences on Oahu containing approximately 300
individuals. Currently, A. macrococcus var. macrococcus is found in the
Waianae Mountains in the dry cliff, lowland mesic, and montane wet
ecosystems, in 15 occurrences totaling between 366 and 371 individuals
(U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). This variety was historically
known from the lowland mesic ecosystem in the Koolau Mountains.
Bonamia menziesii (NCN), a perennial vine in the morning glory
family (Convolvulaceae), is found on Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and
Hawaii (Austin 1999, p. 550). At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, this species was known from 18 occurrences on Oahu
totaling fewer than 100 individuals. Currently, this species is
declining on Oahu, with approximately 12 to 13 occurrences totaling
fewer than 60 individuals, located in both the Waianae and Koolau
Mountains, in the lowland dry, lowland mesic, and dry cliff ecosystems
(U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Cenchrus agrimonioides (kamanomano), a perennial in the grass
family (Poaceae), occurred historically on Oahu, Lanai, and Maui
(O'Connor 1999, pp. 1,511-1,512). This species is known from two
varieties, C. agrimonioides var. agrimonioides (Oahu, Lanai, and Maui)
and C. agrimonioides var. laysanensis (Kure Atoll, Midway Atoll, and
Laysan). Cenchrus agrimonioides var. laysanensis may be extinct. At the
time we designated critical habitat in 2003, C. agrimonioides var.
agrimonioides was known from 7 occurrences in the Waianae Mountains on
Oahu, containing between 113 and 118 individuals. This variety is
currently found on Oahu and Maui, and has been outplanted on Kahoolawe
(USFWS 2007a; 2007b). On Oahu, 3 to 6 occurrences totaling
approximately 300 wild individuals are found in the lowland mesic and
dry cliff ecosystems in the Waianae Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC
2007; USFWS 2007a; 2007b).
Centaurium sebaeoides (awiwi), an annual herb in the gentian family
(Gentianaceae), is known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and west
Maui (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 725). At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, this species was known from 2 occurrences in the
Waianae and Koolau Mountains, totaling between 60 and 80 individuals.
Currently, C. sebaeoides occurs on Oahu in the coastal ecosystem at
Kaena Point and Halona (Waianae and Koolau Mountains), in 2 occurrences
totaling between 40 and 50 individuals (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana (akoko), a shrub in the spurge
family (Euphorbiaceae), is endemic to Oahu (Koutnik 1999, pp. 605-606).
At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, this species was
known from 15 occurrences containing 569 individuals. Historically
known from both the Waianae and Koolau Mountains, C. celastroides var.
kaenana is currently found in the coastal, lowland dry, and lowland
mesic ecosystems only in the Waianae Mountains, in 8 occurrences
totaling more than 900 individuals (Makua Implementation Team 2003, pp.
16-32--16-38; U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Chamaesyce deppeana (akoko), a perennial subshrub in the spurge
family (Euphorbiaceae), is endemic to the Koolau Mountains of Oahu
(Koutnik 1999, p. 607). At the time we designated critical habitat in
2003, this species was known from one occurrence of approximately 50
individuals. Currently, the same occurrence in the wet cliff ecosystem
in the Koolau Mountains is estimated to contain as many as 100
individuals (J. Lau, HBMP, pers. comm. 2006; S. Perlman, NTBG, pers.
comm. 2006; TNC 2007).
Chamaesyce herbstii (akoko), a small tree in the spurge family
(Euphorbiaceae), is endemic to the Waianae Mountains of Oahu (Koutnik
[[Page 46401]]
1999, p. 609). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, this
species was known from 4 occurrences totaling between 162 and 164
individuals. Chamaesyce herbstii is declining in numbers, and is
currently found in the lowland mesic and dry cliff ecosystems in the
Waianae Mountains, in 2 occurrences totaling fewer than 60 individuals
(Makua Implementation Team 2003, pp. 16-39--16-44; U.S. Army 2006; TNC
2007; HBMP 2008).
Chamaesyce kuwaleana (akoko), a shrub in the spurge family
(Euphorbiaceae), is endemic to Oahu. At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, this species was known from 5 occurrences containing
approximately 2,000 individuals in the Waianae Mountains, with one
individual known from Mokumanu, an islet off the windward coast of the
Koolau Mountains (Koutnik 1999, p. 611). Chamaesyce kuwaleana was found
historically in the coastal and dry cliff ecosystems, but is currently
found only in the dry cliff ecosystem in the Waianae Mountains in 2
occurrences of approximately 1,200 individuals (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Chamaesyce rockii (akoko), a shrub or small tree in the spurge
family (Euphorbiaceae), is endemic to the Koolau Mountains of Oahu
(Koutnik 1999, p. 614). At the time we designated critical habitat in
2003, this species was known from 20 occurrences containing between 641
and 733 individuals. Currently, this species is found in 6 occurrences
in the lowland wet and wet cliff ecosystems in the Koolau Mountains,
totaling between 576 and 710 individuals (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008).
Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. skottsbergii (formerly Chamaesyce
skottsbergii var. kalaeloana) (Ewa Plains akoko), a small shrub in the
spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), is endemic to Oahu. Historically, this
species was only known from the Ewa Plains on southwestern Oahu in the
vicinity of Barbers Point (also known as Kalaeloa). The precise natural
range of this taxon was unknown, but probably did not go beyond the
coralline plains of southwestern Oahu (47 FR 36846, August 24, 1982).
In 1982, at the time of listing, this species was known from 4
occurrences containing approximately 1,000 to 1,500 individuals (Char
and Balakrishnan 1979, p. 67; HBMP 2008). Currently, this species is
found in 2 occurrences in coral outcrops in the lowland dry ecosystem
on the Ewa Plain in southwestern Oahu, totaling approximately 1,524
individuals (Guinther and Withrow 2008, pp. 6, 9-10, Whistler 2008, pp.
7-9).
Colubrina oppositifolia (kauila), a tree in the buckthorn family
(Rhamnaceae), is known from Oahu, Maui, and the island of Hawaii
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,094). At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, this species was found in 5 occurrences in the Waianae
Mountains containing 61 individuals. Currently, on Oahu, Colubrina
oppositifolia is found in the lowland mesic ecosystem in the Waianae
Mountains, in 4 occurrences totaling approximately 50 individuals (U.S.
Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Ctenitis squamigera (pauoa), a medium to large-sized fern in the
spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae), is found on all the major islands
except Hawaii. It is possibly now extinct on Kauai (Palmer 2003, pp.
100-102). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, there
were 8 known occurrences with more than 80 individuals in the Waianae
and Koolau Mountains of Oahu. Currently there are 4 occurrences
totaling approximately 100 individuals, in the lowland mesic ecosystem
in the Waianae Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Cyanea acuminata (haha), a shrub in the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), is endemic to the Koolau Mountains of Oahu (Lammers
1999, p. 444). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003,
there were fewer than 200 individuals in 20 occurrences. Currently,
there are 15 occurrences totaling between 149 and 175 individuals in
the lowland mesic, lowland wet, montane wet, and wet cliff ecosystems
in the Koolau Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Cyanea crispa (NCN), a shrub in the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), is endemic to the Koolau Mountains of Oahu (Lammers
1999, p. 481-482; Wagner and Herbst 1999, p. 1,870). At the time we
designated critical habitat in 2003, there were 11 occurrences
containing a total of 56 individuals. Currently, this species is found
in 7 occurrences, totaling 56 individuals, in the lowland mesic,
lowland wet, and wet cliff ecosystems in the Koolau Mountains (U.S.
Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana (haha), a shrub in the bellflower
family (Campanulaceae), is found on Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Oahu
(Lammers 1999, pp. 451-452). At the time we designated critical habitat
in 2003, there were seven occurrences totaling nine individuals in the
Waianae and Koolau Mountains. Currently, there are five to six
individuals in four occurrences in the lowland mesic and lowland wet
ecosystems in the Waianae and Koolau Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC
2007; HBMP 2008).
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae (haha), a shrub in the bellflower
family (Campanulaceae), is endemic to the Waianae Mountains of Oahu
(Lammers 1999, pp. 451-452). At the time we designated critical habitat
in 2003, there were 8 occurrences containing 16 individuals. Currently,
there are 8 occurrences totaling 41 individuals in the dry cliff,
lowland mesic, and lowland wet ecosystems in the Waianae Mountains
(U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Cyanea humboldtiana (haha), a shrub in the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), is endemic to the Koolau Mountains of Oahu (Lammers
1999, p. 483; Wagner and Herbst 1999, p. 1,870). At the time we
designated critical habitat in 2003, there were 9 occurrences totaling
between 133 and 239 individuals. Currently, this species occurs in 9
occurrences totaling between 160 to 260 individuals in the lowland wet
and wet cliff ecosystems in the Koolau Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC
2007; HBMP 2008).
Cyanea koolauensis (haha), a shrub in the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), is endemic to the Koolau Mountains of Oahu (Lammers
1999, p. 481; Wagner and Herbst 1999, p. 1,870). At the time we
designated critical habitat in 2003, there were 42 occurrences with
fewer than 80 individuals. Currently, this species is found in 15
occurrences with approximately 100 individuals in the lowland wet
ecosystem in the Koolau Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Cyanea longiflora (haha), a shrub in the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), occurs in the Waianae Mountains, and was historically
known from the Koolau Mountains of Oahu (Lammers 1999, p. 484; Wagner
and Herbst 1999, p. 1,870). At the time we designated critical habitat
in 2003, there were 4 occurrences of fewer than 220 individuals in the
Waianae Mountains. Currently, there are 4 occurrences totaling fewer
than 170 individuals in the lowland mesic ecosystem in the Waianae
Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Cyanea pinnatifida (haha), a shrub in the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), is endemic to the Waianae Mountains of Oahu (Lammers
1999, p. 459). The last known wild individual died in 2001, although
the species remains in cultivation, and 70 individuals have been
outplanted within historical range in the lowland mesic ecosystem in
the Waianae Mountains (TNC 2006h, p. 6).
[[Page 46402]]
Cyanea st.-johnii (haha), a shrub in the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), is endemic to the Koolau Mountains of Oahu (Lammers
1999, p. 484; Wagner and Herbst 1999, p. 1,871). At the time we
designated critical habitat in 2003, there were 7 occurrences
containing 57 individuals. Currently, 6 occurrences are found in the
lowland wet and wet cliff ecosystems, with approximately 70
individuals, in the Koolau Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Cyanea superba (NCN), a palm-like tree in the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), is endemic to the lowland mesic ecosystem of the
Waianae Mountains of Oahu (Lammers 1999, p. 465). This species is known
from two subspecies, Cyanea superba ssp. regina (southern Koolau
Mountains) and Cyanea superba ssp. superba (northern Waianae
Mountains). The last known wild individual of Cyanea superba ssp.
superba died in 2002; however, propagules are in cultivation and more
than 400 individuals have been outplanted over the past 10 years in the
Waianae Mountains. Currently a total of at least 200 mature outplanted
individuals of Cyanea superba ssp. superba survive (TNC 2007; HBMP
2008). Cyanea superba ssp. regina has not been observed since the
1930's (Lammers 1999, p. 465).
Cyanea truncata (haha), a shrub in the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), is endemic to the Koolau Mountains of Oahu, in the
lowland mesic, lowland wet, and wet cliff ecosystems (Lammers 1999, p.
466). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, there were
only two known individuals in the lowland mesic ecosystem in the Koolau
Mountains. Currently, these individuals survive along with outplanted
occurrences totaling 14 individuals (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Cyperus pennatiformis (formerly Mariscus pennatiformis) (NCN), a
perennial in the sedge family (Cyperaceae), was found on Kauai, Oahu,
east Maui, the island of Hawaii, and Laysan Island in the Northwestern
Hawaiian Islands. This species is known from two varieties, C.
pennatiformis var. bryanii (Laysan Island) and C. pennatiformis var.
pennatiformis (Kauai, Oahu, east Maui, and Hawaii Island) (Koyama 1999,
pp. 1,421-1,422; Wagner and Herbst 1999, p. 1,900). The last known
individual of C. pennatiformis var. pennatiformis on Oahu was observed
in the 1930s, in the lowland mesic ecosystem in the Waianae Mountains
(TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Cyperus trachysanthos (puukaa), a perennial in the sedge family
(Cyperaceae), was known from Niihau, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and Lanai;
and is currently extant on Niihau, Kauai, and Oahu (Koyama 1999, p.
1,399). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, there were
6 occurrences totaling 40 individuals on Oahu. Currently, there are 3
occurrences totaling approximately 400 individuals in seasonal wetlands
in the coastal and lowland dry ecosystems in both the Waianae and
Koolau Mountains (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Cyrtandra dentata (haiwale), a shrub in the African violet family
(Gesneriaceae), is endemic to Oahu, and is known from both the Waianae
and Koolau Mountains (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 753). At the time we
designated critical habitat in 2003, there were 11 known occurrences
totaling 136 individuals. Currently, due to an increase in survey
efforts over the last 6 years in potentially suitable habitat for this
species, there are 6 occurrences totaling approximately 1,640
individuals in the lowland mesic and lowland wet ecosystems of both
mountain ranges, and in the dry cliff ecosystem in the Waianae
Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Cyrtandra polyantha (haiwale), a shrub in the African violet family
(Gesneriaceae), is endemic to the Koolau Mountains of Oahu (Wagner et
al. 1999, pp. 774-775). At the time we designated critical habitat in
2003, there was one known occurrence of three individuals. Currently,
there are two occurrences of seven to nine individuals in the lowland
mesic and lowland wet ecosystems in the Koolau Mountains (U.S. Army
2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Cyrtandra subumbellata (haiwale), a shrub in the African violet
family (Gesneriaceae), is endemic to the Koolau Mountains of Oahu
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 779). At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, there were 5 occurrences totaling 12 individuals.
Currently, there are 3 occurrences totaling a little more than 100
individuals in the lowland wet and wet cliff ecosystems in the Koolau
Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Cyrtandra viridiflora (haiwale), a small shrub in the African
violet family (Gesneriaceae), is endemic to the Koolau Mountains of
Oahu (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 780). At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, there were 23 occurrences totaling 52 individuals.
Currently, there are 5 occurrences totaling 75 individuals in the
lowland wet and wet cliff ecosystems in the Koolau Mountains (U.S. Army
2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Delissea subcordata (oha), a shrub in the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), is found in the Waianae and Koolau Mountains of Oahu
(Lammers 1999, p. 471). At the time we designated critical habitat in
2003, this species was known from 21 occurrences containing fewer than
70 individuals, in the Waianae Mountains. Currently, there are 9
occurrences totaling between 28 and 40 individuals in the lowland mesic
ecosystem in the Waianae Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Diellia erecta (asplenium-leaved diellia), a fern in the spleenwort
family (Aspleniaceae), occurs on Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii
(Palmer 2003, p. 117). At the time we designated critical habitat in
2003, this species was known from Kauai, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii, but
there was only 1 known occurrence of 20 individuals on Oahu. This
occurrence on Oahu persists, with approximately 20 to 30 individuals,
in the lowland mesic ecosystem of the Koolau Mountains (TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Diellia falcata (NCN), a fern in the spleenwort family
(Aspleniaceae), is endemic to the Waianae and Koolau Mountains of Oahu
(Palmer 2003, p. 119). At the time we designated critical habitat in
2003, this species was found in 30 occurrences totaling fewer than
6,000 individuals in the Waianae Mountains. Currently, D. falcata is
found in 13 occurrences (totaling between 4,000 and 7,000 individuals)
in the lowland mesic and dry cliff ecosystems in the Waianae Mountains
(U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Diellia unisora (NCN), a fern in the spleenwort family
(Aspleniaceae), is endemic to the Waianae Mountains of Oahu (Palmer
2003, p. 122). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, this
species was known from 4 occurrences containing fewer than 800
individuals. Currently, D. unisora is known from 4 occurrences totaling
approximately 700 individuals in the lowland mesic and dry cliff
ecosystems in the Waianae Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Diplazium molokaiense (NCN), a fern in the spleenwort family
(Aspleniaceae), was known from all the major islands except Hawaii
(Wagner and Wagner 1992, p. 33; Palmer 2003, p. 125). At the time we
designated critical habitat in 2003, this species had not been
documented on Oahu since 1945, and was present only at one site on east
Maui. On Oahu, this species was known from the lowland mesic and
lowland
[[Page 46403]]
wet ecosystems in the Waianae Mountains (Wood 2006, p. 32; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008).
Dubautia herbstobatae (naenae), a shrub in the sunflower family
(Asteraceae), is endemic to the Waianae Mountains of Oahu (Carr 1999,
pp. 297-298). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, this
species was known from 12 occurrences totaling fewer than 100
individuals. Currently, D. herbstobatae is found in 2 occurrences
totaling over 2,000 individuals in the lowland mesic and dry cliff
ecosystems in the Waianae Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008). The increase in the number of individuals is possibly due to the
recent removal of feral goats from surrounding areas through fencing
and eradication efforts (Makua Implementation Team 2003, pp. 2-98--2-
104).
Eragrostis fosbergii (Fosberg's lovegrass), a perennial in the
grass family (Poaceae), is endemic to the Waianae Mountains of Oahu
(O'Connor 1999, pp. 1,541-1,542). At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, there were only four occurrences known, each of a
single individual. Currently, these individuals remain, with no reports
of regeneration, in the lowland mesic and dry cliff ecosystems in the
Waianae Mountains (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Eugenia koolauensis (nioi), a small tree or shrub in the myrtle
family (Myrtaceae), is known from Oahu and Molokai (Wagner et al. 1999,
p. 960). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, there were
12 occurrences totaling fewer than 70 individuals in the Waianae and
Koolau Mountains of Oahu. Currently, this species is found in the
lowland mesic ecosystem in the Waianae Mountains (2 occurrences) and in
the Koolau Mountains (11 occurrences), totaling approximately 500
mature individuals (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). These
individuals are currently threatened by Puccinia psidii, a rust fungus
that infests plants in the Myrtaceae family (Loope and LaRosa 2007, p.
1).
Euphorbia haeleeleana (akoko), a small tree in the spurge family
(Euphorbiaceae), is known from Kauai and Oahu (Koutnik and Huft 1999,
p. 619). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, this
species was known from 8 occurrences of approximately 134 individuals,
in the Waianae Mountains of Oahu. Currently, there are 6 occurrences
totaling 65 individuals in the lowland dry and lowland mesic ecosystems
in the Waianae Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Flueggea neowawraea (mehamehame), a tree in the spurge family,
(Euphorbiaceae) is known from Oahu, Kauai, Maui, and the island of
Hawaii, and was possibly historically found on Molokai (Wagner et al.
1999, pp. 620-621). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003,
this species was found in the Waianae Mountains of Oahu, in 23
occurrences with a total of 31 individuals. Currently, there are 18
occurrences totaling 36 individuals in the lowland mesic and dry cliff
ecosystems in the Waianae Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Gardenia mannii (nanu), a tree in the coffee family (Rubiaceae), is
endemic to Oahu (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,133). At the time we
designated critical habitat in 2003, there were 49 occurrences in both
the Waianae and Koolau Mountains, totaling between 69 and 80
individuals. Currently, 18 occurrences are known (totaling 108 to 110
individuals) in the lowland mesic and lowland wet ecosystems in both
mountain ranges (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Gouania meyenii (NCN), a shrub in the buckthorn family
(Rhamnaceae), is known from Oahu and Kauai (Wagner et al. 1999, pp.
1,095-1,096; NTBG Provenance Report, in litt. 1994, 2 pp.). On Oahu,
this species was historically found in the lowland dry and lowland
mesic ecosystems of the Waianae Mountains, and the lowland dry
ecosystem at Diamond Head (HBMP 2008). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, the 4 known occurrences in the Waianae
Mountains contained 63 individuals. Currently, this species is found in
3 occurrences totaling fewer than 70 individuals in the dry cliff
ecosystem in the Waianae Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Gouania vitifolia (NCN), a climbing shrub in the buckthorn family
(Rhamnaceae), is known from Oahu, west Maui, and the island of Hawaii
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,097). This species is endemic to the Waianae
Mountains (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,097), and was thought to be
extirpated from Oahu in the 1990s. However, at the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, G. vitifolia was found in 2 occurrences
totaling 44 individuals in the Waianae Mountains. Currently, there are
2 occurrences totaling 58 to 64 individuals, within the lowland dry,
lowland wet, and dry cliff ecosystems in the Waianae Mountains (HBMP
2008). This species was also historically known from the lowland mesic
ecosystem in the Waianae Mountains (HBMP 2008).
Hesperomannia arborescens (NCN), a small tree in the sunflower
family (Asteraceae), is found on Maui, Molokai, and the Koolau
Mountains of Oahu, and was historically found on Lanai (Wagner et al.
1999, p. 325). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003,
there were 36 occurrences containing between 86 and 93 individuals on
Oahu. Currently, there are 19 occurrences totaling approximately 130
individuals in the lowland mesic and lowland wet ecosystems in the
Koolau Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Hesperomannia arbuscula (NCN), a small tree or shrub in the
sunflower family (Asteraceae), is found on Oahu and Maui (Wagner et al.
1999, p. 325). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003,
there were 6 occurrences containing between 90 and 92 individuals in
the Waianae Mountains of Oahu. Currently, there are 5 occurrences
totaling 14 individuals in the lowland mesic and lowland wet ecosystems
in the Waianae Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Hibiscus brackenridgei (mao hau hele), a shrub in the mallow family
(Malvaceae), includes 3 subspecies and is known from Kauai, Oahu,
Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii (Bates 1999, p. 883-
884). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, H.
brackenridgei ssp. brackenridgei was known from Molokai, Lanai, Maui,
and Hawaii. Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. mokuleianus was known from Oahu
and Kauai. On Oahu, there were fewer than 206 individuals in 5
occurrences in the Waianae Mountains. Also at that time, H.
brackenridgei ssp. molokaiana was known from one occurrence of five
individuals in the Waianae Mountains. Currently, H. brackenridgei ssp.
mokuleianus is known from 7 occurrences totaling between 47 and 50
individuals in the lowland dry and lowland mesic ecosystems in the
Waianae Mountains (HBMP 2008; TNC 2007; U.S. Army 2006). Hibiscus
brackenridgei ssp. molokaiana is known from 1 occurrence of 32
individuals in the lowland dry and lowland mesic ecosystems in the
Waianae Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Huperzia nutans (formerly Phlegmariurus nutans) (wawaeiole), a fern
ally in the hanging fir-moss family (Lycopodiaceae), is known from
Kauai and Oahu (Palmer 2003, p. 257). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, there were 3 occurrences containing 7
individuals in the Koolau Mountains of Oahu. Currently, there are 2
occurrences totaling between 10 to 15 individuals in the lowland wet
and wet cliff ecosystems in the Koolau
[[Page 46404]]
Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Isodendrion laurifolium (aupaka), a shrub in the violet family
(Violaceae), is known from Kauai and Oahu (Wagner et al. 1999, p.
1,329). This species was historically known from both the Koolau and
Waianae Mountains in the lowland mesic ecosystem (HBMP 2008). At the
time we designated critical habitat in 2003, there were 5 occurrences
totaling between 22 and 23 individuals in the Waianae Mountains of
Oahu. Currently, there are 5 known occurrences totaling between 24 and
64 individuals in the dry cliff ecosystem in the Waianae Mountains
(U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Isodendrion longifolium (aupaka), a shrub in the violet family
(Violaceae), is known from Kauai and Oahu (Wagner et al. 1999, pp.
1,329-1,331). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, this
species was known from 7 occurrences totaling 30 individuals in the
Waianae and Koolau Mountains of Oahu. Currently, there are 4
occurrences of I. longifolium totaling between 32 and 36 individuals in
the lowland mesic and lowland wet ecosystems in the Waianae and Koolau
Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Isodendrion pyrifolium (wahine noho kula), a shrub in the violet
family (Violaceae), is known from Oahu, Maui, Hawaii, Niihau, Molokai,
and Lanai (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,331). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, this species was no longer extant on Oahu.
Currently, there are no known occurrences on Oahu; however, I.
pyrifolium was documented in the lowland dry and dry cliff ecosystems
in the Waianae Mountains (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Kadua coriacea (formerly Hedyotis coriacea) (kioele), a shrub in
the coffee family (Rubiaceae), is known from Oahu, Maui, and the island
of Hawaii (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,141). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, this species was known only from historical
occurrences on Oahu. Currently, there are no known occurrences on Oahu;
however, K. coriacea is historic to the lowland mesic ecosystem in the
Waianae and Koolau Mountains (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Kadua degeneri (formerly Hedyotis degeneri) (NCN), a shrub in the
coffee family (Rubiaceae), is endemic to the Waianae Mountains of Oahu
(Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 1,141-1,142). Two varieties have been
recognized. Kadua degeneri var. coprosmifolia occurred in the lowland
mesic ecosystem until the late 1980s; however, this occurrence may no
longer be extant (T. Motley, pers. comm. 2006; HBMP 2008). Kadua
degeneri var. degeneri was known from 4 occurrences, totaling 60
individuals at the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, and
currently there are 4 to 5 occurrences totaling between 280 and 370
individuals, in the lowland mesic and dry cliff ecosystems in the
Waianae Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Kadua parvula (formerly Hedyotis parvula) (NCN), a small shrub in
the coffee family (Rubiaceae), is endemic to the Waianae Mountains of
Oahu (Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 1,149-1,150). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, this species was known from 7 occurrences
totaling between 116 and 131 individuals. Currently, K. parvula is
found in 2 occurrences totaling approximately 240 individuals, in the
lowland mesic and dry cliff ecosystems in the Waianae Mountains (U.S.
Army 2003, pp. 16-91--16-95; U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; U.S.
Army 2008, p. 2-45).
Labordia cyrtandrae (kamakahala), a shrub in the logania family
(Loganiaceae), is endemic to the Waianae and Koolau Mountains of Oahu
(Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 854-855). At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, L. cyrtandrae was known from the Waianae Mountains, in
10 occurrences containing 20 individuals. Currently, due to an increase
in survey efforts over the last 6 years in potentially suitable habitat
for this species, there are 3 occurrences totaling 44 individuals in
the lowland mesic, lowland wet, montane wet, and wet cliff ecosystems
in the Waianae Mountains; and one individual in the lowland wet
ecosystem in the Koolau Mountains, with historical occurrences in the
lowland mesic and wet cliff ecosystems of the Koolau Mountains (U.S.
Army 2006a; U.S. Army 2006b, pp. 3-2-13--3-2-17; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Lepidium arbuscula (anaunau), a shrub in the mustard family
(Brassicaceae), is endemic to the Waianae Mountains of Oahu (Wagner et
al. 1999, p. 406). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003,
there were 10 occurrences totaling approximately 1,000 individuals.
Currently, there are 9 occurrences totaling fewer than 900 individuals
in the dry cliff ecosystem in the Waianae Mountains (U.S. Army 2006;
TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla (nehe), a perennial herb in the
sunflower family (Asteraceae), is endemic to the Waianae Mountains of
Oahu (Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 337-338). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, this species was known from 4 occurrences
totaling 147 individuals. Currently, there are 4 occurrences of
approximately 150 individuals in the dry cliff ecosystem in the Waianae
Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis (NCN), a shrub in the
bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is endemic to the Koolau Mountains
of Oahu (Lammers 1999, p. 476). At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, there were 5 occurrences totaling fewer than 270
individuals. Currently, this species is known from 2 occurrences
totaling approximately 280 individuals in bogs in the lowland wet
ecosystem in the Koolau Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Lobelia monostachya (NCN), a shrub in the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), is endemic to the Koolau Mountains of Oahu (Lammers
1999, p. 478). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, L.
monostachya was known from one occurrence of three individuals.
Currently, there are two occurrences (eight individuals) in the lowland
mesic ecosystem in the Koolau Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; Oahu PEP
Program 2007, p. 33; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Lobelia niihauensis (NCN), a shrub in the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), is known from Oahu, Kauai, and Niihau (Lammers 1999,
pp. 478-479). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, there
were 40 occurrences containing between 362 and 397 individuals in the
Waianae Mountains of Oahu. Currently, there are 14 occurrences totaling
approximately 400 individuals in the lowland mesic and dry cliff
ecosystems in the Waianae Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Lobelia oahuensis (NCN), a shrub in the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), is endemic to the Waianae and Koolau Mountains of Oahu
(Lammers 1999, p. 479). At the time we designated critical habitat in
2003, this species was known from 12 occurrences totaling 42
individuals. Currently, L. oahuensis is found in 7 occurrences totaling
41 individuals in the lowland wet, montane wet, and wet cliff
ecosystems in the Waianae Mountains; and in the lowland wet and wet
cliff ecosystems in the Koolau Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008).
Lysimachia filifolia (NCN), a small shrub in the primrose family
(Primulaceae; Wagner and Herbst 2003, p. 67), is found on Kauai and
Oahu (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,080). At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, this species was known from 1 occurrence containing 50
individuals in the Koolau Mountains of Oahu.
[[Page 46405]]
Currently, L. filifolia is found in 2 to 3 occurrences totaling between
50 and 160 individuals in the wet cliff ecosystem in the Koolau
Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Marsilea villosa (ihi ihi), a fern in the water clover fern family
(Marsiliaceae), is known from Niihau, Molokai, and Oahu (Palmer 2003,
pp. 180-182). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, this
species was known from five occurrences of an unknown number of
individuals on Oahu. Currently, M. villosa is found in five to six
occurrences of an unknown number of individuals in seasonal wetlands of
the coastal and lowland dry ecosystems in the Waianae and Koolau
Mountains (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; M. Chau, University of Hawaii, pers.
comm. 2009).
Melanthera tenuifolia (formerly Lipochaeta tenuifolia) (nehe), a
perennial herb in the sunflower family (Asteraceae), is endemic to the
Waianae Mountains of Oahu (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 343). At the time we
designated critical habitat in 2003, this species was known from 41
occurrences containing between 759 and 1,174 individuals. Currently, M.
tenuifolia is found in 11 occurrences totaling as many as 4,000
individuals in the lowland dry, lowland mesic, and dry cliff ecosystems
in the Waianae Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Melicope lydgatei (alani), a small shrub in the rue family
(Rutaceae), is endemic to the Koolau Mountains of Oahu (Stone et al.
1999, p. 1,193). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003,
this species was known from 18 occurrences containing an unknown number
of individuals. Currently, M. lydgatei is found in 5 occurrences
totaling 26 individuals in the lowland mesic and lowland wet ecosystems
in the Koolau Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Melicope pallida (alani), a tree in the rue family (Rutaceae), is
known from Kauai and Oahu (Stone et al. 1999, pp. 1,198-1,199). At the
time we designated critical habitat in 2003, this species was known
from one individual in the Waianae Mountains of Oahu. Currently, one
individual is found in the lowland mesic ecosystem in the Waianae
Mountains (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Melicope saint-johnii (alani), a tree in the rue family (Rutaceae),
is endemic to the Waianae and Koolau Mountains of Oahu (Stone et al.
1999, pp. 1,203-1,204). At the time we designated critical habitat in
2003, there were no individuals in the Koolau Mountains, and 6
occurrences totaling fewer than 170 individuals in the Waianae
Mountains. Currently, M. saint-johnii is found in the lowland mesic and
dry cliff ecosystems of the Waianae Mountains, in 2 occurrences
totaling as many as 162 individuals (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Historically, this species also occurred in the lowland mesic ecosystem
in the Koolau Mountains.
Myrsine juddii (kolea), a shrub in the myrsine family
(Myrsinaceae), is endemic to the Koolau Mountains of Oahu (Wagner et
al. 1999, pp. 940-941). At the time we designated critical habitat in
2003, this species was known from 3 occurrences with an estimated 5,000
individuals. Currently, there is a single wide-ranging occurrence,
estimated to contain 3,000 individuals, in the lowland wet ecosystem in
the Koolau Mountains (U.S. Army 2005, p. 16-123; HBMP 2008).
Neraudia angulata (NCN), a shrub in the nettle family (Urticaceae),
is endemic to the Waianae Mountains of Oahu (Wagner et al. 1999, pp.
1,302-1,303). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, the
two recognized varieties, N. angulata var. angulata and N. angulata
var. dentata, were found in 27 occurrences totaling 51 individuals.
Currently, there are 4 occurrences (106 individuals) considered to be
N. angulata var. angulata, and 2 occurrences (3 individuals) considered
to be N. angulata var. dentata. Intermediate forms of the two varieties
are found in 2 occurrences totaling over 100 individuals. The six
occurrences are found in the lowland dry, lowland mesic, and dry cliff
ecosystems in the Waianae Mountains. The numbers of individuals in each
occurrence vary widely from year to year (U.S. Army 2003, pp. 16-116--
16-119; U.S. Army 2006, pp. 3-1-129--3-1-139; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Nototrichium humile (kului), a shrub in the amaranth family
(Amaranthaceae), is known from Oahu and east Maui (Wagner et al. 1999,
pp. 193-194). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, there
were 25 occurrences containing between 775 and 995 individuals in the
Waianae Mountains of Oahu. Currently, there are 12 occurrences totaling
over 1,000 individuals in the lowland dry, lowland mesic, and dry cliff
ecosystems in the Waianae Mountains (U.S. Army 2006a; U.S. Army 2006b,
pp. 3-1-140--3-1-146; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Peucedanum sandwicense (makou), a perennial herb in the parsley
family (Apiaceae), is known from Kauai, Molokai, Maui, and Oahu
(Constance and Affolter 1999, p. 208; HBMP 2008). At the time we
designated critical habitat in 2003, this species was found in 4
occurrences containing 51 individuals in the Waianae Mountains of Oahu.
Currently, there are 2 occurrences totaling 61 individuals in the dry
cliff ecosystem in the Waianae Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008).
Phyllostegia hirsuta (NCN), a subshrub or vine in the mint family
(Lamiaceae), is endemic to the Waianae and Koolau Mountains of Oahu
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 817). At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, this species was known from 26 occurrences totaling
between 214 and 227 individuals in the Waianae and Koolau Mountains.
Currently, there are 9 occurrences totaling approximately 160
individuals in the lowland mesic, lowland wet, and wet cliff ecosystems
in both the Waianae and Koolau Mountains; and in the montane wet
ecosystem in the Waianae Mountains (U.S. Army 2006a; U.S. Army 2006b,
pp. 3-2-24--3-2-28; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Phyllostegia kaalaensis (NCN), an herb in the mint family
(Lamiaceae), is endemic to the Waianae Mountains of Oahu (Wagner 1999,
p. 270). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, this
species was known from 7 occurrences containing fewer than 45
individuals. All of those occurrences (in the lowland mesic and dry
cliff ecosystems in the Waianae Mountains) have since then been
extirpated. However, there are 14 individuals outplanted in 4 locations
in the Waianae Mountains (U.S. Army 2006, pp. 3-1-147--3-1-152).
Phyllostegia mollis (NCN), a perennial herb in the mint family
(Lamiaceae), is known from Molokai, Maui, and Oahu (Wagner et al. 1999,
p. 821). This species was historically known from both the Koolau and
Waianae Mountains. At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003,
this species was found in 5 occurrences totaling between 85 and 105
individuals only in the Waianae Mountains of Oahu. Currently, P. mollis
is known from 6 occurrences totaling between 42 and 92 individuals in
the lowland mesic and lowland wet ecosystems in the Waianae Mountains
(U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Phyllostegia parviflora (NCN), a perennial herb in the mint family
(Lamiaceae), is known from Oahu, Maui, and the island of Hawaii (Wagner
et al. 1999, pp. 821-822; Wagner 1999, p. 273). There are three
recognized varieties: Phyllostegia parviflora var. glabriuscula is
known only from the island of Hawaii; P. parviflora var. parviflora is
found on Maui and the Koolau Mountains of Oahu; P.
[[Page 46406]]
parviflora var. lydgatei is known from Oahu's Waianae Mountains. At the
time we designated critical habitat in 2003, P. parviflora var.
parviflora was known from 30 individuals in 1 occurrence in the Koolau
Mountains, and P. parviflora var. lydgatei was known from 4 individuals
in the lowland mesic ecosystem in the Waianae Mountains. Currently, all
four wild individuals of P. parviflora var. lydgatei in the Waianae
Mountains are extirpated; however, 100 individuals have been outplanted
(TNC 1997, p. A-10; D. Sailer, TNC, in litt. 2006). Phyllostegia
parviflora var. parviflora is known from approximately 100 individuals
in the lowland wet and wet cliff ecosystems in the Koolau Mountains,
and from historic occurrences in the lowland mesic ecosystem in the
Koolau Mountains (NTBG 2007; HBMP 2008).
Plantago princeps (laukahi kuahiwi), a small shrub or perennial
herb in the plantain family (Plantaginaceae), is known from Kauai,
Oahu, Maui, and Molokai, and occurred historically on the island of
Hawaii. Plantago princeps is subdivided into four varieties: P.
princeps var. anomala (Kauai), P. princeps var. laxifolia (Molokai,
Maui, Hawaii), P. princeps var. longibracteata (Kauai and Oahu), and P.
princeps var. princeps (Oahu). At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, P. princeps var. longibracteata, known from the
lowland wet ecosystem, was no longer extant on Oahu (TNC 2007; HBMP
2008). Plantago princeps var. princeps was known from 11 occurrences
containing between 130 and 180 individuals. Currently, only P. princeps
var. princeps is extant on Oahu, in 7 occurrences totaling between 159
and 232 individuals, in the lowland mesic, lowland wet, and dry cliff
ecosystems in the Waianae Mountains, and in the lowland wet and wet
cliff ecosystems in the Koolau Mountains. This taxon historically also
occurred in the lowland mesic ecosystem in the Koolau Mountains (TNC
2007; HBMP 2008).
Platanthera holochila (NCN), an herb in the orchid family
(Orchidaceae), is known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and Maui (Wagner et
al. 1999, p. 1,474). This species was last collected on Oahu in 1938,
in bog hummocks in the lowland wet ecosystem in the Koolau Mountains
(TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Pteris lidgatei (NCN), a terrestrial fern in the maidenhair fern
family (Adiantaceae), is known from Maui, Molokai, and Oahu (Wagner
1949, p. 445; Palmer 2003, pp. 227-229). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, this species was found in 9 occurrences
totaling 13 individuals in the Koolau Mountains of Oahu. Currently,
there are 5 occurrences totaling between 17 and 24 individuals in the
lowland wet ecosystem in the Koolau Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC
2007; HBMP 2008).
Sanicula mariversa (NCN), a perennial herb in the parsley family
(Apiaceae), is endemic to the Waianae Mountains of Oahu (Constance and
Affolter, pp. 209-210). At the time we designated critical habitat in
2003, this species was known from 4 occurrences containing
approximately 170 individuals. Currently, S. mariversa is found in 2
occurrences totaling as many as 188 individuals in the lowland mesic
and dry cliff ecosystems in the Waianae Mountains (U.S. Army 2006a;
U.S. Army 2006b, pp. 3-1-169--3-1-174; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Sanicula purpurea (NCN), a stout perennial herb in the parsley
family (Apiaceae), is known from Maui and Oahu (Constance and Affolter
1999, p. 210). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003,
there were 5 occurrences totaling 21 individuals in the Koolau
Mountains. Currently, S. purpurea is found in 5 occurrences totaling 24
individuals in bogs in the lowland wet ecosystem and in the wet cliff
ecosystem in the Koolau Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Schiedea hookeri (NCN), a perennial herb in the pink family
(Caryophyllaceae), is known from Oahu and from a fragmentary collection
from Maui that may represent a different species (Wagner et al. 1999,
p. 514). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, this
species was known from 17 occurrences containing between 328 and 378
individuals in the Waianae Mountains of Oahu. Currently, S. hookeri is
found in 17 occurrences totaling approximately the same number of
individuals, in the lowland dry, lowland mesic, lowland wet, dry cliff,
and wet cliff ecosystems in the Waianae Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC
2007; HBMP 2008).
Schiedea kaalae (NCN), a nearly stemless plant in the pink family
(Caryophyllaceae), is endemic to the Waianae and Koolau Mountains of
Oahu (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 515). At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, this species was known from 7 occurrences totaling 49
individuals in the Waianae and Koolau Mountains. Currently, S. kaalae
is found in 9 occurrences totaling 40 individuals, in the lowland
mesic, lowland wet, and wet cliff ecosystems in the Waianae Mountains,
and in the lowland mesic and wet cliff ecosystems in the Koolau
Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Schiedea kealiae (maolioli), a subshrub in the pink family
(Caryophyllaceae), is endemic to the Waianae Mountains of Oahu (Wagner
et al. 1999, p. 515). At the time we designated critical habitat in
2003, this species was known from 4 occurrences totaling between 265
and 315 individuals in the Waianae Mountains. Currently, S. kealiae is
found in 1 occurrence totaling between 50 and 100 individuals, in the
lowland dry ecosystem in the Waianae Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC
2007; HBMP 2008). Historic occurrences were known from the coastal
ecosystem (HBMP 2008).
Schiedea nuttallii (NCN), a subshrub in the pink family
(Caryophyllaceae), is known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and Maui (Wagner
et al. 1999, pp. 517-519). At the time we designated critical habitat
in 2003, this species was found in 7 occurrences with 49 individuals in
the Waianae Mountains. Currently, there are 2 occurrences totaling
between 41 and 54 individuals in the lowland mesic ecosystem in the
Waianae Mountains (U.S. Army 2006a; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). Historical
occurrences of this species were also known from the lowland mesic
ecosystem in the Koolau Mountains (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Schiedea obovata (formerly Alsinidendron obovatum) (NCN), a
subshrub in the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is endemic to the
Waianae Mountains of Oahu (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 501). At the time we
designated critical habitat in 2003, S. obovata was known from 6
occurrences containing 8 to 10 individuals in the Waianae Mountains.
Currently, this species is found in 2 to 3 occurrences, totaling
between 14 and 44 individuals, in the lowland mesic and dry cliff
ecosystems in the Waianae Mountains (U.S. Army 2006a; U.S. Army 2006b,
pp. 3-1-190--3-1-197; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Schiedea trinervis (formerly Alsinidendron trinerve) (NCN), a
subshrub in the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is endemic to the
Waianae Mountains of Oahu (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 501). At the time we
designated critical habitat in 2003, this species was known from 13
occurrences totaling between 18 and 34 individuals. Currently, S.
trinervis is found in 2 occurrences, totaling 192 individuals, in the
montane wet, dry cliff, and wet cliff ecosystems in the Waianae
Mountains (U.S. Army 2006a; U.S. Army 2005, pp. 16-151--16-153; TNC
2007; HBMP 2008).
[[Page 46407]]
Sesbania tomentosa (ohai), a shrub in the pea family (Fabaceae), is
known from all of the main Hawaiian Islands, and from the Northwestern
Hawaiian Islands of Necker and Nihoa (Geesink et al. 1999, pp. 704-
705). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, this species
was known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Kahoolawe, Maui, Hawaii, Nihoa,
and Necker. On Oahu, S. tomentosa was found in 3 occurrences totaling
55 individuals. Currently on Oahu, there are 2 outplanted occurrences
totaling approximately 30 individuals in the coastal ecosystem at Kaena
Point and Kaohikaipu islet (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Silene lanceolata (NCN), a subshrub in the pink family
(Caryophyllaceae), is known from Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Molokai, and
Hawaii (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 523). At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, there were 4 occurrences with a total of 62
individuals in the Waianae Mountains of Oahu. Currently, S. lanceolata
is found in 3 occurrences totaling between 100 and 130 individuals, in
the dry cliff ecosystem in the Waianae Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC
2007; HBMP 2008).
Silene perlmanii (NCN), a subshrub in the pink family
(Caryophyllaceae), is endemic to the Waianae Mountains of Oahu (Wagner
et al. 1999, pp. 523-524). Historical occurrences of this species were
known from the lowland mesic and dry cliff ecosystems (HBMP 2008). At
the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, this species was
presumed extirpated. Currently, S. perlmanii is in propagation, and 15
individuals were outplanted in the Honouliuli Preserve between 2003 and
2006. However, as of 2007, only three plants were extant (D. Sailer,
TNC, pers. comm. 2007).
Solanum sandwicense (popolo aiakeakua), a shrub in the nightshade
family (Solanaceae), is known from Kauai and the lowland mesic
ecosystem in the Waianae and Koolau Mountains of Oahu (Symon 1999, p.
1,275). This species was last observed on Oahu in 2000, in the Waianae
Mountains. Currently, there are at least six outplantings of this
species totaling an unknown number of individuals in the Waianae
Mountains (PEP Program 2007, p. 27; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Spermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN), an annual herb in the parsley family
(Apiaceae), is known from Oahu and Maui (Constance and Affolter 1999,
p. 212). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, there were
6 occurrences totaling between 110 and 910 individuals in the Waianae
and Koolau Mountains (Diamond Head), in the lowland dry and dry cliff
ecosystems (U.S. Army 2006; HBMP 2008). Currently, S. hawaiiensis is
found in 4 occurrences totaling several hundred to thousands of
individuals, depending on annual weather conditions (U.S. Army 2006;
TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Stenogyne kanehoana (NCN), a vine in the mint family (Lamiaceae),
is endemic to the Waianae Mountains of Oahu (Weller and Sakai 1999, pp.
838-839). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, this
species was known from a recently extirpated occurrence of two
individuals, and a newly discovered occurrence (in 2000) of one to six
individuals in the lowland mesic ecosystem in the Waianae Mountains.
Currently, the occurrence discovered in 2000 is no longer extant;
however, another individual was discovered in 2004, and may persist at
this time (U.S. Army 2005, pp. 16-155--16-157; U.S. Army 2006a; TNC
2007; HBMP 2008).
Tetramolopium filiforme (NCN), a dwarf shrub in the sunflower
family (Asteraceae), is endemic to the Waianae Mountains of Oahu
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 366). At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, there were 21 occurrences containing 253 individuals.
Currently, this species is found in the dry cliff ecosystem in the
Waianae Mountains, in 6 occurrences totaling almost 3,000 individuals
(U.S. Army 2006b, pp. 3-1-198--3-1-204; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). The large
increase in the number of individuals is likely due to an increase in
survey efforts over the past 6 years in potentially suitable habitat
for this species (U.S. Army 2006b, p. 3-1-202).
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum (NCN), a shrub in the
sunflower family (Asteraceae), is known from Lanai, Maui, and Oahu
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 367). At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, there were 5 occurrences of approximately 15
individuals in the Waianae Mountains of Oahu. Currently, this species
is found in 3 occurrences totaling 65 individuals, in the lowland mesic
and dry cliff ecosystems in the Waianae Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC
2007; HBMP 2008).
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa (ohe ohe), a tree in the ginseng family
(Araliaceae), is endemic to the Koolau Mountains of Oahu, and was
historically known from one location in the Waianae Mountains (Lowry
1999, p. 234). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003,
there were 30 occurrences totaling fewer than 100 individuals in the
Koolau Mountains. Currently, there are 13 occurrences totaling
approximately 140 individuals in the lowland mesic, lowland wet, and
wet cliff ecosystems in the Koolau Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008).
Trematolobelia singularis (NCN), a shrub in the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), is endemic to the Koolau Mountains of Oahu (Lammers
1999, p. 488). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003,
there were 3 occurrences totaling 165 individuals. Currently, T.
singularis is found in 4 occurrences totaling approximately 360
individuals in the lowland wet and wet cliff ecosystems in the Koolau
Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Urera kaalae (opuhe), a small tree or shrub in the nettle family
(Urticaceae), is endemic to the Waianae Mountains of Oahu (Wagner et
al. 1999, pp. 1,313-1,314). At the time we designated critical habitat
in 2003, there were 12 occurrences containing 41 individuals.
Currently, U. kaalae is found in 4 occurrences totaling between 49 and
60 individuals, in the lowland mesic and lowland wet ecosystems in the
Waianae Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Vigna o-wahuensis (NCN), a twining annual or perennial herb in the
pea family (Fabaceae), is known from Niihau, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai,
Kahoolawe, Maui, and Hawaii (Geesink et al. 1999, p. 720). The last
collection from Oahu was made on the Mokulua Islets and North Islet,
off Oahu's northeastern coast, in 1938, in the coastal ecosystem (HBMP
2008). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, there were
no known occurrences, and currently, there are still no known
occurrences on Oahu's offshore islets (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana (pamakani), a shrub in the
violet family (Violaceae), is endemic to the Waianae Mountains of Oahu
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,333). At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, there were 15 occurrences containing 59 individuals.
Currently, this species is found in 8 occurrences totaling slightly
more than 600 individuals in the lowland mesic and dry cliff ecosystems
in the Waianae Mountains (U.S. Army 2006b, pp. 3-1-205--3-1-210; TNC
2007; HBMP 2008).
Viola oahuensis (NCN), a subshrub in the violet family (Violaceae),
is endemic to the Koolau Mountains of Oahu (Wagner et al. 1999, p.
1,336). At the time we designated critical habitat in 2003, there were
18 occurrences totaling fewer than 200 individuals. Currently, there
are 8 occurrences totaling approximately 170 individuals in the lowland
wet and wet cliff ecosystems in
[[Page 46408]]
the Koolau Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Methods
As required by section 4(b) of the Act, we used the best scientific
data available in determining those areas that contain the physical or
biological features essential to the conservation of the 124 species,
and for which designation of critical habitat is considered prudent, by
identifying the occurrence data for each species and determining the
ecosystems upon which they depend. This information was developed by
using:
The known locations of the 124 species, including site-
specific species information from the HBMP database (HBMP 2008), the
Army Environmental Division database (U.S. Army 2006), and our own rare
plant database;
Species information from the plant database housed at
NTBG;
Oahu map of important habitat for the recovery of plants
protected under the Act (Service 1999, p. F-7);
The Nature Conservancy's Ecoregional Assessment of the
Hawaiian High Islands (2006) and ecosystem maps (2007);
Color mosaic 1:19,000 scale digital aerial photographs for
the Hawaiian Islands (April to May 2005);
Island-wide Geographic Information System (GIS) coverage
(e.g., Gap Analysis Program (GAP) vegetation data of 2005;
1:24,000 scale digital raster graphics of U.S. Geological
Survey (USGS) topographic quadrangles;
Geospatial data sets associated with parcel data from
Honolulu County (2008);
Final critical habitat designation for listed plant
species on the island of Oahu (June 17, 2003, 68 FR 35950);
Recent biological surveys and reports; and
Discussions with qualified individuals familiar with these
species and ecosystems (HBMP 2008; TNC 2007; NTBG 2007; PEP 2007; D.
Polhemus, pers. comm. 2008; A. Bakutis, in litt. 2006).
Physical or Biological Features
In accordance with section 3(5)(A)(i) and 4(b)(1)(A) of the Act and
the regulations at 50 CFR 424.12, in determining which areas within the
geographical area occupied at the time of listing to propose as
critical habitat, we consider the physical or biological features
essential to the conservation of the species and which may require
special management considerations or protection. These physical or
biological features provide the essential life-history requirements of
the species, and include, but are not limited to:
(1) Space for individual and population growth and for normal
behavior;
(2) Food, water, air, light, minerals, or other nutritional or
physiological requirements;
(3) Cover or shelter;
(4) Sites for breeding, reproduction, rearing (or development) of
offspring, germination, or seed dispersal; and
(5) Habitats that are protected from disturbance or are
representative of the historical geographical and ecological
distributions of a species.
(6) For plant species, ecosystems that provide appropriate seasonal
wetland and dry land habitats, host species, pollinators, soil types,
and associated plant communities are taken into consideration when
determining the physical or biological features essential for a
species.
Under section 4(a)(3)(A)(ii) of the Act we may, as appropriate,
revise a critical habitat designation. For the reasons described above,
we are proposing to revise critical habitat for 99 Oahu plants based on
new information received since 2003 and the need to designate
unoccupied habitat to conserve the species. In addition, the Recovery
Plan for the Oahu Plants (Service 1998, p. vii) identifies several
actions needed to recover these species, including: (1) Protection of
habitat and controlling threats; (2) expanding existing wild
populations; (3) conducting essential research; (4) developing and
maintaining monitoring plans; (5) reestablishing wild populations
within the historic range; and (6) validating and revising recovery
criteria. We have derived the specific physical or biological features
required for each of the 99 Oahu plants based on studies of their
habitat, ecology, and life history; information in the 2003 critical
habitat designations; and new scientific information that has become
available since that time.
In 2003, the physical or biological features for each plant species
were defined on the basis of the habitat features of the areas actually
occupied by the plants, which included plant community, associated
native plant species, locale information (e.g., steep rocky cliffs,
talus slopes, gulches, stream banks), and elevation (68 FR 35950; June
17, 2003). No unoccupied habitat was designated as critical habitat in
the 2003 final rule. In this proposed rule, we are proposing critical
habitat in areas occupied by the species as well as areas currently
unoccupied by the species but determined to be essential for their
conservation (i.e., areas necessary to bring the species to the point
at which the measures provided under the Act are no longer necessary).
The physical or biological features have also been more precisely
identified, and now include elevation, precipitation, substrate,
canopy, subcanopy, and understory characteristics. Since 2003, we have
found that many areas where these species are currently or recently
reported are marginal habitat; the species occurs in these areas due to
remoteness or inaccessibility to feral ungulates.
Since the 2003 critical habitat designations were limited to
occupied areas only, the designation did not include all of the
geographic areas essential for the conservation of the species. For
occupied areas, the essential physical or biological features are the
focus for necessary special management considerations or protections,
whereas for unoccupied habitat, the area itself is the focus for
conservation actions. We have determined that the physical or
biological features described in 2003 can be improved to better
identify special management considerations that may be necessary, based
on new information that has become available. The currently proposed
physical or biological features for occupied areas, in conjunction with
the unoccupied areas needed to expand and reestablish wild populations
within the historic range, provide a more comprehensive view of the
recovery needs and relevant geographic areas for each species. We
believe this information will be helpful to federal agencies and our
other partners, as we collectively work to recover these imperiled
species.
Under the Act and its implementing regulations, we are required to
identify the physical or biological features essential to the
conservation of the 124 species for which we are proposing critical
habitat. We identify these features in areas occupied by the species at
the time of listing, focusing on the features' primary constituent
elements. We consider the primary constituent elements (PCEs) to be the
elements of physical and biological features that, when laid out in the
appropriate quantity and spatial arrangement to provide for a species'
life-history processes, are essential to the conservation of the
species. The appropriate quantity and spatial arrangement defined for
this proposed rule takes into consideration the ecosystems in which
each species occurs and reflects a distribution that we believe
achieves the species' recovery needs within those ecosystems. In this
proposal, PCEs for each of the
[[Page 46409]]
124 species are defined based on those physical or biological features
essential to support the successful functioning of the ecosystem upon
which each species depends, and which may require special management
considerations or protection. As the conservation of each species is
dependent upon a functioning ecosystem to provide its fundamental life
requirements, such as a certain soil type, minimum level of rainfall,
or suitable water quantity (damselflies), we consider the physical or
biological features present in the ecosystems described in this
proposed rule to provide the necessary PCEs for each species in this
proposal. The ecosystems' features collectively provide the suite of
environmental conditions within each ecosystem essential to meeting the
requirements of each species, including the appropriate microclimatic
conditions for germination and growth of the plants (e.g., light
availability, soil nutrients, hydrologic regime, temperature); adequate
instream flows and upland habitat for cover and foraging for the
damselfly species; maintenance of upland habitat so that it provides
for the proper ecological functioning of streams for the damselflies
(e.g., water quality, water temperature); and in all cases, space
within the appropriate habitats for population growth and expansion, as
well as to maintain the historical, geographical, and ecological
distribution of each species. In many cases, due to our limited
knowledge of the specific life-history requirements for these species,
which are little-studied and occur in remote and inaccessible areas,
the more general description of the physical or biological features
that provide for the successful function of the ecosystem that is
essential to the conservation of the species represents the best
scientific information available. Accordingly, for purposes of this
proposed rule, the physical or biological features of a properly
functioning ecosystem are the physical or biological features essential
to the conservation of the 124 species at issue here that occur in
those ecosystems.
Table 4 identifies the physical or biological features of a
functioning ecosystem for each of the ecosystem types identified in
this proposed rule, and each species identified in this proposed rule
requires the physical or biological features for each ecosystem in
which that species occurs, as noted in Table 5. These physical or
biological features provide the PCEs for the individual species in each
ecosystem. The physical or biological features are defined here by
elevation, annual levels of precipitation, substrate type and slope,
and the characteristic native plant genera that are found in the
canopy, subcanopy, and understory levels of the vegetative community
where applicable. If further information is available indicating
additional, specific life-history requirements for some species, PCEs
relating to these requirements are described separately, and are termed
``unique PCEs for species,'' and are identified in Table 5. The PCEs
for each species are therefore composed of the physical or biological
features found in its functioning ecosystem(s) in combination with
additional unique requirements, if any, as shown in Table 5. Note that
the PCEs identified in Table 5 for each species are directly related to
the physical or biological features presented in detail in Table 4;
thus, both Tables 4 and 5 must be read together to fully describe all
of the PCEs for each species.
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Some of the species addressed in this proposed rule occur in more
than one ecosystem. The PCEs for these species are described separately
for each ecosystem in which they occur. The reasoning behind this
approach is that each species requires a different suite of
environmental conditions depending upon the ecosystem in which it
occurs. For example, Cyanea calycina will occur in association with
different native plant species, and other attributes, depending on
whether it is found within the lowland mesic, lowland wet, montane wet,
or wet cliff ecosystems. Each of the physical or biological features
described in each ecosystem in which the species occurs are essential
to the conservation of the species, to retain its geographical and
ecological distribution across the different ecosystem types in which
it may occur. Each physical or biological feature is also essential to
retaining the genetic representation that allows this species to
successfully adapt to different environmental conditions in various
native ecosystems. Although some of these species occur in multiple
native ecosystems, their declining abundance in the face of ongoing
threats, such as increasing numbers of nonnative plant competitors,
indicates that they are not such broad habitat generalists as to be
able to persist in highly altered habitats. Based on an analysis of the
best available scientific information, functioning native ecosystems
provide the fundamental biological requirements for the narrow-range
endemics addressed in this proposed rule.
Some examples may help to clarify our approach to describing the
PCEs for each individual species. If we want to determine the PCEs for
the plant Zanthoxylum oahuense, we look at Table 5 to see that the PCEs
for Z. oahuense are provided by the physical or biological features in
the lowland wet ecosystem. Table 4 indicates that the physical or
biological features in the lowland wet ecosystem include elevations of
less than 3,281 ft (1,000 m); annual precipitation of more than 75 in
(190 cm); clays, ashbeds, deep well-drained soils, and lowland bogs;
and one or more genera of the subcanopy and understory plants Alyxia,
Cibotium, Claoxylon, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Kadua,
Machaerina, Melicope, Microlepia; and one or more of the genera of the
canopy species Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, and
Psychotria. As we do not specifically know the unique PCEs for Z.
oahuense, and this plant is found only in the lowland wet ecosystem, we
believe that the physical or biological features for the lowland wet
ecosystem best approximate the PCEs for Z. oahuense. Thus, the physical
or biological features provided in the ecosystem in which Z. oahuense
is found are the PCEs for Z. oahuense.
As another example, Table 5 indicates the physical or biological
features for the crimson Hawaiian damselfly include the physical or
biological features for the lowland wet or wet cliff ecosystems,
depending on the location, and also that this species has a species-
specific PCE, which is a perennial stream with slow reaches. The PCEs
for the crimson Hawaiian damselfly are thus composed of the physical or
biological features for each of the two ecosystems it occupies, as
described in Table 4 for the lowland wet and wet cliff ecosystems, as
well as perennial streams with slow reaches (i.e., stream areas with no
riffles or rapids). Table 5 is read in a similar fashion in conjunction
with Table 4 to describe the PCEs for each of the 124 species for which
we are proposing to designate critical habitat in this proposed rule.
Criteria Used To Identify Critical Habitat Boundaries
We considered several factors in the selection and proposal of
specific boundaries for critical habitat for these 124 species. We
propose to designate critical habitat on lands that contain the
physical or biological features essential to conserving multiple
species, based on their shared dependence on the functioning ecosystems
they have in common. Because each of the seven ecosystems addressed in
this proposed rule does not form a single contiguous area, the
ecosystems are divided into geographic units. The 7 ecosystem areas are
divided into 66 critical habitat units.
The proposed critical habitat is a combination of areas currently
occupied by the species in that ecosystem, as well as areas that may be
currently unoccupied. Due to the extremely remote and inaccessible
nature of some of the areas, surveys are relatively infrequent and may
be limited in scope; therefore, it is difficult to say with certainty
whether individual representatives of a rare species may or may not be
present. However, the best available scientific information suggests
that these species are or have occupied these habitats. A properly
functioning ecosystem provides the life-history requirements of the
species that make up that ecosystem, and the physical and biological
features found in such an ecosystem are the PCEs essential for the
conservation of the species that occur there. In other words, the
occupied areas provide the physical or biological features essential to
the conservation of the species occurring in the ecosystems we
analyzed, by providing for the successful functioning of the ecosystem
on which the species depend. However, due to the small population
sizes, few numbers of individuals, and reduced geographic range of each
of the 124 species for which critical habitat is here proposed, we have
determined that a designation limited to known present range of each
species would be inadequate to achieve the conservation of those
species. The areas believed to be unoccupied have been determined to be
essential for the conservation and recovery of the species and will
promote conservation actions to restore their historical, geographical,
and ecological representation on Oahu. For seven of the plant species
reported from Oahu and other Hawaiian Islands, Adenophorus periens
(extant on Kauai, Molokai, Hawaii), Cyperus pennatiformis var.
pennatiformis ((Mariscus pennatiformis), extant on Maui and Kauai),
Diplazium molokaiense (extant on Maui), Isodendrion pyrifolium (extant
on Hawaii), Kadua coriacea ((Hedyotis coriacea), extant on Maui,
Kauai), Platanthera holochila (extant on Kauai, Molokai, and Maui), and
Vigna o-wahuensis (extant on Hawaii, Kahoolawe, Lanai, Molokai, Maui),
we are proposing to designate unoccupied areas only, as these species
are not believed to be extant on Oahu. For Cyrtandra waiolani, a plant
known only from Oahu, we are proposing to designate potentially
unoccupied areas only, because the identity of a plant observed in
2005, and believed to possibly be this species, cannot be confirmed
until flowers or fruit are available. Critical habitat boundaries for
all species were delineated to clearly depict and promote the recovery
and conservation of these species by incorporating the functioning
ecosystems on which they depend.
With the exception of the seven above plant species believed to no
longer be extant on Oahu, and Cyrtandra waiolani, which may no longer
be extant in the wild, each of the critical habitat units in these
ecosystems contain both occupied areas and areas that are currently
unoccupied but essential for the conservation of the species. Because
of their small numbers or low population sizes, each of the 124 species
requires suitable habitat and space for the expansion of existing
populations to achieve a level that could approach recovery. For
example, although Cyanea calycina is found in multiple critical habitat
units across
[[Page 46434]]
four ecosystem types, its entire distribution is comprised of only 325
to 339 individuals (U.S. Army 2006; HBMP 2008). The unoccupied areas
within each unit where the species occurs are essential for the
expansion of this species to achieve viable population numbers and
maintain its historical geographical and ecological distribution.
Current and historical species location information was used to
develop initial critical habitat boundaries (polygons) in each of the 7
ecosystems that would provide for the conservation of the 124 species
addressed in this proposed rule. While all 3 damselfly species are
historically known from both the Koolau and Waianae Mountains, 85 of
the 121 plant species for which we propose critical habitat are
historically known from only one mountain range on Oahu. Forty-nine
plant species (Abutilon sandwicense, Achyranthes splendens var.
rotundata, Bidens amplectens, Cenchrus agrimonioides var.
agrimonioides, Chamaesyce herbstii, C. skottsbergii var. skottsbergii,
Colubrina oppositifolia, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, C. pinnatifida,
Cyanea superba, Cyperus pennatiformis var. pennatiformis, C.
trachysanthos, Diellia unisora, Diplazium molokaiense, Dubautia
herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Flueggea
neowawraea, Gouania vitifolia, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua degeneri, K. parvula,
Korthalsella degeneri, Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata var.
leptophylla, Lobelia niiahuensis, Melanthera tenuifolia, Melicope
christophersenii, M. makahae, M. pallida, Neraudia angulata,
Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia kaalaensis,
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens, Sanicula mariversa, Schiedea
hookeri, S. kealiae, S. obovata, S. trinervis, Silene lanceolata, S.
perlmanii, Stenogyne kanehoana, Tetramolopium filiforme, T. lepidotum
ssp. lepidotum, Urera kaalae, and Viola chamissoniana ssp.
chamissoniana) are known only from the Waianae Mountains. Thirty-six
plant species (Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce deppeana, C. rockii,
Cyanea crispa, C. humboldtiana, C. koolauensis, C. lanceolata, C.
purpurellifolia, C. st.-johnii, C. truncata, Cyrtandra gracilis, C.
kaulantha, C. polyantha, C. sessilis, C. subumbellata, C. viridiflora,
C. waiolani, Diellia erecta, Doryopteris takeuchii, Huperzia nutans,
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, L. monostachya, Lysimachia
filifolia, Melicope hiiakae, M. lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Platanthera
holochila, Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta, Psychotria hexandra ssp.
oahuensis, Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea, Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa, T. lydgatei, Trematolobelia singularis, Viola oahuensis,
and Zanthoxylum oahuense) are known only from the Koolau Mountains. For
these species, we are proposing to designate critical habitat only in
ecosystems within the mountain range of their historical occurrence.
The initial polygons were superimposed over digital topographic maps of
the island of Oahu and further evaluated. In general, land areas that
were identified as highly degraded were removed from the proposed
critical habitat units, and natural or manmade features (e.g., ridge
lines, valleys, streams, coastlines, roads, obvious land features,
etc.) were used to delineate the proposed critical habitat boundaries.
The critical habitat areas described below constitute our best
assessment of the habitat containing the physical or biological
features essential for the recovery and conservation of the 124
species, including that needed for expansion of reduced populations.
The approximate size of each of the 66 plant critical habitat units and
the 40 damselfly critical habitat units, and the status of their land
ownership, are identified in Tables 5A and 5B, respectively. The
species that currently occupy each of the 66 plant and 40 damselfly
units are identified in Table 7A, along with areas determined to be
exempt from critical habitat designation under section 4(a)(3) of the
Act (for summary of exemptions, see Table 7B; see also Exemptions,
below, for further information). Table 7A also identifies the areas
designated for Cyrtandra waiolani (a species that may no longer be
extant in the wild) that may be currently unoccupied by this species.
All 40 damselfly critical habitat units overlap areas that are also
proposed for designation as plant critical habitat.
When determining critical habitat boundaries within this proposed
rule, we made every effort to avoid including developed areas such as
buildings, paved areas, and other structures that lack the physical or
biological features essential for the conservation of the 124 species.
The scale of the maps we prepared under the parameters for publication
within the Code of Federal Regulations may not reflect the exclusion of
such developed areas. Any such structures and the land under them
inadvertently left inside critical habitat boundaries shown on the maps
of this proposed rule have been excluded by text in the proposed rule
and are not proposed for designation as critical habitat. Therefore,
Federal actions involving these areas would not trigger section 7
consultation with respect to critical habitat unless the specific
action would affect the adjacent critical habitat or its primary
constituent elements.
Table 6A--Critical Habitat Proposed for 121 OAHU Plant Species
[Totals may not sum due to rounding]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Land ownership (acres)
Size of Size of ---------------------------------------------------
Proposed critical habitat area unit in unit in City and
acres hectares State Federal county Private
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oahu--Coastal
--Unit 1.......................... 958 388 957 0 0 2
--Unit 2.......................... 12 5 12 0 0 0
--Unit 3.......................... 15 6 15 0 0 0
--Unit 4.......................... 3 1 3 0 0 0
--Unit 5.......................... 12 5 12 0 0 0
--Unit 6.......................... 9 4 9 0 0 0
--Unit 7.......................... 67 27 67 0 0 0
--Unit 8.......................... 10 4 10 0 0 0
--Unit 9.......................... 84 34 84 0 0 0
--Unit 10......................... 74 30 0 0 74 0
--Unit 11......................... 20 8 0 0 20 0
--Unit 12......................... 11 5 0 0 11 0
[[Page 46435]]
--Unit 13......................... 24 10 0 0 19 4
--Unit 14......................... 4 2 0 2 0 2
--Unit 15......................... 34 14 0 31 0 2
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TOTAL Coastal................. 1,339 542 1,169 33 124 10
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oahu--Lowland Dry
--Unit 1.......................... 102 41 49 0 0 54
--Unit 2.......................... 29 12 29 0 0 0
--Unit 3.......................... 25 10 0 25 0 0
--Unit 4.......................... 18 7 0 18 0 0
--Unit 5.......................... 8 3 0 8 0 0
--Unit 6.......................... 287 116 287 0 0 0
--Unit 7.......................... 15 6 15 0 0 0
--Unit 8.......................... 292 118 207 0 0 84
--Unit 9.......................... 40 16 1 17 20 3
--Unit 10......................... 43 17 43 0 0 0
--Unit 11......................... 166 67 0 166 0 0
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TOTAL Lowland Dry............. 1,025 413 631 234 20 141
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oahu--Lowland Mesic
--Unit 1.......................... 4,450 1,801 3,564 0 583 303
--Unit 2.......................... 1,063 430 1,063 0 0 0
--Unit 3.......................... 353 143 353 0 0 0
--Unit 4.......................... 20 8 20 0 0 0
--Unit 5.......................... 29 12 29 0 0 0
--Unit 6.......................... 247 100 12 0 0 235
--Unit 7.......................... 1,669 676 683 0 130 857
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TOTAL Lowland Mesic........... 7,831 3,170 5,724 0 713 1,395
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oahu--Lowland Wet
--Unit 1.......................... 541 219 428 0 112 0
--Unit 2.......................... 20 8 20 0 0 0
--Unit 3.......................... 29 12 29 0 0 0
--Unit 4.......................... 27 11 27 0 0 0
--Unit 5.......................... 76 31 74 2 0 0
--Unit 6.......................... 790 320 0 0 0 790
--Unit 7.......................... 1,790 724 1,501 0 0 289
--Unit 8.......................... 3,041 1,231 1,385 0 0 1,656
--Unit 9.......................... 15,728 6,365 2,921 4,510 148 8,148
--Unit 10......................... 124 50 0 0 0 124
--Unit 11......................... 124 50 0 0 124 0
--Unit 12......................... 53 21 0 0 27 26
--Unit 13......................... 161 65 13 52 96 0
--Unit 14......................... 478 193 282 0 196 0
--Unit 15......................... 407 165 407 0 0 0
--Unit 16......................... 2,507 1,014 1,534 0 365 607
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL Lowland Wet............. 25,896 10,479 8,621 4,564 1,068 11,640
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oahu--Montane Wet
--Unit 1.......................... 370 150 353 0 17 0
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL Montane Wet............. 370 150 353 0 17 0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oahu--Dry Cliff
--Unit 1.......................... 49 20 49 0 0 0
--Unit 2.......................... 412 167 321 0 91 0
--Unit 3.......................... 450 182 101 0 349 0
--Unit 4.......................... 108 44 26 82 0 0
--Unit 5.......................... 26 10 0 26 0 0
--Unit 6.......................... 255 103 150 105 0 0
--Unit 7.......................... 208 84 96 113 0 0
--Unit 8.......................... 259 105 259 0 0 0
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 46436]]
TOTAL Dry Cliff............... 1,767 715 1,002 326 440 0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oahu--Wet Cliff
--Unit 1.......................... 235 95 167 0 68 0
--Unit 2.......................... 7 3 5 2 0 0
--Unit 3.......................... 16 6 16 0 0 0
--Unit 4.......................... 23 9 23 0 0 0
--Unit 5.......................... 43 17 23 20 0 0
--Unit 6.......................... 151 61 151 0 0 0
--Unit 7.......................... 144 58 144 0 0 0
--Unit 8.......................... 4,649 1,881 1,666 5 1,280 1,698
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL Wet Cliff............... 5,268 2,130 2,195 27 1,348 1,698
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL ALL UNITS............... 43,491 17,603 19,695 5,184 3,730 14,884
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 6B--Critical Habitat Proposed for 3 Oahu Damselfly Species
[Totals may not sum due to rounding]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Landownership (acres)
Size of Size of ---------------------------------------------------
Proposed critical habitat unit unit in unit in City and
acres hectares State Federal county Private
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Crimson Hawaiian Damselfly--
Lowland Wet
--Unit 1.......................... 790 320 0 0 0 790
--Unit 2.......................... 1,790 724 1,501 0 0 289
--Unit 3.......................... 3,041 1,231 1,385 0 0 1,656
--Unit 4.......................... 15,728 6,365 2,921 4,510 148 8,148
--Unit 5.......................... 124 50 0 0 0 124
--Unit 6.......................... 124 50 0 0 124 0
--Unit 7.......................... 53 21 0 0 27 26
--Unit 8.......................... 161 65 13 52 96 0
--Unit 9.......................... 478 193 282 0 196 0
--Unit 10......................... 407 165 407 0 0 0
--Unit 11......................... 2,507 1,014 1,534 0 365 607
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL Crimson Hawaiian 25,203 10,198 8,043 4,562 956 11,640
Damselfly--Lowland Wet.......
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Crimson Hawaiian Damselfly--Wet
Cliff
--Unit 12......................... 151 61 151 0 0 0
--Unit 13......................... 144 58 144 0 0 0
--Unit 14......................... 4,649 1,881 1,666 5 1,280 1,698
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL Crimson Hawaiian 4,944 2,000 1,961 5 1,280 1,698
Damselfly--Wet Cliff.........
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Blackline Hawaiian Damselfly--
Lowland Wet
--Unit 1.......................... 790 320 0 0 0 790
--Unit 2.......................... 1,790 724 1,501 0 0 289
--Unit 3.......................... 3,041 1,231 1,385 0 0 1,656
--Unit 4.......................... 15,728 6,365 2,921 4,510 148 8,148
--Unit 5.......................... 124 50 0 0 0 124
--Unit 6.......................... 124 50 0 0 124 0
--Unit 7.......................... 53 21 0 0 27 26
--Unit 8.......................... 161 65 13 52 96 0
--Unit 9.......................... 478 193 282 0 196 0
--Unit 10......................... 407 165 407 0 0 0
--Unit 11......................... 2,507 1,014 1,534 0 365 607
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL Blackline Hawaiian 25,203 10,198 8,043 4,562 956 11,640
Damselfly--Lowland Wet.......
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oceanic Hawaiian Damselfly--
Lowland Mesic
--Unit 1.......................... 247 100 12 0 0 235
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 46437]]
TOTAL Oceanic Hawaiian 247 100 12 0 0 235
Damselfly--Lowland Mesic.....
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oceanic Hawaiian Damselfly--
Lowland Wet
--Unit 2.......................... 790 320 0 0 0 790
--Unit 3.......................... 1,790 724 1,501 0 0 289
--Unit 4.......................... 3,041 1,231 1,385 0 0 1,656
--Unit 5.......................... 15,728 6,365 2,921 4,510 148 8,148
--Unit 6.......................... 124 50 0 0 0 124
--Unit 7.......................... 124 50 0 0 124 0
--Unit 8.......................... 53 21 0 0 27 26
--Unit 9.......................... 161 65 13 52 96 0
--Unit 10......................... 478 193 282 0 196 0
--Unit 11......................... 407 165 407 0 0 0
--Unit 12......................... 2,507 1,014 1,534 0 365 607
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL Oceanic Hawaiian 25,203 10,198 8,043 4,562 956 11,640
Damselfly--Lowland Wet.......
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oceanic Hawaiian Damselfly--Wet
Cliff
--Unit 13......................... 151 61 151 0 0 0
--Unit 14......................... 144 58 144 0 0 0
--Unit 15......................... 4,649 1,881 1,666 5 1,280 1,698
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL Oceanic Hawaiian 4,944 2,000 1,961 5 1,280 1,698
Damselfly--Wet Cliff.........
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 7A--Species for Which Critical Habitat Is Proposed for Designation in Each Ecosystem, and Section 4(a)(3) Exempt Areas
[See discussion below]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Exempt from
Critical habitat critical habitat Total critical
Species Coastal Lowland dry Lowland mesic Lowland wet Montane wet Dry cliff Wet cliff ac (ha) ac (ha) under habitat plus
4(a)(3) exempt ac (ha)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plants
Abutilon sandwicense............. ............... ............. X\W\ ............ ............ X\W\ ............ 7,633 (3,089) 169 (68) 7,802 (3,157)
Achyranthes splendens var. X\W\ X\W\ ............... ............ ............ X\W\ ............ 3,510 (1,423) 0 (0) 3,510 (1,423)
rotundata.
Adenophorus periens.............. ............... ............. ............... XK-H ............ ............ XK-H 30,147 (12,198) 0 (0) 30,147 (12,198)
Alectryon macrococcus............ ............... ............. XW, K-H ............ X\W\ X\W\ ............ 9,968 (4,035) 169 (68) 10,137 (4,103)
Bidens amplectens................ X\W\ X\W\ ............... ............ ............ ............ ............ 1,140 (461) 16 (7) 1,156 (468)
Bonamia menziesii................ ............... X\W\ X\W, K\ ............ ............ X\W\ ............ 9,780 (3,958) 583 (236) 10,363 (4,194)
Cenchrus agrimonioides........... ............... ............. X\W\ ............ ............ X\W\ ............ 7,633 (3,089) 169 (68) 7,802 (3,157)
Centaurium sebaeoides............ X\W, K\ ............. ............... ............ ............ ............ ............ 1,275 (517) 0 (0) 1,275 (517)
Chamaesyce celastroides var. X\W\ X\W\ XW, K-H ............ ............ ............ ............ 8,971 (3,631) 53 (21) 9,024 (3,652)
kaenana.
Chamaesyce deppeana.............. ............... ............. ............... ............ ............ ............ X\K\ 4,944 (2,000) 0 (0) 4,944 (2,000)
Chamaesyce herbstii.............. ............... ............. X\W\ ............ ............ X\W\ ............ 7,633 (3,089) 169 (68) 7,802 (3,157)
Chamaesyce kuwaleana............. XK-H ............. ............... ............ ............ X\W\ ............ 2,084 (844) 0 (0) 2,084 (844)
Chamaesyce rockii................ ............... ............. ............... X\K\ ............ ............ X\K\ 30,147 (12,198) 5,254 (2,126) 35,401 (14,324)
Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. ............... X\W\ ............... ............ ............ ............ ............ 548 (221) 0 (0) 548 (221)
skottsbergii.
Colubrina oppositifolia.......... ............... ............. X\W\ ............ ............ ............ ............ 5,866 (2,374) 0 (0) 5,866 (2,374)
Ctenitis squamigera.............. ............... ............. XW, K-H ............ ............ ............ ............ 7,831 (3,170) 811 (328) 8,642 (3,498)
Cyanea acuminata................. ............... ............. X\W, K\ X\W, K\ X\W\ ............ X\W, K\ 39,365 (15,929) 7,183 (2,906) 46,548 (18,835)
Cyanea calycina.................. ............... ............. X\W, K\ X\W, K\ X\W\ ............ X\W, K\ 39,365 (15,929) 6,588 (2,665) 45,953 (18,594)
Cyanea crispa.................... ............... ............. X\K\ X\K\ ............ ............ X\K\ 32,112 (12,994) 5,306 (2,147) 37,418 (15,141)
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana ............... ............. X\W, K\ X\W, K\ ............ ............ ............ 33,727 (13,649) 0 (0) 33,727 (13,649)
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae.... ............... ............. X\W\ X\W\ ............ X\W\ ............ 8,326 (3,370) 1,567 (634) 9,893 (4,004)
Cyanea humboldtiana.............. ............... ............. ............... X\K\ ............ ............ X\K\ 30,147 (12,198) 5,306 (2,147) 35,453 (14,345)
Cyanea koolauensis............... ............... ............. ............... X\K\ ............ ............ ............ 25,203 (10,198) 5,893 (2,385) 31,096 (12,583)
Cyanea lanceolata................ ............... ............. X\K\ X\K\ ............ ............ ............ 27,168 (10,994) 5,298 (2,144) 32,466 (13,138)
Cyanea longiflora................ ............... ............. XW, K-H ............ ............ ............ ............ 7,831 (3,170) 125 (51) 7,956 (3,221)
Cyanea pinnatifida............... ............... ............. XW-H ............ ............ ............ ............ 5,866 (2,374) 0 (0) 5,866 (2,374)
Cyanea purpurellifolia........... ............... ............. ............... X\K\ ............ ............ X\K\ 30,147 (12,198) 5,298 (2,144) 35,445 (14,342)
Cyanea st.-johnii................ ............... ............. ............... X\K\ ............ ............ X\K\ 30,147 (12,198) 5,298 (2,144) 35,445 (14,342)
Cyanea superba................... ............... ............. X\W\ ............ ............ ............ ............ 5,866 (2,374) 693 (280) 6,559 (2,654)
Cyanea truncata.................. ............... ............. X\K\ XK-H ............ ............ XK-H 32,112 (12,994) 0 (0) 32,112 (12,994)
Cyperus pennatiformis............ ............... ............. XW-H ............ ............ ............ ............ 5,866 (2,374) 0 (0) 5,866 (2,374)
Cyperus trachysanthos............ X\W, K\ X\W, K\ ............... ............ ............ ............ ............ 181 (74) 0 (0) 181 (74)
[[Page 46438]]
Cyrtandra dentata................ ............... ............. X\W, K\ X\W, K\ ............ X\W\ ............ 38,995 (15,779) 5,468 (2,213) 44,463 (17,992)
Cyrtandra gracilis............... ............... ............. ............... X\K\ ............ ............ ............ 25,203 (10,198) 0 (0) 25,203 (10,198)
Cyrtandra kaulantha.............. ............... ............. ............... X\K\ ............ ............ X\K\ 30,147 (12,198) 0 (0) 30,147 (12,198)
Cyrtandra polyantha.............. ............... ............. X\K\ X\K\ ............ ............ ............ 27,168 (10,994) 0 (0) 27,168 (10,994)
Cyrtandra sessilis............... ............... ............. ............... X\K\ ............ ............ X\K\ 30,147 (12,198) 0 (0) 30,147 (12,198)
Cyrtandra subumbellata........... ............... ............. ............... X\K\ ............ ............ X\K\ 30,147 (12,198) 595 (241) 30,742 (12,439)
Cyrtandra viridiflora............ ............... ............. ............... X\K\ ............ ............ X\K\ 30,147 (12,198) 5,306 (2,147) 35,453 (14,345)
Cyrtandra waiolani*.............. ............... ............. XK-H XK-H ............ ............ ............ 27,168 (10,994) 0 (0) 27,168 (10,994)
Delissea subcordata.............. ............... ............. XW, K-H ............ ............ ............ ............ 7,831 (3,170) 693 (280) 8,524 (3,450)
Diellia erecta................... ............... ............. X\K\ ............ ............ ............ ............ 1,965 (796) 0 (0) 1,965 (796)
Diellia falcata.................. ............... ............. XW, K-H ............ ............ X\W\ ............ 9,598 (3,885) 1,406 (569) 11,004 (4,454)
Diellia unisora.................. ............... ............. X\W\ ............ ............ X\W\ ............ 7,633 (3,089) 0 (0) 7,633 (3,089)
Diplazium molokaiense............ ............... ............. XW-H XW-H ............ ............ ............ 6,559 (2,655) 0 (0) 6,559 (2,655)
Doryopteris takeuchii............ ............... X\K\ ............... ............ ............ ............ ............ 302 (122) 0 (0) 302 (122)
Dubautia herbstobatae............ ............... ............. X\W\ ............ ............ X\W\ ............ 7,633 (3,089) 583 (236) 8,216 (3,325)
Eragrostis fosbergii............. ............... ............. X\W\ ............ ............ X\W\ ............ 7,633 (3,089) 0 (0) 7,633 (3,089)
Eugenia koolauensis.............. ............... ............. X\W, K\ ............ ............ ............ ............ 7,831 (3,170) 125 (51) 7,956 (3,221)
Euphorbia haeleeleana............ ............... X\W\ X\W\ ............ ............ ............ ............ 6,048 (2,447) 53 (21) 6,101 (2,468)
Flueggea neowawraea.............. ............... ............. X\W\ ............ ............ X\W\ ............ 7,633 (3,089) 1,406 (569) 9,039 (3,658)
Gardenia mannii.................. ............... ............. X\W, K\ X\W, K\ ............ ............ ............ 33,727 (13,649) 5,298 (2,144) 39,025 (15,793)
Gouania meyenii.................. ............... XW, K-H X\W\ ............ ............ X\W\ ............ 8,117 (3,284) 0 (0) 8,117 (3,284)
Gouania vitifolia................ ............... X\W\ XW-H X\W\ ............ X\W\ ............ 8,508 (3,443) 0 (0) 8,508 (3,443)
Hesperomannia arborescens........ ............... ............. X\W, K\ X\K\ ............ ............ ............ 33,034 (13,368) 5,298 (2,144) 38,332 (15,512)
Hesperomannia arbuscula.......... ............... ............. X\W\ X\W\ ............ ............ ............ 6,559 (2,655) 0 (0) 6,559 (2,655)
Hibiscus brackenridgei........... ............... X\W\ X\W\ ............ ............ ............ ............ 6,048 (2,447) 18 (7) 6,066 (2,454)
Huperzia nutans.................. ............... ............. ............... X\K\ ............ ............ X\K\ 30,147 (12,198) 5,901 (2,388) 36,048 (14,586)
Isodendrion laurifolium.......... ............... ............. XW, K-H ............ ............ X\W\ ............ 9,598 (3,885) 0 (0) 9,598 (3,885)
Isodendrion longifolium.......... ............... ............. X\W, K\ X\W, K\ ............ ............ ............ 33,727 (13,649) 595 (241) 34,322 (13,890)
Isodendrion pyrifolium........... ............... XW-H ............... ............ ............ XW-H ............ 1,949 (788) 0 (0) 1,949 (788)
Kadua coriacea................... ............... ............. XW-H, K-H ............ ............ ............ ............ 7,831 (3,170) 0 (0) 7,831 (3,170)
Kadua degeneri................... ............... ............. X\W\ ............ ............ X\W\ ............ 7,633 (3,089) 170 (69) 7,803 (3,158)
Kadua parvula.................... ............... ............. X\W\ ............ ............ X\W\ ............ 7,633 (3,089) 583 (236) 8,216 (3,325)
Korthalsella degeneri............ ............... ............. ............... ............ ............ X\W\ ............ 1,767 (715) 412 (167) 2,179 (882)
Labordia cyrtandrae.............. ............... ............. X\W, K\ X\W, K\ X\W\ ............ X\W, K\ 39,365 (15,929) 7,183 (2,906) 46,548 (18,835)
Lepidium arbuscula............... ............... ............. ............... ............ ............ X\W\ ............ 1,767 (715) 690 (280) 2,457 (995)
Lipochaeta lobata var. ............... ............. ............... ............ ............ X\W\ ............ 1,767 (715) 0 (0) 1,767 (715)
leptophylla.
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. ............... ............. ............... X\K\ ............ ............ ............ 25,203 (10,198) 595 (241) 25,798 (10,439)
koolauensis.
Lobelia monostachya.............. ............... ............. X\K\ ............ ............ ............ ............ 1,965 (796) 0 (0) 1,965 (796)
Lobelia niihauensis.............. ............... ............. X\W\ ............ ............ X\W\ ............ 7,633 (3,089) 583 (236) 8,216 (3,325)
Lobelia oahuensis................ ............... ............. ............... X\W, K\ X\W\ ............ X\W, K\ 31,210 (12,629) 642 (259) 31,852 (12,888)
Lysimachia filifolia............. ............... ............. ............... ............ ............ ............ X\K\ 4,944 (2,000) 0 (0) 4,944 (2,000)
Marsilea villosa................. X\W, K\ X\W, K\ ............... ............ ............ ............ ............ 181 (74) 0 (0) 181 (74)
Melanthera tenuifolia............ ............... X\W\ X\W\ ............ ............ X\W\ ............ 7,815 (3,162) 753 (305) 8,568 (3,467)
Melicope christophersenii........ ............... ............. ............... ............ X\W\ ............ X\W\ 694 (280) 481 (194) 1,175 (474)
Melicope hiiakae................. ............... ............. ............... X\K\ ............ ............ ............ 25,203 (10,198) 5,298 (2,144) 30,501 (12,342)
Melicope lydgatei................ ............... ............. X\K\ X\K\ ............ ............ ............ 27,168 (10,994) 5,298 (2,144) 32,466 (13,138)
Melicope makahae................. ............... ............. X\W\ X\W\ ............ X\W\ ............ 8,326 (3,370) 583 (236) 8,909 (3,606)
Melicope pallida................. ............... ............. X\W\ ............ ............ ............ ............ 5,866 (2,374) 0 (0) 5,866 (2,374)
Melicope saint-johnii............ ............... ............. XW, K-H ............ ............ X\W\ ............ 9,598 (3,885) 0 (0) 9,598 (3,885)
Myrsine juddii................... ............... ............. ............... X\K\ ............ ............ ............ 25,203 (10,198) 5,298 (2,144) 30,501 (12,342)
Neraudia angulata................ ............... X\W\ X\W\ ............ ............ X\W\ ............ 7,815 (3,162) 1,406 (569) 9,221 (3,731)
Nototrichium humile.............. ............... X\W\ X\W\ ............ ............ X\W\ ............ 7,815 (3,162) 193 (78) 8,008 (3,240)
Peucedanum sandwicense........... ............... ............. ............... ............ ............ X\W\ ............ 1,767 (715) 0 (0) 1,767 (715)
Phyllostegia hirsuta............. ............... ............. X\W, K\ X\W, K\ X\W\ ............ X\W, K\ 39,365 (15,929) 7,183 (2,906) 46,548 (18,835)
Phyllostegia kaalaensis.......... ............... ............. X\W\ ............ ............ X\W\ ............ 7,633 (3,089) 0 (0) 7,633 (3,089)
Phyllostegia mollis.............. ............... ............. XW, K-H X\W\ ............ ............ ............ 8,524 (3,451) 801 (324) 9,325 (3,775)
Phyllostegia parviflora var. ............... ............. XW-H ............ ............ ............ ............ 5,866 (2,374) 0 (0) 5,866 (2,374)
lydgatei.
Phyllostegia parviflora var. ............... ............. XK-H X\K\ ............ ............ X\K\ 32,112 (12,994) 0 (0) 32,112 (12,994)
parviflora.
Plantago princeps var. ............... ............. ............... XK-H ............ ............ ............ 25,203 (10,198) 0 (0) 25,203 (10,198)
longibracteata.
Plantago princeps var. princeps.. ............... ............. XW, K-H X\W, K\ ............ X\W\ X\K\ 40,438 (16,364) 896 (352) 41,334 (16,716)
Platanthera holochila............ ............... ............. ............... X\K\ ............ ............ ............ 25,203 (10,198) 0 (0) 25,203 (10,198)
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta.. ............... ............. ............... X\K\ ............ ............ ............ 25,203 (10,198) 5,893 (2,385) 31,096 (12,583)
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens ............... ............. X\W\ ............ ............ X\W\ ............ 7,633 (3,089) 1,406 (569) 9,039 (3,658)
Pleomele forbesii................ ............... X\W\ X\W, K\ X\W\ ............ X\W\ ............ 10,473 (4,239) 753 (305) 11,226 (4,544)
Psychotria hexandra ssp. ............... ............. ............... X\K\ ............ ............ X\K\ 30,147 (12,198) 5,306 (2,147) 35,453 (14,345)
oahuensis.
Pteralyxia macrocarpa............ ............... ............. X\W, K\ X\W, K\ ............ X\W\ X\W, K\ 40,762 (16,494) 1,174 (718) 42,536 (17,212)
Pteris lidgatei.................. ............... ............. ............... X\K\ ............ ............ ............ 25,203 (10,198) 5,893 (2,385) 31,096 (12,583)
[[Page 46439]]
Sanicula mariversa............... ............... ............. X\W\ ............ ............ X\W\ ............ 7,633 (3,089) 583 (236) 8,216 (3,325)
Sanicula purpurea................ ............... ............. ............... X\K\ ............ ............ X\K\ 30,147 (12,198) 5,901 (2,388) 36,048 (14,586)
Schiedea hookeri................. ............... X\W\ X\W\ X\W\ ............ X\W\ X\W\ 8,832 (3,573) 1,066 (431) 9,898 (4,004)
Schiedea kaalae.................. ............... ............. X\W, K\ X\W\ ............ ............ X\W, K\ 13,792 (5,581) 883 (357) 14,675 (5,938)
Schiedea kealiae................. X\W\ X\W\ ............... ............ ............ ............ ............ 1,140 (461) 0 (0) 1,140 (461)
Schiedea nuttallii............... ............... ............. XW, K-H ............ ............ ............ ............ 7,831 (3,170) 864 (349) 8,695 (3,519)
Schiedea obovata................. ............... ............. X\W\ ............ ............ X\W\ ............ 7,633 (3,089) 169 (68) 7,802 (3,157)
Schiedea trinervis............... ............... ............. ............... ............ X\W\ X\W\ X\W\ 2,461 (995) 494 (199) 2,955 (1,194)
Sesbania tomentosa............... X\W, K\ ............. ............... ............ ............ ............ ............ 1,275 (517) 0 (0) 1,140 (461)
Silene lanceolata................ ............... ............. ............... ............ ............ X\W\ ............ 1,767 (715) 412 (167) 2,179 (882)
Silene perlmanii................. ............... ............. X\W\ ............ ............ X\W\ ............ 7,633 (3,089) 0 (0) 7,633 (3,089)
Solanum sandwicense.............. ............... ............. XW-H, K-H ............ ............ ............ ............ 7,831 (3,170) 640 (259) 8,471 (3,429)
Spermolepis hawaiiensis.......... ............... X\W, K\ ............... ............ ............ X\W\ ............ 2,251 (910) 0 (0) 2,251 (910)
Stenogyne kanehoana.............. ............... ............. X\W\ ............ ............ ............ ............ 5,866 (2,374) 640 (259) 6,506 (2,633)
Tetramolopium filiforme.......... ............... ............. ............... ............ ............ X\W\ ............ 1,767 (715) 412 (167) 2,179 (882)
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. ............... ............. X\W\ ............ ............ X\W\ ............ 7,633 (3,089) 0 (0) 7,633 (3,089)
lepidotum.
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa........ ............... ............. X\K\ X\K\ ............ ............ X\K\ 32,112 (12,994) 125 (51) 32,237 (13,045)
Tetraplasandra lydgatei.......... ............... ............. X\K\ ............ ............ ............ ............ 1,965 (796) 0 (0) 1,965 (796)
Trematolobelia singularis........ ............... ............. ............... X\K\ ............ ............ X\K\ 30,147 (12,198) 0 (0) 30,147 (12,198)
Urera kaalae..................... ............... ............. X\W\ X\W\ ............ ............ ............ 6,559 (2,655) 0 (0) 6,559 (2,655)
Vigna o-wahuensis................ XW-H, K-H ............. ............... ............ ............ ............ ............ 6,219 (2,517) 0 (0) 6,219 (2,517)
Viola chamissoniana ssp. ............... ............. X\W\ ............ ............ X\W\ ............ 7,633 (3,089) 583 (236) 8,216 (3,325)
chamissoniana.
Viola oahuensis.................. ............... ............. ............... X\K\ ............ ............ X\K\ 25,203 (10,198) 595 (241) 25,798 (10,439)
Zanthoxylum oahuense............. ............... ............. ............... X\K\ ............ ............ ............ 25,203 (10,198) 5,893 (2,385) 31,096 (12,583)
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Animals
blackline Hawaiian damselfly..... ............... ............. ............... XW-H, K ............ ............ ............ 25,203 (10,198) 5,893 (2,385) 31,096 (12,583)
crimson Hawaiian damselfly....... ............... ............. ............... XW-H, K ............ ............ X\K\ 30,147 (12,198) 5,901 (2,388) 36,048 (14,586)
oceanic Hawaiian damselfly....... ............... ............. X\K\ XW-H, K ............ ............ X\K\ 30,394 (12,298) 5,306 (2,147) 35,700 (14,445)
Proposed CH ac (ha).............. 1,339 1,025 7,831 25,896 370 1,767 5,268
(542) (413) (3,170) (10,479) (150) (715) (2,130)
Exempt Area ac (ha).............. 0 18 989 6,054 399 547 90
(0) (7) (400) (2,450) (161) (222) (36)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Area Considered Proposed CH 1,339 1,041 8,819 31,948 769 2,314 5,358
(including Exempt Area) ac (ha). (542) (421) (3,569) (12,929) (311) (937) (2,168)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
W = occurs within indicated ecosystem in the Waianae Mountain caldera complex.
K = occurs within indicated ecosystem in the Koolau Mountain caldera complex.
W-H = known historically (last observed > 20 yrs ago) from indicated ecosystem in the Waianae Mountain caldera complex.
K-H = known historically (last observed > 20 yrs ago) from indicated ecosystem in the Koolau Mountain caldera complex.
The area known to be occupied by species for which the unit is designated also provides area essential to the conservation of all of the species that occur in that particular ecosystem.
Unoccupied habitat provides space and appropriate environmental conditions for activities such as seed dispersal and reproduction that will serve to expand the existing populations.
* This species may no longer occur in the wild.
Note: Total number of species in table is greater than 124 because we identify the applicable ecosystems and section 4(A)(3) exempt areas for the Oahu varieties of Phyllostegia parviflora and
Plantago princeps.
Table 7B--Areas by Ecosystem Determined To Be Exempt From Designation Under Section 4(a)(3) of the Act
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Proposed critical Acres (hectares) exempt Total area considered
habitat from critical habitat -------------------------
Ecosystem ----------------------------------------------------
ac ha ac ha ac ha
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Coastal........................... 1,339 542 0 0 1,339 542
Lowland Dry....................... 1,025 413 18 7 1,041 421
Lowland Mesic..................... 7,831 3,170 989 400 8,820 3,570
Lowland Wet....................... 25,896 10,479 6,054 2,450 31,950 12,929
Montane Wet....................... 370 150 399 161 769 311
Dry Cliff......................... 1,767 715 547 222 2,314 937
Wet Cliff......................... 5,268 2,130 90 36 4,739 1,917
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Special Management Considerations or Protections
The term critical habitat is defined in section 3(5)(A) of the Act,
in part, as geographic areas on which are found the physical or
biological features essential to the conservation of the species and
``which may require special management considerations or protection.''
In identifying critical habitat in occupied areas, we determine
whether
[[Page 46440]]
those areas that contain the features essential to the conservation of
the species require any special management actions. Although the
determination that special management may be required is not a
prerequisite to designating critical habitat in unoccupied areas,
special management is needed throughout all of the proposed critical
habitat units. The following discussion of special management needs is
therefore applicable to each of the 124 Oahu species for which we are
herein proposing to designate critical habitat.
The 124 Oahu species for which we are proposing to designate
critical habitat include 116 species that are currently found in the
wild on Oahu; 7 plant species found currently only on other Hawaiian
Islands, but which were historically found on Oahu; and 1 plant
species, Cyrtandra waiolani, which may not be extant in the wild. For
each of the 123 species currently found in the wild, we have determined
the features essential to their conservation are those required for the
successful functioning of the ecosystem(s) in which they occur (see
Tables 4 and 5). As described earlier, in some cases, additional
species-specific primary constituent elements were also identified (see
Table 5). Special management considerations or protections are
necessary throughout the critical habitat areas proposed here to avoid
further degradation or destruction of those features essential to their
conservation. The primary threats to the physical or biological
features essential to the conservation of all of these species include
habitat destruction and modification by feral ungulates, competition
with nonnative species, hurricanes, landslides, rockfalls, flooding,
fire, drought, and climate change. The Hawaiian damselflies are
additionally threatened by destruction and modification of their
aquatic habitat due to conversion and fill for agriculture and
development, and stream alterations (diversions, channelization, and
dewatering). The reduction of these threats will require the
implementation of special management actions within each of the
critical habitat areas identified in this proposed rule.
All proposed critical habitat, except that in the coastal ecosystem
on Oahu, requires active management to address the ongoing degradation
and loss of native habitat caused by feral ungulates (pigs and goats).
Feral ungulates also impact the habitat through predation and
trampling. Without this special management, habitat containing the
features that are essential for the conservation of these species will
continue to be degraded and destroyed.
All proposed critical habitat requires active management to address
the ongoing degradation and loss of native habitat caused by nonnative
plants. Special management is also required to prevent the introduction
of new alien plant species into native habitats. Particular attention
is required during nonnative plant control efforts to avoid creating
additional disturbances that may facilitate the further introduction
and establishment of invasive plant seeds. Precautions are also
required to avoid the inadvertent trampling of listed plant species in
the course of management activities.
The active control of nonnative plant species will help to address
the threat posed by fire to 29 of the proposed ecosystem critical
habitat units in particular: Oahu--Coastal--Unit 1, Oahu--Coastal--Unit
9, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 10, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 11, Oahu--Coastal--Unit
12, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 13, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 14, Oahu--Coastal--Unit
15, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 5,
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 7, Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 10,
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, Oahu--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 7, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2,
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 8. This threat is largely a result of the presence of
nonnative plant species such as the grasses Cenchrus ciliaris and
Melinus minutiflora that increase the fuel load and quickly regenerate
after a fire. These nonnative grass species can outcompete native
plants that are not adapted to fire, creating a grass-fire cycle that
alters ecosystem functions (D'Antonio and Vitousek 1992, pp. 64-66;
Brooks et al. 2004, p. 680).
Thirty-five of the proposed ecosystem critical habitat units
(Oahu--Coastal--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Dry--
Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2,
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 7, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 1,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 8,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 10, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 13,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 15, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 16, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2, Oahu--
Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 5,
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit
3, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 5, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Wet Cliff--
Unit 7, and Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 8) may require special management to
reduce the threat of landslides, rockfalls, and flooding. These
threaten to further degrade habitat conditions in these units and have
the potential to eliminate some populations of 24 plants (e.g., Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C. lanceolata, Cyrtandra dentata, C.
kaulantha, C. sessilis, Doryopteris takeuchii, Huperzia nutans, Lobelia
gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lysimachia filifolia, Melicope makahae,
Phyllostegia hirsuta, P. mollis, P. parviflora var. lydgatei, Plantago
princeps var. princeps, Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta, P. cornuta
var. decurrens, Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis, Sanicula mariversa,
Schiedea kealiae, S. obovata, Solanum sandwicense, Spermolepis
hawaiiensis, Urera kaalae, and Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana)
and 3 damselfly species found on steep slopes and cliffs, or in narrow
gulches. In addition, perennial streams in 40 of the overlapping
ecosystem units (blackline Hawaiian damselfly Lowland Wet units 1-11;
crimson Hawaiian damselfly Lowland Wet units 1-11 and Wet Cliff units
12-14; and oceanic Hawaiian damselfly critical habitat units 1-Lowland
Mesic, Lowland Wet units 2-12, and Wet Cliff units 13-15) may require
special management to reduce the threats to the blackline, crimson, and
oceanic Hawaiian damselflies from diversions, dewatering, vertical
wells, and stream channelization.
In summary, we find that each of the areas we are proposing as
critical habitat contains features essential for the conservation of
the species that may require special management considerations or
protection to ensure the conservation of the 124 Oahu species. These
special management considerations and protections are required to
preserve and maintain the essential features provided to these species
by the ecosystems upon which they depend. The specific areas proposed
for critical habitat that are outside the geographical area occupied
[[Page 46441]]
by these species have been determined to be essential for their
conservation.
Proposed Critical Habitat Designation
We are proposing 43,491 ac (17,600 ha) as critical habitat in 7
ecosystem types for 124 species. The proposed critical habitat is
comprised of 66 critical habitat units for the plants, and 40 critical
habitat units for the damselflies (see Tables 5A and 5B, above, for
details). The proposed critical habitat includes land under State, City
and County of Honolulu, Federal (Department of Defense--Navy;
Department of Homeland Security--Coast Guard; Department of Interior--
Fish and Wildlife Service), and private ownership. The critical habitat
units we describe below constitute our current best assessment of those
areas that meet the definition of critical habitat for the 124 species
of plants and animals.
Descriptions of Proposed Critical Habitat Units
The unit descriptions presented here represent the 7 essential
ecosystem areas that we have identified for all 124 species. Critical
habitat for the 121 Oahu plant species and critical habitat for the 3
Oahu damselflies are published in separate sections of the Code of
Federal Regulations (CFR); critical habitat is published in 50 CFR
17.99(i) for Oahu plants and in 50 CFR 17.95(i) for the three damselfly
species. However, the same geographic area represents proposed critical
habitat for both plants and damselflies in some portions of Oahu. For
example, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 6 (represented by map 26 in our
proposed revision to 50 CFR 17.99(i)) and oceanic Hawaiian damselfly--
Unit 1--Lowland Mesic (represented by map 2 for this species in 50 CFR
17.95(i)) correspond to the same geographic area. Therefore, because
the unit boundaries are the same, we are describing them only once to
avoid redundancy and reduce publication costs for this proposed rule,
as indicated by ``(and)'' following the unit name.
As provided under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, all or portions of
each of these areas may be considered for exclusion from critical
habitat when this rule is finalized. Exclusions are considered based on
the relative costs and benefits of designating critical habitat,
including information provided during the public comment period on
potential economic impacts of this proposed critical habitat
designation, and are made at the discretion of the Secretary. The
consideration of potential economic impacts applies solely to the
designation of critical habitat, and is not a factor in our assessment
of whether a species warrants listing as endangered or threatened under
the Act.
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 1 consists of 958 ac (388 ha) in the coastal
ecosystem along the northwestern coast of Oahu from Kaena Point east to
Kauhao Pali and southeast to Keawaula. This unit is State-owned, and
partially within Kaena Point State Park. It is occupied by the plants
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata, Chamaesyce celastroides var.
kaenana, and Sesbania tomentosa, and includes the mixed herbland and
shrubland, the moisture regime, and subcanopy and understory native
plant species identified as physical or biological features in the
coastal ecosystem (see Table 4). This unit also contains unoccupied
habitat that is essential to the conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu--Coastal--Unit 1 is not known to be occupied
by Bidens amplectens, Centaurium sebaeoides, Schiedea kealiae, or Vigna
o-wahuensis, we have determined this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these coastal species because it provides
the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations within
their historical range. Due to their small numbers of individuals or
low population sizes, these species require suitable habitat and space
for expansion or reintroduction to achieve population levels that could
achieve recovery.
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 2 consists of 12 ac (5 ha) in the coastal
ecosystem on Mokuaula, an islet east of Kalanai Point on the
northeastern coast of Oahu. This unit is State-owned and is classified
as a State Seabird Sanctuary. It includes the mixed herbland and
shrubland, the moisture regime, and subcanopy and understory native
plant species identified as physical or biological features in the
coastal ecosystem (see Table 4). Although this unit is not currently
occupied by Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Sesbania
tomentosa, or Vigna o-wahuensis, we have determined this area to be
essential for the conservation and recovery of these coastal species
because it provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild
populations within the historical ranges of the species. Due to their
small numbers of individuals or low population sizes, these species
require suitable habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction to
achieve population levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 3 consists of 15 ac (6 ha) in the coastal
ecosystem, on the larger of two islets (Moku Manu) off the windward
coast of Oahu near Mokapu Peninsula. This unit is State-owned,
classified as a State Seabird Sanctuary, and includes the mixed
herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and subcanopy and
understory native plant species identified as PCEs in the coastal
ecosystem (see Table 4). Although this unit is not currently occupied
by Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Sesbania tomentosa, or
Vigna o-wahuensis, we have determined this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these coastal species because it provides
the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations within
the historical ranges of the species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes, these species require suitable
habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 4 consists of 3 ac (1 ha) in the coastal
ecosystem, the smaller of two islets (Moku Manu) off the windward coast
Oahu near Mokapu Peninsula. This unit is State-owned, classified as a
State Seabird Sanctuary, and includes the mixed herbland and shrubland,
the moisture regime, and subcanopy and understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological features in the coastal ecosystem
(see Table 4). Although Oahu--Coastal--Unit 4 is not currently occupied
by Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Sesbania tomentosa, or
Vigna o-wahuensis, we have determined this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these coastal species because it provides
the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations within
the historical ranges of the species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes, these species require suitable
habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 5 consists of 12 ac (5 ha) in the coastal
ecosystem, the larger of two islands (Mokulua Islands) off the windward
coast of Oahu near Wailea Point. This unit is State-owned, classified
as a State Seabird Sanctuary, and includes the mixed herbland and
shrubland, the moisture regime, and subcanopy and understory native
plant species identified as physical or biological features in the
coastal ecosystem (see Table 4). Although this unit is not currently
occupied by Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Sesbania
tomentosa, and Vigna o-wahuensis, we have determined this area to be
essential for the
[[Page 46442]]
conservation and recovery of these coastal species because it provides
the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations within
the historical ranges of the species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes, these species require suitable
habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 6 consists of 9 ac (4 ha) in the coastal
ecosystem, on the smaller of two islands (Mokulua Islands) off the
windward coast of Oahu near Wailea Point. This unit is State-owned,
classified as a State Seabird Sanctuary, and includes the mixed
herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and subcanopy and
understory native plant species identified as physical or biological
features in the coastal ecosystem (see Table 4). Although Oahu--
Coastal--Unit 6 is not currently occupied by Centaurium sebaeoides,
Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Sesbania tomentosa, or Vigna o-wahuensis, we have
determined this area to be essential for the conservation and recovery
of these coastal species because it provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of individuals or low population
sizes, these species require suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population levels that could achieve
recovery.
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 7 consists of 67 ac (27 ha) in the coastal
ecosystem, on the larger of two islands (Manana Island) off the
windward coast of Oahu near Makapuu Point. This unit is State-owned,
classified as a State Seabird Sanctuary, and includes the mixed
herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and subcanopy and
understory native plant species identified as physical or biological
features in the coastal ecosystem (see Table 4). Although Oahu--
Coastal--Unit 7 is not currently occupied by Centaurium sebaeoides,
Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Sesbania tomentosa, or Vigna o-wahuensis, we have
determined this area to be essential for the conservation and recovery
of these coastal species because it provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of individuals or low population
sizes, these species require suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population levels that could achieve
recovery.
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 8 consists of 10 ac (4 ha) in the coastal
ecosystem, on the smaller of two islands (Kaohikaipu Island) off the
windward coast of Oahu near Makapuu Point. This unit is State-owned,
classified as a State Seabird Sanctuary, and includes the mixed
herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and subcanopy and
understory native plant species identified as physical or biological
features in the coastal ecosystem (see Table 4). This unit is occupied
by the plant Sesbania tomentosa and contains unoccupied habitat that is
essential to the conservation of this species by providing the PCEs
necessary for the expansion of the existing wild populations. Although
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 8 is not currently occupied by Centaurium
sebaeoides, Chamaesyce kuwaleana, and Vigna o-wahuensis, we have
determined this area to be essential for the conservation and recovery
of these coastal species because it provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of individuals or low population
sizes, these species require suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population levels that could achieve
recovery.
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 9 consists of 84 ac (34 ha) of State land and
0.02 ac (0.01 ha) of privately owned land in the coastal ecosystem on
the leeward side of Makapuu Point (Puuokipahulu). This unit is occupied
by the plants Cyperus trachysanthos and Marsilea villosa, and includes
the mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and subcanopy
and understory native plant species identified as physical or
biological features in the coastal ecosystem, as well as the unique
species PCEs for the plants C. trachysanthos and M. villosa (see Table
4). This unit also contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the
conservation of these species by providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild populations. Although Oahu--Coastal--
Unit 9 is not currently occupied by Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce
kuwaleana, Sesbania tomentosa, or Vigna o-wahuensis, we have determined
this area to be essential for the conservation and recovery of these
coastal species because it provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of individuals or low population
sizes, these species require suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population levels that could achieve
recovery.
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 10 consists of 74 ac (30 ha) in the coastal
ecosystem, owned by the City and County of Honolulu at Halona Point on
the leeward side of Koko Crater, extending from Sandy Beach to
Kahauloa. It is occupied by the plant Centaurium sebaeiodes and
includes the mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and
subcanopy and understory native plant species identified as physical or
biological features in the coastal ecosystem (see Table 4). This unit
also contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the conservation
of this species by providing the PCEs necessary for the expansion of
the existing wild populations. Although Oahu--Coastal--Unit 10 is not
known to be occupied by Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Sesbania tomentosa, and
Vigna o-wahuensis, we have determined this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these coastal species because it provides
the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations within
the historical ranges of the species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes, these species require suitable
habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 11 consists of 20 ac (8 ha) of City and County
of Honolulu land in the coastal ecosystem, at Ihiihilauakea on Koko
Head (Kaihuokapuaa). This unit is occupied by the plant Marsilea
villosa, and includes the mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture
regime, and subcanopy and understory native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the coastal ecosystem, as well as
the unique species PCEs for this species (see Table 4). This unit also
contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the conservation of
this species by providing the PCEs necessary for the expansion of the
existing wild populations. Although Oahu--Coastal--Unit 11 is not
currently occupied by Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce kuwaleana,
Cyperus trachysanthos, Sesbania tomentosa, and Vigna o-wahuensis, we
have determined this area to be essential for the conservation and
recovery of these coastal species because it provides the PCEs
necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations within the
historical ranges of the species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes, these species require suitable
habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction to achieve
[[Page 46443]]
population levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 12 consists of 11 ac (5 ha) of City and County
land in the coastal ecosystem, at Nonoula on Koko Head (Kaihuokapuaa).
This unit is occupied by the plant Marsilea villosa, and includes the
mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and subcanopy and
understory native plant species identified as physical or biological
features in the coastal ecosystem, as well as the unique species PCEs
for this species (see Table 4). This unit also contains unoccupied
habitat that is essential to the conservation of this species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu--Coastal--Unit 12 is not currently occupied
by Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Cyperus trachysanthos,
Sesbania tomentosa, or Vigna o-wahuensis, we have determined this area
to be essential for the conservation and recovery of these coastal
species because it provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment
of wild populations within the historical ranges of the species. Due to
their small numbers of individuals or low population sizes, these
species require suitable habitat and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population levels that could achieve
recovery.
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 13 consists of 24 ac (10 ha) in the coastal
ecosystem, on City, County and private land at Kalaeloa. This unit is
occupied by the plant Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata, and
includes the mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture regime, and
subcanopy and understory native plant species identified as physical or
biological features in the coastal ecosystem (see Table 4). This unit
also contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the conservation
of this species by providing the PCEs necessary for the expansion of
the existing wild populations. Although Oahu--Coastal--Unit 13 is not
known to be occupied by Bidens amplectens, Centaurium sebaeoides,
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana, Schiedea kealiae, Sesbania
tomentosa, and Vigna o-wahuensis, we have determined this area to be
essential for the conservation and recovery of these coastal species
because it provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild
populations within the historical ranges of the species. Due to their
small numbers of individuals or low population sizes, these species
require suitable habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction to
achieve population levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 14 consists of 4 ac (2 ha) in the coastal
ecosystem, on private and federal (U.S. Coast Guard) land at Kalaeloa.
This unit is occupied by the plant Achyranthes splendens var.
rotundata, and includes the mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture
regime, and subcanopy and understory native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the coastal ecosystem (see Table 4).
This unit also contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the
conservation of this species by providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild populations. Although Oahu--Coastal--
Unit 14 is not known to be occupied by Bidens amplectens, Centaurium
sebaeoides, Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana, Schiedea kealiae,
Sesbania tomentosa, and Vigna o-wahuensis, we have determined this area
to be essential for the conservation and recovery of these coastal
species because it provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment
of wild populations within the historical ranges of the species. Due to
their small numbers of individuals or low population sizes, these
species require suitable habitat and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population levels that could achieve
recovery.
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 15 consists of 34 ac (14 ha) in the coastal
ecosystem, on State, private, and federal (Pearl Harbor NWR) land at
Kalaeloa. This unit is occupied by the plant Achyranthes splendens var.
rotundata, and includes the mixed herbland and shrubland, the moisture
regime, and subcanopy and understory native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the coastal ecosystem (see Table 4).
This unit also contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the
conservation of this species by providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild populations. Although Oahu--Coastal--
Unit 15 is not known to be occupied by Bidens amplectens, Centaurium
sebaeoides, Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana, Schiedea kealiae,
Sesbania tomentosa, or Vigna o-wahuensis, we have determined this area
to be essential for the conservation and recovery of these coastal
species because it provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment
of wild populations within the historical ranges of the species. Due to
their small numbers of individuals or low population sizes, these
species require suitable habitat and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population levels that could achieve
recovery.
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 consists of 102 ac (41 ha) in the lowland
dry ecosystem, on State and privately owned land in the Waianae
Mountains, extending from Haili Gulch to Kawaipahai. This unit is
occupied by the plants Bidens amplectens, Hibiscus brackenridgei,
Nototrichium humile, and Schiedea kealiae, and includes the dry forest
and shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy and
understory native plant species identified as physical or biological
features in the lowland dry ecosystem (see Table 4). This unit also
contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the conservation of
these species by providing the PCEs necessary for the expansion of the
existing wild populations. Although Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 is not
known to be occupied by the plants Achyranthes splendens var.
rotundata, Bonamia menziesii, Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana,
Euphorbia haeleeleana, Gouania meyenii, G. vitifolia, Isodendrion
pyrifolium, Melanthera tenuifolia, Neraudia angulata, Pleomele
forbesii, Schiedea hookeri, or Spermolepis hawaiiensis, we have
determined this area to be essential for the conservation and recovery
of these lowland dry species because it provides the PCEs necessary for
the reestablishment of wild populations within the historical ranges of
the species. Due to their small numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction to achieve population levels that could
achieve recovery.
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 2 consists of 29 ac (12 ha) in the lowland
dry ecosystem in the Waianae Mountains, on State-owned land within
Kaena Point State Park. This unit is occupied by the plants Bonamia
menziesii, Melanthera tenuifolia, Nototrichium humile, and Pleomele
forbesii, and includes the dry forest and shrubland, the moisture
regime, and canopy, subcanopy and understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological features in the lowland dry
ecosystem (see Table 4). This unit also contains unoccupied habitat
that is essential to the conservation of these species by providing the
PCEs necessary for the expansion of the existing wild populations.
Although Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 2 is not known to be occupied by the
plants Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata, Bidens amplectens,
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Gouania
meyenii, G. vitifolia, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium,
Neraudia, Schiedea hookeri, S. kealiae, or Spermolepis hawaiiensis, we
have
[[Page 46444]]
determined this area to be essential for the conservation and recovery
of these lowland dry species because it provides the PCEs necessary for
the reestablishment of wild populations within the historical ranges of
the species. Due to their small numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction to achieve population levels that could
achieve recovery.
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 3 consists of 25 ac (10 ha) in the lowland
dry ecosystem in the Waianae Mountains, on Federal land (U.S. Navy) in
Lualualei Valley, south of Mailiili Stream. This unit is occupied by
the plant Marsilea villosa, and includes the dry forest and shrubland,
the moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy and understory native plant
species identified as physical or biological features in the lowland
dry ecosystem, as well as unique PCEs for this species (see Table 4).
This unit also contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the
conservation of this species by providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild populations. Although Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 3 is not known to be occupied by the plants Achyranthes
splendens var. rotundata, Bidens amplectens, Bonamia menziesii,
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana, Cyperus trachysanthos, Euphorbia
haeleeleana, Gouania meyenii, G. vitifolia, Hibiscus brackenridgei,
Isodendrion pyrifolium, Melanthera tenuifolia, Neruadia angulata var.
angulata, N. angulata var. dentata, Nototrichium humile, Pleomele
forbesii, Schiedea hookeri, S. kealiae, or Spermolepis hawaiiensis, we
have determined this area to be essential for the conservation and
recovery of these lowland dry species because it provides the PCEs
necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations within the
historical ranges of the species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes, these species require suitable
habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 4 consists of 18 ac (7 ha) in the lowland
dry ecosystem in the Waianae Mountains, on Federal land (U.S. Navy) in
Lualualei Valley, along Paakea Road. This unit is occupied by the plant
Marsilea villosa, and includes the dry forest and shrubland, the
moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy and understory native plant
species identified as physical or biological features in the lowland
dry ecosystem, as well as unique PCEs for this plant (see Table 4).
This unit also contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the
conservation of this species by providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild populations. Although Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 4 is not known to be occupied by the plants Achyranthes
splendens var. rotundata, Bidens amplectens, Bonamia menziesii,
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana, Cyperus trachysanthos, Euphorbia
haeleeleana, Gouania meyenii, G. vitifolia, Hibiscus brackenridgei,
Isodendrion pyrifolium, Melanthera tenuifolia, Neraudia angulata,
Nototrichium humile, Pleomele forbesii, Schiedea hookeri, S. kealiae,
or Spermolepis hawaiiensis, we have determined this area to be
essential for the conservation and recovery of these lowland dry
species because it provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment
of wild populations within the historical ranges of the species. Due to
their small numbers of individuals or low population sizes, these
species require suitable habitat and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population levels that could achieve
recovery.
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 5 consists of 8 ac (3 ha) in the lowland
dry ecosystem in the Waianae Mountains, on Federal land (U.S. Navy) in
Lualualei Valley, northeast of Paakea Road. This unit is occupied by
the plant Cyperus trachysanthos and includes the dry forest and
shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy and understory
native plant species identified as physical or biological features in
the lowland dry ecosystem, as well as unique PCEs for this plant (see
Table 4). This unit also contains unoccupied habitat that is essential
to the conservation of this species by providing the PCEs necessary for
the expansion of the existing wild populations. Although Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 5 is not known to be occupied by the plants Achyranthes
splendens var. rotundata, Bidens amplectens, Bonamia menziesii,
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Gouania
meyenii, G. vitifolia, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium,
Marsilea villosa, Melanthera tenuifolia, Neraudia angulata,
Nototrichium humile, Pleomele forbesii, Schiedea hookeri, S. kealiae,
or Spermolepis hawaiiensis, we have determined this area to be
essential for the conservation and recovery of these lowland dry
species because it provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment
of wild populations within the historical ranges of the species. Due to
their small numbers of individuals or low population sizes, these
species require suitable habitat and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population levels that could achieve
recovery.
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 6 consists of 287 ac (116 ha) of State land
in the lowland dry ecosystem, on the outer rim of Leahi (Diamond Head)
Crater within Diamond Head State Monument. This unit is occupied by the
plants Doryopteris takeuchii and Spermolepis hawaiiensis, and includes
the dry forest and shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy,
subcanopy and understory native plant species identified as physical or
biological features in the lowland dry ecosystem (see Table 4). This
unit also contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the
conservation of these species by providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild populations. Although Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 6 is not known to be occupied by the plant Gouania meyenii,
we have determined this area to be essential for the conservation and
recovery of this lowland dry species because it provides the PCEs
necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations within the
historical ranges of the species. Due to its small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes, this species requires suitable
habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 7 consists of 15 ac (6 ha) of State land in
the lowland dry ecosystem, in Leahi (Diamond Head) Crater within
Diamond Head State Monument. This unit is occupied by the plant Cyperus
trachysanthos and includes the dry forest and shrubland, the moisture
regime, and canopy, subcanopy and understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological features in the lowland dry
ecosystem, as well as unique PCEs for this plant (see Table 4). This
unit also contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the
conservation of this species by providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild populations. Although Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 7 is not known to be occupied by the plants Doryopteris
takeuchii, Gouania meyenii, Marsilea villosa, or Spermolepis
hawaiiensis, we have determined this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these lowland dry species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
[[Page 46445]]
species, and the unique PCEs for the species M. villosa. Due to their
small numbers of individuals or low population sizes, these species
require suitable habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction to
achieve population levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 8 consists of 292 ac (118 ha) of State and
private land in the lowland dry ecosystem, at Barbers Point Harbor.
Although Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 8 is not known to be occupied by the
plants Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata, Bidens amplectens, Bonamia
menziesii, Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana, C. skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Gouania meyenii, G. vitifolia,
Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Melanthera tenuifolia,
Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium humile, Pleomele forbesii, Schiedea
hookeri, S. kealiae, or Spermolepis hawaiiensis, we have determined
this area to be essential for the conservation and recovery of these
lowland dry species because it provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations within the historical ranges of the
species, and the unique PCEs for the species C. skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii. Due to their small numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction to achieve population levels that could
achieve recovery.
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 9 consists of 40 ac (16 ha) of City and
County, State, private, and federal (Pearl Harbor NWR) land in the
lowland dry ecosystem at Kalaeloa. This unit is occupied by the plant
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata, and includes the dry forest and
shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy and understory
native plant species identified as physical or biological features in
the lowland dry ecosystem (see Table 4). This unit also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to the conservation of this
species by providing the PCEs necessary for the expansion of the
existing wild populations. Although Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 9 is not
known to be occupied by the plants Bidens amplectens, Bonamia
menziesii, Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana, C. skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Gouania meyenii, G. vitifolia,
Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Melanthera tenuifolia,
Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium humile, Pleomele forbesii, Schiedea
hookeri, S. kealiae, or Spermolepis hawaiiensis, we have determined
this area to be essential for the conservation and recovery of these
lowland dry species because it provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations within the historical ranges of the
species, and the unique PCEs for the species C. skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii. Due to their small numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction to achieve population levels that could
achieve recovery.
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 10 consists of 43 ac (17 ha) of State land
(Department of Hawaiian Homelands (DHHL)) in the lowland dry ecosystem
at Kalaeloa. This unit is occupied by the plant Chamaesyce skottsbergii
var. skottsbergii and includes the dry forest and shrubland, the
moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy and understory native plant
species identified as physical or biological features in the lowland
dry ecosystem, as well as unique PCEs for this plant (see Table 4).
This unit also contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the
conservation of this species by providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild populations. Although DHHL Lowland Dry--
Unit 10 is not known to be occupied by the plants Achyranthes splendens
var. rotundata, Bidens amplectens, Bonamia menziesii, Chamaesyce
celastroides var. kaenana, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Gouania meyenii, G.
vitifolia, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Melanthera
tenuifolia, Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium humile, Pleomele forbesii,
Schiedea hookeri, S. kealiae, or Spermolepis hawaiiensis, we have
determined this area to be essential for the conservation and recovery
of these lowland dry species because it provides the PCEs necessary for
the reestablishment of wild populations within the historical ranges of
the species, and the unique PCEs for the species C. skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii. Due to their small numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction to achieve population levels that could
achieve recovery.
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 11 consists of 166 ac (67 ha) of federal
land (U.S. Navy) in the lowland dry ecosystem, at Kalaeloa. This unit
is occupied by the plant Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. skottsbergii and
includes the dry forest and shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy,
subcanopy and understory native plant species identified as physical or
biological features in the lowland dry ecosystem, as well as unique
PCEs for this plant (see Table 4). This unit also contains unoccupied
habitat that is essential to the conservation of this species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 11 is not known to be
occupied by the plants Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata, Bidens
amplectens, Bonamia menziesii, Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana,
Euphorbia haeleeleana, Gouania meyenii, G. vitifolia, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Melanthera tenuifolia, Neraudia
angulata, Nototrichium humile, Pleomele forbesii, Schiedea hookeri, S.
kealiae, or Spermolepis hawaiiensis, we have determined this area to be
essential for the conservation and recovery of these lowland dry
species because it provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment
of wild populations within the historical ranges of the species, and
the unique PCEs for the species C. skottsbergii var. skottsbergii. Due
to their small numbers of individuals or low population sizes, these
species require suitable habitat and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population levels that could achieve
recovery.
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1 consists of 4,450 ac (1,801 ha) in the
lowland mesic ecosystem in the Waianae Mountains, encompassing a large
area including the north slopes of Mt. Kaala, from the Pahole Natural
Area Reserve (NAR) to the Kaala NAR, and south to the Waianae Kai
Forest Reserve (FR), on State, City and County of Honolulu, and
privately owned land. This unit is occupied by the plants Abutilon
sandwicense, Alectryon macrococcus var. macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii,
Cenchrus agrimonioides, Chamaesyce herbstii, Colubrina oppositifolia,
Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea acuminata, C. calycina, C. grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, C. grimesiana ssp. obatae, C. longiflora, C. superba,
Cyrtandra dentata, Delissea subcordata, Diellia falcata, Dubautia
herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Flueggea
neowawraea, Hesperomannia arborescens, H. arbuscula, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Isodendrion laurifolium, I. longifolium, Kadua degeneri,
Lobelia niihauensis, Melanthera tenuifolia, Melicope makahae, M.
pallida, Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium humile, Phyllostegia
kaalaensis, Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens, Pleomele forbesii,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Schiedea hookeri, S. kaalae, S. nuttallii, S.
obovata, and
[[Page 46446]]
Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, and includes the mesic forest
and shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy and
understory native plant species identified as physical or biological
features in the lowland mesic ecosystem (see Table 4). This unit also
contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the conservation of
these species by providing the PCEs necessary for the expansion of the
existing wild populations. Although Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1 is not
known to be occupied by the plants Chamaesyce celastroides var.
kaenana, Cyanea pinnatifida, Cyperus pennatiformis, Diellia unisora,
Diplazium molokaiense, Eugenia koolauensis, Gardenia mannii, Gouania
meyenii, G. vitifolia,, Kadua coriacea, K. parvula, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Melicope saint-johnii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, P. mollis, P.
parviflora var. lydgatei, Plantago princeps var. princeps, Sanicula
mariversa, Silene perlmanii, Solanum sandwicense, Stenogyne kanehoana,
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, or Urera kaalae, we have
determined this area to be essential for the conservation and recovery
of these lowland mesic species because it provides the PCEs necessary
for the reestablishment of wild populations within the historical
ranges of the species. Due to their small numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction to achieve population levels that could
achieve recovery.
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2 consists of 1,063 ac (430 ha) in the
lowland mesic ecosystem on the windward side of the Waianae Mountains,
from Puuhapapa south to Puukaua. This area was part of the Honouliuli
Preserve, managed by The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, and was recently
acquired by the State. This unit is occupied by the plants Abutilon
sandwicense, Alectryon macrococcus, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Chamaesyce
herbstii, Cyanea calycina, C. grimesiana ssp. obatae, Delissea
subcordata, Diellia falcata, Gardenia mannii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, P.
kaalaensis, P. mollis, Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens, Pleomele
forbesii, Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Schiedea hookeri, S. kaalae, Solanum
sandwicense, Stenogyne kanehoana, and Urera kaalae, and includes the
mesic forest and shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy
and understory native plant species identified as physical or
biological features in the lowland mesic ecosystem (see Table 4). This
unit also contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the
conservation of these species by providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild populations. Although Oahu--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 2 is not known to be occupied by the plants Bonamia
menziesii, Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana, Colubrina
oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea acuminata, C. grimesiana
ssp. grimesiana, C. longiflora, C. pinnatifida, C. superba, Cyperus
pennatiformis, Cyrtandra dentata, Diellia unisora, Diplazium
molokaiense, Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii, Eugenia
koolauensis, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania
meyenii, G. vitifolia, Hesperomannia arborescens, H. arbuscula,
Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion laurifolium, I. longifolium, Kadua
coriacea, K. degeneri, K. parvula, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia
niihauense, Melanthera tenuifolia, Melicope makahae, M. pallida, M.
saint-johnii, Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium humile, Phyllostegia
parviflora var. lydgatei, Plantago princeps var. princeps, Sanicula
mariversa, Schiedea nuttallii, S. obovata, Silene perlmanii,
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, or Viola chamissoniana ssp.
chamissoniana, we have determined this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these lowland mesic species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the species. Due to their small numbers
of individuals or low population sizes, these species require suitable
habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3 consists of 353 ac (143 ha) in the
lowland mesic ecosystem on the windward side of the Waianae Mountains,
from Pohakea Pass to Kaiakuakai Gulch. This area was part of the
Honouliuli Preserve, managed by The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, and
was recently acquired by the State. This unit is occupied by the plants
Alectryon macrococcus var. macrococcus, Cenchrus agrimonioides,
Delissea subcordata, Diellia falcata, D. unisora, Hesperomannia
arbuscula, Melicope saint-johnii, Phyllostegia mollis, P. parviflora
var. lydgatei, Plantago princeps var. princeps, Pleomele forbesii,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Schiedea kaalae, Silene perlmanii, and Urera
kaalae, and includes the mesic forest and shrubland, the moisture
regime, and canopy, subcanopy and understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological features in the lowland mesic
ecosystem (see Table 4). This unit also contains unoccupied habitat
that is essential to the conservation of these species by providing the
PCEs necessary for the expansion of the existing wild populations.
Although Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3 is not known to be occupied by the
plants Abutilon sandwicense, Bonamia menziesii, Chamaesyce celastroides
var. kaenana, C. herbstii, Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis
squamigera, Cyanea acuminata, C. calycina, C. grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, C. grimesiana ssp. obatae, C. longiflora, C. pinnatifida,
C. superba, Cyperus pennatiformis, Cyrtandra dentata, Diplazium
molokaiense, Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii, Eugenia
koolauensis, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Flueggea neowawraea, Gardenia
mannii, Gouania meyenii, G. vitifolia, Hesperomannia arborescens,
Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion laurifolium, I. longifolium, Kadua
coriacea, K. degeneri, K. parvula, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia
niihauense, Melanthera tenuifolia, Melicope makahae, M. pallida,
Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium humile, Phyllostegia hirsuta, P.
kaalaensis, Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens, Sanicula mariversa,
Schiedea hookeri, S. nuttallii, S. obovata, Solanum sandwicense,
Stenogyne kanehoana, Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, or Viola
chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, we have determined this area to be
essential for the conservation and recovery of these lowland mesic
species because it provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment
of wild populations within the historical ranges of the species. Due to
their small numbers of individuals or low population sizes, these
species require suitable habitat and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population levels that could achieve
recovery.
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4 consists of 20 ac (8 ha) in the lowland
mesic ecosystem on the windward side of the Koolau Mountains, between
the Waipilopilo and Hanaimoa gulches, on State-owned land within the
Hauula Forest Reserve. This unit includes the lowland mesic forest and
shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy and understory
native plant species identified as physical or biological features in
the lowland mesic ecosystem (see Table 4). Although Oahu--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 4 is not known to be occupied by the plants
[[Page 46447]]
Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii, Chamaesyce celastroides var.
kaenana, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea acuminata, C. calycina, C. crispa,
C. grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C. lanceolata, C. longiflora, C.
truncata, Cyrtandra dentata, C. polyantha, C. waiolani, Delissea
subcordata, Diellia erecta, D. falcata, Eugenia koolauensis, Gardenia
mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens, Isodendrion laurifolium, I.
longifolium, Kadua coriacea, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia monostachya,
Melicope lydgatei, M. saint-johnii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, P. mollis, P.
parviflora var. parviflora, Plantago princeps var. princeps, Pleomele
forbesii, Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Schiedea kaalae, S. nuttallii, Solanum
sandwicense, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, or T. lydgatei, we have
determined this area to be essential for the conservation and recovery
of these lowland mesic species because it provides the PCEs necessary
for the reestablishment of wild populations within the historical
ranges of the species. Due to their small numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction to achieve population levels that could
achieve recovery.
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 5 consists of 29 ac (12 ha) in the
lowland mesic ecosystem on the windward side of the Koolau Mountains,
in Maakua Gulch and ridge; is State-owned; and is within the Hauula FR.
This unit includes the mesic forest and shrubland, the moisture regime,
and canopy, subcanopy and understory native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the lowland mesic ecosystem (see
Table 4). Although Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 5 is not known to be
occupied by the plants Alectryon macrococcus s, Bonamia menziesii,
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea
acuminata, C. calycina, C. crispa, C. grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C.
lanceolata, C. longiflora, C. truncata, Cyrtandra dentata, C.
polyantha, C. waiolani, Delissea subcordata, Diellia erecta, D.
falcata, Eugenia koolauensis, Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia
arborescens, Isodendrion laurifolium, I. longifolium, Kadua coriacea,
Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia monostachya, Melicope lydgatei, M. saint-
johnii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, P. mollis, P. parviflora var. parviflora,
Plantago princeps var. princeps, Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Schiedea kaalae, S. nuttallii, Solanum sandwicense,
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, or T. lydgatei, we have determined this area
to be essential for the conservation and recovery of these lowland
mesic species because it provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of individuals or low population
sizes, these species require suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population levels that could achieve
recovery.
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 6 (and) Oceanic Hawaiian damselfly--Unit 1--
Lowland Mesic
This area consists of 247 ac (100 ha) in the lowland mesic
ecosystem on the windward side of the Koolau Mountains, inland of
Kaaawa Point, on State and privately owned land, and is partially
within Ahupuaa O Kahana State Park. This area is occupied by the plants
Cyanea acuminata, C. crispa, C. truncata, Gardenia mannii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, and Schiedea kaalae; and the invertebrate, the oceanic
Hawaiian damselfly. This area includes the lowland mesic forest and
shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy and understory
native plant species identified as physical or biological features in
the lowland mesic ecosystem, as well as unique PCEs for the damselfly
(see Table 4). Because the streams and upland foraging and cover areas
required by the oceanic Hawaiian damselfly are dispersed in the lowland
mesic ecosystem, the lowland mesic ecosystem physical or biological
features are essential to the damselfly because they provide for the
proper ecological functioning of this ecosystem. This area also
contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the conservation of
these species by providing the PCEs necessary for the expansion of the
existing wild populations. Although this area is not known to be
occupied by the plants Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii,
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea
calycina, C. grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C. lanceolata, C. longiflora,
Cyrtandra dentata, C. polyantha, C. waiolani, Delissea subcordata,
Diellia erecta, D. falcata, Eugenia koolauensis, Hesperomannia
arborescens, Isodendrion laurifolium, I. longifolium, Kadua coriacea,
Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia monostachya, Melicope lydgatei, M. saint-
johnii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, P. mollis, P. parviflora var. parviflora,
Plantago princeps var. princeps, Pleomele forbesii, Schiedea nuttallii,
Solanum sandwicense, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, or T. lydgatei, we have
determined this area to be essential for the conservation and recovery
of these lowland mesic species because it provides the PCEs necessary
for the reestablishment of wild populations within the historical
ranges of the species. Due to their small numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction to achieve population levels that could
achieve recovery.
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 7 consists of 1,669 ac (676 ha) in the
lowland mesic ecosystem on the leeward side of the Koolau Mountains, on
State and privately owned land, on Waialae Nui ridge. This unit is
occupied by the plants Bonamia menziesii, Cyanea acuminata, C.
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C. lanceolata, Cyrtandra polyantha, Diellia
erecta, Lobelia monostachya, Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia macrocarpa,
and Tetraplasandra lydgatei, and includes the mesic forest and
shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy and understory
native plant species identified as physical or biological features in
the lowland mesic ecosystem (see Table 4). This unit also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to the conservation of this
species by providing the PCEs necessary for the expansion of the
existing wild populations. Although Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 7 is not
known to be occupied by the plants Alectryon macrococcus, Chamaesyce
celastroides var. kaenana, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea calycina, C.
crispa, C. longiflora, C. truncata, Cyrtandra dentata, C. waiolani,
Delissea subcordata, Diellia falcata, Eugenia koolauensis, Gardenia
mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens, Isodendrion laurifolium, I.
longifolium, Kadua coriacea, Labordia cyrtandrae, Melicope lydgatei, M.
saint-johnii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, P. mollis, P. parviflora var.
parviflora, Plantago princeps var. princeps, Schiedea kaalae, S.
nuttallii, Solanum sandwicense, or Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, we have
determined this area to be essential for the conservation and recovery
of these lowland mesic species because it provides the PCEs necessary
for the reestablishment of wild populations within the historical
ranges of the species. Due to their small numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction to achieve population levels that could
achieve recovery.
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 1 consists of 541 ac (219 ha) owned by the
State of Hawaii and City and County of Honolulu, in the lowland wet
ecosystem on the windward side of the Waianae
[[Page 46448]]
Mountains, and partially within the Mokuleia and Waianae Kai Forest
Reserves. This unit is occupied by the plants Gouania vitifolia,
Melicope makahae, Pleomele forbesii, Schiedea hookeri, and Urera
kaalae, and includes the wet forest and shrubland, the moisture regime,
and canopy, subcanopy and understory native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the lowland wet ecosystem (see Table
4). This unit also contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the
conservation of these species by providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild populations. Although Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 1 is not known to be occupied by the plants Cyanea acuminata,
C. calycina, C. grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C. grimesiana ssp. obatae,
Cyrtandra dentata, Diplazium molokaiense, Gardenia mannii,
Hesperomannia arbuscula, Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae,
Lobelia oahuensis, Phyllostegia hirsuta, P. mollis, Plantago princeps
var. princeps, Pterlyxia macrocarpa, or Schiedea kaalae, we have
determined this area to be essential for the conservation and recovery
of these lowland wet species because it provides the PCEs necessary for
the reestablishment of wild populations within the historical ranges of
the species. Due to their small numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction to achieve population levels that could
achieve recovery.
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 2 consists of 20 ac (8 ha) in the lowland
wet ecosystem on the windward side of the Waianae Mountains at
Puuhapapa. This area was part of the Honouliuli Preserve, managed by
The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, and was recently acquired by the
State. This unit is occupied by the plants Phyllostegia hirsuta, P.
mollis, and Urera kaalae, and includes the wet forest and shrubland,
the moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy and understory native plant
species identified as physical or biological features in the lowland
wet ecosystem (see Table 4). This unit also contains unoccupied habitat
that is essential to the conservation of these species by providing the
PCEs necessary for the expansion of the existing wild populations.
Although Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 2 is not known to be occupied by the
plants Cyanea acuminata, C. calycina, C. grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C.
grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyrtandra dentata, Diplazium molokaiense,
Gardenia mannii, Gouania vitifolia, Hesperomannia arbuscula,
Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis,
Melicope makahae, Plantago princeps var. princeps, Pleomele forbesii,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Schiedea hookeri, or S. kaalae, we have
determined this area to be essential for the conservation and recovery
of these lowland wet species because it provides the PCEs necessary for
the reestablishment of wild populations within the historical ranges of
the species. Due to their small numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction to achieve population levels that could
achieve recovery.
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 3 consists of 29 ac (12 ha) in the lowland
wet ecosystem on the windward side of the Waianae Mountains at
Puukanehoa. This area was part of the Honouliuli Preserve, managed by
The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, and was recently acquired by the
State. This unit is occupied by the plants Phyllostegia hirsuta, P.
mollis, and Schiedea hookeri, and includes the wet forest and
shrubland, the moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy and understory
native plant species identified as physical or biological features in
the lowland wet ecosystem (see Table 4). This unit also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to the conservation of these
species by providing the PCEs necessary for the expansion of the
existing wild populations. Although Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 3 is not
known to be occupied by the plants Cyanea acuminata, C. calycina, C.
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C. grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyrtandra
dentata, Diplazium molokaiense, Gardenia mannii, Gouania vitifolia,
Hesperomannia arbuscula, Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae,
Lobelia oahuensis, Melicope makahae, Plantago princeps var. princeps,
Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Schiedea kaalae, or Urera
kaalae, we have determined this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these lowland wet species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the species. Due to their small numbers
of individuals or low population sizes, these species require suitable
habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 4 consists of 27 ac (11 ha) in the lowland
wet ecosystem on the windward side of the Waianae Mountains on State
land at Puukaua. A portion of this area was part of the Honouliuli
Preserve, managed by The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, and was recently
acquired by the State. This unit is occupied by the plant Phyllostegia
mollis and includes the wet forest and shrubland, the moisture regime,
and canopy, subcanopy and understory native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the lowland wet ecosystem (see Table
4). This unit also contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the
conservation of this species by providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild populations. Although Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 4 is not known to be occupied by the plants Cyanea acuminata,
C. calycina, C. grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C. grimesiana ssp. obatae,
Cyrtandra dentata, Diplazium molokaiense, Gardenia mannii, Gouania
vitifolia, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis, Melicope makahae, Phyllostegia hirsuta,
Plantago princeps var. princeps, Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Schiedea hookeri, S. kaalae, or Urera kaalae, we have
determined this area to be essential for the conservation and recovery
of these lowland wet species because it provides the PCEs necessary for
the reestablishment of wild populations within the historical ranges of
the species. Due to their small numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction to achieve population levels that could
achieve recovery.
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 5 consists of 74 ac (29 ha) owned by the
State of Hawaii and 2 ac (1 ha) of Federal land owned by the U.S. Navy
(Lualualei) in the lowland wet ecosystem, on the windward side of the
Waianae Mountains at Palikea. A portion of this area was part of the
Honouliuli Preserve, managed by The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, and
was recently acquired by the State. This unit is occupied by the plants
Cyanea calycina, C. grimesiana ssp. obatae, Hesperomannia arbuscula,
and Schiedea kaalae, and includes the wet forest and shrubland, the
moisture regime, and canopy, subcanopy and understory native plant
species identified as physical or biological features in the lowland
wet ecosystem (see Table 4). This unit also contains unoccupied habitat
that is essential to the conservation of this species by providing the
PCEs necessary for the expansion of the existing wild populations.
Although Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 5 is not known to be
[[Page 46449]]
occupied by the plants Cyanea acuminata, C. grimesiana ssp. grimesiana,
Cyrtandra dentata, Diplazium molokaiense, Gardenia mannii, Gouania
vitifolia, Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia
oahuensis, Melicope makahae, Phyllostegia hirsuta, P. mollis, Plantago
princeps var. princeps, Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia macrocarpa,
Schiedea hookeri, or Urera kaalae, we have determined this area to be
essential for the conservation and recovery of these lowland wet
species because it provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment
of wild populations within the historical ranges of the species. Due to
their small numbers of individuals or low population sizes, these
species require suitable habitat and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population levels that could achieve
recovery.
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6 (and) Blackline Hawaiian damselfly--Unit 1--
Lowland Wet (and) Crimson Hawaiian damselfly--Unit 1--Lowland Wet (and)
Oceanic Hawaiian damselfly--Unit 2--Lowland Wet
This area consists of 790 ac (320 ha) in the lowland wet ecosystem,
on privately owned land on the windward side of the Koolau Mountains,
and includes Kahawainui, Ihiihi, Wailele, and Koloa gulches. This area
is occupied by the plant Hesperomannia arborescens and by the blackline
and oceanic Hawaiian damselflies, and includes the wet forest and
shrubland, the moisture regime, and subcanopy and understory native
plant species identified as physical or biological features in the
lowland wet ecosystem, as well as unique PCEs for the Hawaiian
damselflies (see Table 4). Because the streams and upland foraging and
cover areas required by the blackline and oceanic Hawaiian damselflies
are dispersed in the lowland wet ecosystem, the lowland wet ecosystem
physical or biological features are essential to the damselfly species
because they provide for the proper ecological functioning of this
ecosystem. This area also contains unoccupied habitat that is essential
to the conservation of these species by providing the PCEs necessary
for the expansion of the existing wild populations. Although this area
is not currently occupied by Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce rockii,
Cyanea acuminata, C. calycina, C. crispa, C. grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, C. humboldtiana, C. koolauensis, C. lanceolata, C.
purpurellifolia, C. st.-johnii, C. truncata, Cyrtandra dentata, C.
gracilis, C. kaulantha, C. polyantha, C. sessilis, C. subumbellata, C.
viridiflora, C. waiolani, Gardenia mannii, Huperzia nutans, Isodendrion
longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp.
koolauensis, L. oahuensis, Melicope hiiakae, M. lydgatei, Myrsine
juddii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, P. parviflora var. parviflora, Plantago
princeps var. longibracteata, P. princeps var. princeps, Platanthera
holochila, Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta, Psychotria hexandra ssp.
oahuensis, Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea,
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis, Viola oahuensis,
Zanthoxylum oahuense, or the crimson Hawaiian damselfly, we have
determined this area to be essential for the conservation and recovery
of these lowland wet species because it provides the PCEs necessary for
the reestablishment of wild populations within the historical ranges of
the species. Due to their small numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction to achieve population levels that could
achieve recovery.
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7 (and) Blackline Hawaiian damselfly--Unit 2--
Lowland Wet (and) Crimson Hawaiian damselfly--Unit 2--Lowland Wet (and)
Oceanic Hawaiian damselfly--Unit 3--Lowland Wet
This area consists of 1,790 ac (724 ha) in the lowland wet
ecosystem on the windward side of the Koolau Mountains, on State and
privately owned land within the Kaipapau and Haula Forest Reserves and
Sacred Falls State Park, from Puukainapuaa to Kaluanui (Sacred Falls).
This unit is occupied by the plants Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea
acuminata, C. calycina, C. humboldtiana, C. purpurellifolia, C.
truncata, Cyrtandra viridiflora, Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia
arborescens, Huperzia nutans, Myrsine juddii, Phyllostegia hirsuta,
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta, Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Pteris
lidgatei, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, Viola oahuensis, and Zanthoxylum
oahuense, and by the blackline and oceanic Hawaiian damselflies. This
unit includes the wet forest and shrubland, the moisture regime, and
subcanopy and understory native plant species identified as physical or
biological features in the lowland wet ecosystem, as well as unique
PCEs for the Hawaiian damselflies (see Table 4). Because the streams
and upland foraging and cover areas required by the blackline and
oceanic Hawaiian damselflies are dispersed in the lowland wet
ecosystem, the lowland wet ecosystem physical or biological features
are essential to the damselfly species because they provide for the
proper ecological functioning of this ecosystem. The streams, foraging
areas, and cover areas that are occupied contain the essential PCEs,
and the streams and upland areas that are not occupied are essential to
the conservation of the species because they support the proper
ecological functioning of the occupied areas within the ecosystem. This
area also contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the
conservation of these species by providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild populations. Although this area is not
currently occupied by Adenophorus periens, Cyanea crispa, C. grimesiana
ssp. grimesiana, C. koolauensis, C. lanceolata, C. st.-johnii,
Cyrtandra dentata, C. gracilis, C. kaulantha, C. polyantha, C.
sessilis, C. subumbellata, C. waiolani, Isodendrion longifolium,
Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, L.
oahuensis, Melicope hiiakae, M. lydgatei, Phyllostegia parviflora var.
parviflora, Plantago princeps var. longibracteata, P. princeps var.
princeps, Platanthera holochila, Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis,
Sanicula purpurea, Trematolobelia singularis, or the crimson Hawaiian
damselfly, we have determined this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these lowland wet species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the species. Due to their small numbers
of individuals or low population sizes, these species require suitable
habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 8 (and) Blackline Hawaiian damselfly--Unit 3--
Lowland Wet (and) Crimson Hawaiian damselfly--Unit 3--Lowland Wet (and)
Oceanic Hawaiian damselfly--Unit 4--Lowland Wet
This area consists of 3,041 ac (1,231 ha) in the lowland wet
ecosystem on the windward side of the Koolau Mountains, on State and
private land partially within the Ahupuaa O Kahana State Park,
including Waihoi Springs, and Punaluu, Kahana, Waikane, Waikeekee, and
Uwao streams. This area is occupied by the plant Cyrtandra kaulantha
and by the invertebrates, the blackline and crimson Hawaiian
damselflies. This area includes the wet forest and shrubland, the
moisture regime, and subcanopy and understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological features in the
[[Page 46450]]
lowland wet ecosystem, as well as unique PCEs for the Hawaiian
damselflies (see Table 4). Because the streams and upland foraging and
cover areas required by the blackline and crimson Hawaiian damselflies
are dispersed in the lowland wet ecosystem, the lowland wet ecosystem
physical or biological features are essential to the damselfly species
because they provide for the proper ecological functioning of this
ecosystem. This area also contains unoccupied habitat that is essential
to the conservation of these species by providing the PCEs necessary
for the expansion of the existing wild populations. Although this area
is not currently occupied by the plants Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce
rockii, Cyanea acuminata, C. calycina, C. crispa, C. grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, C. humboldtiana, C. koolauensis, C. lanceolata, C.
purpurellifolia, C. st.-johnii, C. truncata, Cyrtandra dentata, C.
gracilis, C. polyantha, C. sessilis, C. subumbellata, C. viridiflora,
C. waiolani, Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens, Huperzia
nutans, Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia
gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, L. oahuensis, Melicope hiiakae, M.
lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, P. parviflora var.
parviflora, Plantago princeps var. longibracteata, P. princeps var.
princeps, Platanthera holochila, Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta,
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis, Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Pteris
lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia
singularis, Viola oahuensis, Zanthoxylum oahuense, or the oceanic
Hawaiian damselfly, we have determined this area to be essential for
the conservation and recovery of these lowland wet species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the species. Due to their small numbers
of individuals or low population sizes, these species require suitable
habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9 (and) Blackline Hawaiian damselfly--Unit 4--
Lowland Wet (and) Crimson Hawaiian damselfly--Unit 4--Lowland Wet (and)
Oceanic Hawaiian damselfly--Unit 5--Lowland Wet
This area consists of 15,728 ac (6,365 ha) in the lowland wet
ecosystem on the leeward side of the Koolau Mountains, on Federal (U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service), State, City and County of Honolulu, and
privately owned land, partially within the Ewa FR Waimano Section and
the Oahu Forest National Wildlife Refuge. This area extends along the
Koolau summit from Waipio to Manaiki Stream, and is occupied by the
plants Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea calycina, C. humboldtiana, C.
koolauensis, C. st.-johnii, Cyrtandra viridiflora, Gardenia mannii,
Hesperomannia arborescens, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis,
Melicope hiiakae, M. lydgatei, Phyllostegia hirsuta, P. parviflora var.
parviflora, Plantago princeps var. princeps, Platydesma cornuta var.
cornuta, Pteris lidgatei, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, Viola oahuensis,
and Zanthoxylum oahuense, and by the blackline and crimson Hawaiian
damselflies. This area includes the wet forest and shrubland, the
moisture regime, and subcanopy and understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological features in the lowland wet
ecosystem, as well as unique PCEs for the Hawaiian damselflies (see
Table 4). Because the streams and upland foraging and cover areas
required by the blackline and crimson Hawaiian damselflies are
dispersed in the lowland wet ecosystem, the lowland wet ecosystem
physical or biological features are essential to the damselfly species
because they provide for the proper ecological functioning of this
ecosystem. This area also contains unoccupied habitat that is essential
to the conservation of these species by providing the PCEs necessary
for the expansion of the existing wild populations. Although this area
is not currently occupied by Adenophorus periens, Cyanea acuminata, C.
crispa, C. grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C. lanceolata, C.
purpurellifolia, C. truncata, Cyrtandra dentata, C. gracilis, C.
kaulantha, C. polyantha, C. sessilis, C. subumbellata, C. waiolani,
Huperzia nutans, Isodendrion longifolium, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp.
koolauensis, Myrsine juddii, Plantago princeps var. longibracteata,
Platanthera holochila, Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Sanicula purpurea, Trematolobelia singularis, or the
oceanic Hawaiian damselfly, we have determined this area to be
essential for the conservation and recovery of these lowland wet
species because it provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment
of wild populations within the historical ranges of the species. Due to
their small numbers of individuals or low population sizes, these
species require suitable habitat and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population levels that could achieve
recovery.
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 10 (and) Blackline Hawaiian damselfly--Unit 5--
Lowland Wet (and) Crimson Hawaiian damselfly--Unit 5--Lowland Wet (and)
Oceanic Hawaiian damselfly--Unit 6--Lowland Wet
This area consists of 124 ac (50 ha) in the lowland wet ecosystem
on private land on the windward side of the Koolau Mountains, along
Kaalaea Stream. This area is occupied by the blackline Hawaiian
damselfly, and includes the wet forest and shrubland, the moisture
regime, and subcanopy and understory native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the lowland wet ecosystem, as well
as unique PCEs for the blackline Hawaiian damselfly (see Table 4).
Because the streams and upland foraging and cover areas required by the
blackline Hawaiian damselfly are dispersed in the lowland wet
ecosystem, the lowland wet ecosystem physical or biological features
are essential to this damselfly species because they provide for the
proper ecological functioning of this ecosystem. This area also
contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the conservation of
this species by providing the PCEs necessary for the expansion of the
existing wild populations. Although this area is not currently occupied
by Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea acuminata, C.
calycina, C. crispa, C. grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C. humboldtiana, C.
koolauensis, C. lanceolata, C. purpurellifolia, C. st.-johnii, C.
truncata, Cyrtandra dentata, C. gracilis, C. kaulantha, C. polyantha,
C. sessilis, C. subumbellata, C. viridiflora, C. waiolani, Gardenia
mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens, Huperzia nutans, Isodendrion
longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp.
koolauensis, L. oahuensis, Melicope hiiakae, M. lydgatei, Myrsine
juddii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, P. parviflora var. parviflora, Plantago
princeps var. longibracteata, P. princeps var. princeps, Platanthera
holochila, Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta, Psychotria hexandra ssp.
oahuensis, Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea,
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis, Viola oahuensis,
Zanthoxylum oahuense, or the crimson and oceanic Hawaiian damselflies,
we have determined this area to be essential for the conservation and
recovery of these lowland wet species because it provides the PCEs
necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations within the
historical ranges of the species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low
[[Page 46451]]
population sizes, these species require suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction to achieve population levels that could
achieve recovery.
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11 (and) Blackline Hawaiian damselfly--Unit 6--
Lowland Wet (and) Crimson Hawaiian damselfly--Unit 6--Lowland Wet (and)
Oceanic Hawaiian damselfly--Unit 7--Lowland Wet
This area consists of 124 ac (50 ha) in the lowland wet ecosystem,
owned by the City and County of Honolulu on the windward side of the
Koolau Mountains, along Waihee Stream. This area is occupied by the
blackline and oceanic Hawaiian damselflies, and includes the wet forest
and shrubland, the moisture regime, and subcanopy and understory native
plant species identified as physical or biological features in the
lowland wet ecosystem, as well as unique PCEs for the Hawaiian
damselflies (see Table 4). Because the streams and upland foraging and
cover areas required by the blackline and oceanic Hawaiian damselflies
are dispersed in the lowland wet ecosystem, the lowland wet ecosystem
physical or biological features are essential to these damselfly
species because they provide for the proper ecological functioning of
this ecosystem. This area also contains unoccupied habitat that is
essential to the conservation of these species by providing the PCEs
necessary for the expansion of the existing wild populations. Although
this area is not currently occupied by Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce
rockii, Cyanea acuminata, C. calycina, C. crispa, C. grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, C. humboldtiana, C. koolauensis, C. lanceolata, C.
purpurellifolia, C. st.-johnii, C. truncata, Cyrtandra dentata, C.
gracilis, C. kaulantha, C. polyantha, C. sessilis, C. subumbellata, C.
viridiflora, C. waiolani, Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens,
Huperzia nutans, Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia
gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, L. oahuensis, Melicope hiiakae, M.
lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, P. parviflora var.
parviflora, Plantago princeps var. longibracteata, P. princeps var.
princeps, Platanthera holochila, Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta,
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis, Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Pteris
lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia
singularis, Viola oahuensis, Zanthoxylum oahuense, or the crimson
Hawaiian damselfly, we have determined this area to be essential for
the conservation and recovery of these lowland wet species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the species. Due to their small numbers
of individuals or low population sizes, these species require suitable
habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12 (and) Blackline Hawaiian damselfly--Unit 7--
Lowland Wet (and) Crimson Hawaiian damselfly--Unit 7--Lowland Wet (and)
Oceanic Hawaiian damselfly--Unit 8--Lowland Wet
This area consists of 53 ac (21 ha) in the lowland wet ecosystem on
privately owned land on the windward side of the Koolau Mountains,
along Kahaluu Stream and tributary. This area is occupied by the
blackline Hawaiian damselfly, and includes the wet forest and
shrubland, the moisture regime, and subcanopy and understory native
plant species identified as physical or biological features in the
lowland wet ecosystem, as well as unique PCEs for this Hawaiian
damselfly (see Table 4). Because the streams and upland foraging and
cover areas required by the blackline Hawaiian damselfly are dispersed
in the lowland wet ecosystem, the lowland wet ecosystem physical or
biological features are essential to this damselfly species because
they provide for the proper ecological functioning of this ecosystem.
This area also contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the
conservation of this species by providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild populations. Although this area is not
currently occupied by Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea
acuminata, C. calycina, C. crispa, C. grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C.
humboldtiana, C. koolauensis, C. lanceolata, C. purpurellifolia, C.
st.-johnii, C. truncata, Cyrtandra dentata, C. gracilis, C. kaulantha,
C. polyantha, C. sessilis, C. subumbellata, C. viridiflora, C.
waiolani, Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens, Huperzia nutans,
Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp.
koolauensis, L. oahuensis, Melicope hiiakae, M. lydgatei, Myrsine
juddii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, P. parviflora var. parviflora, Plantago
princeps var. longibracteata, P. princeps var. princeps, Platanthera
holochila, Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta, Psychotria hexandra ssp.
oahuensis, Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea,
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis, Viola oahuensis,
Zanthoxylum oahuense, or the crimson and oceanic Hawaiian damselflies,
we have determined this area to be essential for the conservation and
recovery of these lowland wet species because it provides the PCEs
necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations within the
historical ranges of the species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes, these species require suitable
habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 13 (and) Blackline Hawaiian damselfly--Unit 8--
Lowland Wet (and) Crimson Hawaiian damselfly--Unit 8--Lowland Wet (and)
Oceanic Hawaiian damselfly--Unit 9--Lowland Wet
This area consists of 161 ac (65 ha) in the lowland wet ecosystem
in Federal and City and County of Honolulu land on the windward side of
the Koolau Mountains, along Heeia Stream and tributaries. This area is
occupied by the blackline Hawaiian damselfly, and includes the wet
forest and shrubland, the moisture regime, and subcanopy and understory
native plant species identified as physical or biological features in
the lowland wet ecosystem, as well as unique PCEs for this Hawaiian
damselfly (see Table 4). Because the streams and upland foraging and
cover areas required by the blackline Hawaiian damselfly are dispersed
in the lowland wet ecosystem, the lowland wet ecosystem physical or
biological features are essential to this damselfly species because
they provide for the proper ecological functioning of this ecosystem.
This area also contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the
conservation of this species by providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild populations. Although this area is not
currently occupied by Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea
acuminata, C. calycina, C. crispa, C. grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C.
humboldtiana, C. koolauensis, C. lanceolata, C. purpurellifolia, C.
st.-johnii, C. truncata, Cyrtandra dentata, C. gracilis, C. kaulantha,
C. polyantha, C. sessilis, C. subumbellata, C. viridiflora, C.
waiolani, Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens, Huperzia nutans,
Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp.
koolauensis, L. oahuensis, Melicope hiiakae, M. lydgatei, Myrsine
juddii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, P. parviflora var. parviflora, Plantago
princeps var. longibracteata, P. princeps var. princeps, Platanthera
holochila, Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta, Psychotria hexandra ssp.
[[Page 46452]]
oahuensis, Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea,
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis, Viola oahuensis,
Zanthoxylum oahuense, or the crimson and oceanic Hawaiian damselflies,
we have determined this area to be essential for the conservation and
recovery of these lowland wet species because it provides the PCEs
necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations within the
historical ranges of the species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes, these species require suitable
habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14 (and) Blackline Hawaiian damselfly--Unit 9--
Lowland Wet (and) Crimson Hawaiian damselfly--Unit 9--Lowland Wet (and)
Oceanic Hawaiian damselfly--Unit 10--Lowland Wet
This area consists of 478 ac (193 ha) in the lowland wet ecosystem
on State and City and County of Honolulu land on the leeward side of
the Koolau Mountains, extending from the Wilson Tunnel area southeast
to Moole Stream. This area is occupied by the plant Cyanea koolauensis,
and by the blackline Hawaiian damselfly, and includes the wet forest
and shrubland, the moisture regime, and subcanopy and understory native
plant species identified as physical or biological features in the
lowland wet ecosystem, as well as unique PCEs for the Hawaiian
damselfly (see Table 4). Because the streams and upland foraging and
cover areas required by the blackline Hawaiian damselfly are dispersed
in the lowland wet ecosystem, the lowland wet ecosystem physical or
biological features are essential to the damselfly species because they
provide for the proper ecological functioning of this ecosystem. This
area also contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the
conservation of these species by providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild populations. Although this area is not
currently occupied by Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea
acuminata, C. calycina, C. crispa, C. grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C.
humboldtiana, C. lanceolata, C. purpurellifolia, C. st.-johnii, C.
truncata, Cyrtandra dentata, C. gracilis, C. kaulantha, C. polyantha,
C. sessilis, C. subumbellata, C. viridiflora, C. waiolani, Gardenia
mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens, Huperzia nutans, Isodendrion
longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp.
koolauensis, L. oahuensis, Melicope hiiakae, M. lydgatei, Myrsine
juddii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, P. parviflora var. parviflora, Plantago
princeps var. longibracteata, P. princeps var. princeps, Platanthera
holochila, Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta, Psychotria hexandra ssp.
oahuensis, Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea,
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis, Viola oahuensis,
Zanthoxylum oahuense, or the crimson and oceanic Hawaiian damselflies,
we have determined this area to be essential for the conservation and
recovery of these lowland wet species because it provides the PCEs
necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations within the
historical ranges of the species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes, these species require suitable
habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 15 (and) Blackline Hawaiian damselfly--Unit
10--Lowland Wet (and) Crimson Hawaiian damselfly--Unit 10--Lowland Wet
(and) Oceanic Hawaiian damselfly--Unit 11--Lowland Wet
This area consists of 407 ac (165 ha) in the lowland wet ecosystem
on State of Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources Land
Division land on the windward side of the Koolau Mountains in Maunawili
Valley, including Omao and Maunawili streams and Kapakahi and Pikoakea
Springs. This area is occupied by the plant Cyanea crispa, and the
blackline Hawaiian damselfly, and includes the wet forest and
shrubland, the moisture regime, and subcanopy and understory native
plant species identified as physical or biological features in the
lowland wet ecosystem, as well as unique PCEs for the Hawaiian
damselfly (see Table 4). Because the streams and upland foraging and
cover areas required by the blackline Hawaiian damselfly are dispersed
in the lowland wet ecosystem, the lowland wet ecosystem physical or
biological features are essential to this damselfly species because
they provide for the proper ecological functioning of this ecosystem.
This area also contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the
conservation of these species by providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild populations. Although this area is not
currently occupied by Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea
acuminata, C. calycina, C. grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C. humboldtiana,
C. koolauensis, C. lanceolata, C. purpurellifolia, C. st.-johnii, C.
truncata, Cyrtandra dentata, C. gracilis, C. kaulantha, C. polyantha,
C. sessilis, C. subumbellata, C. viridiflora, C. waiolani, Gardenia
mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens, Huperzia nutans, Isodendrion
longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp.
koolauensis, L. oahuensis, Melicope hiiakae, M. lydgatei, Myrsine
juddii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, P. parviflora var. parviflora, Plantago
princeps var. longibracteata, P. princeps var. princeps, Platanthera
holochila, Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta, Psychotria hexandra ssp.
oahuensis, Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea,
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis, Viola oahuensis,
Zanthoxylum oahuense, or the crimson and oceanic Hawaiian damselflies,
we have determined this area to be essential for the conservation and
recovery of these lowland wet species because it provides the PCEs
necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations within the
historical ranges of the species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes, these species require suitable
habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16 (and) Blackline Hawaiian damselfly--Unit
11--Lowland Wet (and) Crimson Hawaiian damselfly--Unit 11--Lowland Wet
(and) Oceanic Hawaiian damselfly--Unit 12--Lowland Wet
This area consists of 2,507 ac (1,014 ha) in the lowland wet
ecosystem on State, City and County of Honolulu, and private land on
the leeward side of the Koolau Mountains, partly within the Honolulu
Watershed Forest Reserve, extending from the eastern side of Nuuanu
Valley southeast along the Koolau summit to Kulepeamoa Ridge. This area
is occupied by the plants Cyanea acuminata, C. calycina, C. crispa, C.
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C. humboldtiana, C. koolauensis, C.
lanceolata, C. st.-johnii, Cyrtandra gracilis, C. polyantha, C.
sessilis, Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia aborescens, Platydesma cornuta
var. cornuta, Sanicula purpurea, and Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa. This
area includes the wet forest and shrubland, the moisture regime, and
subcanopy and understory native plant species identified as physical or
biological features in the lowland wet ecosystem (see Table 4). This
area also contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the
conservation of these species by providing the PCEs (including the
[[Page 46453]]
unique PCEs for the Hawaiian damselfly) necessary for the expansion of
the existing wild populations. Although this area is not currently
occupied by Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea
purpurellifolia, C. truncata, Cyrtandra dentata, C. kaulantha, C.
subumbellata, C. viridiflora, C. waiolani, Huperzia nutans, Isodendrion
longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp.
koolauensis, L. oahuensis, Melicope hiiakae, M. lydgatei, Myrsine
juddii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, P. parviflora var. parviflora, Plantago
princeps var. longibracteata, P. princeps var. princeps, Platanthera
holochila, Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis, Pteralyxia macrocarpa,
Pteris lidgatei, Trematolobelia singularis, Viola oahuensis,
Zanthoxylum oahuense, or the blackline, crimson or oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies, we have determined this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these lowland wet species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the species. Due to their small numbers
of individuals or low population sizes, these species require suitable
habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu--Montane Wet--Unit 1 consists of 370 ac (150 ha) in the
montane wet ecosystem at the summit of the Waianae Mountains at Kaala,
on City and County of Honolulu and State land, and partially within the
Mokuleia Forest Reserve and the Kaala Natural Area Reserve. This unit
is occupied by the plants Cyanea acuminata, C. calycina, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Melicope christophersenii, and Schiedea trinervis, and
includes the wet forest and shrubland, the moisture regime, canopy,
subcanopy, and understory native plant species identified as physical
or biological features in the montane wet ecosystem (see Table 4). This
unit also contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the
conservation of these species by providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild populations. Although Oahu--Montane
Wet--Unit 1 is not known to be occupied by the plants Alectryon
macrococcus var. macrococcus, Lobelia oahuensis, or Phyllostegia
hirsuta, we have determined this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these montane wet species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the species. Due to their small numbers
of individuals or low population sizes, these species require suitable
habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1 consists of 49 ac (20 ha) in the dry cliff
ecosystem, on the leeward side of the Waianae Mountains, along the rim
of Makua Valley. This unit is on State land within the Pahole Natural
Area Reserve, and includes the shrubland, the moisture regime, and
subcanopy and understory native plant species identified as physical or
biological features in the dry cliff ecosystem (see Table 4). This unit
is occupied by the plants Alectryon macrococcus, Cenchrus
agrimonioides, Chamaesyce herbstii, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae,
Cyrtandra dentata, Kadua degeneri, Plantago princeps var. princeps, and
Schiedea obovata. This unit also contains unoccupied habitat that is
essential to the conservation of these species by providing the PCEs
necessary for the expansion of the existing wild populations. Although
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1 is not currently occupied by Abutilon
sandwicense, Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata, Bonamia menziesii,
Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Diellia falcata, D. unisora, Dubautia
herbtsobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii, Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania
meyenii, G. vitifolia, Isodendrion laurifolium, I. pyrifolium, Kadua
parvula, Korthalsella degeneri, Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata
var. leptophylla, Lobelia niihauensis, Melanthera tenuifolia, Melicope
makahae, M. saint-johnii, Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium humile,
Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Platydesma cornuta
var. decurrens, Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Sanicula
mariversa, Schiedea hookeri, S. trinervis, Silene lanceolata, S.
perlmanii, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium filiforme, T.
lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, or Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, we
have determined this area to be essential for the conservation and
recovery of these dry cliff species because it provides the PCEs
necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations within the
historical ranges of the species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes, these species require suitable
habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2 consists of 412 ac (167 ha) in the dry
cliff ecosystem, on the leeward side of the Waianae Mountains, along
the ridge from Keaau to Ohikilolo. This unit is on State and City and
County of Honolulu land almost entirely within the Makua Keaau Forest
Reserve, and includes the shrubland, the moisture regime, and subcanopy
and understory native plant species identified as physical or
biological features in the dry cliff ecosystem (see Table 4). Dry
Cliff--Unit 2 is occupied by the plants Abutilon sandwicense, Alectryon
macrococcus, Dubautia herbstobatae, Gouania vitifolia, Kadua parvula,
Lepidium arbuscula, Lobelia niihauensis, Melanthera tenuifolia,
Melicope makahae, Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum sandwicense,
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens, Pleomele forbesii, Sanicula
mariversa, Schiedea hookeri, Tetramolopium filiforme, and Viola
chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana. This unit also contains unoccupied
habitat that is essential to the conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2 is not currently occupied
by Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus
agrimonioides, Chamaesyce herbstii, C. kuwaleana, Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. obatae, Cyrtandra dentata, Diellia falcata, D. unisora, Eragrostis
fosbergii, Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, Isodendrion
laurifolium, I. pyrifolium, Kadua degeneri, Korthalsella degeneri,
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla, Melicope saint-johnii, Neraudia
angulata, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Plantago princeps var. princeps,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Schiedea obovata, S. trinervis, Silene
lanceolata, S. perlmanii, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, or Tetramolopium
lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, we have determined this area to be essential
for the conservation and recovery of these dry cliff species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the species. Due to their small numbers
of individuals or low population sizes, these species require suitable
habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3 consists of 450 ac (182 ha) in the dry
cliff ecosystem on the leeward side of the Waianae Mountains, along the
eastern rim of Makaha Valley along Kamaileunu Ridge. This unit is on
State and City and County of Honolulu land partially within the Waianae
Kai Forest Reserve, and includes the shrubland, the moisture regime,
and subcanopy and understory native plant species
[[Page 46454]]
identified as physical or biological features in the dry cliff
ecosystem (see Table 4). This unit is occupied by the plants Abutilon
sandwicense, Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii, Diellia falcata,
Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii, Flueggea neowawraea,
Gouania meyenii, Isodendrion laurifolium, Korthalsella degeneri,
Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla, Lobelia
niihauensis, Melanthera tenuifolia, Melicope makahae, Neraudia
angulata, Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia
kaalaensis, Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Schiedea hookeri,
Silene lanceolata, Tetramolopium filiforme, and Viola chamissoniana
ssp. chamissoniana. This unit also contains unoccupied habitat that is
essential to the conservation of these species by providing the PCEs
necessary for the expansion of the existing wild populations. Although
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3 is not currently occupied by Achyranthes
splendens var. rotundata, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Chamaesyce herbstii,
C. kuwaleana, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyrtandra dentata, Diellia
unisora, Gouania vitifolia, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua degeneri, K.
parvula, Melicope saint-johnii, Plantago princeps var. princeps,
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens, Sanicula mariversa, Schiedea
obovata, S. trinervis, Silene perlmanii, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, or
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, we have determined this area to
be essential for the conservation and recovery of these dry cliff
species because it provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment
of wild populations within the historical ranges of the species. Due to
their small numbers of individuals or low population sizes, these
species require suitable habitat and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population levels that could achieve
recovery.
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4 consists of 108 ac (44 ha) in the dry cliff
ecosystem on the leeward side of the Waianae Mountains, along Kauaopuu
ridge, which divides Waianae Kai and Lualualei valleys. This unit is on
State and Federal land partially within the Waianae Kai Forest Reserve,
and includes the shrubland, the moisture regime, and subcanopy and
understory native plant species identified as physical or biological
features in the dry cliff ecosystem (see Table 4). This unit is
occupied by the plants Alectryon macrococcus, Chamaesyce kuwaleana, and
Spermolepis hawaiiensis. This unit also contains unoccupied habitat
that is essential to the conservation of these species by providing the
PCEs necessary for the expansion of the existing wild populations.
Although Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4 is not currently occupied by Abutilon
sandwicense, Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata, Bonamia menziesii,
Cenchrus agrimonioides, Chamaesyce herbstii, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
obatae, Cyrtandra dentata, Diellia falcata, D. unisora, Dubautia
herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii, Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania
meyenii, G. vitifolia, Isodendrion laurifolium, I. pyrifolium, Kadua
degeneri, K. parvula, Korthalsella degeneri, Lepidium arbuscula,
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla, Lobelia niihauensis, Melanthera
tenuifolia, Melicope makahae, M. saint-johnii, Neraudia angulata,
Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia kaalaensis,
Plantago princeps var. princeps, Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens,
Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Sanicula mariversa, Schiedea
hookeri, S. obovata, S. trinervis, Silene lanceolata, S. perlmanii,
Tetramolopium filiforme, T. lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, or Viola
chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, we have determined this area to be
essential for the conservation and recovery of these dry cliff species
because it provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild
populations within the historical ranges of the species. Due to their
small numbers of individuals or low population sizes, these species
require suitable habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction to
achieve population levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 5 consists of 26 ac (10 ha) in the dry cliff
ecosystem, on the leeward side of the Waianae Mountains in Federal land
(U.S. Navy) between Kolekole Pass and Puuhapapa, and includes the
shrubland, the moisture regime, and subcanopy and understory native
plant species identified as physical or biological features in the dry
cliff ecosystem (see Table 4). This unit is occupied by the plants
Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii, Flueggea neowawraea,
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla, Lobelia niihauensis, Nototrichium
humile, Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens, Pleomele forbesii, and
Schiedea hookeri. This unit also contains unoccupied habitat that is
essential to the conservation of these species by providing the PCEs
necessary for the expansion of the existing wild populations. Although
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 5 is not currently occupied by Abutilon
sandwicense, Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata, Cenchrus
agrimonioides, Chamaesyce herbstii, C. kuwaleana, Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. obatae, Cyrtandra dentata, Diellia falcata, D. unisora, Dubautia
herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii, Gouania meyenii, G. vitifolia,
Isodendrion laurifolium, I. pyrifolium, Kadua degeneri, K. parvula,
Korthalsella degeneri, Lepidium arbuscula, Melanthera tenuifolia,
Melicope makahae, M. saint-johnii, Neraudia angulata, Peucedanum
sandwicense, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Plantago princeps var. princeps,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Sanicula mariversa, Schiedea obovata, S.
trinervis, Silene lanceolata, S. perlmanii, Spermolepis hawaiiensis,
Tetramolopium filiforme, T. lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, or Viola
chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, we have determined this area to be
essential for the conservation and recovery of these dry cliff species
because it provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild
populations within the historical ranges of the species. Due to their
small numbers of individuals or low population sizes, these species
require suitable habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction to
achieve population levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6 consists of 255 ac (103 ha) in the dry
cliff ecosystem on the leeward side of the Waianae Mountains, on State
and Federal (U.S. Navy) land along the rim of Lualualei Valley from
Puukanehoa to Puukaua. A portion of this area was part of the
Honouliuli Preserve, managed by The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, and
was recently acquired by the State. This unit includes the shrubland,
the moisture regime, and subcanopy and understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological features in the dry cliff
ecosystem (see Table 4), and is occupied by the plants Cenchrus
agrimonioides, Diellia unisora, Flueggea neowawraea, Lepidium
arbuscula, Lobelia niihauensis, Melicope saint-johnii, Neraudia
angulata, Plantago princeps var. princeps, Pleomele forbesii,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, and Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum. This
unit also contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the
conservation of these species by providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild populations. Although Oahu--Dry Cliff--
Unit 6 is not currently occupied by Abutilon sandwicense, Achyranthes
splendens var. rotundata, Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii,
[[Page 46455]]
Chamaesyce herbstii, C. kuwaleana, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae,
Cyrtandra dentata, Diellia falcata, Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis
fosbergii, Gouania meyenii, G. vitifolia, Isodendrion laurifolium, I.
pyrifolium, Kadua degeneri, K. parvula, Korthalsella degeneri,
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla, Melanthera tenuifolia, Melicope
makahae, Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia
kaalaensis, Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens, Sanicula mariversa,
Schiedea hookeri, S. obovata, S. trinervis, Silene lanceolata, S.
perlmanii, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium filiforme, or Viola
chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, we have determined this area to be
essential for the conservation and recovery of these dry cliff species
because it provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild
populations within the historical ranges of the species. Due to their
small numbers of individuals or low population sizes, these species
require suitable habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction to
achieve population levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7 consists of 208 ac (84 ha) in the dry cliff
ecosystem on the leeward side of the Waianae Mountains, on State and
Federal (U.S. Navy) land along the rim of Lualualei Valley from Pohakea
to Palikea. A small portion of this area was part of the Honouliuli
Preserve, managed by The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, and was recently
acquired by the State. This unit includes the shrubland, the moisture
regime, and subcanopy and understory native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the dry cliff ecosystem (see Table
4). It is occupied by the plants Abutilon sandwicense, Achyranthes
splendens var. rotundata, Diellia unisora, Flueggea neowawraea, Kadua
parvula, Lepidium arbuscula, Melicope saint-johnii, Neraudia angulata,
Plantago princeps var. princeps, Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens,
Pleomele forbesii, Silene perlmanii, and Viola chamissoniana ssp.
chamissoniana. This unit also contains unoccupied habitat that is
essential to the conservation of these species by providing the PCEs
necessary for the expansion of the existing wild populations. Although
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7 is not currently occupied by Alectryon
macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Chamaesyce
herbstii, C. kuwaleana, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyrtandra
dentata, Diellia falcata, Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii,
Gouania meyenii, G. vitifolia, Isodendrion laurifolium, I. pyrifolium,
Kadua degeneri, Korthalsella degeneri, Lipochaeta lobata var.
leptophylla, Lobelia niihauensis, Melanthera tenuifolia, Melicope
makahae, Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia
kaalaensis, Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Sanicula mariversa, Schiedea
hookeri, S. obovata, S. trinervis, Silene lanceolata, Spermolepis
hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium filiforme, or T. lepidotum ssp. lepidotum,
we have determined this area to be essential for the conservation and
recovery of these dry cliff species because it provides the PCEs
necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations within the
historical ranges of the species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes, these species require suitable
habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 8 consists of 259 ac (105 ha) in the dry
cliff ecosystem on the leeward side of the Waianae Mountains, on State
land along the rim of Nanakuli Valley from Palehua to Puumanawanua, and
partially within the Nanakuli Forest Reserve. A small portion of this
area was part of the Honouliuli Preserve, managed by The Nature
Conservancy of Hawaii, and was recently acquired by the State. This
unit includes the shrubland, the moisture regime, and subcanopy and
understory native plant species identified as physical or biological
features in the dry cliff ecosystem (see Table 4). It is occupied by
the plants Abutilon sandwicense, Bonamia menziesii, Flueggea
neowawraea, Lobelia niihauensis, Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium
humile, and Pleomele forbesii. This unit also contains unoccupied
habitat that is essential to the conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 8 is not currently occupied
by Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata, Alectryon macrococcus,
Cenchrus agrimonioides, Chamaesyce herbstii, C. kuwaleana, Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyrtandra dentata, Diellia falcata, D. unisora,
Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii, Gouania meyenii, G.
vitifolia, Isodendrion laurifolium, I. pyrifolium, Kadua degeneri, K.
parvula, Korthalsella degeneri, Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata
var. leptophylla, Melanthera tenuifolia, Melicope makahae, M. saint-
johnii, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Plantago
princeps var. princeps, Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Sanicula mariversa, Schiedea hookeri, S. obovata, S.
trinervis, Silene lanceolata, S. perlmanii, Spermolepis hawaiiensis,
Tetramolopium filiforme, T. lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, or Viola
chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, we have determined this area to be
essential for the conservation and recovery of these dry cliff species
because it provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild
populations within the historical ranges of the species. Due to their
small numbers of individuals or low population sizes, these species
require suitable habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction to
achieve population levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 1 consists of 235 ac (95 ha) in the wet cliff
ecosystem on State and City and County of Honolulu land in the Waianae
Mountains, near the summit of Kaala, and partially within the Mokuleai
and Waianae Kai FRs and the Kaala Natural Area Reserve. This unit
includes the shrubland, the moisture regime, and subcanopy and
understory native plant species identified as physical or biological
features in the wet cliff ecosystem (see Table 4). Oahu--Wet Cliff--
Unit 1 is occupied by the plants Cyanea calycina, Melicope
christophersenii, and Schiedea trinervis. This unit also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to the conservation of these
species by providing the PCEs necessary for the expansion of the
existing wild populations. Although Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 1 is not
currently occupied by Cyanea acuminata, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia
oahuensis, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Schiedea
hookeri, or S. kaalae, we have determined this area to be essential for
the conservation and recovery of these wet cliff species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the species. Due to their small numbers
of individuals or low population sizes, these species require suitable
habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 2 consists of 7 ac (3 ha) in the wet cliff
ecosystem on State and Federal land (U.S. Navy) in the Waianae
Mountains at Puuhapapa, partially within a small area that was part of
the Honouliuli Preserve, managed by The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii,
and was recently acquired by the State. This unit includes the
[[Page 46456]]
shrubland, the moisture regime, and subcanopy and understory native
plant species identified as physical or biological features in the wet
cliff ecosystem (see Table 4). Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 2 is occupied by
the plants Cyanea calycina and Melicope christophersenii. This unit
also contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the conservation
of these species by providing the PCEs necessary for the expansion of
the existing wild populations. Although Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 2 is not
currently occupied by Cyanea acuminata, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia
oahuensis, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Schiedea
hookeri, S. kaalae, or S. trinervis, we have determined this area to be
essential for the conservation and recovery of these wet cliff species
because it provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild
populations within the historical ranges of the species. Due to their
small numbers of individuals or low population sizes, these species
require suitable habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction to
achieve population levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 3 consists of 16 ac (6 ha) in the wet cliff
ecosystem on State land in the Waianae Mountains at Puukanehoa,
partially within an area that was part of the Honouliuli Preserve,
managed by The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, and was recently acquired
by the State. This unit includes the shrubland, the moisture regime,
and subcanopy and understory native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the wet cliff ecosystem (see Table
4). Although Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 3 is not currently occupied by
Cyanea acuminata, C. calycina, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis,
Melicope christophersenii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Pteralyxia macrocarpa,
Schiedea hookeri, S. kaalae, or S. trinervis, we have determined this
area to be essential for the conservation and recovery of these wet
cliff species because it provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of individuals or low population
sizes, these species require suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population levels that could achieve
recovery.
Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 4 consists of 23 ac (9 ha) in the wet cliff
ecosystem on State land in the Waianae Mountains at Puukaua, partially
overlapping an area that was part of the Honouliuli Preserve, managed
by The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, and was recently acquired by the
State. This unit includes the shrubland, the moisture regime, and
subcanopy and understory native plant species identified as physical or
biological features in the wet cliff ecosystem (see Table 4). It is
occupied by the plants Phyllostegia hirsuta and Schiedea hookeri. This
unit also contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the
conservation of these species by providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild populations. Although Oahu--Wet Cliff--
Unit 4 is not currently occupied by Cyanea acuminata, C. calycina,
Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis, Melicope christophersenii,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Schiedea kaalae, or S. trinervis, we have
determined this area to be essential for the conservation and recovery
of these wet cliff species because it provides the PCEs necessary for
the reestablishment of wild populations within the historical ranges of
the species. Due to their small numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction to achieve population levels that could
achieve recovery.
Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 5 consists of 43 ac (17 ha) in the wet cliff
ecosystem on State and Federal (U.S. Navy) land in the Waianae
Mountains, at Palikea and north of Palikea. This unit includes the
shrubland, the moisture regime, and subcanopy and understory native
plant species identified as physical or biological features in the wet
cliff ecosystem (see Table 4). Although Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 5 is not
currently occupied by Cyanea acuminata, C. calycina, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis, Melicope christophersenii, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Schiedea hookeri, S. kaalae, or S.
trinervis, we have determined this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these wet cliff species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the species. Due to their small numbers
of individuals or low population sizes, these species require suitable
habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 6 (and) Crimson Hawaiian Damselfly--Unit 12--
Lowland Wet (and) Oceanic Hawaiian Damselfly--Unit 13--Lowland Wet
This area consists of 151 ac (61 ha) in the wet cliff ecosystem on
State land on the windward side of the Koolau Mountains in Kaipapau
Gulch, entirely within the Kaipapau Forest Reserve. This area includes
the shrubland, the moisture regime, and subcanopy and understory native
plant species identified as physical or biological features in the wet
cliff ecosystem, as well as the unique species PCEs for the Hawaiian
damselflies (see Table 4). Because the streams and upland foraging and
cover areas required by the crimson and oceanic Hawaiian damselflies
are dispersed in the wet cliff ecosystem, the wet cliff ecosystem's
physical or biological features are essential to the damselfly species
because they provide for the proper ecological functioning of this
ecosystem. This area is occupied by Cyanea crispa, Huperzia nutans,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Schiedea kaalae, and the oceanic Hawaiian
damselfly. This area also contains unoccupied habitat that is essential
to the conservation of these species by providing the PCEs necessary
for the expansion of the existing wild populations. Although this area
is not currently occupied by the plants Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce
deppeana, C. rockii, Cyanea acuminata, C. calycina, C. humboldtiana, C.
purpurellifolia, C. st.-johnii, C. truncata, Cyrtandra kaulantha, C.
sessilis, C. subumbellata, C. viridiflora, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia
oahuensis, Lysimachia filifolia, Phyllostegia hirsuta, P. parviflora
var. parviflora, Plantago princeps var. princeps, Psychotria hexandra
ssp. oahuensis, Sanicula purpurea, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa,
Trematolobelia singularis, Viola oahuensis, or the crimson Hawaiian
damselfly, we have determined this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these wet cliff species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the species. Due to their small numbers
of individuals or low population sizes, these species require suitable
habitat and space for expansion or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 7 (and) Crimson Hawaiian Damselfly--Unit 13--
Lowland Wet (and) Oceanic Hawaiian Damselfly--Unit 14--Lowland Wet
This area consists of 144 ac (58 ha) in the wet cliff ecosystem on
State land on the windward side of the Koolau Mountains in Hauula
Gulch, entirely within the Hauula Forest Reserve. This unit includes
the shrubland, the moisture regime, and subcanopy and understory native
plant species identified as physical or biological features in the wet
cliff ecosystem, as
[[Page 46457]]
well as the unique species PCEs for the crimson and oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies (see Table 4). Because the streams and upland foraging and
cover areas required by the crimson and oceanic Hawaiian damselflies
are dispersed in the wet cliff ecosystem, the wet cliff ecosystem's
physical or biological features are essential to the damselfly species
because they provide for the proper ecological functioning of this
ecosystem. This area is occupied by Cyanea crispa, Psychotria hexandra
ssp. oahuensis, Schiedea kaalae, and the crimson and oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies. This area also contains unoccupied habitat that is
essential to the conservation of these species by providing the PCEs
necessary for the expansion of the existing wild populations. Although
this area is not currently occupied by Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce
deppeana, C. rockii, Cyanea acuminata, C. calycina, C. humboldtiana, C.
purpurellifolia, C. st.-johnii, C. truncata, Cyrtandra kaulantha, C.
sessilis, C. subumbellata, C. viridiflora, Huperzia nutans, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis, Lysimachia filifolia, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, P. parviflora var. parviflora, Plantago princeps var.
princeps, Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Sanicula purpurea, Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis, or Viola oahuensis, we have
determined this area to be essential for the conservation and recovery
of these wet cliff species because it provides the PCEs necessary for
the reestablishment of wild populations within the historical ranges of
the species. Due to their small numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction to achieve population levels that could
achieve recovery.
Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 8 (and) Crimson Hawaiian Damselfly--Unit 14--
Lowland Wet (and) Oceanic Hawaiian Damselfly--Unit 15--Lowland Wet
This area consists of 4,649 ac (1,881 ha) in the wet cliff
ecosystem on State, City and County of Honolulu, State of Hawaii
Department of Land and Natural Resources Land Division, and private
land, along the summit of the Koolau Mountains, overlapping portions of
Sacred Falls State Park, the Waiahole FR (Waiahole and Iolekaa
sections), the Kaneohe and Honolulu Watershed FRs, and the Nuuana Pali
State Wayside. This unit includes the shrubland, the moisture regime,
and subcanopy and understory native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the wet cliff ecosystem, as well as
the unique species PCEs for the crimson and oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies (see Table 4). Because the streams and upland foraging and
cover areas required by the crimson and oceanic Hawaiian damselflies
are dispersed in the wet cliff ecosystem, the wet cliff ecosystem's
physical or biological features are essential to the damselfly species
because they provide for the proper ecological functioning of this
ecosystem. This area is occupied by the plants Cyanea acuminata, C.
calycina, C. humboldtiana, C. purpurellifolia, C. st.-johnii, Cyrtandra
kaulantha, C. sessilis, C. subumbellata, C. viridiflora, Huperzia
nutans, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis, Lysimachia filifolia,
Phyllostegia hirsuta, P. parviflora var. parviflora, Plantago princeps
var. princeps, Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Sanicula purpurea, Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis, and Viola oahuensis. This unit
also contains unoccupied habitat that is essential to the conservation
of these species by providing the PCEs necessary for the expansion of
the existing wild populations. Although this area is not currently
occupied by Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce deppeana, C. rockii, Cyanea
crispa, C. truncata, Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis, Schiedea
kaalae, or the crimson or oceanic Hawaiian damselflies, we have
determined this area to be essential for the conservation and recovery
of these wet cliff species because it provides the PCEs necessary for
the reestablishment of wild populations within the historical ranges of
the species. Due to their small numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction to achieve population levels that could
achieve recovery.
Effects of Critical Habitat Designation
Section 7 Consultation
Section 7(a)(2) of the Act, as amended, requires Federal agencies,
including the Service, to ensure that actions they fund, authorize, or
carry out are not likely to destroy or adversely modify critical
habitat. Decisions by the Fifth and Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals have
invalidated our definition of ``destruction or adverse modification''
(50 CFR 402.02) (see Gifford Pinchot Task Force v. U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, 378 F. 3d 1059 (9th Cir. 2004) and Sierra Club v.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service et al., 245 F.3d 434, 442F (5th Cir.
2001)), and we do not rely on this regulatory definition when analyzing
whether an action is likely to destroy or adversely modify critical
habitat. Under the statutory provisions of the Act, we determine
destruction or adverse modification on the basis of whether, with
implementation of the proposed Federal action, the affected critical
habitat would remain functional (or retain those physical or biological
features that relate to the current ability of the area to support the
species) to serve its intended conservation role for the species.
If a species is listed or critical habitat is designated, section
7(a)(2) of the Act requires Federal agencies to ensure that activities
they authorize, fund, or carry out are not likely to jeopardize the
continued existence of the species or to destroy or adversely modify
its critical habitat. If a Federal action may affect a listed species
or its critical habitat, the responsible Federal agency (action agency)
must enter into consultation with us. As a result of this consultation,
we document compliance with the requirements of section 7(a)(2) through
our issuance of:
(1) A concurrence letter for Federal actions that may affect, but
are not likely to adversely affect, listed species or critical habitat;
or
(2) A biological opinion for Federal actions that may affect, and
are likely to adversely affect, listed species or critical habitat.
If we issue a biological opinion concluding that a project is
likely to jeopardize the continued existence of a listed species or
destroy or adversely modify critical habitat, we also provide
reasonable and prudent alternatives to the project, if any are
identifiable. We define ``reasonable and prudent alternatives'' at 50
CFR 402.02 as alternative actions identified during consultation that:
Can be implemented in a manner consistent with the
intended purpose of the action;
Can be implemented consistent with the scope of the
Federal agency's legal authority and jurisdiction;
Are economically and technologically feasible; and
Would, in the Director's opinion, avoid jeopardizing the
continued existence of the listed species or destroying or adversely
modifying critical habitat.
Reasonable and prudent alternatives can vary from slight project
modifications to extensive redesign or relocation of the project. Costs
associated with implementing a reasonable and prudent alternative are
similarly variable.
Regulations at 50 CFR 402.16 require Federal agencies to reinitiate
formal consultation on previously reviewed actions in instances where
we have
[[Page 46458]]
listed a new species or subsequently designated critical habitat that
may be affected and the Federal agency has retained discretionary
involvement or control over the action (or the agency's discretionary
involvement or control is authorized by law). Consequently, Federal
agencies may sometimes need to request reinitiation of consultation
with us on actions for which formal consultation has been completed, if
those actions with discretionary involvement or control may affect
subsequently listed species or designated critical habitat.
Federal activities that may adversely affect the species included
in this proposed rule or their designated critical habitat require
section 7 consultation under the Act. This includes activities on
State, tribal, local, or private lands requiring a Federal permit (such
as a permit from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers under section 404 of
the Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq.), a permit from us under
section 10 of the Act), or activities involving some other Federal
action (such as funding from the Federal Highway Administration,
Federal Aviation Administration, or the Federal Emergency Management
Agency). These types of activities are subject to the section 7
consultation process. Federal actions not affecting listed species or
critical habitat, and actions on State, tribal, local, or private lands
that are not federally funded, authorized, or permitted, do not require
section 7 consultations.
Application of the Jeopardy and Adverse Modification Standards
Application of the Jeopardy Standard
The jeopardy analysis usually expresses the survival and recovery
needs of a listed species in a qualitative fashion without making
distinctions between what is necessary for survival and what is
necessary for recovery. Generally, the jeopardy analysis focuses on the
status of a species, the factors responsible for that condition, and
what is necessary for the species to survive and recover. An emphasis
is also placed on characterizing the condition of the species in the
area affected by the proposed Federal action. That context is then used
to determine the significance of adverse and beneficial effects of the
proposed Federal action and any cumulative effects for purposes of
making the jeopardy determination. The jeopardy analysis also considers
any conservation measures that may be proposed by a Federal action
agency to minimize or compensate for adverse project effects to the
species or to promote its recovery.
Application of the Adverse Modification Standard
The analytical framework described in the Director's December 9,
2004, memorandum is used to complete section 7(a)(2) analysis for
Federal actions affecting critical habitat. The key factor related to
the adverse modification determination is whether, with implementation
of the proposed Federal action, the affected critical habitat would
continue to serve its intended conservation role for the species, or
would retain its current ability for the essential features to be
functionally established. Activities that may destroy or adversely
modify critical habitat are those that alter the essential features to
an extent that appreciably reduces the conservation value of critical
habitat for the 124 species identified in this proposed rule.
Section 4(b)(8) of the Act requires us to briefly evaluate and
describe, in any proposed or final regulation that designates critical
habitat, activities involving a Federal action that may destroy or
adversely modify such habitat, or that may be affected by such
designation. Activities that, when carried out, funded, or authorized
by a Federal agency, may destroy or adversely modify critical habitat
for the 124 species, and therefore may be affected by this proposed
designation, include, but are not limited to:
(1) Activities that might appreciably degrade or destroy the
physical or biological features for the species including, but not
limited to, the following: Overgrazing; maintaining or increasing feral
ungulate levels; clearing or cutting native live trees and shrubs
(e.g., woodcutting, bulldozing, construction, road building, mining,
herbicide application); and taking actions that pose a risk of fire.
(2) Activities that may alter watershed characteristics in ways
that would appreciably reduce groundwater recharge or alter natural,
wetland, aquatic, or vegetative communities. Such activities include
new water diversion or impoundment, excess groundwater pumping, and
manipulation of vegetation through activities such as the ones
mentioned in (1) above
(3) Recreational activities that may appreciably degrade
vegetation.
(4) Mining sand or other minerals.
(5) Introducing or encouraging the spread of nonnative plant
species.
(6) Importing nonnative species for research, agriculture, and
aquaculture, and releasing biological control agents.
Application of Section 4(a)(3) of the Act
The Sikes Act Improvement Act of 1997 (Sikes Act) (16 U.S.C. 670a)
required each military installation that includes land and water
suitable for the conservation and management of natural resources to
complete an integrated natural resources management plan (INRMP) by
November 17, 2001. An INRMP integrates implementation of the military
mission of the installation with stewardship of the natural resources
found on the base. Each INRMP includes:
An assessment of the ecological needs on the installation,
including the need to provide for the conservation of listed species;
A statement of goals and priorities;
A detailed description of management actions to be
implemented to provide for these ecological needs; and
A monitoring and adaptive management plan.
Among other things, each INRMP must, to the extent appropriate and
applicable, provide for fish and wildlife management; fish and wildlife
habitat enhancement or modification; wetland protection, enhancement,
and restoration where necessary to support fish and wildlife; and
enforcement of applicable natural resource laws.
The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2004 (Pub.
L. 108-136) amended the Act to limit areas eligible for designation as
critical habitat. Specifically, section 4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the Act (16
U.S.C. 1533(a)(3)(B)(i)) provides: ``The Secretary shall not designate
as critical habitat any lands or other geographical areas owned or
controlled by the Department of Defense, or designated for its use,
that are subject to an integrated natural resources management plan
prepared under section 101 of the Sikes Act (16 U.S.C. 670a), if the
Secretary determines in writing that such plan provides a benefit to
the species for which critical habitat is proposed for designation.''
We consult with the military on the development and implementation
of INRMPs for installations with listed species. We analyzed INRMPs
developed by military installations located within the areas that were
being considered for critical habitat designation during the
development of this proposed rule to determine if these installations
may warrant consideration for exemption under section 4(a)(3) of the
Act. Each of the Department of Defense (DOD) installations identified
below owns or manages such lands, which have been analyzed for
[[Page 46459]]
exemption under the authority of section 4(a)(3) of the Act.
Approved INRMPs
The U.S. Army has six training installations under its jurisdiction
on the island of Oahu: Dillingham Military Reservation (DMR), Kawailoa
Training Area (KLOA), Kahuku Training Area (KTA), Makua Military
Reservation (MMR), Schofield Barracks Military Reservation (SBMR), and
Schofield Barracks Military Reservation--East Range (SBER). These lands
are administered by the Army Garrison Hawaii for various types of
military training. In our 2003 final rule to designate critical habitat
for 99 plant species on Oahu (68 FR 35950), we did not designate
critical habitat on areas managed by the Army that met the following
criteria: (1) The area was subject to a current and final INRMP that
provides a conservation benefit to the species; (2) there were
assurances the conservation management strategies will be implemented;
and (3) there were assurances the conservation management strategies
will be effective. These determinations were based primarily on section
4(b)(2) of the Act.
Our previous analysis determined the ongoing and proposed
management activities described in the 2002 INRMP provide a
conservation benefit to the plant species, and that the INRMP provided
assurances the conservation plan would be implemented and effective (68
FR 35950, June 17, 2003). After applying the above three critera, we
determined in the 2003 final rule that 26,946 ac (10,905 ha) of Army
lands were exempt from critical habitat designation. Our exclusion
analysis of Army lands determined that the benefits of excluding these
lands based on impacts to national security and other relevant factors
outweighed the benefits of designating these lands as critical habitat.
The exclusion of Army lands in the 2003 final rule was based on our
review and analysis of the Army's INRMP (Army 2002), Ecosystem
Management Plan (Army 1998), and Endangered Species Management Plan
(Research Corporation of Hawaii 1998). We also evaluated the monthly
and annual summary reports describing natural resources management
projects performed under the Ecosystems Management Programs for each of
the six Oahu installations, and we reviewed the Army's Wildland Fire
Management Plan for Makua Military Installation (Army 2000) and the
Draft Wildland Fire Management Plan for the other five Oahu
installations (Army 2003).
Subsequent to publication of the 2003 final rule, the National
Defense Authorization Act of 2004 (Pub. L. 108-136) was enacted, which
amended the Act. The Army's 2001 INRMP was updated in 2010 (see below),
and we have reevaluted the conservation and management activities for
the species that occur on Army lands within this statutory framework
for purposes of this proposed rule.
The Army recently updated their 2001 INRMP, which was finalized in
August, 2010 (U.S. Army Garrison Hawaii, 2010). The INRMP identifies
management actions during 2010-2014 for threatened, endangered, and
candidate species, and critical habitat, for the Oahu elepaio (an
endangered flycatcher) on all of their Oahu training installations
(U.S. Army Garrison Hawaii 2010, p. 4-1). The INRMP incorporates
management actions developed as Implementation Plans by a team of
biologists and field experts from State, Federal, and private agencies
and organizations, who are familiar with the species and their habitats
(U.S. Army Garrision Hawaii 2003; 2008, Addendum; U.S. Army Garrison
Hawaii, 2005). The Implementation Plans and Addendum were prepared
under the terms of biological opinions issued by the Service (USFWS
1999; USFWS 2003, 356 pp; USFWS 2007, 776 pp.).
Species conservation/management activities conducted under the Army
INRMP include (1) Propagation and outplanting of plants to augment
existing populations and reintroduce species and populations to areas
where they no longer occur; (2) construction of fences to protect
plants from feral ungulates; (3) nonnative rodent, slug, and snail
control to protect plants from fruit and seed predation and reduce
predation of elepaio nests (by rats); (4) habitat restoration (e.g.,
restoration of fire-altered native habitats to native vegetation,
erosion control); (5) control of nonnative plants, nonnative
invertebrates (e.g., black-twig borer), and feral ungulate populations;
(6) surveys and monitoring of rare plants and animals; (7) monitoring
for weeds; and (8) monitoring fenced areas for ungulate activity (U.S.
Army Garrison Hawaii 2010, pp. 4-3--4-29). In addition, the Army
contracts with field experts to monitor rare plants and conduct
predator control on their lands, and supports several important
research projects (e.g., developing methods to control nonnative slugs
and snails; developing methods to restore nonnative, highly flammable
grasslands to native forest vegetation; and determining home range and
density of rats (U.S. Army Garrison Hawaii 2010, p. 4-28)).
The Army provides monthly and annual summary reports to the Service
regarding the natural resources management projects implemented under
to the Implementation Plans and the Addendum, which are integrated in
the INRMP for the six installations. These summary reports provide
information on management actions implemented and whether they have
proven beneficial to listed species and species proposed for listing.
Examples of ecosystem management activities that protect rare species
habitat and provide conservation benefits include fence construction;
removal of feral ungulates from within fenced areas; and minimizing the
threat of fire through the control and eradication of fire-tolerant
nonnative plant species, construction of fuel breaks, maintenance of
existing roads, roadside weed clearing, and investing in firefighting
equipment and training fire crews (U.S. Army Garrison Hawaii 2010, p.
4-14 and pp. 4-65--4-66).
In 2003, the Army completed an integrated wildland fire management
plan (WFMP) for all of its Oahu training installations, which is
integrated in the 2010 INRMP (U.S. Army 2010, p. 4-65). The goal of the
WFMP is to reduce the threat of wildfire, which represents a threat to
listed and other rare species, including 6 of the 23 species proposed
for listing and 34 previously listed plant species that occur on one or
more of Oahu's six Army training installations. Specific conservation/
management activities for individual plant species are detailed in the
Implementation Plans and the Addendum, and integrated in the INRMP
(U.S. Army Garrison Hawaii 2010, pp. 4-20--4-22 and Appendix 4). Each
of these documents is available online at ``U.S. Army Garrison Hawaii
Natural Resource Program Reports,'' http://manoa.hawaii.edu/hpicesu/dpw.htm. We reviewed the management activities described in these plans
and have determined that they provide conservation benefits to the 14
plant species proposed for listing and 63 previously listed plant
species that have been reported on one or more of Oahu's six Army
training installations. Accordingly, we have determined that 8,098 ac
(3,277 ha) of land on Oahu's six Army training installations (see
Figures 1-4) are exempt from critical habitat designation in accordance
with section 4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the Act. The conservation actions
identified in the 2010-2014 INRMP for the Army's Oahu installations,
which incorporates the 2003 and 2008 Implementation Plans, the 2005
Addendum (USFWS 2003, 356
[[Page 46460]]
pp; U.S. Army Garrison 2005; USFWS 2007, 776 pp.), and the 2003 WFMP,
provide conservation benefits to 14 plant species proposed for listing
that occur within the six Oahu training areas, which include Bidens
amplectens, Cyanea calycina, C. lanceolata, C. purpurellifolia,
Korthalsella degeneri, Melicope christophersenii, M. hiiakae, M.
makahae, Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta, P. cornuta var. decurrens,
Pleomele forbesii, Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, and Zanthoxylum oahuense. The 2010-2014 INRMP also provide
conservation benefits to 63 previously listed plant species that occur
within the six Oahu training areas, which include Abutilon sandwicense,
Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides,
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana, C. herbstii, C. rockii, Ctenitis
squamigera, Cyanea acuminata, C. crispa, C. grimesiana ssp. obatae, C.
humboldtiana, C. koolauensis, C. longiflora, C. st.-johnii, C. superba,
Cyrtandra dentata, C. subumbellata, C. viridiflora, Delissea
subcordata, Diellia falcata, Dubautia herbstobatae, Eugenia
koolauensis, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Flueggea neowawraea, Gardenia
mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens, H. arbuscula, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Huperzia nutans, Isodendrion laurifolium, Kadua
degeneri, K. parvula, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lepidium arbuscula, Lobelia
gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, L. niihauensis, L. oahuensis, Melanthera
tenuifolia, Melicope lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Neraudia angulata,
Nototrichium humile, Phyllostegia hirsuta, P. mollis, Plantago princeps
var. princeps, Pritchardia kaalae, Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula mariversa,
S. purpurea, Schiedea hookeri, S. kaalae, S. nuttallii, S. obovata, S.
trinervis, Silene lanceolata, Solanum sandwicense, Spermolepis
hawaiiensis, Stenogyne kanehoana, Tetramolopium filiforme,
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, and
V. oahuensis (see Table 7A and B, above) (U.S. Army Garrison 2003,
2005, 2008, 2010; USFWS 2003, 356 pp.; USFWS 2007, 776 pp.). Figures 1-
4 identify the above areas on Army-managed lands that were evaluated
under section 4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the Act.
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Lands Under U.S. Navy Jurisdiction
The U.S. Navy (Navy) owns or leases much of Lualualei Valley, on
Oahu's leeward coast, which is operated as a naval magazine and
transmitting facility. The Navy lands at Lualualei are composed of two
contiguous facilities, Naval Station Pearl Harbor (NAVMAG PH) Lualualei
Branch and Naval Radar Transmittal Facility at Lualualei (NRTF
Lualualei). Twenty-one listed plants, which include Abutilon menziesii,
Abutilon sandwicense, Alectryon macrococcus var. macrococcus, Bonamia
menziesii, Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Diellia unisora, Flueggea neowawraea,
Kadua parvula, Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla,
Lobelia niihauensis, Marsilea villosa, Melicope saint-johnii, Neraudia
angulata, Nototrichium humile, Plantago princeps var. princeps,
Schiedea hookeri, Silene perlmanii, Spermolepis hawaiiensis,
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, and Viola chamissoniana ssp.
chamissoniana, and four species proposed for listing in this proposed
rule, which include Cyanea calycina, Melicope christophersenii,
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens, and Pleomele forbesii, occur on
NAVMAG PH Lualualei Branch. Three listed plants, which include Abutilon
menziesii, Cyperus trachysanthos, and Marsilea villosa occur on NRTF
Lualualei.
In our 2003 final rule (68 FR 35950) to designate critical habitat
for 99 plant species on Oahu, we designated approximately 972 ac
(approximately 393 ha) of Navy lands as critical habitat for 21 species
(Abutilon sandwicense, C. kuwaleana, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae,
Diellia falcata, D. unisora, Gouania meyenii, Hesperomannia arbuscula,
Kadua parvula, Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla,
Marsilea villosa, Melicope pallida, Melicope saint-johnii, Neraudia
angulata, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Schiedea hookeri, Silene perlmanii,
Stenogyne kanehoana, Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, Urera
kaalae, and Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana). We determined that
the benefits of designating Navy lands as critical habitat outweighed
the benefits of excluding these lands under section 4(b)(2) of the Act.
Subsequent to publication of our 2003 final rule, the Navy
developed a draft revision (December 2009) to their 2001 INRMPs, which
has not been finalized. Accordingly, we conducted an analysis of the
Navy's 2001 INRMPs to determine whether they provide a conservation
benefit to the 44 plant species that occur on Navy lands or for which
these lands are essential for their conservation, for purposes of
section 4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the Act, which include Abutilon sandwicense,
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata, Alectryon macrococcus,
[[Page 46464]]
Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Chamaesyce herbstii, C.
kuwaleana, Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. skottsbergii, Cyanea acuminata,
C. calycina, C. grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyperus trachysanthos, Diellia
falcata, D. unisora, Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania meyenii,
Hesperomannia arbuscula, Kadua parvula, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lepidium
arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla, Lobelia niihauensis, L.
oahuensis, Marsilea villosa, Melicope christophersenii, M. pallida, M.
saint-johnii, Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium humile, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, Plantago princeps var. princeps, Platydesma cornuta var.
decurrens, Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Sanicula
mariversa, Schiedea hookeri, S. kaalae, S. trinervis, Silene perlmanii,
Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Stenogyne kanehoana, Tetramolopium lepidotum
ssp. lepidotum, Urera kaalae, and Viola chamissoniana ssp.
chamissoniana.
The proposed management, protection, and conservation measures for
rare plants at NAVMAG PH Lualualei Branch include protecting native
communities, monitoring threatened and endangered plants and plants
with special conservation status, and controlling the spread of
invasive plant species through the use of cooperative agreements and
partnerships. The 2001 INRMP states that to protect native plants, the
Navy will control feral goats in partnership with other Federal, State,
and private organizations, with the goal of eradication in Lualualei
Valley. A proposed funding schedule for goat control efforts is
included in the INRMP, although the specific goals and objectives for
each funding year are not identified. A fenced exclosure was
constructed in the Halona Management Area to protect a small population
of Abutilon sandwicense from feral ungulates (U.S. Navy 2001a, p. 4-
44), and another fenced exclosure was constructed at Puu Hapapa
Management Area to protect ``about five'' listed species (U.S. Navy
2001a, p. 4-44), which include Abutilon sandwicense, Bonamia menziesii,
Flueggea neowawraea, Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla, and
Nototrichium humile (68 FR 35950). Only 1.5 ac (0.61 ha) of these two
management areas, which total 310 ac (125.5 ha), have been fenced and
are weeded. In addition, the 2001 INRMP does not address other
nonnative animals that may predate native plants, such as rats, slugs,
snails, and insects (e.g., black-twig borer). The 2001 INRMP states
that existing exclosures should be maintained as needed, but does not
require the construction of new fenced exclosures to protect native
vegetation or native plant communities.
The leeward coast of the Waianae Mountains (which includes
Lualualei Valley) is dangerously prone to forest and range fires during
the dry season, however there have been few fires on the installation's
valley floor because of effective firebreaks, the presence of a fire
station on site and a fire management plan. However, wildfire is a
major threat to the forested, less accessible areas in the higher
elevations where most of the critical habitat is proposed on Navy
lands. The 2001 INRMP refers to the 1997 Management Plan (U.S. Navy
2001a, p. 3-14) for information regarding where fire incidents are
likely to negatively impact sensitive natural resources on the
installation, and states the onsite Federal fire station would respond
to fires on the installation. However, the plan does not include
actions to reduce the threat of wildfire, which adversely affects
listed and other rare species and their habitat on the higher elevation
Navy lands.
To address plant monitoring needs, the 2001 INRMP states that
regular monitoring of listed plant species is necessary to ensure their
protection and recovery and that ``endangered plants and animals should
be monitored as part of the implementation of the monitoring program.''
However, the 2001 INRMP does not describe how monitoring will be
implemented, nor does it identify the species to be monitored over the
5-year implementation timeframe (U.S. Navy 2001a, pp. 1-2, 6-7). The
plan acknowledges that nonnative, invasive plants threaten native plant
communities and should be ``occasionally controlled,'' ``especially in
fenced areas where alien plants are competing with endangered plants''
(U.S. Navy 2001a, p. 4-45). The plan does not include a schedule or
identify where nonnative plant control will be implemented, other than
``within fenced-in areas as needed'' over the plan's 5-year
implementation timeframe (U.S. Navy 2001a, pp. 1-2 and 6-7). The
endangered aquatic fern, Marsilea villosa, occurs in the northwest
corner of the installation in a cattle grazing outlease area, and on
NRTF Lualualei lands. The 2001 INRMP does not identify beneficial
management actions for this species, although the Navy considers it to
be adequately protected on NAVMAG PH lands and not adversely affected
under the terms of the grazing lease (M. Kaku, Department of the Navy,
in litt. 2001).
The proposed management, protection, and conservation measures for
rare plants at NRTF Lualualei, includes mowing nonnative grasses and
other vegetation during the dry season to prevent their incursion into
the areas where Marsilea villosa occurs, monitoring known populations
of rare plants, conducting flora surveys, and monitoring feral ungulate
populations (U.S. Navy 2001b, pp. 6-7-6-11). In addition, the 2001
INRMP recommends that managers evaluate the benefits of controlling
nonnative grasses and other plants with ``controlled'' grazing rather
than mowing in the areas where Marsilea villosa occurs (U.S. Navy
2001b, p. 6-5). Mowing nonnative grasses and other nonnative vegetation
to prevent their incursion into the Marsilea areas contributes to the
maintenance of these individuals in these areas.
Since the 2001 INRMPs were finalized, five subpopulations of
Marsilea villosa have been reported on Navy lands at Lualualei (NAVMAG
PH Lualualei and NRTF Lualualei) (U.S. Navy 2009, in litt. p. 4-49).
Three of the subpopulations on NRTF Lualualei are in areas that are
regularly mowed, and one is in an area that is not managed for this
species. The Navy has posted signs near four of the five subpopulations
to avoid inadvertent negative impacts from activities such as mowing
when areas are flooded and Marsilea is likely to be growing, and to
avoid construction and other vehicle traffic (U.S. Navy 2009, in litt.
p. 4-49). However, no additional management measures have been
developed to protect the species in the cattle grazing outlease area
(U.S. Navy 2009, in litt. p. 4-27).
While the Navy's 2001 INRMPs describe management actions such as
protective fencing for some individuals of listed plants, which include
Abutilon sandwicense, Bonamia menziesii, Flueggea neowawraea,
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla, and Nototrichium humile, and mowing
restrictions for Marsilea villosa, these actions contribute only to
maintenance of these individuals, that is, avoiding extirpation rather
than improving the potential for their recovery on Navy lands. In
addition, the 2001 INRMPs do not address the conservation needs of the
other 39 of the 44 species for which we are proposing critical habitat
on Navy lands. Therefore, based on our analysis discussed above, we
have determined the Navy's 2001 INRMPs do not provide an adequate
conservation benefit for 39 previously listed species for which
critical habitat is being revised. These species include Abutilon
sandwicense, Achyranthes splendens
[[Page 46465]]
var. rotundata, Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus
agrimonioides, Chamaesyce herbstii, C. kuwaleana, C. skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii, Cyanea acuminata, C. grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyperus
trachysanthos, Diellia falcata, D. unisora, Flueggea neowawraea,
Gouania meyenii, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Kadua parvula, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla,
Lobelia niihauensis, L. oahuensis, Marsilea villosa, Melicope pallida,
M. saint-johnii, Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium humile, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, Plantago princeps var. princeps, Sanicula mariversa, Schiedea
hookeri, S. kaalae, S. trinervis, Silene perlmanii, Spermolepis
hawaiiensis, Stenogyne kanehoana, Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum, Urera kaalae, and Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana.
The INRMP also does not provide an adequate conservation benefit for
the 5 plant species proposed for listing as endangered with critical
habitat in this proposed rule: Cyanea calycina, Melicope
christophersenii, Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens, Pleomele forbesii,
and Pteralyxia macrocarpa. Therefore, we are proposing to designate a
total of 567 ac (228 ha) of habitat on Navy lands at NAVMAG PH
Lualualei Branch, NRTF Lualualei, and Barber's Point as critical
habitat for 45 species. Of the 567 ac (228 ha) of proposed critical
habitat, approximately 393 ac (159.2 ha) or 69 percent of the proposed
critical habitat on Navy lands is already designated critical habitat
(for plants and a bird, the Oahu elepaio).
We will encourage the Navy to work collaboratively with the Service
to develop appropriate special management considerations or protections
for the 44 species, in light of section 7(a)(1) of the Act and our
shared conservation opportunities under section 4(a)(3) of the Act.
Examples of activities that would likely satisfy the requirements under
section 4(a)(3) of the Act include (but are not limited to)
substantially increasing efforts to reduce fragmentation of habitat;
establishing, maintaining, or increasing rare plant populations;
eradicating ungulates; installing fencing around sensitive areas;
controlling the spread of nonnative species; enhancing and restoring
habitats; monitoring and reporting habitat conditions and rare plant
population status; and similar types of conservation actions. We are
available and prepared to work closely with, and provide technical
assistance, to the Navy in this regard. We will fully consider all
special management considerations or protective measures included in
the Navy's revised INRMP in our final critical habitat rule, provided
the revised INRMP is finalized within a timeframe consistent with the
rulemaking schedule for this regulatory action.
Exclusions
Application of Section 4(b)(2) of the Act
Section 4(b)(2) of the Act states that the Secretary must designate
and revise critical habitat on the basis of the best available
scientific data after taking into consideration the economic impact,
national security impact, and any other relevant impact of specifying
any particular area as critical habitat. The Secretary may exclude an
area from critical habitat if he determines that the benefits of such
exclusion outweigh the benefits of specifying such area as part of the
critical habitat, unless he determines, based on the best scientific
data available, that the failure to designate such area as critical
habitat will result in the extinction of the species. The Secretary may
exclude an area from designated critical habitat based on economic
impacts, impacts on national security, or any other relevant impacts.
In considering whether to exclude a particular area from the
designation, we must identify the benefits of including the area in the
designation, identify the benefits of excluding the area from the
designation, and evaluate whether the benefits of exclusion outweigh
the benefits of inclusion. If based on this analysis, the Secretary
makes this determination, then he can exercise his discretion to
exclude the area only if such exclusion would not result in the
extinction of the species.
When considering the benefits of inclusion for an area, we consider
the additional regulatory benefits under section 7 of the Act the area
would receive from the protection from adverse modification or
destruction as a result of actions with a Federal nexus, the
educational benefits of mapping essential habitat for recovery of the
listed species, and any benefits that may result from a designation due
to State or Federal laws that may apply to critical habitat. Benefits
could include public awareness of the presence of listed species and
the importance of habitat protection, and in cases where a Federal
nexus exists, increased habitat protection due to the protection from
adverse modification or destruction of critical habitat.
When considering the benefits of excluding an area from critical
habitat, we consider whether exclusion is likely to result in
conservation; the continuation, strengthening, or encouragement of
partnerships; or implementation of a management plan that provides
equal to or more conservation than a critical habitat designation would
provide.
In evaluating the existence of a conservation plan when considering
the benefits of exclusion, we consider a variety of factors, including,
but not limited to, whether the plan is finalized; how it provides for
the conservation of essential physical or biological features; whether
there is a reasonable expectation that the conservation management
strategies and actions contained in the plan are likely to be
implemented into the future; whether the conservation strategies in the
plan are likely to be effective; and whether the plan contains a
monitoring program or adaptive management to ensure that the
conservation measures are effective and can be adapted in the future in
response to new information.
After evaluating the benefits of inclusion and the benefits of
exclusion, the two sides are carefully weighed to determine whether the
benefits of exclusion outweigh those of inclusion. If they do, we then
determine whether exclusion of the particular area would result in the
extinction of the species. If exclusion of an area from critical
habitat will result in extinction, it will not be excluded from the
designation.
Exclusions Based on Economic Impacts
Under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, we consider the economic impacts
of specifying any particular area as critical habitat. In order to
consider economic impacts, we are preparing an analysis of the probable
economic impacts of the proposed critical habitat designation and
related factors.
We will announce the availability of the draft economic analysis as
soon as it is completed, at which time we will seek public review and
comment. At that time, copies of the draft economic analysis will be
available for downloading from the Internet at the Federal eRulemaking
Portal: http://www.regulations.gov, or by contacting the Pacific
Islands Fish and Wildlife Office directly (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION
CONTACT section). During the development of a final designation, we
will consider economic impacts, public comments, and other new
information, and as an outcome of our analysis of this information, we
may exclude areas from the final critical habitat designation under
section 4(b)(2) of the Act and our implementing regulations at 50 CFR
424.19.
[[Page 46466]]
Exclusions Based on National Security Impacts
Under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, we consider whether there are
lands owned or managed by the Department of Defense (DOD) where a
national security impact might exist. In preparing this proposal, we
have exempted from the designation of critical habitat those Department
of Defense lands with completed INRMPs determined to provide a benefit
to the 124 species. We have determined that certain lands within the
proposed designation of critical habitat are owned or managed by the
DOD (Department of the Navy), at NAVMAG PH Lualualei Branch and NRFT
Lualualei. There are also lands owned or managed at six Department of
the Army training installations (see discussion under ``Approved
INRMPs''); however, those lands are not being proposed as critical
habitat pursuant to section 4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the Act. At this time, we
are unaware of any potential impacts to national security on any DOD
lands; therefore, we do not propose to exclude any areas from the final
designation based on impacts to national security, but will fully
consider all comments in this regard in the final critical habitat
designation.
Exclusions Based on Other Relevant Impacts
Under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, we consider any other relevant
impacts, in addition to economic impacts and impacts on national
security. We consider a number of factors including whether the
landowners have developed any conservation plans or other management
plans for the area, or whether there are conservation partnerships that
would be encouraged by designation of, or exclusion from, critical
habitat. We also consider any social impacts that might occur because
of the designation.
In preparing this proposed rule, we have determined that the
landowners have not developed conservation plans or other management
plans for the 99 previously listed plant species, the two previously
listed plant species without designated critical habitat, or the 23
species proposed for listing as endangered. In addition, we have
determined there are no conservation partnerships that would be
encouraged by the exclusion from critical habitat. We anticipate no
impact to partnerships, or habitat conservation plans (HCPs) or other
management plans from this proposed critical habitat designation.
Accordingly, we do not propose to exert our discretion to exclude any
areas from the final designation based on other relevant impacts.
However, as stated under the Public Comments section above, we
request specific comments on whether any specific areas proposed for
designation for the 124 species should be excluded under section
4(b)(2) of the Act from the final designation. Based on public comments
on the draft economic analysis or the proposed designation itself, the
Secretary may exclude any area proposed as critical habitat in this
rule under section 4(b)(2) of the Act.
Peer Review
In accordance with our joint policy published in the Federal
Register on July 1, 1994 (59 FR 34270), we will seek the expert
opinions of at least three appropriate and independent specialists
regarding this proposed rule. The purpose of such review is to ensure
that our critical habitat designation is based on scientifically sound
data, assumptions, and analyses. We have posted our peer review plan on
our Web site at http://www.fws.gov/informationquality. We will invite
these peer reviewers to comment, during the public comment period, on
the specific assumptions and conclusions regarding the proposed
designation of critical habitat.
We will consider all comments and information we receive during the
comment period on this proposed rule during our preparation of a final
rulemaking. Accordingly, our final decision may differ from this
proposal.
Public Hearings
The Act provides for one or more public hearings on this proposal,
if requested. Requests for public hearings must be made in writing
within 45 days of the publication of this proposal (see DATES section).
We will schedule public hearings on this proposal, if any are
requested, and announce the dates, times, and place of those hearings,
in the Federal Register and local newspapers at least 15 days before
the first hearing.
Persons needing reasonable accommodations to attend and participate
in a public hearing should contact the Pacific Islands Fish and
Wildlife Office at 808-792-9400 as soon as possible. To allow
sufficient time to process requests, please call no later than one week
before the hearing date. Information regarding this proposal is
available in alternative formats upon request.
Required Determinations
Regulatory Planning and Review--Executive Order 12866
The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) has determined that this
rule is not significant under Executive Order 12866 (E.O. 12866). OMB
bases its determination upon the following four criteria:
(1) Whether the rule will have an annual effect of $100 million or
more on the economy or adversely affect an economic sector,
productivity, jobs, the environment, or other units of the government.
(2) Whether the rule will create inconsistencies with other Federal
agencies' actions.
(3) Whether the rule will materially affect entitlements, grants,
user fees, loan programs, or the rights and obligations of their
recipients.
(4) Whether the rule raises novel legal or policy issues.
Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.)
Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA; 5 U.S.C. 601 et seq., as
amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act
(SBREFA) of 1996), whenever an agency must publish a notice of
rulemaking for any proposed or final rule, it must prepare and make
available for public comment a regulatory flexibility analysis that
describes the effects of the rule on small entities (small businesses,
small organizations, and small government jurisdictions). However, no
regulatory flexibility analysis is required if the head of the agency
certifies the rule will not have a significant economic impact on a
substantial number of small entities. SBREFA amended RFA to require
Federal agencies to provide a statement of the factual basis for
certifying that the rule will not have a significant economic impact on
a substantial number of small entities.
At this time, we lack all of the available economic information
necessary to provide an adequate factual basis for the required RFA
finding. Therefore, we defer the RFA finding until completion of the
draft economic analysis prepared under section 4(b)(2) of the Act and
E.O. 12866. The draft economic analysis will provide the required
factual basis for the RFA finding. Upon completion of the draft
economic analysis, we will announce availability of the draft economic
analysis in the Federal Register and reopen the public comment period
for the proposed designation. We will include with this announcement,
as appropriate, an initial regulatory
[[Page 46467]]
flexibility analysis or a certification that the rule will not have a
significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities
accompanied by the factual basis for that determination.
Small entities include small organizations, such as independent
nonprofit organizations; small governmental jurisdictions, including
school boards and city and town governments that serve fewer than
50,000 residents; as well as small businesses. Small businesses include
manufacturing and mining concerns with fewer than 500 employees,
wholesale trade entities with fewer than 100 employees, retail and
service businesses with less than $5 million in annual sales, general
and heavy construction businesses with less than $27.5 million in
annual business, special trade contractors doing less than $11.5
million in annual business, and agricultural businesses with annual
sales less than $750,000. To determine if potential economic impacts to
these small entities are significant, the draft economic analysis will
consider the types of activities that might trigger regulatory impacts
under this rule, as well as the types of project modifications that may
result. In general, the term ``significant economic impact'' is meant
to apply to a typical small business firm's business operations.
To determine if a designation of critical habitat could
significantly affect a substantial number of small entities, we
consider the number of small entities affected within particular types
of economic activities (e.g., housing development, grazing, oil and gas
production, timber harvesting). We apply the ``substantial number''
test individually to each industry to determine if certification is
appropriate. However, the SBREFA does not explicitly define
``substantial number'' or ``significant economic impact.''
Consequently, to assess whether a ``substantial number'' of small
entities is affected by this designation, this analysis considers the
relative number of small entities likely to be impacted in an area. In
some circumstances, especially with critical habitat designations of
limited extent, we may aggregate across all industries and consider
whether the total number of small entities affected is substantial. In
estimating the number of small entities potentially affected, we also
consider whether their activities have any Federal involvement.
Under the Act, designation of critical habitat only affects
activities carried out, funded, or permitted by Federal agencies. Some
kinds of activities are unlikely to have any Federal involvement and so
will not be affected by critical habitat designation. However, in some
states there are state laws that limit activities in designated
critical habitat even where there is no federal nexus. If there is a
Federal nexus, Federal agencies will be required to consult with us
under section 7 of the Act on activities they fund, permit, or carry
out that may affect critical habitat. If we conclude, in a biological
opinion, that a proposed action is likely to destroy or adversely
modify critical habitat, we can offer ``reasonable and prudent
alternatives.'' Reasonable and prudent alternatives are alternative
actions that can be implemented in a manner consistent with the scope
of the Federal agency's legal authority and jurisdiction, that are
economically and technologically feasible, and that would avoid
destroying or adversely modifying critical habitat.
A Federal agency and an applicant may elect to implement a
reasonable and prudent alternative associated with a biological opinion
that has found adverse modification of critical habitat. An agency or
applicant could alternatively choose to seek an exemption from the
requirements of the Act or proceed without implementing the reasonable
and prudent alternative. However, unless an exemption were obtained,
the Federal agency or applicant would be at risk of violating section
7(a)(2) of the Act if it chose to proceed without implementing the
reasonable and prudent alternatives. We may also identify discretionary
conservation recommendations designed to minimize or avoid the adverse
effects of a proposed action on critical habitat, help implement
recovery plans, or to develop information that could contribute to the
recovery of the species.
Within the proposed critical habitat designation, the types of
actions or authorized activities that we have identified to date as
potential concerns and that may be subject to consultation under
section 7 if there is a Federal nexus are: (1) Activities that might
degrade or destroy the primary constituent elements for the species,
including, but not limited to (a) grazing, (b) maintaining or
increasing feral ungulate levels, (c) clearing or cutting native live
trees and shrubs, (d) bulldozing, (e) construction, (f) road building,
(g) mining, (h) herbicide application, and (i) taking actions that pose
a risk of fire; (2) activities that may alter watershed characteristics
in ways that would reduce groundwater recharge or alter natural,
wetland, aquatic, or vegetative communities (e.g., new water diversion
or impoundment activities, groundwater pumping, and manipulation of
vegetation through activities such as the ones mentioned above); (3)
recreational activities that may degrade vegetation; (4) mining sand or
other minerals; (5) introducing or encouraging the spread of nonnative
plant species; (6) importing nonnative species for research,
agriculture, and aquaculture; and (7) releasing biological control
agents.
We are specifically aware of some potential development actitities
in the Barber's Point area, which could potentially affect the
following proposed critical habitat units: Oahu--Coastal 13, Oahu--
Coastal 14, Oahu--Coastal 15, Oahu--Lowland Dry 8, Oahu--Lowland Dry 9,
Oahu--Lowland Dry 10, and Oahu--Lowland Dry 11. These potential
development activities will be evaluated in the draft economic analysis
we will prepare for this proposed rule. None of the other proposed
critical habitat units contains significant residential, commercial,
industrial, or golf-course projects; crop farming; or intensive
livestock operations, and few projects are planned for locations in the
other proposed critical habitat areas. This situation reflects the fact
that:
(1) Most of the land is unsuitable for development, farming, or
other economic activities due to the rugged mountain terrain, lack of
access, and remote locations; and
(2) Existing land-use controls severely limit development and most
other economic activities in the mountainous interior of Oahu.
Existing and planned projects, land uses, and activities that could
affect the proposed critical habitat but have no Federal involvement
would not require section 7 consultation with the Service, so they are
not restricted by the requirements of the Act. Further, although some
existing and continuing activities involve the operation and
maintenance of existing manmade features and structures in certain
areas, these areas do not contain the PCEs for the species, and would
not be impacted by the designation. Finally, for the anticipated
projects and activities that will have Federal involvement, many are
conservation efforts that will not negatively impact the species or
their habitats, so they will not be subject to a minimal level of
informal section 7 consultation. We anticipate that a developer or
other project proponent could modify a project or take measures to
protect the 124 Oahu species. The kinds of actions that may be included
if future reasonable and prudent
[[Page 46468]]
alternatives become necessary include conservation set-asides,
management of competing nonnative species, restoration of degraded
habitat, and regular monitoring. These measures are not likely to
result in a significant economic impact to project proponents, because
nearly all of the lands proposed for critical habitat designation are
unsuitable for development, as well as for most commercial projects,
land uses, and activities. This is due to their remote location, lack
of access, and rugged terrain.
In addition, Federal agencies may also need to reinitiate a
previous consultation if discretionary involvement or control over the
Federal action has been retained or is authorized by law and the
activities may affect critical habitat. Since critical habitat was
designated on Oahu in June 2003 (for 99 Oahu plants), and, most
recently in December 2008 (for 12 picture-wing flies, 73 FR 73795), we
have conducted 28 formal consultations and 137 informal consultations
on this island, in addition to consultations on Federal grants to State
wildlife programs that do not affect small entities. Of these, 13
formal consultations and 34 informal consultations were primarily
consultations regarding Federal permits to Service employees to
implement conservation actions for listed species. The remainder, 15
formal consultations and 103 informal consultations, involved the U.S.
Army, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Marine Corps, U.S. Marine
Corps Base of Hawaii, U.S. Navy, U.S. Air Force, Department of
Commerce, Department of Homeland Security, Environmental Protection
Agency, Federal Aviation Administration, Federal Highways
Administration, Department of Agriculture (USDA-Natural Resources
Conservation Service (NRCS); USDA-Animal and Plant Health Inspection
Service), General Services Administration, Housing and Urban
Development, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S.
Geological Survey, Hawaii Department of Transportation, State of
Hawaii, Housing and Community Development Corporation of Hawaii, and
the University of Hawaii. The majority of formal consultations were
related to project effects on seabird flyways, nesting by endangered
waterbirds, human disturbance such as fire from military training
exercises, and research permits. The majority of informal consultations
were related to project effects on seabird flyways and nesting by
endangered waterbirds. About a quarter of the informal consultations
were conducted with the USDA-NRCS for proposed funding for habitat
restoration projects under the auspices of the Wildlife Habitat
Incentives Program.
Seven of the formal consultations concerned designated critical
habitat, and we concurred with each agency's determination that the
project, as proposed, was not likely to adversely affect critical
habitat. Of these seven formal consultations, one was conducted on
behalf of the Navy in upper Halawa Valley, one was conducted on behalf
of the Army regarding routine military training and transformation of
the 2nd Brigade 25th Infantry (Light) at six Army installations, and
five were conducted on behalf of the Army regarding reinitiation for
routine military training at Makua Military Reservation. The Navy
consultation involved a retrieval of remains from a remote area crash
site in designated plant critical habitat, and although it was carried
out in an area that is also proposed for critical habitat in this rule,
it was a single, one-time action that is not ongoing. The project
regarding training at six Army installations on Oahu is being
implemented on lands that we are not exempting from critical habitat in
this rule. Five of the Army consultations, those that involve routine
military training at Makua Military Reservation, involve actions that
are still ongoing. Because these five Federal actions were subject to
previous section 7 consultations, there may be a requirement to
reinitiate consultation for ongoing Federal projects on these lands.
Sixteen of the 103 informal consultations concerned designated
critical habitat, and in all cases we concurred with each agency's
determination that the project, as proposed, was not likely to
adversely affect critical habitat. These projects were evenly divided
between conservation actions that would benefit listed species, changes
in labeling on pesticides for use throughout the State to manage
conservation areas, and effects on listed species by routine training
actions on the Army's Makua Military Reservation. For the 87 informal
consultations that did not concern designated critical habitat, we
concurred with each agency's determination that the project, as
proposed, was not likely to adversely affect listed species.
In this rule, we are proposing to designate critical habitat on a
total of 43,491 ac (17,600 ha) of land. Ninety-three percent (40,447 ac
(16,369 ha)) of this proposed critical habitat designation is already
designated critical habitat for one or more species, and seven percent
(3,044 ac (1,231 ha)) of the proposed designation is on land newly
proposed as critical habitat. Some of the Federal actions that were
subject to previous section 7 consultation are on the lands we are
proposing as critical habitat in this rule. Therefore, there may be a
requirement to reinitiate consultation for some ongoing Federal
projects.
In the 2001, 2002, and 2008 economic analyses of the designation of
critical habitat for the Oahu elepaio, 99 species of Oahu plants, and
12 picture-wing flies, we evaluated the potential economic effects on
small business entities resulting from the protection of these species
and their habitats related to the proposed designation of critical
habitat and determined that it would not have a significant economic
impact on a substantial number of small entities. The RFA defines
``small governmental jurisdiction'' as the government of a city,
county, town, school district, or special district with a population of
less than 50,000. By this definition, Honolulu County is not a small
governmental jurisdiction because its population was 876,156 residents
in 2000. Certain State agencies, such as the Department of Land and
Natural Resources and the State Department of Transportation, may be
affected by the proposed critical habitat designation. However, for the
purposes of the RFA, State governments are considered independent
sovereigns, not small governments. The significant overlap between the
critical habitat designations for the Oahu elepaio, 99 plant species,
and the 12 picture-wing flies and this proposed critical habitat
designation may be an indication that this proposal will not have a
significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.
This potential issue will be fully examined in our draft economic
analysis.
We have concluded that deferring the RFA finding until completion
of the draft economic analysis is necessary to meet the purposes and
requirements of the RFA. Deferring the RFA finding in this manner will
ensure that we make a sufficiently informed determination based on
adequate economic information and provide the necessary opportunity for
public comment.
Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.)
In accordance with the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501
et seq.), we make the following findings:
(a) This rule will not produce a Federal mandate. In general, a
Federal
[[Page 46469]]
mandate is a provision in legislation, statute, or regulation that
would impose an enforceable duty upon State, local, or tribal
governments, or the private sector, and includes both ``Federal
intergovernmental mandates'' and ``Federal private sector mandates.''
These terms are defined in 2 U.S.C. 658(5)-(7). ``Federal
intergovernmental mandate'' includes a regulation that ``would impose
an enforceable duty upon State, local, or tribal governments'' with two
exceptions. It excludes ``a condition of Federal assistance.'' It also
excludes ``a duty arising from participation in a voluntary Federal
program,'' unless the regulation ``relates to a then-existing Federal
program under which $500,000,000 or more is provided annually to State,
local, and tribal governments under entitlement authority,'' if the
provision would ``increase the stringency of conditions of assistance''
or ``place caps upon, or otherwise decrease, the Federal Government's
responsibility to provide funding,'' and the State, local, or tribal
governments ``lack authority'' to adjust accordingly. At the time of
enactment, these entitlement programs were: Medicaid; Aid to Families
with Dependent Children work programs; Child Nutrition; Food Stamps;
Social Services Block Grants; Vocational Rehabilitation State Grants;
Foster Care, Adoption Assistance, and Independent Living; Family
Support Welfare Services; and Child Support Enforcement. ``Federal
private sector mandate'' includes a regulation that ``would impose an
enforceable duty upon the private sector, except (i) a condition of
Federal assistance or (ii) a duty arising from participation in a
voluntary Federal program.''
The designation of critical habitat does not impose a legally
binding duty on non-Federal Government entities or private parties.
Under the Act, the only regulatory effect is that Federal agencies must
ensure that their actions do not jeopardize the continued existence of
the species, or destroy or adversely modify critical habitat under
section 7. While non-Federal entities that receive Federal funding,
assistance, or permits, or that otherwise require approval or
authorization from a Federal agency for an action, may be indirectly
impacted by the designation of critical habitat, the legally binding
duty to avoid destruction or adverse modification of critical habitat
rests squarely on the Federal agency. Furthermore, to the extent that
non-Federal entities are indirectly impacted because they receive
Federal assistance or participate in a voluntary Federal aid program,
the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act would not apply, nor would critical
habitat shift the costs of the large entitlement programs listed above
onto State governments.
(b) We do not believe that this rule would significantly or
uniquely affect small governments. The lands we are proposing for
critical habitat designation are owned by the City and County of
Honolulu, the State of Hawaii, private citizens, and the Federal
government. None of these entities fit the definition of ``small
governmental jurisdiction.'' Therefore, a Small Government Agency Plan
is not required. However, we will further evaluate this issue as we
conduct our economic analysis, and review and revise this assessment as
warranted.
Takings--Executive Order 12630
In accordance with E.O. 12630 (Government Actions and Interference
with Constitutionally Protected Private Property Rights), we have
analyzed the potential takings implications of designating critical
habitat for each of the 124 species in a takings implications
assessment. The takings implications assessment concludes that this
designation of critical habitat for each of these species does not pose
significant takings implications for lands within or affected by the
proposed designation.
Federalism--Executive Order 13132
In accordance with E.O. 13132 (Federalism), this rule does not have
significant Federalism effects. A Federalism assessment is not
required. In keeping with Department of the Interior and Department of
Commerce policy, we requested information from, and coordinated
development of, this proposed critical habitat designation with
appropriate State resource agencies in Hawaii. The critical habitat
designation may have some benefit to these governments because the
areas that contain the features essential to the conservation of the
species are more clearly defined, and the essential features themselves
are specifically identified. While making this definition and
identification does not alter where and what federally sponsored
activities may occur, it may assist local governments in long-range
planning (rather than having them wait for case-by-case section 7
consultations to occur).
Where State and local governments require approval or authorization
from a Federal agency for actions that may affect critical habitat,
consultation under section 7(a)(2) would be required. While non-Federal
entities that receive Federal funding, assistance, or permits, or that
otherwise require approval or authorization from a Federal agency for
an action, may be indirectly impacted by the designation of critical
habitat, the legally binding duty to avoid destruction or adverse
modification of critical habitat rests squarely on the Federal agency.
Civil Justice Reform--Executive Order 12988
In accordance with E.O. 12988 (Civil Justice Reform), the Office of
the Solicitor has determined that the rule does not unduly burden the
judicial system and that it meets the requirements of sections 3(a) and
3(b)(2) of the Order. We have proposed designating critical habitat in
accordance with the provisions of the Act. This proposed rule uses
standard property descriptions and identifies the physical and
biological features within the designated areas to assist the public in
understanding the habitat needs of each of the species being considered
in this proposed rule.
Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.)
This proposed rule does not contain any new collections of
information that require approval by OMB under the Paperwork Reduction
Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.). This rule will not impose
recordkeeping or reporting requirements on State or local governments,
individuals, businesses, or organizations. An agency may not conduct or
sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a collection of
information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number.
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
It is our position that, outside the jurisdiction of the U.S. Court
of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit, we do not need to prepare
environmental analyses as defined by NEPA (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.) in
connection with designating critical habitat under the Act. We
published a notice outlining our reasons for this determination in the
Federal Register on October 25, 1983 (48 FR 49244). This position was
upheld by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (Douglas
County v. Babbitt, 48 F.3d 1495 (9th Cir. 1995), cert. denied 516 U.S.
1042 (1996)).
Clarity of the Rule
We are required by Executive Orders 12866 and 12988 and by the
Presidential Memorandum of June 1, 1998, to write all rules in plain
language. This means that each rule we publish must:
[[Page 46470]]
(a) Be logically organized;
(b) Use the active voice to address readers directly;
(c) Use clear language rather than jargon;
(d) Be divided into short sections and sentences; and
(e) Use lists and tables wherever possible.
If you feel that we have not met these requirements, send us
comments by one of the methods listed in the ADDRESSES section. To
better help us revise the rule, your comments should be as specific as
possible. For example, you should tell us the numbers of the sections
or paragraphs that are unclearly written, which sections or sentences
are too long, the sections where you feel lists or tables would be
useful, etc.
Government-to-Government Relationship with Tribes
In accordance with the President's memorandum of April 29, 1994,
Government-to-Government Relations with Native American Tribal
Governments (59 FR 22951), E.O. 13175, and the Department of the
Interior's manual at 512 DM 2, we readily acknowledge our
responsibility to communicate meaningfully with recognized Federal
Tribes on a government-to-government basis. In accordance with
Secretarial Order 3206 of June 5, 1997, ``American Indian Tribal
Rights, Federal-Tribal Trust Responsibilities, and the Endangered
Species Act,'' we readily acknowledge our responsibilities to work
directly with Tribes in developing programs for healthy ecosystems, to
acknowledge that tribal lands are not subject to the same controls as
Federal public lands, to remain sensitive to Indian culture, and to
make information available to Tribes.
We have determined that there are no tribal lands occupied at the
time of listing that contain the features essential for the
conservation, and no tribal lands that are essential for the
conservation, of the 124 Oahu species. Therefore, we have not proposed
designation of critical habitat for any of the 124 species on tribal
lands.
Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use
On May 18, 2001, the President issued an Executive Order (E.O.
13211; Actions Concerning Regulations That Significantly Affect Energy
Supply, Distribution, or Use) on regulations that significantly affect
energy supply, distribution, and use. E.O. 13211 requires agencies to
prepare Statements of Energy Effects when undertaking certain actions.
This proposed rule to designate critical habitat for 124 species is not
a significant regulatory action under E.O. 12866 and we do not expect
it to significantly affect energy supplies, distribution, or use
because these areas are not presently used for energy production, and
we are unaware of any future plans in this regard. Therefore, this
action is not a significant energy action, and no Statement of Energy
Effects is required. However, we will further evaluate this issue as we
conduct our economic analysis, and review and revise this assessment as
warranted.
References Cited
A complete list of references cited in this proposed rule is
available on the internet at http://www.regulations.gov and upon
request from the Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (see FOR
FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT, above).
Authors
The primary authors of this document are the staff members of the
Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office.
List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 17
Endangered and threatened species, Exports, Imports, Reporting and
recordkeeping requirements, Transportation.
Proposed Regulation Promulgation
Accordingly, we propose to amend part 17, subchapter B of chapter
I, title 50 of the Code of Federal Regulations, as set forth below:
PART 17--[AMENDED]
1. The authority citation for part 17 continues to read as follows:
Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361-1407; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1544; 16 U.S.C.
4201-4245; Pub. L. 99-625, 100 Stat. 3500; unless otherwise noted.
2. Amend Sec. 17.11(h), the List of Endangered and Threatened
Wildlife by adding entries for ``Damselfly, blackline Hawaiian'',
``Damselfly, crimson Hawaiian'', and ``Damselfly, oceanic Hawaiian'',
in alphabetical order under INSECTS, to read as follows:
Sec. 17.11 Endangered and threatened wildlife.
* * * * *
(h) * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Species Vertebrate
-------------------------------------------------------- population where Critical Special
Historic range endangered or Status When listed habitat rules
Common name Scientific name threatened
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
Insects
* * * * * * *
Damselfly, blackline Hawaiian.... Megalagrion U.S.A. (HI)........ NA................. E ........... 17.95(i) NA
nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum.
Damselfly, crimson Hawaiian...... Megalagrion U.S.A. (HI)........ NA................. E ........... 17.95(i) NA
leptodemas.
* * * * * * *
Damselfly, oceanic Hawaiian...... Megalagrion U.S.A. (HI)........ NA................. E ........... 17.95(i) NA
oceanicum.
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Amend Sec. 17.12(h), the List of Endangered and Threatened
Plants, as follows:
a. By removing the entries for Alsinidendron obovatum,
Alsinidendron trinerve, Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. kalaeloana,
Hedyotis coriacea, Hedyotis degeneri, Hedyotis parvula, Lipochaeta
tenuifolia, and Mariscus pennatiformis under FLOWERING PLANTS;
[[Page 46471]]
b. By revising the entry for Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata
under FLOWERING PLANTS to read as set forth below;
c. By adding entries for Bidens amplectens, Chamaesyce skottsbergii
var. skottsbergii, Cyanea calycina, Cyanea lanceolata, Cyanea
purpurellifolia, Cyperus pennatiformis, Cyrtandra gracilis, Cyrtandra
kaulantha, Cyrtandra sessilis, Cyrtandra waiolani, Kadua coriacea,
Kadua degeneri, Kadua parvula, Korthalsella degeneri, Melanthera
tenuifolia, Melicope christophersenii, Melicope hiiakae, Melicope
makahae, Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta, Platydesma cornuta var.
decurrens, Pleomele forbesii, Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Schiedea obovata, Schiedea trinervis,
Tetraplasandra lydgatei, and Zanthoxylum oahuense in alphabetical order
under FLOWERING PLANTS to read as set forth below;
d. By removing the entry for Phlegmariurus nutans under FERNS AND
ALLIES; and
e. By adding entries for Doryopteris takeuchii and Huperzia nutans
in alphabetical order under FERNS AND ALLIES to read as set forth
below.
Sec. 17.12 Endangered and threatened plants.
* * * * *
(h) * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Species
---------------------------------------------------- Historic range Family Status When listed Critical habitat Special
Scientific name Common name rules
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Flowering Plants
* * * * * * *
Achyranthes splendens var. Round-leaved chaff U.S.A. (HI)....... Amaranthaceae..... E 220 17.99(i).......... NA
rotundata. flower.
* * * * * * *
Bidens amplectens.............. Kookoolau......... U.S.A. (HI)....... Asteraceae........ E ........... 17.99(i).......... NA
* * * * * * *
Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. Ewa Plains akoko.. U.S.A. (HI)....... Euphorbiaceae..... E 120 17.99(i).......... NA
skottsbergii.
* * * * * * *
Cyanea calycina................ Haha.............. U.S.A. (HI)....... Campanulaceae..... E ........... 17.99(i).......... NA
* * * * * * *
Cyanea lanceolata.............. Haha.............. U.S.A. (HI)....... Campanulaceae..... E ........... 17.99(i).......... NA
* * * * * * *
Cyanea purpurellifolia......... Haha.............. U.S.A. (HI)....... Campanulaceae..... E ........... 17.99(i).......... NA
* * * * * * *
Cyperus pennatiformis.......... None.............. U.S.A. (HI)....... Cyperaceae........ E 559 17.99(a)(1), NA
(e)(1), (g), and
(i).
* * * * * * *
Cyrtandra gracilis............. Haiwale........... U.S.A. (HI)....... Gesneriaceae...... E ........... 17.99(i).......... NA
Cyrtandra kaulantha............ Haiwale........... U.S.A. (HI)....... Gesneriaceae...... E ........... 17.99(i).......... NA
* * * * * * *
Cyrtandra sessilis............. Haiwale........... U.S.A. (HI)....... Gesneriaceae...... E ........... 17.99(i).......... NA
* * * * * * *
Cyrtandra waiolani............. Haiwale........... U.S.A. (HI)....... Gesneriaceae...... E ........... 17.99(i).......... NA
* * * * * * *
Kadua coriacea................. Kioele............ U.S.A. (HI)....... Rubiaceae......... E 467 17.99(e)(1) and NA
(i).
* * * * * * *
Kadua degeneri................. None.............. U.S.A. (HI)....... Rubiaceae......... E 448 17.99(i).......... NA
* * * * * * *
Kadua parvula.................. None.............. U.S.A. (HI)....... Rubiaceae......... E 448 17.99(i).......... NA
* * * * * * *
Korthalsella degeneri.......... Hulumoa........... U.S.A. (HI)....... Viscaceae......... E ........... 17.99(i).......... NA
* * * * * * *
Melanthera tenuifolia.......... Nehe.............. U.S.A. (HI)....... Asteraceae........ E 448 17.99(i).......... NA
[[Page 46472]]
* * * * * * *
Melicope christophersenii...... Alani............. U.S.A. (HI)....... Rutaceae.......... E ........... 17.99(i).......... NA
* * * * * * *
Melicope hiiakae............... Alani............. U.S.A. (HI)....... Rutaceae.......... E ........... 17.99(i).......... NA
* * * * * * *
Melicope makahae............... Alani............. U.S.A. (HI)....... Rutaceae.......... E ........... 17.99(i).......... NA
* * * * * * *
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta None.............. U.S.A. (HI)....... Rutaceae.......... E ........... 17.99(i).......... NA
Platydesma cornuta var. None.............. U.S.A. (HI)....... Rutaceae.......... E ........... 17.99(i).......... NA
decurrens.
* * * * * * *
Pleomele forbesii.............. Hala pepe......... U.S.A. (HI)....... Asparagaceae...... E ........... 17.99(i).......... NA
* * * * * * *
Psychotria hexandra ssp. Kopiko............ U.S.A. (HI)....... Rubiaceae......... E ........... 17.99(i).......... NA
oahuensis.
* * * * * * *
Pteralyxia macrocarpa.......... Kaulu............. U.S.A. (HI)....... Apocynaceae....... E ........... 17.99(i).......... NA
* * * * * * *
Schiedea obovata............... None.............. U.S.A. (HI)....... Caryophyllaceae... E 448 17.99(i).......... NA
* * * * * * *
Schiedea trinervis............. None.............. U.S.A. (HI)....... Caryophyllaceae... E 448 17.99(i).......... NA
* * * * * * *
Tetraplasandra lydgatei........ None.............. U.S.A. (HI)....... Araliaceae........ E ........... 17.99(i).......... NA
* * * * * * *
Zanthoxylum oahuense........... Ae................ U.S.A. (HI)....... Rutaceae.......... E ........... 17.99(i).......... NA
* * * * * * *
Ferns and Allies
* * * * * * *
Doryopteris takeuchii.......... None.............. U.S.A. (HI)....... Pteridaceae....... E ........... 17.99(i).......... NA
* * * * * * *
Huperzia nutans................ Wawaeiole......... U.S.A. (HI)....... Lycopodiaceae..... E 467 17.99(e)(1)....... NA
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. Amend Sec. 17.95 paragraph (i), by adding critical habitat for
``Blackline Hawaiian Damselfly (Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum)'', ``Crimson Hawaiian Damselfly (Megalagrion
leptodemas)'', and ``Oceanic Hawaiian Damselfly (Megalagrion
oceanicum)'', in the same alphabetical order as these species occur in
the table at Sec. 17.11(h), to read as set forth below.
Sec. 17.95 Critical habitat--fish and wildlife.
* * * * *
(i) Insects.
* * * * *
Blackline Hawaiian damselfly (Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum)
(1) Critical habitat units are depicted for Honolulu County,
Hawaii, on the maps below.
(2) Primary constituent elements. The primary constituent elements
of critical habitat for the blackline Hawaiian damselfly (Megalagrion
nigrohamatum nigrolineatum) are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
----(v) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
----(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(vii) Perennial streams.
(viii) Slow reaches of streams.
[[Page 46473]]
(ix) Pools.
(3) Existing manmade features and structures, such as buildings,
roads, railroads, airports, runways, other paved areas, lawns, and
other urban landscaped areas, do not contain one or more of the
physical and biological features. Federal actions limited to those
areas, therefore, would not trigger a consultation under section 7 of
the Act unless they may affect the species or in adjacent critical
habitat.
(4) Critical habitat maps. Maps were created in GIS, with
coordinates in UTM Zone 4, units in meters using North American datum
of 1983 (NAD 83).
(5) Index map of critical habitat units for the blackline Hawaiian
damselfly (Megalagrion nigrohamatum nigrolineatum) follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.031
[[Page 46474]]
(6) Megalagrion nigrohamatum nigrolineatum--Unit 1--Lowland Wet,
Honolulu County, Hawaii (790 ac; 320 ha); Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum--Unit 2--Lowland Wet, Honolulu County, Hawaii (1,790 ac;
724 ha); and Megalagrion nigrohamatum nigrolineatum--Unit 3--Lowland
Wet, Honolulu County, Hawaii (3,041 ac; 1,231 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 1.] This unit is
critical habitat for the blackline Hawaiian damselfly, Megalagrion
nigrohamatum nigrolineatum.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 2.] This unit is
critical habitat for the blackline Hawaiian damselfly, Megalagrion
nigrohamatum nigrolineatum.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 3.] This unit is
critical habitat for the blackline Hawaiian damselfly, Megalagrion
nigrohamatum nigrolineatum.
(iv) Note: Map of Megalagrion nigrohamatum nigrolineatum--Unit 1--
Lowland Wet, Megalagrion nigrohamatum nigrolineatum--Unit 2--Lowland
Wet, and Megalagrion nigrohamatum nigrolineatum--Unit 3--Lowland Wet
follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.032
[[Page 46475]]
(7) Megalagrion nigrohamatum nigrolineatum--Unit 4--Lowland Wet,
Honolulu County, Hawaii (15,728 ac; 6,365 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of unit 4.] This unit is
critical habitat for the blackline Hawaiian damselfly, Megalagrion
nigrohamatum nigrolineatum.
(ii) Note: Map of Megalagrion nigrohamatum nigrolineatum--Unit 4--
Lowland Wet follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.033
[[Page 46476]]
(8) Megalagrion nigrohamatum nigrolineatum-Unit 5--Lowland Wet,
Honolulu County, Hawaii (124 ac; 50 ha); Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum--Unit 6--Lowland Wet, Honolulu County, Hawaii (124 ac; 50
ha); and Megalagrion nigrohamatum nigrolineatum--Unit 7--Lowland Wet,
Honolulu County, Hawaii (53 ac; 21 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 5.] This unit is
critical habitat for the blackline Hawaiian damselfly, Megalagrion
nigrohamatum nigrolineatum.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 6.] This unit is
critical habitat for the blackline Hawaiian damselfly, Megalagrion
nigrohamatum nigrolineatum.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 7.] This unit is
critical habitat for the blackline Hawaiian damselfly, Megalagrion
nigrohamatum nigrolineatum.
(iv) Note: Map of Megalagrion nigrohamatum nigrolineatum--Unit 5--
Lowland Wet, Megalagrion nigrohamatum nigrolineatum--Unit 6--Lowland
Wet, and Megalagrion nigrohamatum nigrolineatum--Unit 7--Lowland Wet
follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.034
[[Page 46477]]
(9) Megalagrion nigrohamatum nigrolineatum--Unit 8--Lowland Wet,
Honolulu County, Hawaii (161 ac; 65 ha); Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum--Unit 9--Lowland Wet, Honolulu County, Hawaii (478 ac;
193 ha); Megalagrion nigrohamatum nigrolineatum--Unit 10--Lowland Wet,
Honolulu County, Hawaii (407 ac; 165 ha); and Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum--Unit 11--Lowland Wet, Honolulu County, Hawaii (2,507 ac;
1,014 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 8.] This unit is
critical habitat for the blackline Hawaiian damselfly, Megalagrion
nigrohamatum nigrolineatum.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 9.] This unit is
critical habitat for the blackline Hawaiian damselfly, Megalagrion
nigrohamatum nigrolineatum.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 10.] This unit is
critical habitat for the blackline Hawaiian damselfly, Megalagrion
nigrohamatum nigrolineatum.
(iv) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 11.] This unit is
critical habitat for the blackline Hawaiian damselfly, Megalagrion
nigrohamatum nigrolineatum.
(v) Note: Map of Megalagrion nigrohamatum nigrolineatum--Unit 8--
Lowland Wet, Megalagrion nigrohamatum nigrolineatum--Unit 9--Lowland
Wet, Megalagrion nigrohamatum nigrolineatum--Unit 10--Lowland Wet, and
Megalagrion nigrohamatum nigrolineatum--Unit 11--Lowland Wet follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.035
Crimson Hawaiian damselfly (Megalagrion leptodemas)
(1) Critical habitat units are depicted for Honolulu County,
Hawaii, on the maps below.
(2) Primary constituent elements.
(i) In units 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11, the primary
constituent elements of critical habitat for the crimson Hawaiian
damselfly are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
[[Page 46478]]
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(G) Perennial streams.
(H) Slow reaches of streams or ponds.
(ii) In units 12, 13, and 14, the primary constituent elements of
critical habitat for the crimson Hawaiian damselfly are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Bryophytes, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
(G) Perennial streams.
(H) Slow reaches of streams or ponds.
(3) Existing manmade features and structures, such as buildings,
roads, railroads, airports, runways, other paved areas, lawns, and
other urban landscaped areas, do not contain one or more of the
physical and biological features. Federal actions limited to those
areas, therefore, would not trigger a consultation under section 7 of
the Act unless they may affect the species or physical or biological
features in adjacent critical habitat.
(4) Critical habitat maps. Maps were created in GIS, with
coordinates in UTM Zone 4, units in meters using North American datum
of 1983 (NAD 83).
(5) Index map of critical habitat units for the crimson Hawaiian
damselfly (Megalagrion leptodemas) follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.036
[[Page 46479]]
(6) Megalagrion leptodemas--Unit 1--Lowland Wet, Honolulu County,
Hawaii (790 ac; 320 ha); Megalagrion leptodemas--Unit 2--Lowland Wet,
Honolulu County, Hawaii (1,790 ac; 724 ha); and Megalagrion
leptodemas--Unit 3--Lowland Wet, Honolulu County, Hawaii (3,041 ac;
1,231 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 1.] This unit is
critical habitat for the crimson Hawaiian damselfly, Megalagrion
leptodemas.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 2.] This unit is
critical habitat for the crimson Hawaiian damselfly, Megalagrion
leptodemas.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 3.] This unit is
critical habitat for the crimson Hawaiian damselfly, Megalagrion
leptodemas.
(iv) Note: Map of Megalagrion leptodemas--Unit 1--Lowland Wet,
Megalagrion leptodemas--Unit 2--Lowland Wet, and Megalagrion
leptodemas--Unit 3--Lowland Wet follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.037
[[Page 46480]]
(7) Megalagrion leptodemas--Unit 4--Lowland Wet, Honolulu County,
Hawaii (15,728 ac; 6,365 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of unit.] This unit is
critical habitat for the crimson Hawaiian damselfly, Megalagrion
leptodemas.
(ii) Note: Map of Megalagrion leptodemas--Unit 4--Lowland Wet
follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.038
[[Page 46481]]
(8) Megalagrion leptodemas--Unit 5--Lowland Wet, Honolulu County,
Hawaii (124 ac; 50 ha); Megalagrion leptodemas--Unit 6--Lowland Wet,
Honolulu County, Hawaii (124 ac; 50 ha); and Megalagrion leptodemas--
Unit 7--Lowland Wet, Honolulu County, Hawaii (53 ac; 21 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 5.] This unit is
critical habitat for the crimson Hawaiian damselfly, Megalagrion
leptodemas.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 6.] This unit is
critical habitat for the crimson Hawaiian damselfly, Megalagrion
leptodemas.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 7.] This unit is
critical habitat for the crimson Hawaiian damselfly, Megalagrion
leptodemas.
(iv) Note: Map of Megalagrion leptodemas--Unit 5--Lowland Wet,
Megalagrion leptodemas--Unit 6--Lowland Wet, and Megalagrion
leptodemas--Unit 7--Lowland Wet follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.039
[[Page 46482]]
(9) Megalagrion leptodemas--Unit 8--Lowland Wet, Honolulu County,
Hawaii (161 ac; 65 ha); Megalagrion leptodemas--Unit 9--Lowland Wet,
Honolulu County, Hawaii (478 ac; 193 ha); Megalagrion leptodemas--Unit
10--Lowland Wet, Honolulu County, Hawaii (407 ac; 165 ha); and
Megalagrion leptodemas--Unit 11--Lowland Wet, Honolulu County, Hawaii
(2,507 ac; 1,014 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 8.] This unit is
critical habitat for the crimson Hawaiian damselfly, Megalagrion
leptodemas.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 9.] This unit is
critical habitat for the crimson Hawaiian damselfly, Megalagrion
leptodemas.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 10.] This unit is
critical habitat for the crimson Hawaiian damselfly, Megalagrion
leptodemas.
(iv) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 11.] This unit is
critical habitat for the crimson Hawaiian damselfly, Megalagrion
leptodemas.
(v) Note: Map of Megalagrion leptodemas--Unit 8--Lowland Wet,
Megalagrion leptodemas--Unit 9--Lowland Wet, Megalagrion leptodemas--
Unit 10--Lowland Wet, and Megalagrion leptodemas--Unit 11--Lowland Wet
follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.040
[[Page 46483]]
(10) Megalagrion leptodemas--Unit 12--Wet Cliff, Honolulu County,
Hawaii (151 ac; 61 ha) and Megalagrion leptodemas--Unit 13--Wet Cliff,
Honolulu County, Hawaii (144 ac; 58 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 12.] This unit is
critical habitat for the crimson Hawaiian damselfly, Megalagrion
leptodemas.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 13.] This unit is
critical habitat for the crimson Hawaiian damselfly, Megalagrion
leptodemas.
(iii) Note: Map of Megalagrion leptodemas--Unit 12--Wet Cliff and
Megalagrion leptodemas--Unit 13--Wet Cliff follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.041
[[Page 46484]]
(11) Megalagrion leptodemas--Unit 14--Wet Cliff, Honolulu County,
Hawaii (4,649 ac; 1,881 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of unit.] This unit is
critical habitat for the crimson Hawaiian damselfly, Megalagrion
leptodemas.
(ii) Note: Map of Megalagrion leptodemas--Unit 14--Wet Cliff
follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.042
Oceanic Hawaiian damselfly (Megalagrion oceanicum)
(1) Critical habitat units are depicted for Honolulu County,
Hawaii, on the maps below.
(2) Primary constituent elements.
(i) In unit 1, the primary constituent elements of critical habitat
for the oceanic Hawaiian damselfly (Megalagrion oceanicum) are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(G) Perennial streams.
(H) Swift-flowing sections and riffles of streams.
(ii) In units 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12, the primary
constituent elements of critical habitat for the oceanic Hawaiian
damselfly (Megalagrion oceanicum) are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(G) Perennial streams.
(H) Swift-flowing sections and riffles of streams.
(iii) In units 13, 14, and 15, the primary constituent elements of
critical habitat for the oceanic Hawaiian damselfly (Megalagrion
oceanicum) are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
[[Page 46485]]
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Bryophytes, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
(G) Perennial streams.
(I) Swift-flowing sections and riffles of streams.
(3) Existing manmade features and structures, such as buildings,
roads, railroads, airports, runways, other paved areas, lawns, and
other urban landscaped areas, do not contain one or more of the
physical and biological features. Federal actions limited to those
areas, therefore, would not trigger a consultation under section 7 of
the Act unless they may affect the species or physical and biological
features in adjacent critical habitat.
(4) Critical habitat maps. Maps were created in GIS, with
coordinates in UTM Zone 4, units in meters using North American datum
of 1983 (NAD 83).
(5) Index map of critical habitat units for the oceanic Hawaiian
damselfly (Megalagrion oceanicum; Map 1) follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.043
[[Page 46486]]
(6) Megalagrion oceanicum--Unit 1--Lowland Mesic, Honolulu County,
Hawaii (247 ac; 100 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of unit.] This unit is
critical habitat for the oceanic Hawaiian damselfly, Megalagrion
oceanicum.
(ii) Note: Map of Megalagrion oceanicum--Unit 1--Lowland Mesic (Map
2) follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.044
[[Page 46487]]
(7) Megalagrion oceanicum--Unit 2--Lowland Wet, Honolulu County,
Hawaii (790 ac; 320 ha); Megalagrion oceanicum--Unit 3--Lowland Wet,
Honolulu County, Hawaii (1,790 ac; 724 ha); and Megalagrion oceanicum--
Unit 4--Lowland Wet, Honolulu County, Hawaii (3,041 ac; 1,231 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 2.] This unit is
critical habitat for the oceanic Hawaiian damselfly, Megalagrion
oceanicum.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 3.] This unit is
critical habitat for the oceanic Hawaiian damselfly, Megalagrion
oceanicum.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 4.] This unit is
critical habitat for the oceanic Hawaiian damselfly, Megalagrion
oceanicum.
(iv) Note: Map of Megalagrion oceanicum--Unit 2--Lowland Wet,
Megalagrion oceanicum--Unit 3--Lowland Wet, and Megalagrion oceanicum--
Unit 4--Lowland Wet follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.045
[[Page 46488]]
(8) Megalagrion oceanicum--Unit 5--Lowland Wet, Honolulu County,
Hawaii (15,728 ac; 6,365 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of unit.] This unit is
critical habitat for the oceanic Hawaiian damselfly, Megalagrion
oceanicum.
(ii) Note: Map of Megalagrion oceanicum--Unit 5--Lowland Wet
follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.046
[[Page 46489]]
(9) Megalagrion oceanicum--Unit 6--Lowland Wet, Honolulu County,
Hawaii (124 ac; 50 ha); Megalagrion oceanicum--Unit 7--Lowland Wet,
Honolulu County, Hawaii (124 ac; 50 ha); and Megalagrion oceanicum--
Unit 8--Lowland Wet, Honolulu County, Hawaii (53 ac; 21 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 6.] This unit is
critical habitat for the oceanic Hawaiian damselfly, Megalagrion
oceanicum.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 7.] This unit is
critical habitat for the oceanic Hawaiian damselfly, Megalagrion
oceanicum.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 8.] This unit is
critical habitat for the oceanic Hawaiian damselfly, Megalagrion
oceanicum.
(iv) Note: Map of Megalagrion oceanicum--Unit 6--Lowland Wet,
Megalagrion oceanicum--Unit 7--Lowland Wet, and Megalagrion oceanicum--
Unit 8--Lowland Wet follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.047
[[Page 46490]]
(10) Megalagrion oceanicum--Unit 9--Lowland Wet, Honolulu County,
Hawaii (161 ac; 65 ha); Megalagrion oceanicum--Unit 10--Lowland Wet,
Honolulu County, Hawaii (478 ac; 193 ha); Megalagrion oceanicum--Unit
11--Lowland Wet, Honolulu County, Hawaii (407 ac; 165 ha); and
Megalagrion oceanicum--Unit 12--Lowland Wet, Honolulu County, Hawaii
(2,507 ac; 1,014 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 9.] This unit is
critical habitat for the oceanic Hawaiian damselfly, Megalagrion
oceanicum.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 10.] This unit is
critical habitat for the oceanic Hawaiian damselfly, Megalagrion
oceanicum.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 11.] This unit is
critical habitat for the oceanic Hawaiian damselfly, Megalagrion
oceanicum.
(iv) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 12.] This unit is
critical habitat for the oceanic Hawaiian damselfly, Megalagrion
oceanicum.
(v) Note: Map of Megalagrion oceanicum--Unit 9--Lowland Wet,
Megalagrion oceanicum--Unit 10--Lowland Wet, Megalagrion oceanicum--
Unit 11--Lowland Wet, and Megalagrion oceanicum--Unit 12--Lowland Wet
follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.048
[[Page 46491]]
(11) Megalagrion oceanicum--Unit 13--Wet Cliff, Honolulu County,
Hawaii (151 ac; 61 ha) and Megalagrion oceanicum--Unit 14--Wet Cliff,
Honolulu County, Hawaii (144 ac; 58 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 13.] This unit is
critical habitat for the oceanic Hawaiian damselfly, Megalagrion
oceanicum.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 14.] This unit is
critical habitat for the oceanic Hawaiian damselfly, Megalagrion
oceanicum.
(iii) Note: Map of Megalagrion oceanicum--Unit 13--Wet Cliff and
Megalagrion oceanicum--Unit 14--Wet Cliff follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.049
[[Page 46492]]
(12) Megalagrion oceanicum--Unit 15--Wet Cliff, Honolulu County,
Hawaii (4,649 ac; 1,881 ha).
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 15.] This unit is
critical habitat for the oceanic Hawaiian damselfly, Megalagrion
oceanicum.
(ii) Note: Map of Megalagrion oceanicum--Unit 15--Wet Cliff
follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.050
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C
* * * * *
5. Amend Sec. 17.99 as follows:
a. Amend paragraph (a)(1) by removing the words listed in the
``Remove'' column below and adding in their place the words listed in
the ``Add'' column below:
[[Page 46493]]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Paragraph designation Remove Add
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(a)(1)(civ), the Kauai 10-- Kauai 10--Huperzia
introductory text. Phlegmariurus nutans--a.
nutans--a.
(a)(1)(ccxl), the Kauai 11--Mariscus Kauai 11--Cyperus
introductory text. pennatiformis--a. pennatiformis--a.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
b. Amend paragraph (a)(1) by removing the maps in paragraphs
(a)(1)(civ)(B) and (a)(1)(ccxl)(B), and adding in their place the maps
set forth below.
c. In paragraph (a)(1)(cdlix), amend the Table of Protected Species
Within Each Critical Habitat Unit for Kauai, by removing the words
listed in the ``Remove'' column below and adding in their place the
words listed in the ``Add'' column below:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Column heading Remove Add
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unit name................... Kauai 10-- Kauai 10--Huperzia
Phlegmariurus nutans--a.
nutans--a.
Species unoccupied.......... Phlegmariurus nutans Huperzia nutans.
Unit name................... Kauai 11--Mariscus Kauai 11--Cyperus
pennatiformis--a. pennatiformis--a.
Species unoccupied.......... Mariscus Cyperus
pennatiformis. pennatiformis.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
d. Amend paragraph (b)(1) by removing the words listed in the
``Remove'' column below in all places that they appear and adding in
their place the words listed in the ``Add'' column below:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Remove Add
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Family Cyperaceae: Mariscus Family Cyperaceae: Cyperus
pennatiformis (NCN). pennatiformis (NCN).
Kauai 11--Mariscus pennatiformis--a.... Kauai 11--Cyperus
pennatiformis--a.
Mariscus pennatiformis................. Cyperus pennatiformis.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
e. Amend paragraph (b)(2) by removing the words listed in the
``Remove'' column below in all places that they appear and adding in
their place the words listed in the ``Add'' column below:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Remove Add
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Family Lycopodiaceae: Phlegmariurus Family Lycopodiaceae: Huperzia
nutans (wawaeiole). nutans (wawaeiole).
Kauai 10--Phlegmariurus nutans--a...... Kauai 10--Huperzia nutans--a.
Phlegmariurus nutans................... Huperzia nutans.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
f. Amend paragraph (e)(1) by removing the words listed in the
``Remove'' column below and adding in their place the words listed in
the ``Add'' column below:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Paragraph designation Remove Add
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(e)(1)(xii), the Maui 6--Mariscus Maui 6--Cyperus
introductory text. pennatiformis--a. pennatiformis--a.
(e)(1)(civ), the Maui 17--Hedyotis Maui 17--Kadua
introductory text. coriacea--a. coriacea--a.
(e)(1)(cv), the introductory Maui 17--Hedyotis Maui 17--Kadua
text. coriacea--b. coriacea--b.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
g. Amend paragraph (e)(1) by removing the maps in paragraphs
(e)(1)(xii)(B), (e)(1)(civ)(B), and (e)(1)(cv)(B), and adding in their
place the maps set forth below.
h. In paragraph (e)(1)(cxxxviii), amend the Table of Protected
Species Within Each Critical Habitat Unit for Maui, by removing the
words listed in the ``Remove'' column below and adding in their place
the words listed in the ``Add'' column below:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Column heading Remove Add
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unit name................... Maui 6--Mariscus Maui 6--Cyperus
pennatiformis--a. pennatiformis--a.
Species occupied............ Mariscus Cyperus
pennatiformis. pennatiformis.
Unit name................... Maui 17--Hedyotis Maui 17--Kadua
coriacea--a. coriacea--a.
Species occupied............ Hedyotis coriacea... Kadua coriacea.
Unit name................... Maui 17--Hedyotis Maui 17--Kadua
coriacea--b. coriacea--b.
Species unoccupied.......... Hedyotis coriacea... Kadua coriacea.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
i. Amend paragraph (f)(1) by removing the words listed in the
``Remove'' column below in all places that they appear and adding in
their place the words listed in the ``Add'' column below:
[[Page 46494]]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Remove Add
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Family Cyperaceae: Mariscus Family Cyperaceae: Cyperus
pennatiformis (NCN). pennatiformis (NCN).
Maui 6--Mariscus pennatiformis--a...... Maui 6--Cyperus pennatiformis--
a.
Mariscus pennatiformis................. Cyperus pennatiformis.
Family Rubiaceae: Hedyotis coriacea Family Rubiaceae: Kadua
(kioele). coriacea (kioele).
Maui 17--Hedyotis coriacea--a.......... Maui 17--Kadua coriacea--a.
Maui 17--Hedyotis coriacea--b.......... Maui 17--Kadua coriacea--b.
Hedyotis coriacea...................... Kadua coriacea.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
j. Amend paragraph (g) by removing the words listed in the
``Remove'' column below and adding in their place the words listed in
the ``Add'' column below:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Paragraph designation Remove Add
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(g)(7), the introductory Laysan 1-Mariscus Laysan 1-Cyperus
text. pennatiformis-entir pennatiformis-entir
e island. e island.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
k. Amend paragraph (g) by removing the map in paragraph (g)(7)(ii),
and adding in its place the map set forth below.
l. In paragraph (g)(9), amend the Table of Protected Species Within
Each Critical Habitat Unit for the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, by
removing the words listed in the ``Remove'' column below and adding in
their place the words listed in the ``Add'' column below:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Column heading Remove Add
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Species--Occupied........... Mariscus Cyperus
pennatiformis. pennatiformis.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
m. Amend paragraph (h) by removing the words listed in the
``Remove'' column below in all places that they appear and adding in
their place the words listed in the ``Add'' column below:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Remove Add
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Family Cyperaceae: Mariscus Family Cyperaceae: Cyperus
pennatiformis (NCN). pennatiformis (NCN).
Laysan 1-Mariscus pennatiformis........ Laysan 1-Cyperus pennatiformis.
Mariscus pennatiformis................. Cyperus pennatiformis.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 46495]]
n. Revise paragraphs (i) and (j) to read as set forth below.
Sec. 17.99 Critical habitat; plants on the islands of Kauai, Niihau,
Molokai, Maui, Kahoolawe, Oahu, and Hawaii, HI, and on the Northwestern
Hawaiian Islands.
(a) * * *
(1) * * *
(civ) * * *
(B) Note: Map 49 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.051
[[Page 46496]]
* * * * *
(ccxl) * * *
(B) Note: Map 134 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.052
[[Page 46497]]
* * * * *
(e) * * *
(1) * * *
(xii) * * *
(B) Note: Map 12 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.053
* * * * *
(civ) * * *
(B) Note: Map 104 follows:
[[Page 46498]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.054
(cv) * * *
(B) Note: Map 105 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.055
[[Page 46499]]
* * * * *
(g) * * *
(7) * * *
(ii) Note: Map 7 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.056
* * * * *
(i) Oahu. Critical habitat units are described below. Coordinates
are in UTM Zone 4 with units in meters using North American Datum of
1983 (NAD83). The following map shows the general locations of the
critical habitat units designated on the island of Oahu. Existing
manmade features and structures, such as buildings, roads, railroads,
airports, runways, other paved areas, lawns, and other urban landscaped
areas, do not contain one or more of the physical and biological
features. Federal actions limited to those areas, therefore, would not
trigger a consultation under section 7 of the Act unless they may
affect the species or physical or biological features in adjacent
critical habitat.
(1) Note: Map 1--Index map follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P
[[Page 46500]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.057
[[Page 46501]]
(2) Oahu--Coastal--Unit 1 (958 ac; 388 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of unit.] This unit is
critical habitat for Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata, Bidens
amplectens, Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce celastroides var.
kaenana, Schiedea kealiae, Sesbania tomentosa, and Vigna o-wahuensis.
(ii) Note:
Map of Oahu--Coastal--Unit 1 (Map 2) follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.058
[[Page 46502]]
(3) Oahu--Coastal--Unit 2 (12 ac; 5 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of unit.] This unit is
critical habitat for Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce kuwaleana,
Sesbania tomentosa, and Vigna o-wahuensis.
(ii) Note: Map of Oahu--Coastal--Unit 2 (Map 3) follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.059
[[Page 46503]]
(4) Oahu--Coastal--Unit 3 (15 ac; 6 ha) and Oahu--Coastal--Unit 4
(3 ac; 1 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 3.] This unit is
critical habitat for Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce kuwaleana,
Sesbania tomentosa, and Vigna o-wahuensis.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 4.] This unit is
critical habitat for Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce kuwaleana,
Sesbania tomentosa, and Vigna o-wahuensis.
(iii) Note: Map of Oahu--Coastal--Unit 3 and Oahu--Coastal--Unit 4
(Map 4) follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.060
[[Page 46504]]
(5) Oahu--Coastal--Unit 5 (12 ac; 5 ha) and Oahu--Coastal--Unit 6
(9 ac; 4 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 5.] This unit is
critical habitat for Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce kuwaleana,
Sesbania tomentosa, and Vigna o-wahuensis.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 6.] This unit is
critical habitat for Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce kuwaleana,
Sesbania tomentosa, and Vigna o-wahuensis.
(iii) Note: Map of Oahu--Coastal--Unit 5 and Oahu--Coastal--Unit 6
(Map 5) follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.061
[[Page 46505]]
(6) Oahu--Coastal--Unit 7 (67 ac; 27 ha), Oahu--Coastal--Unit 8 (10
ac; 4 ha), and Oahu-Coastal-Unit 9 (84 ac; 34 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 7.] This unit is
critical habitat for, Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce kuwaleana,
Sesbania tomentosa, and Vigna o-wahuensis.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 8.] This unit is
critical habitat for, Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce kuwaleana,
Sesbania tomentosa, and Vigna o-wahuensis.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 9.] This unit is
critical habitat for, Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce kuwaleana,
Sesbania tomentosa, and Vigna o-wahuensis.
(iv) Note: Map of Oahu--Coastal--Unit 7, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 8, and
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 9 (Map 6) follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.062
[[Page 46506]]
(7) Oahu--Coastal--Unit 10 (74 ac; 30 ha), Oahu--Coastal--Unit 11
(20 ac; 8 ha), and Oahu--Coastal--Unit 12 (11 ac; 5 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 10.] This unit is
critical habitat for Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce kuwaleana,
Sesbania tomentosa, and Vigna o-wahuensis.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 11.] This unit is
critical habitat for Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce kuwaleana,
Cyperus trachysanthos, Marsilea villosa, Sesbania tomentosa, and Vigna
o-wahuensis.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 12.] This unit is
critical habitat for Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce kuwaleana,
Cyperus trachysanthos, Marsilea villosa, Sesbania tomentosa, and Vigna
o-wahuensis.
(iv) Note: Map of Oahu--Coastal--Unit 10, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 11,
and Oahu--Coastal--Unit 12 (Map 7) follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.063
[[Page 46507]]
(8) Oahu--Coastal--Unit 13 (24 ac; 10 ha), Oahu--Coastal--Unit 14
(4 ac; 2 ha), and Oahu--Coastal--Unit 15 (34 ac; 14 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 13.] This unit is
critical habitat for Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata, Bidens
amplectens, Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce celastroides var.
kaenana, Schiedea kealiae, Sesbania tomentosa, and Vigna o-wahuensis.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 14.] This unit is
critical habitat for Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata, Bidens
amplectens, Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce celastroides var.
kaenana, Schiedea kealiae, Sesbania tomentosa, and Vigna o-wahuensis.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 15.] This unit is
critical habitat for Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata, Bidens
amplectens, Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce celastroides var.
kaenana, Schiedea kealiae, Sesbania tomentosa, and Vigna o-wahuensis.
(iv) Note: Map of Oahu--Coastal--Unit 13, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 14,
and Oahu--Coastal--Unit 15 (Map 8) follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.064
[[Page 46508]]
(9) Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 (102 ac; 41 ha) and Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 2 (29 ac; 12)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 1.] This unit is
critical habitat for Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata, Bidens
amplectens, Bonamia menziesii, Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana,
Euphorbia haeleeleana, Gouania meyenii, Gouania vitifolia, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Melanthera tenuifolia, Neraudia
angulata, Nototrichium humile, Pleomele forbesii, Schiedea hookeri,
Schiedea kealiae, and Spermolepis hawaiiensis.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 2.] This unit is
critical habitat for Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata, Bidens
amplectens, Bonamia menziesii, Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana,
Euphorbia haeleeleana, Gouania meyenii, Gouania vitifolia, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Melanthera tenuifolia, Neraudia
angulata, Nototrichium humile, Pleomele forbesii, Schiedea hookeri,
Schiedea kealiae, and Spermolepis hawaiiensis.
(iii) Note: Map of Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 1 and Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 2 (Map 9) follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.065
[[Page 46509]]
(10) Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 3 (25 ac; 10 ha), Oahu--Lowland Dry--
Unit 4 (18 ac; 7 ha), and Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 5 (8 ac; 3 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 3.] This unit is
critical habitat for Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata, Bidens
amplectens, Bonamia menziesii, Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana,
Cyperus trachysanthos, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Gouania meyenii, Gouania
vitifolia, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Marsilea
villosa, Melanthera tenuifolia, Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium humile,
Pleomele forbesii, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kealiae, and Spermolepis
hawaiiensis.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 4.] This unit is
critical habitat for Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata, Bidens
amplectens, Bonamia menziesii, Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana,
Cyperus trachysanthos, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Gouania meyenii, Gouania
vitifolia, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Marsilea
villosa, Melanthera tenuifolia, Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium humile,
Pleomele forbesii, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kealiae, and Spermolepis
hawaiiensis.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 5.] This unit is
critical habitat for Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata, Bidens
amplectens, Bonamia menziesii, Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana,
Cyperus trachysanthos, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Gouania meyenii, Gouania
vitifolia, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Marsilea
villosa, Melanthera tenuifolia, Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium humile,
Pleomele forbesii, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kealiae, and Spermolepis
hawaiiensis.
(iv) Note: Map of Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Dry--
Unit 4, and Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 5 (Map 10) follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.066
[[Page 46510]]
(11) Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 6 (287 ac; 116 ha) and Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 7 (15 ac; 6 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 6.] This unit is
critical habitat for Doryopteris takeuchii, Gouania meyenii, and
Spermolepis hawaiiensis.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 7.] This unit is
critical habitat for Cyperus trachysanthos, Doryopteris takeuchii,
Gouania meyenii, Marsilea villosa, and Spermolepis hawaiiensis.
(iii) Note: Map of Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 6 and Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 7 (Map 11) follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.067
[[Page 46511]]
(12) Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 8 (292 ac; 118 ha), Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 9 (40 ac; 16 ha), Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 10 (43 ac; 17 ha),
and Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 11 (166 ac; 67 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 8.] This unit is
critical habitat for Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata, Bidens
amplectens, Bonamia menziesii, Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana,
Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. skottsbergii, Euphorbia haeleeleana,
Gouania meyenii, Gouania vitifolia, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion
pyrifolium, Melanthera tenuifolia, Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium
humile, Pleomele forbesii, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kealiae, and
Spermolepis hawaiiensis.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 9.] This unit is
critical habitat for Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata, Bidens
amplectens, Bonamia menziesii, Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana,
Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. skottsbergii, Euphorbia haeleeleana,
Gouania meyenii, Gouania vitifolia, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion
pyrifolium, Melanthera tenuifolia, Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium
humile, Pleomele forbesii, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kealiae, and
Spermolepis hawaiiensis.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 10.] This unit is
critical habitat for Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata, Bidens
amplectens, Bonamia menziesii, Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana,
Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. skottsbergii, Euphorbia haeleeleana,
Gouania meyenii, Gouania vitifolia, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion
pyrifolium, Melanthera tenuifolia, Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium
humile, Pleomele forbesii, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kealiae, and
Spermolepis hawaiiensis.
(iv) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 11.] This unit is
critical habitat for Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata, Bidens
amplectens, Bonamia menziesii, Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana,
Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. skottsbergii, Euphorbia haeleeleana,
Gouania meyenii, Gouania vitifolia, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion
pyrifolium, Melanthera tenuifolia, Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium
humile, Pleomele forbesii, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kealiae, and
Spermolepis hawaiiensis.
(v) Note: Map of Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit
9, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 10, and Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 11 (Map 12)
follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.068
[[Page 46512]]
(13) Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1 (4,450 ac; 1,801 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of unit.] This unit is
critical habitat for Abutilon sandwicense, Alectryon macrococcus,
Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Chamaesyce celastroides var.
kaenana, Chamaesyce herbstii, Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis
squamigera, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea calycina, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea
pinnatifida, Cyanea superba, Cyperus pennatiformis, Cyrtandra dentata,
Delissea subcordata, Diellia falcata, Diellia unisora, Diplazium
molokaiense, Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii, Eugenia
koolauensis, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Flueggea neowawraea, Gardenia
mannii, Gouania meyenii, Gouania vitifolia, Hesperomannia arborescens,
Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion
laurifolium, Isodendrion longifolium, Kadua coriacea, Kadua degeneri,
Kadua parvula, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia niihauensis, Melanthera
tenuifolia, Melicope makahae, Melicope pallida, Melicope saint-johnii,
Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium humile, Phyllostegia hirsuta,
Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Phyllostegia mollis, Phyllostegia parviflora
var. lydgatei, Plantago princeps var. princeps, Platydesma cornuta var.
decurrens, Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Sanicula
mariversa, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, Schiedea nuttallii,
Schiedea obovata, Silene perlmanii, Solanum sandwicense, Stenogyne
kanehoana, Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, Urera kaalae, and
Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana.
(ii) Note: Map of Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1 (Map 13) follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.069
[[Page 46513]]
(14) Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2 (1,063 ac; 430 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of unit.] This unit is
critical habitat for Abutilon sandwicense, Alectryon macrococcus,
Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides Chamaesyce celastroides var.
kaenana, Chamaesyce herbstii, Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis
squamigera, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea calycina, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea
pinnatifida, Cyanea superba, Cyperus pennatiformis, Cyrtandra dentata,
Delissea subcordata, Diellia falcata, Diellia unisora, Diplazium
molokaiense, Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii, Eugenia
koolauensis, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Flueggea neowawraea, Gardenia
mannii, Gouania meyenii, Gouania vitifolia, Hesperomannia arborescens,
Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion
laurifolium, Isodendrion longifolium, Kadua coriacea, Kadua degeneri,
Kadua. parvula, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia niihauensis, Melanthera
tenuifolia, Melicope makahae, Melicope pallida, Melicope saint-johnii,
Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium humile, Phyllostegia hirsuta,
Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Phyllostegia mollis, Phyllostegia parviflora
var. lydgatei, Plantago princeps var. princeps, Platydesma cornuta var.
decurrens, Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Sanicula
mariversa, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, Schiedea nuttallii,
Schiedea obovata, Silene perlmanii, Solanum sandwicense, Stenogyne
kanehoana, Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, Urera kaalae, and
Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana.
(ii) Note: Map of Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2 (Map 14) follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.070
[[Page 46514]]
(15) Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3 (353 ac; 143 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of unit.] This unit is
critical habitat for Abutilon sandwicense, Alectryon macrococcus,
Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Chamaesyce celastroides var.
kaenana, Chamaesyce herbstii, Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis
squamigera, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea calycina, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea
pinnatifida, Cyanea superba, Cyperus pennatiformis, Cyrtandra dentata,
Delissea subcordata, Diellia falcata, Diellia unisora, Diplazium
molokaiense, Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii, Eugenia
koolauensis, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Flueggea neowawraea, Gardenia
mannii, Gouania meyenii, Gouania vitifolia, Hesperomannia arborescens,
Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion
longifolium, Kadua coriacea, Kadua degeneri, Kadua parvula, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia niihauensis, Melanthera tenuifolia, Melicope
makahae, Melicope pallida, Melicope saint-johnii, Neraudia angulata,
Nototrichium humile, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia kaalaensis,
Phyllostegiamollis, Phyllostegia parviflora var. lydgatei, Plantago
princeps var. princeps, Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens, Pleomele
forbesii, Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Sanicula mariversa, Schiedea hookeri,
Schiedea kaalae, Schiedea nuttallii, Schiedea obovata, Silene
perlmanii, Solanum sandwicense, Stenogyne kanehoana, Tetramolopium
lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, Urera kaalae, and Viola chamissoniana ssp.
chamissoniana.
(ii) Note: Map of Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3 (Map 15) follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.071
[[Page 46515]]
(16) Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4 (20 ac; 8 ha) and Oahu--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 5 (29 ac; 12 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 4.] This unit is
critical habitat for Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii,
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea
acuminata, Cyanea. calycina, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, Cyanea lanceolata, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea truncata,
Cyrtandra dentata, Cyrtandra polyantha, Cyrtandra waiolani, Delissea
subcordata, Diellia erecta, Diellia falcata, Eugenia koolauensis,
Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens, Isodendrion laurifolium,
Isodendrion longifolium, Kadua coriacea, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia
monostachya, Melicope lydgatei, Melicope saint-johnii, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, Phyllostegia mollis, Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora,
Plantago princeps var. princeps, Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Schiedea kaalae, Schiedea nuttallii, Solanum sandwicense,
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, and Tetraplasandra lydgatei
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 5.] This unit is
critical habitat for Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii,
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea
acuminata, Cyanea. calycina, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, Cyanea lanceolata, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea truncata,
Cyrtandra dentata, Cyrtandra polyantha, Cyrtandra waiolani, Delissea
subcordata, Diellia erecta, Diellia. falcata, Eugenia koolauensis,
Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens, Isodendrion laurifolium,
Isodendrion longifolium, Kadua coriacea, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia
monostachya, Melicope lydgatei, Melicope saint-johnii, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, Phyllostegia mollis, Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora,
Plantago princeps var. princeps, Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Schiedea kaalae, Schiedea nuttallii, Solanum sandwicense,
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, and Tetraplasandra lydgatei
(iii) Note: Map of Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4 and Oahu--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 5 (Map 16) follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.072
[[Page 46516]]
(17) Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 6 (247 ac; 100 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of unit.] This unit is
critical habitat for Alectryon macrococcus Bonamia menziesii,
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea
acuminata, Cyanea calycina, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, Cyanea lanceolata, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea truncata,
Cyrtandra dentata, Cyrtandra polyantha, Cyrtandra waiolani, Delissea
subcordata, Diellia erecta, Diellia falcata, Eugenia koolauensis,
Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens, Isodendrion laurifolium,
Isodendrion longifolium, Kadua coriacea, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia
monostachya, Melicope lydgatei, Melicope saint-johnii, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, Phyllostegia mollis, Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora,
Plantago princeps var. princeps, Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Schiedea kaalae, Schiedea nuttallii, Solanum sandwicense,
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, and Tetraplasandra lydgatei.
(ii) Note: Map of Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 6 (Map 17) follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.073
[[Page 46517]]
(18) Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 7 (1,669 ac; 676 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of unit.] This unit is
critical habitat for Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii,
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea
acuminata, Cyanea calycina, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, Cyanea lanceolata, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea truncata,
Cyrtandra dentata, Cyrtandra polyantha, Cyrtandra waiolani, Delissea
subcordata, Diellia erecta, Diellia falcata, Eugenia koolauensis,
Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens, Isodendrion laurifolium,
Isodendrion longifolium, Kadua coriacea, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia
monostachya, Melicope lydgatei, Melicope saint-johnii, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, Phyllostegia mollis, Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora,
Plantago princeps var. princeps, Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Schiedea kaalae, Schiedea nuttallii, Solanum sandwicense,
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, and Tetraplasandra lydgatei.
(ii) Note: Map of Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 7 (Map 18) follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.074
[[Page 46518]]
(19) Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 1 (541 ac; 219 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of unit.] This unit is
critical habitat for Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea calycina, Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyrtandra
dentata, Diplazium molokaiense, Gardenia mannii, Gouania vitifolia,
Hesperomannia arbuscula, Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae,
Lobelia oahuensis, Melicope makahae, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia
mollis, Plantago princeps var. princeps, Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, and Urera kaalae.
(ii) Note: Map of Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 1 (Map 19) follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.075
[[Page 46519]]
(20) Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 2 (20 ac; 8 ha), Oahu--Lowland Wet--
Unit 3 (29 ac; 12 ha), and Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 4 (27 ac; 11 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 2.] This unit is
critical habitat for Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea. calycina, Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyrtandra
dentata, Diplazium molokaiense, Gardenia mannii, Gouania vitifolia,
Hesperomannia arbuscula, Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae,
Lobelia oahuensis, Melicope makahae, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia
mollis, Plantago princeps var. princeps, Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, and Urera kaalae.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 3.] This unit is
critical habitat for Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea. calycina, Cyanea.
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyrtandra
dentata, Diplazium molokaiense, Gardenia mannii, Gouania vitifolia,
Hesperomannia arbuscula, Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae,
Lobelia oahuensis, Melicope makahae, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia
mollis, Plantago princeps var. princeps, Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, and Urera kaalae.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 4.] This unit is
critical habitat for Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea calycina, Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyrtandra
dentata, Diplazium molokaiense, Gardenia mannii, Gouania vitifolia,
Hesperomannia arbuscula, Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae,
Lobelia oahuensis, Melicope makahae, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia
mollis, Plantago princeps var. princeps, Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, and Urera kaalae.
(iv) Note: Map of Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Oahu--Lowland Wet--
Unit 3, and Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 4 (Map 20) follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.076
[[Page 46520]]
(21) Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 5 (76 ac; 31 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of unit.] This unit is
critical habitat for Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea calycina, Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyrtandra
dentata, Diplazium molokaiense, Gardenia mannii, Gouania vitifolia,
Hesperomannia arbuscula, Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae,
Lobelia oahuensis, Melicope makahae, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia
mollis, Plantago princeps var. princeps, Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, and Urera kaalae.
(ii) Note: Map of Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 5 (Map 21) follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.077
[[Page 46521]]
(22) Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6 (790 ac; 320 ha), Oahu--Lowland Wet-
Unit 7 (1,790 ac; 724 ha), and Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 8 (3,041 ac;
1,231 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 6.] This unit is
critical habitat for Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea
acuminata, Cyanea calycina, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, Cyanea humboldtiana, Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea lanceolata,
Cyanea purpurellifolia, Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra
dentata, Cyrtandra gracilis, Cyrtandra kaulantha, Cyrtandra polyantha,
Cyrtandra sessilis, Cyrtandra subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora,
Cyrtandra waiolani, Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens,
Huperzia nutans, Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia
gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, Melicope hiiakae,
Melicope lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia
parviflora var. parviflora, Plantago princeps var. longibracteata,
Plantago princeps var. princeps, Platanthera holochila, Platydesma
cornuta var. cornuta, Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea, Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis, Viola oahuensis, and Zanthoxylum
oahuense.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 7.] This unit is
critical habitat for Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea
acuminata, Cyanea calycina, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, Cyanea humboldtiana, Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea lanceolata,
Cyanea purpurellifolia, Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra
dentata, Cyrtandra gracilis, Cyrtandra kaulantha, Cyrtandra polyantha,
Cyrtandra sessilis, Cyrtandra subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora,
Cyrtandra waiolani, Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens,
Huperzia nutans, Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia
gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, Melicope hiiakae,
Melicope lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia
parviflora var. parviflora, Plantago princeps var. longibracteata,
Plantago princeps var. princeps, Platanthera holochila, Platydesma
cornuta var. cornuta, Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea, Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis, Viola oahuensis, and Zanthoxylum
oahuense.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 8.] This unit is
critical habitat for Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea
acuminata, Cyanea calycina, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, Cyanea humboldtiana, Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea lanceolata,
Cyanea purpurellifolia, Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra
dentata, Cyrtandra gracilis, Cyrtandra kaulantha, Cyrtandra polyantha,
Cyrtandra sessilis, Cyrtandra subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora,
Cyrtandra waiolani, Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens,
Huperzia nutans, Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia
gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, Melicope hiiakae,
Melicope lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia
parviflora var. parviflora, Plantago princeps var. longibracteata,
Plantago princeps var. princeps, Platanthera holochila, Platydesma
cornuta var. cornuta, Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea, Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis, Viola oahuensis, and Zanthoxylum
oahuense.
(iv) Note: Map of Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--
Unit 7, and Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 8 (Map 22) follows:
[[Page 46522]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.078
[[Page 46523]]
(23) Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9 (15,728 ac; 6,365 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of unit.] This unit is
critical habitat for Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea
acuminata, Cyanea calycina, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, Cyanea humboldtiana, Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea lanceolata,
Cyanea purpurellifolia, Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra
dentata, Cyrtandra gracilis, Cyrtandra kaulantha, Cyrtandra polyantha,
Cyrtandra sessilis, Cyrtandra subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora,
Cyrtandra waiolani, Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens,
Huperzia nutans, Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia
gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, Melicope hiiakae,
Melicope lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia
parviflora var. parviflora, Plantago princeps var. longibracteata,
Plantago princeps var. princeps, Platanthera holochila, Platydesma
cornuta var. cornuta, Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea, Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis, Viola oahuensis, and Zanthoxylum
oahuense.
(ii) Note: Map of Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9 (Map 23) follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.079
(24) Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 10 (124 ac; 50 ha), Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 11 (124 ac; 50 ha), and Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12 (53 ac; 21
ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 10.] This unit is
critical habitat for Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea
acuminata, Cyanea calycina, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, Cyanea humboldtiana, Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea lanceolata,
Cyanea purpurellifolia, Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra
dentata, Cyrtandra gracilis, Cyrtandra kaulantha, Cyrtandra polyantha,
Cyrtandra sessilis, Cyrtandra subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora,
Cyrtandra waiolani, Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens,
Huperzia nutans, Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia
gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, Melicope hiiakae,
Melicope lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia
parviflora var. parviflora, Plantago princeps var. longibracteata,
Plantago princeps var. princeps, Platanthera holochila, Platydesma
cornuta var. cornuta, Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea, Tetraplasandra
[[Page 46524]]
gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis, Viola oahuensis, and Zanthoxylum
oahuense.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 11.] This unit is
critical habitat for Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea
acuminata, Cyanea calycina, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, Cyanea humboldtiana, Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea lanceolata,
Cyanea purpurellifolia, Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra
dentata, Cyrtandra gracilis, Cyrtandra kaulantha, Cyrtandra polyantha,
Cyrtandra sessilis, Cyrtandra subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora,
Cyrtandra waiolani, Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens,
Huperzia nutans, Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia
gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, Melicope hiiakae,
Melicope lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia
parviflora var. parviflora, Plantago princeps var. longibracteata,
Plantago princeps var. princeps, Platanthera holochila, Platydesma
cornuta var. cornuta, Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea, Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis, Viola oahuensis, and Zanthoxylum
oahuense.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 12.] This unit is
critical habitat for Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea
acuminata, Cyanea calycina, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, Cyanea humboldtiana, Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea lanceolata,
Cyanea purpurellifolia, Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra
dentata, Cyrtandra gracilis, Cyrtandra kaulantha, Cyrtandra polyantha,
Cyrtandra sessilis, Cyrtandra subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora,
Cyrtandra waiolani, Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens,
Huperzia nutans, Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia
gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, Melicope hiiakae,
Melicope lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia
parviflora var. parviflora, Plantago princeps var. longibracteata,
Plantago princeps var. princeps, Platanthera holochila, Platydesma
cornuta var. cornuta, Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea, Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis, Viola oahuensis, and Zanthoxylum
oahuense.
(iv) Note: Map of Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 10, Oahu--Lowland Wet--
Unit 11, and Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12 (Map 24) follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.080
[[Page 46525]]
(25) Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 13 (161 ac; 65 ha), Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 14 (478 ac; 193 ha), Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 15 (407 ac; 165
ha), and Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16 (2,507 ac; 1,014 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 13.] This unit is
critical habitat for Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea
acuminata, Cyanea calycina, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, Cyanea humboldtiana, Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea lanceolata,
Cyanea purpurellifolia, Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra
dentata, Cyrtandra gracilis, Cyrtandra kaulantha, Cyrtandra polyantha,
Cyrtandra sessilis, Cyrtandra subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora,
Cyrtandra waiolani, Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens,
Huperzia nutans, Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia
gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, Melicope hiiakae,
Melicope lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia
parviflora var. parviflora, Plantago princeps var. longibracteata,
Plantago princeps var. princeps, Platanthera holochila, Platydesma
cornuta var. cornuta, Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea, Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis, Viola oahuensis, and Zanthoxylum
oahuense.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 14.] This unit is
critical habitat for Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea
acuminata, Cyanea calycina, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, Cyanea humboldtiana, Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea lanceolata,
Cyanea purpurellifolia, Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra
dentata, Cyrtandra gracilis, Cyrtandra kaulantha, Cyrtandra polyantha,
Cyrtandra sessilis, Cyrtandra subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora,
Cyrtandra waiolani, Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens,
Huperzia nutans, Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia
gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, Melicope hiiakae,
Melicope lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia
parviflora var. parviflora, Plantago princeps var. longibracteata,
Plantago princeps var. princeps, Platanthera holochila, Platydesma
cornuta var. cornuta, Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea, Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis, Viola oahuensis, and Zanthoxylum
oahuense.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 15.] This unit is
critical habitat for Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea
acuminata, Cyanea calycina, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, Cyanea humboldtiana, Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea lanceolata,
Cyanea purpurellifolia, Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra
dentata, Cyrtandra gracilis, Cyrtandra kaulantha, Cyrtandra polyantha,
Cyrtandra sessilis, Cyrtandra subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora,
Cyrtandra waiolani, Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens,
Huperzia nutans, Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia
gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, Melicope hiiakae,
Melicope lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia
parviflora var. parviflora, Plantago princeps var. longibracteata,
Plantago princeps var. princeps, Platanthera holochila, Platydesma
cornuta var. cornuta, Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea, Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis, Viola oahuensis, and Zanthoxylum
oahuense.
(iv) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 16.] This unit is
critical habitat for Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea
acuminata, Cyanea calycina, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, Cyanea humboldtiana, Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea lanceolata,
Cyanea purpurellifolia, Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra
dentata, Cyrtandra gracilis, Cyrtandra kaulantha, Cyrtandra polyantha,
Cyrtandra sessilis, Cyrtandra subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora,
Cyrtandra waiolani, Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens,
Huperzia nutans, Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia
gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, Melicope hiiakae,
Melicope lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia
parviflora var. parviflora, Plantago princeps var. longibracteata,
Plantago princeps var. princeps, Platanthera holochila, Platydesma
cornuta var. cornuta, Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea, Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis, Viola oahuensis, and Zanthoxylum
oahuense.
(v) Note: Map of Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--
Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 15, and Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16
(Map 25) follows:
[[Page 46526]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.081
[[Page 46527]]
(26) Oahu--Montane Wet--Unit 1 (370 ac; 150 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of unit.] This unit is
critical habitat for Alectryon macrococcus, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea
calycina, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis, Melicope
christophersenii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, and Schiedea trinervis.
(ii) Note: Map of Oahu--Montane Wet--Unit 1 (Map 26) follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.082
(27) Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1 (49 ac; 20 ha), Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
2 (412 ac; 167 ha), and Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3 (450 ac; 182 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 1.] This unit is
critical habitat for Abutilon sandwicense, Achyranthes splendens var.
rotundata, Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus
agrimonioides, Chamaesyce herbstii, Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyrtandra dentata, Diellia falcata, Diellia
unisora, Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii, Flueggea
neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, Gouania vitifolia, Isodendrion
laurifolium, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua degeneri, Kadua parvula,
Korthalsella degeneri, Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata var.
leptophylla, Lobelia niihauensis, Melanthera tenuifolia, Melicope
makahae, Melicope saint-johnii, Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium humile,
Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Plantago princeps var.
princeps, Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens, Pleomele forbesii,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Sanicula mariversa, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea
obovata, Schiedea trinervis, Silene lanceolata, Silene perlmanii,
Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium filiforme, Tetramolopium
lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, and Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 2.] This unit is
critical habitat for Abutilon sandwicense, Achyranthes splendens var.
rotundata, Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus
agrimonioides, Chamaesyce herbstii, Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyrtandra dentata, Diellia falcata, Diellia
unisora, Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii, Flueggea
neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, Gouania vitifolia, Isodendrion
laurifolium, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua degeneri, Kadua parvula,
Korthalsella degeneri, Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata var.
leptophylla, Lobelia niihauensis, Melanthera tenuifolia, Melicope
makahae, Melicope
[[Page 46528]]
saint-johnii, Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum
sandwicense, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Plantago princeps var. princeps,
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens, Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Sanicula mariversa, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea obovata,
Schiedea trinervis, Silene lanceolata, Silene perlmanii, Spermolepis
hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium filiforme, Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum, and Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 3.] This unit is
critical habitat for Abutilon sandwicense, Achyranthes splendens var.
rotundata, Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus
agrimonioides, Chamaesyce herbstii, Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyrtandra dentata, Diellia falcata, Diellia
unisora, Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii, Flueggea
neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, Gouania vitifolia, Isodendrion
laurifolium, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua degeneri, Kadua parvula,
Korthalsella degeneri, Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata var.
leptophylla, Lobelia niihauensis, Melanthera tenuifolia, Melicope
makahae, Melicope saint-johnii, Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium humile,
Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Plantago princeps var.
princeps, Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens, Pleomele forbesii,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Sanicula mariversa, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea
obovata, Schiedea trinervis, Silene lanceolata, Silene perlmanii,
Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium filiforme, Tetramolopium
lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, and Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana.
(iv) Note: Map of Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2,
and Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3 (Map 27) follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.083
(28) Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4 (108 ac; 44 ha), Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
5 (26 ac; 10 ha), and Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6 (255 ac; 103 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 4.] This unit is
critical habitat for Abutilon sandwicense, Achyranthes splendens var.
rotundata, Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus
agrimonioides, Chamaesyce herbstii, Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyrtandra dentata, Diellia falcata, Diellia
unisora, Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii, Flueggea
neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, Gouania vitifolia, Isodendrion
laurifolium, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua
[[Page 46529]]
degeneri, Kadua parvula, Korthalsella degeneri, Lepidium arbuscula,
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla, Lobelia niihauensis, Melanthera
tenuifolia, Melicope makahae, Melicope saint-johnii, Neraudia angulata,
Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia kaalaensis,
Plantago princeps var. princeps, Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens,
Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Sanicula mariversa, Schiedea
hookeri, Schiedea obovata, Schiedea trinervis, Silene lanceolata,
Silene perlmanii, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium filiforme,
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, and Viola chamissoniana ssp.
chamissoniana.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 5.] This unit is
critical habitat for Abutilon sandwicense, Achyranthes splendens var.
rotundata, Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus
agrimonioides, Chamaesyce herbstii, Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyrtandra dentata, Diellia falcata, Diellia
unisora, Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii, Flueggea
neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, Gouania vitifolia, Isodendrion
laurifolium, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua degeneri, Kadua parvula,
Korthalsella degeneri, Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata var.
leptophylla, Lobelia niihauensis, Melanthera tenuifolia, Melicope
makahae, Melicope saint-johnii, Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium humile,
Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Plantago princeps var.
princeps, Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens, Pleomele forbesii,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Sanicula mariversa, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea
obovata, Schiedea trinervis, Silene lanceolata, Silene perlmanii,
Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium filiforme, Tetramolopium
lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, and Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 6.] This unit is
critical habitat for Abutilon sandwicense, Achyranthes splendens var.
rotundata, Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus
agrimonioides, Chamaesyce herbstii, Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyrtandra dentata, Diellia falcata, Diellia
unisora, Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii, Flueggea
neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, Gouania vitifolia, Isodendrion
laurifolium, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua degeneri, Kadua parvula,
Korthalsella degeneri, Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata var.
leptophylla, Lobelia niihauensis, Melanthera tenuifolia, Melicope
makahae, Melicope saint-johnii, Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium humile,
Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Plantago princeps var.
princeps, Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens, Pleomele forbesii,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Sanicula mariversa, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea
obovata, Schiedea trinervis, Silene lanceolata, Silene perlmanii,
Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium filiforme, Tetramolopium
lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, and Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana.
(iv) Note: Map of Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 5,
and Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6 (Map 28) follows:
[[Page 46530]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.084
[[Page 46531]]
(29) Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7 (208 ac; 84 ha) and Oahu--Dry Cliff--
Unit 8 (259 ac; 105 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 7.] This unit is
critical habitat for Abutilon sandwicense, Achyranthes splendens var.
rotundata, Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus
agrimonioides, Chamaesyce herbstii, Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyrtandra dentata, Diellia falcata, Diellia
unisora, Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii, Flueggea
neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, Gouania vitifolia, Isodendrion
laurifolium, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua degeneri, Kadua parvula,
Korthalsella degeneri, Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata var.
leptophylla, Lobelia niihauensis, Melanthera tenuifolia, Melicope
makahae, Melicope saint-johnii, Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium humile,
Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Plantago princeps var.
princeps, Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens, Pleomele forbesii,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Sanicula mariversa, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea
obovata, Schiedea trinervis, Silene lanceolata, Silene perlmanii,
Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium filiforme, Tetramolopium
lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, and Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 8.] This unit is
critical habitat for Abutilon sandwicense, Achyranthes splendens var.
rotundata, Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus
agrimonioides, Chamaesyce herbstii, Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyrtandra dentata, Diellia falcata, Diellia
unisora, Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii, Flueggea
neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, Gouania vitifolia, Isodendrion
laurifolium, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua degeneri, Kadua parvula,
Korthalsella degeneri, Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata var.
leptophylla, Lobelia niihauensis, Melanthera tenuifolia, Melicope
makahae, Melicope saint-johnii, Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium humile,
Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Plantago princeps var.
princeps, Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens, Pleomele forbesii,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Sanicula mariversa, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea
obovata, Schiedea trinervis, Silene lanceolata, Silene perlmanii,
Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium filiforme, Tetramolopium
lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, and Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana.
(iii) Note: Map of Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7 and Oahu--Dry Cliff--
Unit 8 (Map 29) follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.085
[[Page 46532]]
(30) Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 1 (235 ac; 95 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of unit 1.] This unit is
critical habitat for Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea calycina, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis, Melicope christophersenii, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, and
Schiedea trinervis.
(ii) Note: Map of Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 1 (Map 30) follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.086
[[Page 46533]]
(31) Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 2 (7 ac; 3 ha), Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 3
(16 ac; 6 ha), and Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 4 (23 ac; 9 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 2.] This unit is
critical habitat for Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea calycina, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis, Melicope christophersenii, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, and
Schiedea trinervis.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 3.] This unit is
critical habitat for Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea calycina, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis, Melicope christophersenii, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, and
Schiedea trinervis.
(iii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 4.] This unit is
critical habitat for Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea calycina, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis, Melicope christophersenii, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, and
Schiedea trinervis.
(iv) Note: Map of Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 2, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 3,
and Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 4 (Map 31) follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.087
[[Page 46534]]
(32) Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 5 (43 ac; 17 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of unit 5.] This unit is
critical habitat for Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea calycina, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis, Melicope christophersenii, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, and
Schiedea trinervis.
(ii) Note: Map of Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 5 (Map 32) follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.088
[[Page 46535]]
(33) Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 6 (151 ac; 61 ha) and Oahu--Wet Cliff--
Unit 7 (144 ac; 58 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 6.] This unit is
critical habitat for Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce deppeana,
Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea calycina, Cyanea crispa,
Cyanea humboldtiana, Cyanea purpurellifolia, Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyanea
truncata, Cyrtandra kaulantha, Cyrtandra sessilis, Cyrtandra
subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora, Huperzia nutans, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis, Lysimachia filifolia, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora, Plantago princeps
var. princeps, Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea kaalae, Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis, and Viola oahuensis.
(ii) [Reserved for textual description of Unit 7.] This unit is
critical habitat for Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce deppeana,
Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea calycina, Cyanea crispa,
Cyanea humboldtiana, Cyanea purpurellifolia, Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyanea
truncata, Cyrtandra kaulantha, Cyrtandra sessilis, Cyrtandra
subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora, Huperzia nutans, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis, Lysimachia filifolia, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora, Plantago princeps
var. princeps, Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea kaalae, Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis, and Viola oahuensis.
(iii) Note: Map of Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 6 and Oahu--Wet Cliff--
Unit 7 (Map 33) follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.089
[[Page 46536]]
(34) Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 8 (4,649 ac; 1,881 ha)
(i) [Reserved for textual description of unit 8.] This unit is
critical habitat for Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce deppeana,
Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea calycina, Cyanea crispa,
Cyanea humboldtiana, Cyanea purpurellifolia, Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyanea
truncata, Cyrtandra kaulantha, Cyrtandra sessilis, Cyrtandra
subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora, Huperzia nutans, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis, Lysimachia filifolia, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora, Plantago princeps
var. princeps, Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea kaalae, Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis, and Viola oahuensis.
(ii) Note: Map of Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 8 (Map 34) follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP02AU11.090
[[Page 46537]]
(35) Table of Protected Species Within Each Critical Habitat Unit for
Oahu
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unit name Species occupied Species unoccupied
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 1
Achyranthes Achyranthes
splendens var. splendens var.
rotundata. rotundata
Bidens amplectens
Centaurium
sebaeoides
Chamaesyce Chamaesyce
celastroides var celastroides var.
kaenana. kaenana
Schiedea kealiae
Sesbania tomentosa.. Sesbania tomentosa
Vigna o-wahuensis
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 2
Centaurium
sebaeoides
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Sesbania tomentosa
Vigna o-wahuensis
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 3
Centaurium
sebaeoides
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Sesbania tomentosa
Vigna o-wahuensis
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 4
Centaurium
sebaeoides
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Sesbania tomentosa
Vigna o-wahuensis
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 5
Centaurium
sebaeoides
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Sesbania tomentosa
Vigna o-wahuensis
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 6
Centaurium
sebaeoides
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Sesbania tomentosa
Vigna o-wahuensis
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 7
Centaurium
sebaeoides
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Sesbania tomentosa
Vigna o-wahuensis
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 8
Centaurium
sebaeoides
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Sesbania tomentosa.. Sesbania tomentosa
Vigna o-wahuensis
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 9
Centaurium
sebaeoides
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Cyperus Cyperus
trachysanthos. trachysanthos
Marsilea villosa.... Marsilea villosa
Sesbania tomentosa
Vigna o-wahuensis
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 10
Centaurium Centaurium
sebaeoides. sebaeoides
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Sesbania tomentosa
Vigna o-wahuensis
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 11
Centaurium
sebaeoides
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Cyperus
trachysanthos
Marsilea villosa.... Marsilea villosa
Sesbania tomentosa
Vigna o-wahuensis
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 12
Centaurium
sebaeoides
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Cyperus
trachysanthos
Marsilea villosa.... Marsilea villosa
Sesbania tomentosa
Vigna o-wahuensis
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 13
Achyranthes Achyranthes
splendens var. splendens var.
rotundata. rotundata
Bidens amplectens
[[Page 46538]]
Centaurium
sebaeoides
Chamaesyce
celastroides var.
kaenana
Schiedea kealiae
Sesbania tomentosa
Vigna o-wahuensis
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 14
Achyranthes Achyranthes
splendens var. splendens var.
rotundata. rotundata
Bidens amplectens
Centaurium
sebaeoides
Chamaesyce
celastroides var.
kaenana
Schiedea kealiae
Sesbania tomentosa
Vigna o-wahuensis
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 15
Achyranthes Achyranthes
splendens var. splendens var.
rotundata. rotundata
Bidens amplectens
Centaurium
sebaeoides
Chamaesyce
celastroides var.
kaenana
Schiedea kealiae
Sesbania tomentosa
Vigna o-wahuensis
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 1
Achyranthes
splendens var.
rotundata
Bidens amplectens... Bidens amplectens
Bonamia menziesii
Chamaesyce
celastroides var.
kaenana
Euphorbia
haeleeleana
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Hibiscus Hibiscus
brackenridgei. brackenridgei
Isodendrion
pyrifolium
Melanthera
tenuifolia
Neraudia angulata
Nototrichium humile. Nototrichium humile
Pleomele forbesii
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kealiae.... Schiedea kealiae
Spermolepis
hawaiiensis
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 2
Achyranthes
splendens var.
rotundata
Bidens amplectens
Bonamia menziesii... Bonamia menziesii
Chamaesyce
celastroides var.
kaenana
Euphorbia
haeleeleana
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Hibiscus
brackenridgei
Isodendrion
pyrifolium
Melanthera Melanthera
tenuifolia. tenuifolia
Neraudia angulata
Nototrichium humile. Nototrichium humile
Pleomele forbesii... Pleomele forbesii
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kealiae
Spermolepis
hawaiiensis
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 3
Achyranthes
splendens var.
rotundata
Bidens amplectens
Bonamia menziesii
Chamaesyce
celastroides var.
kaenana
Cyperus
trachysanthos
Euphorbia
haeleeleana
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Hibiscus
brackenridgei
Isodendrion
pyrifolium
Marsilea villosa.... Marsilea villosa
Melanthera
tenuifolia
Neraudia angulata
Nototrichium humile
Pleomele forbesii
Schiedea hookeri
[[Page 46539]]
Schiedea kealiae
Spermolepis
hawaiiensis
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 4
Achyranthes
splendens var.
rotundata
Bidens amplectens
Bonamia menziesii
Chamaesyce
celastroides var.
kaenana
Cyperus
trachysanthos
Euphorbia
haeleeleana
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Hibiscus
brackenridgei
Isodendrion
pyrifolium
Marsilea villosa.... Marsilea villosa
Melanthera
tenuifolia
Neraudia angulata
Nototrichium humile
Pleomele forbesii
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kealiae
Spermolepis
hawaiiensis
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 5
Achyranthes
splendens var.
rotundata
Bidens amplectens
Bonamia menziesii
Chamaesyce
celastroides var.
kaenana
Cyperus Cyperus
trachysanthos. trachysanthos
Euphorbia
haeleeleana
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Hibiscus
brackenridgei
Isodendrion
pyrifolium
Marsilea villosa
Melanthera
tenuifolia
Neraudia angulata
Nototrichium humile
Pleomele forbesii
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kealiae
Spermolepis
hawaiiensis
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 6
Doryopteris Doryopteris
takeuchii. takeuchii
Gouania meyenii
Spermolepis Spermolepis
hawaiiensis. hawaiiensis
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 7
Cyperus Cyperus
trachysanthos. trachysanthos
Doryopteris
takeuchii
Gouania meyenii
Marsilea villosa
Spermolepis
hawaiiensis
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 8
Achyranthes
splendens var.
rotundata
Bidens amplectens
Bonamia menziesii
Chamaesyce
celastroides var.
kaenana
Chamaesyce
skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii
Euphorbia
haeleeleana
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Hibiscus
brackenridgei
Isodendrion
pyrifolium
Melanthera
tenuifolia
Neraudia angulata
Nototrichium humile
Pleomele forbesii
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kealiae
Spermolepis
hawaiiensis
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 9
Achyranthes Achyranthes
splendens var. splendens var.
rotundata. rotundata
Bidens amplectens
Bonamia menziesii
[[Page 46540]]
Chamaesyce
celastroides var.
kaenana
Chamaesyce
skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii
Euphorbia
haeleeleana
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Hibiscus
brackenridgei
Isodendrion
pyrifolium
Melanthera
tenuifolia
Neraudia angulata
Nototrichium humile
Pleomele forbesii
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kealiae
Spermolepis
hawaiiensis
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 10
Achyranthes
splendens var.
rotundata
Bidens amplectens
Bonamia menziesii
Chamaesyce
celastroides var.
kaenana
Chamaesyce Chamaesyce
skottsbergii var. skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii. skottsbergii
Euphorbia
haeleeleana
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Hibiscus
brackenridgei
Isodendrion
pyrifolium
Melanthera
tenuifolia
Neraudia angulata
Nototrichium humile
Pleomele forbesii
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kealiae
Spermolepis
hawaiiensis
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 11
Achyranthes
splendens var.
rotundata
Bidens amplectens
Bonamia menziesii
Chamaesyce
celastroides var.
kaenana
Chamaesyce Chamaesyce
skottsbergii var. skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii. skottsbergii
Euphorbia
haeleeleana
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Hibiscus
brackenridgei
Isodendrion
pyrifolium
Melanthera
tenuifolia
Neraudia
Nototrichium humile
Pleomele forbesii
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kealiae
Spermolepis
hawaiiensis
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1
Abutilon sandwicense Abutilon sandwicense
Alectryon Alectryon
macrococcus. macrococcus
Bonamia menziesii... Bonamia menziesii
Cenchrus Cenchrus
agrimonioides. agrimonioides
Chamaesyce
celastroides var.
kaenana
Chamaesyce herbstii. Chamaesyce herbstii
Colubrina Colubrina
oppositifolia. oppositifolia
Ctenitis squamigera. Ctenitis squamigera
Cyanea acuminata.... Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina..... Cyanea calycina
Cyanea grimesiana Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. grimesiana. ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea grimesiana Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. obatae. ssp. obatae
Cyanea longiflora... Cyanea longiflora
Cyanea pinnatifida
Cyanea superba...... Cyanea superba
Cyperus
pennatiformis
Cyrtandra dentata... Cyrtandra dentata
Delissea subcordata. Delissea subcordata
Diellia falcata..... Diellia falcata
Diellia unisora
Diplazium
molokaiense
[[Page 46541]]
Dubautia Dubautia
herbstobatae. herbstobatae
Eragrostis fosbergii Eragrostis fosbergii
Eugenia koolauensis
Euphorbia Euphorbia
haeleeleana. haeleeleana
Flueggea neowawraea. Flueggea neowawraea
Gardenia mannii
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Hesperomannia Hesperomannia
arborescens. arborescens
Hesperomannia Hesperomannia
arbuscula. arbuscula
Hibiscus Hibiscus
brackenridgei. brackenridgei
Isodendrion Isodendrion
laurifolium. laurifolium
Isodendrion Isodendrion
longifolium. longifolium
Kadua coriacea
Kadua degeneri...... Kadua degeneri
Kadua parvula
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia niihauensis. Lobelia niihauensis
Melanthera Melanthera
tenuifolia. tenuifolia
Melicope makahae.... Melicope makahae
Melicope pallida.... Melicope pallida
Melicope saint-
johnii
Neraudia angulata... Neraudia angulat
Nototrichium humile. Nototrichium humile
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia Phyllostegia
kaalaensis. kaalaensis
Phyllostegia mollis
Phyllostegia
parviflora var.
lydgatei
Plantago princeps
var. princeps
Platydesma cornuta Platydesma cornuta
var. decurrens. var. decurrens
Pleomele forbesii... Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia Pteralyxia
macrocarpa. macrocarpa
Sanicula mariversa
Schiedea hookeri.... Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kaalae..... Schiedea kaalae
Schiedea nuttallii.. Schiedea nuttallii
Schiedea obovata.... Schiedea obovata
Silene perlmanii
Solanum sandwicense
Stenogyne kanehoana
Tetramolopium
lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum
Urera kaalae
Viola chamissoniana Viola chamissoniana
ssp. chamissoniana. ssp. chamissoniana
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2
Abutilon sandwicense Abutilon sandwicense
Alectryon Alectryon
macrococcus. macrococcus
Bonamia menziesii
Cenchrus Cenchrus
agrimonioides. agrimonioides
Chamaesyce
celastroides var.
kaenana
Chamaesyce herbstii. Chamaesyce herbstii
Colubrina
oppositifolia
Ctenitis squamigera
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina..... Cyanea calycina
Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea grimesiana Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. obatae. ssp. obatae
Cyanea longiflora
Cyanea pinnatifida
Cyanea superba
Cyperus
pennatiformis
Cyrtandra dentata
Delissea subcordata. Delissea subcordata
Diellia falcata..... Diellia falcata
Diellia unisora
Diplazium
molokaiense
Dubautia
herbstobatae
Eragrostis fosbergii
Eugenia koolauensis
Euphorbia
haeleeleana
Flueggea neowawraea
Gardenia mannii..... Gardenia mannii
Gouania meyenii
[[Page 46542]]
Gouania vitifolia
Hesperomannia
arborescens
Hesperomannia
arbuscula
Hibiscus
brackenridgei
Isodendrion
laurifolium
Isodendrion
longifolium
Kadua coriacea
Kadua degeneri
Kadua parvula
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia niihauensis
Melanthera
tenuifolia
Melicope makahae
Melicope pallida
Melicope saint-
johnii
Neraudia angulata
Nototrichium humile
Phyllostegia hirsuta Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia Phyllostegia
kaalaensis. kaalaensis
Phyllostegia mollis. Phyllostegia mollis
Phyllostegia
parviflora var.
lydgatei
Plantago princeps
var. princeps
Platydesma cornuta Platydesma cornuta
var. decurrens. var. decurrens
Pleomele forbesii... Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia Pteralyxia
macrocarpa. macrocarpa
Sanicula mariversa
Schiedea hookeri.... Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kaalae..... Schiedea kaalae
Schiedea nuttallii
Schiedea obovata
Silene perlmanii
Solanum sandwicense. Solanum sandwicense
Stenogyne kanehoana. Stenogyne kanehoana
Tetramolopium
lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum
Urera kaalae........ Urera kaalae
Viola chamissoniana
ssp. chamissoniana
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3
Abutilon sandwicense
Alectryon Alectryon
macrococcus. macrococcus
Bonamia menziesii
Cenchrus Cenchrus
agrimonioides. agrimonioides
Chamaesyce
celastroides var.
kaenana
Chamaesyce herbstii
Colubrina
oppositifolia
Ctenitis squamigera
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. obatae
Cyanea longiflora
Cyanea pinnatifida
Cyanea superba
Cyperus
pennatiformis
Cyrtandra dentata
Delissea subcordata. Delissea subcordata
Diellia falcata..... Diellia falcata
Diellia unisora..... Diellia unisora
Diplazium
molokaiense
Dubautia
herbstobatae
Eragrostis fosbergii
Eugenia koolauensis
Euphorbia
haeleeleana
Flueggea neowawraea
Gardenia mannii
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Hesperomannia
arborescens
Hesperomannia Hesperomannia
arbuscula. arbuscula
Hibiscus
brackenridgei
Isodendrion
laurifolium
Isodendrion
longifolium
Kadua coriacea
[[Page 46543]]
Kadua degeneri
Kadua parvula
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia niihauensis
Melanthera
tenuifolia
Melicope makahae
Melicope pallida
Melicope saint- Melicope saint-
johnii. johnii
Neraudia angulata
Nototrichium humile
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia
kaalaensis
Phyllostegia mollis. Phyllostegia mollis
Phyllostegia Phyllostegia
parviflora var. parviflora var.
lydgatei. lydgatei
Plantago princeps Plantago princeps
var. princeps. var. princeps
Platydesma cornuta
var. decurrens
Pleomele forbesii... Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia Pteralyxia
macrocarpa. macrocarpa
Sanicula mariversa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kaalae..... Schiedea kaalae
Schiedea nuttallii
Schiedea obovata
Silene perlmanii.... Silene perlmanii
Solanum sandwicense
Stenogyne kanehoana
Tetramolopium
lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum
Urera kaalae........ Urera kaalae
Viola chamissoniana
ssp. chamissoniana
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4
Alectryon
macrococcus
Bonamia menziesii
Chamaesyce
celastroides var.
kaenana
Ctenitis squamigera
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa
Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea lanceolata
Cyanea longiflora
Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra dentata
Cyrtandra polyantha
Cyrtandra waiolani
Delissea subcordata
Diellia erecta
Diellia falcata
Eugenia koolauensis
Gardenia mannii
Hesperomannia
arborescens
Isodendrion
laurifolium
Isodendrion
longifolium
Kadua coriacea
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia monostachya
Melicope lydgatei
Melicope saint-
johnii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia mollis
Phyllostegia
parviflora var.
parviflora
Plantago princeps
var. princeps
Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia
macrocarpa
Schiedea kaalae
Schiedea nuttallii
Solanum sandwicense
Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa
Tetraplasandra
lydgatei
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 5
Alectryon
macrococcus
Bonamia menziesii
Chamaesyce
celastroides var.
kaenana
[[Page 46544]]
Ctenitis squamigera
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa
Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea lanceolata
Cyanea longiflora
Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra dentata
Cyrtandra polyantha
Cyrtandra waiolani
Delissea subcordata
Diellia erecta
Diellia falcata
Eugenia koolauensis
Gardenia mannii
Hesperomannia
arborescens
Isodendrion
laurifolium
Isodendrion
longifolium
Kadua coriacea
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia monostachya
Melicope lydgatei
Melicope saint-
johnii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia mollis
Phyllostegia
parviflora var.
parviflora
Plantago princeps
var. princeps
Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia
macrocarpa
Schiedea kaalae
Schiedea nuttallii
Solanum sandwicense
Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa
Tetraplasandra
lydgatei
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 6
Alectryon
macrococcus
Bonamia menziesii
Chamaesyce
celastroides var.
kaenana
Ctenitis squamigera
Cyanea acuminata.... Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa....... Cyanea crispa
Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea lanceolata
Cyanea longiflora
Cyanea truncata..... Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra dentata
Cyrtandra polyantha
Cyrtandra waiolani
Delissea subcordata
Diellia erecta
Diellia falcata
Eugenia koolauensis
Gardenia mannii..... Gardenia mannii
Hesperomannia
arborescens
Isodendrion
laurifolium
Isodendrion
longifolium
Kadua coriacea
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia monostachya
Melicope lydgatei
Melicope saint-
johnii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia mollis
Phyllostegia
parviflora var.
parviflora
Plantago princeps
var. princeps
Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia Pteralyxia
macrocarpa. macrocarpa
Schiedea kaalae..... Schiedea kaalae
Schiedea nuttallii
Solanum sandwicense
[[Page 46545]]
Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa
Tetraplasandra
lydgatei
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 7
Alectryon
macrococcus
Bonamia menziesii... Bonamia menziesii
Chamaesyce
celastroides var.
kaenana
Ctenitis squamigera
Cyanea acuminata.... Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa
Cyanea grimesiana Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. grimesiana. ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea lanceolata... Cyanea lanceolata
Cyanea longiflora
Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra dentata
Cyrtandra polyantha. Cyrtandra polyantha
Cyrtandra waiolani
Delissea subcordata
Diellia erecta...... Diellia erecta
Diellia falcata
Eugenia koolauensis
Gardenia mannii
Hesperomannia
arborescens
Isodendrion
laurifolium
Isodendrion
longifolium
Kadua coriacea
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia monostachya. Lobelia monostachya
Melicope lydgatei
Melicope saint-
johnii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia mollis
Phyllostegia
parviflora var.
parviflora
Plantago princeps
var. princeps
Pleomele forbesii... Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia Pteralyxia
macrocarpa. macrocarpa
Schiedea kaalae
Schiedea nuttallii
Solanum sandwicense
Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa
Tetraplasandra Tetraplasandra
lydgatei. lydgatei
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 1
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. obatae
Cyrtandra dentata
Diplazium
molokaiense
Gardenia mannii
Gouania vitifolia... Gouania vitifolia
Hesperomannia
arbuscula
Isodendrion
longifolium
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope makahae.... Melicope makahae
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia mollis
Plantago princeps
var. princeps
Pleomele forbesii... Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia
macrocarpa
Schiedea hookeri.... Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kaalae
Urera kaalae........ Urera kaalae
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 2
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. obatae
Cyrtandra dentata
Diplazium
molokaiense
Gardenia mannii
Gouania vitifolia
[[Page 46546]]
Hesperomannia
arbuscula
Isodendrion
longifolium
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope makahae
Phyllostegia hirsuta Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia mollis. Phyllostegia mollis
Plantago princeps
var. princeps
Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia
macrocarpa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kaalae
Urera kaalae........ Urera kaalae
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 3
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. obatae
Cyrtandra dentata
Diplazium
molokaiense
Gardenia mannii
Gouania vitifolia
Hesperomannia
arbuscula
Isodendrion
longifolium
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope makahae
Phyllostegia hirsuta Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia mollis. Phyllostegia mollis
Plantago princeps
var. princeps
Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia
macrocarpa
Schiedea hookeri.... Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kaalae
Urera kaalae
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 4
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. obatae
Cyrtandra dentata
Diplazium
molokaiense
Gardenia mannii
Gouania vitifolia
Hesperomannia
arbuscula
Isodendrion
longifolium
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope makahae
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia mollis. Phyllostegia mollis
Plantago princeps
var. princeps
Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia
macrocarpa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kaalae
Urera kaalae
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 5
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina..... Cyanea calycina
Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea grimesiana Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. obatae. ssp. obatae
Cyrtandra dentata
Diplazium
molokaiense
Gardenia mannii
Gouania vitifolia
Hesperomannia Hesperomannia
arbuscula. arbuscula
Isodendrion
longifolium
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope makahae
Phyllostegia hirsuta
[[Page 46547]]
Phyllostegia mollis
Plantago princeps
var. princeps
Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia
macrocarpa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kaalae..... Schiedea kaalae
Urera kaalae
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6
Adenophorus periens
Chamaesyce rockii
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa
Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea humboldtiana
Cyanea koolauensis
Cyanea lanceolata
Cyanea
purpurellifolia
Cyanea st.-johnii
Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra dentata
Cyrtandra gracilis
Cyrtandra kaulantha
Cyrtandra polyantha
Cyrtandra sessilis
Cyrtandra
subumbellata
Cyrtandra
viridiflora
Cyrtandra waiolani
Gardenia mannii
Hesperomannia Hesperomannia
arborescens. arborescens
Huperzia nutans
Isodendrion
longifolium
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia gaudichaudii
ssp. koolauensis
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope hiiakae
Melicope lydgatei
Myrsine juddii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia
parviflora var.
parviflora
Plantago princeps
var. longibracteata
Plantago princeps
var. princeps
Platanthera
holochila
Platydesma cornuta
var. cornuta
Psychotria hexandra
ssp. oahuensis
Pteralyxia
macrocarpa
Pteris lidgatei
Sanicula purpurea
Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa
Trematolobelia
singularis
Viola oahuensis
Zanthoxylum oahuense
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7
Adenophorus periens
Chamaesyce rockii... Chamaesyce rockii
Cyanea acuminata.... Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina..... Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa
Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea humboldtiana. Cyanea humboldtiana
Cyanea koolauensis
Cyanea lanceolata
Cyanea Cyanea
purpurellifolia. purpurellifolia
Cyanea st.-johnii
Cyanea truncata..... Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra dentata
Cyrtandra gracilis
Cyrtandra kaulantha
Cyrtandra polyantha
Cyrtandra sessilis
Cyrtandra
subumbellata
Cyrtandra Cyrtandra
viridiflora. viridiflora
[[Page 46548]]
Cyrtandra waiolani
Gardenia mannii..... Gardenia mannii
Hesperomannia Hesperomannia
arborescens. arborescens
Huperzia nutans..... Huperzia nutans
Isodendrion
longifolium
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia gaudichaudii
ssp. koolauensis
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope hiiakae
Melicope lydgatei
Myrsine juddii...... Myrsine juddii
Phyllostegia hirsuta Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia
parviflora var.
parviflora
Plantago princeps
var. longibracteata
Plantago princeps
var. princeps
Platanthera
holochila
Platydesma cornuta Platydesma cornuta
var. cornuta. var. cornuta
Psychotria hexandra
ssp. oahuensis
Pteralyxia Pteralyxia
macrocarpa. macrocarpa
Pteris lidgatei..... Pteris lidgatei
Sanicula purpurea
Tetraplasandra Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa. gymnocarpa
Trematolobelia
singularis
Viola oahuensis..... Viola oahuensis
Zanthoxylum oahuense Zanthoxylum oahuense
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 8
Adenophorus periens
Chamaesyce rockii
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa
Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea humboldtiana
Cyanea koolauensis
Cyanea lanceolata
Cyanea
purpurellifolia
Cyanea st.-johnii
Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra dentata
Cyrtandra gracilis
Cyrtandra kaulantha. Cyrtandra kaulantha
Cyrtandra polyantha
Cyrtandra sessilis
Cyrtandra
subumbellata
Cyrtandra
viridiflora
Cyrtandra waiolani
Gardenia mannii
Hesperomannia
arborescens
Huperzia nutans
Isodendrion
longifolium
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia gaudichaudii
ssp. koolauensis
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope hiiakae
Melicope lydgatei
Myrsine juddii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia
parviflora var.
parviflora
Plantago princeps
var. longibracteata
Plantago princeps
var. princeps
Platanthera
holochila
Platydesma cornuta
var. cornuta
Psychotria hexandra
ssp. oahuensis
Pteralyxia
macrocarpa
Pteris lidgatei
Sanicula purpurea
Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa
Trematolobelia
singularis
Viola oahuensis
Zanthoxylum oahuense
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9
Adenophorus periens
[[Page 46549]]
Chamaesyce rockii... Chamaesyce rockii
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina..... Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa
Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea humboldtiana. Cyanea humboldtiana
Cyanea koolauensis.. Cyanea koolauensis
Cyanea lanceolata
Cyanea
purpurellifolia
Cyanea st.-johnii... Cyanea st.-johnii
Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra dentata
Cyrtandra gracilis
Cyrtandra kaulantha
Cyrtandra polyantha
Cyrtandra sessilis
Cyrtandra
subumbellata
Cyrtandra Cyrtandra
viridiflora. viridiflora
Cyrtandra waiolani
Gardenia mannii..... Gardenia mannii
Hesperomannia Hesperomannia
arborescens. arborescens
Huperzia nutans
Isodendrion
longifolium
Labordia cyrtandrae. Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia gaudichaudii
ssp. koolauensis
Lobelia oahuensis... Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope hiiakae.... Melicope hiiakae
Melicope lydgatei... Melicope lydgatei
Myrsine juddii
Phyllostegia hirsuta Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia Phyllostegia
parviflora var. parviflora var.
parviflora. parviflora
Plantago princeps
var. longibracteata
Plantago princeps Plantago princeps
var. princeps. var. princeps
Platanthera
holochila
Platydesma cornuta Platydesma cornuta
var. cornuta. var. cornuta
Psychotria hexandra
ssp. oahuensis
Pteralyxia
macrocarpa
Pteris lidgatei..... Pteris lidgatei
Sanicula purpurea
Tetraplasandra Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa. gymnocarpa
Trematolobelia
singularis
Viola oahuensis..... Viola oahuensis
Zanthoxylum oahuense Zanthoxylum oahuense
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 10
Adenophorus periens
Chamaesyce rockii
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa
Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea humboldtiana
Cyanea koolauensis
Cyanea lanceolata
Cyanea
purpurellifolia
Cyanea st.-johnii
Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra dentata
Cyrtandra gracilis
Cyrtandra kaulantha
Cyrtandra polyantha
Cyrtandra sessilis
Cyrtandra
subumbellata
Cyrtandra
viridiflora
Cyrtandra waiolani
Gardenia mannii
Hesperomannia
arborescens
Huperzia nutans
Isodendrion
longifolium
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia gaudichaudii
ssp. koolauensis
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope hiiakae
[[Page 46550]]
Melicope lydgatei
Myrsine juddii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia
parviflora var.
parviflora
Plantago princeps
var. longibracteata
Plantago princeps
var. princeps
Platanthera
holochila
Platydesma cornuta
var. cornuta
Psychotria hexandra
ssp. oahuensis
Pteralyxia
macrocarpa
Pteris lidgatei
Sanicula purpurea
Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa
Trematolobelia
singularis
Viola oahuensis
Zanthoxylum oahuense
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11
Adenophorus periens
Chamaesyce rockii
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa
Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea humboldtiana
Cyanea koolauensis
Cyanea lanceolata
Cyanea
purpurellifolia
Cyanea st.-johnii
Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra dentata
Cyrtandra gracilis
Cyrtandra kaulantha
Cyrtandra polyantha
Cyrtandra sessilis
Cyrtandra
subumbellata
Cyrtandra
viridiflora
Cyrtandra waiolani
Gardenia mannii
Hesperomannia
arborescens
Huperzia nutans
Isodendrion
longifolium
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia gaudichaudii
ssp. koolauensis
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope hiiakae
Melicope lydgatei
Myrsine juddii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia
parviflora var.
parviflora
Plantago princeps
var. longibracteata
Plantago princeps
var. princeps
Platanthera
holochila
Platydesma cornuta
var. cornuta
Psychotria hexandra
ssp. oahuensis
Pteralyxia
macrocarpa
Pteris lidgatei
Sanicula purpurea
Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa
Trematolobelia
singularis
Viola oahuensis
Zanthoxylum oahuense
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12
Adenophorus periens
Chamaesyce rockii
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa
Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea humboldtiana
Cyanea koolauensis
Cyanea lanceolata
Cyanea
purpurellifolia
[[Page 46551]]
Cyanea st.-johnii
Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra dentata
Cyrtandra gracilis
Cyrtandra kaulantha
Cyrtandra polyantha
Cyrtandra sessilis
Cyrtandra
subumbellata
Cyrtandra
viridiflora
Cyrtandra waiolani
Gardenia mannii
Hesperomannia
arborescens
Huperzia nutans
Isodendrion
longifolium
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia gaudichaudii
ssp. koolauensis
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope hiiakae
Melicope lydgatei
Myrsine juddii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia
parviflora var.
parviflora
Plantago princeps
var. longibracteata
Plantago princeps
var. princeps
Platanthera
holochila
Platydesma cornuta
var. cornuta
Psychotria hexandra
ssp. oahuensis
Pteralyxia
macrocarpa
Pteris lidgatei
Sanicula purpurea
Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa
Trematolobelia
singularis
Viola oahuensis
Zanthoxylum oahuense
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 13
Adenophorus periens
Chamaesyce rockii
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa
Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea humboldtiana
Cyanea koolauensis
Cyanea lanceolata
Cyanea
purpurellifolia
Cyanea st.-johnii
Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra dentata
Cyrtandra gracilis
Cyrtandra kaulantha
Cyrtandra polyantha
Cyrtandra sessilis
Cyrtandra
subumbellata
Cyrtandra
viridiflora
Cyrtandra waiolani
Gardenia mannii
Hesperomannia
arborescens
Huperzia nutans
Isodendrion
longifolium
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia gaudichaudii
ssp. koolauensis
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope hiiakae
Melicope lydgatei
Myrsine juddii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia
parviflora var.
parviflora
Plantago princeps
var. longibracteata
Plantago princeps
var. princeps
Platanthera
holochila
Platydesma cornuta
var. cornuta
Psychotria hexandra
ssp. oahuensis
[[Page 46552]]
Pteralyxia
macrocarpa
Pteris lidgatei
Sanicula purpurea
Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa
Trematolobelia
singularis
Viola oahuensis
Zanthoxylum oahuense
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14
Adenophorus periens
Chamaesyce rockii
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa
Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea humboldtiana
Cyanea koolauensis.. Cyanea koolauensis
Cyanea lanceolata
Cyanea
purpurellifolia
Cyanea st.-johnii
Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra dentata
Cyrtandra gracilis
Cyrtandra kaulantha
Cyrtandra polyantha
Cyrtandra sessilis
Cyrtandra
subumbellata
Cyrtandra
viridiflora
Cyrtandra waiolani
Gardenia mannii
Hesperomannia
arborescens
Huperzia nutans
Isodendrion
longifolium
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia gaudichaudii
ssp. koolauensis
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope hiiakae
Melicope lydgatei
Myrsine juddii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia
parviflora var.
parviflora
Plantago princeps
var. longibracteata
Plantago princeps
var. princeps
Platanthera
holochila
Platydesma cornuta
var. cornuta
Psychotria hexandra
ssp. oahuensis
Pteralyxia
macrocarpa
Pteris lidgatei
Sanicula purpurea
Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa
Trematolobelia
singularis
Viola oahuensis
Zanthoxylum oahuense
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 15
Adenophorus periens
Chamaesyce rockii
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa....... Cyanea crispa
Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea humboldtiana
Cyanea koolauensis
Cyanea lanceolata
Cyanea
purpurellifolia
Cyanea st.-johnii
Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra dentata
Cyrtandra gracilis
Cyrtandra kaulantha
Cyrtandra polyantha
Cyrtandra sessilis
Cyrtandra
subumbellata
Cyrtandra
viridiflora
[[Page 46553]]
Cyrtandra waiolani
Gardenia mannii
Hesperomannia
arborescens
Huperzia nutans
Isodendrion
longifolium
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia gaudichaudii
ssp. koolauensis
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope hiiakae
Melicope lydgatei
Myrsine juddii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia
parviflora var.
parviflora
Plantago princeps
var. longibracteata
Plantago princeps
var. princeps
Platanthera
holochila
Platydesma cornuta
var. cornuta
Psychotria hexandra
ssp. oahuensis
Pteralyxia
macrocarpa
Pteris lidgatei
Sanicula purpurea
Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa
Trematolobelia
singularis
Viola oahuensis
Zanthoxylum oahuense
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16
Adenophorus periens
Chamaesyce rockii
Cyanea acuminata.... Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina..... Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa....... Cyanea crispa
Cyanea grimesiana Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. grimesiana. ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea humboldtiana. Cyanea humboldtiana
Cyanea koolauensis.. Cyanea koolauensis
Cyanea lanceolata... Cyanea lanceolata
Cyanea
purpurellifolia
Cyanea st.-johnii... Cyanea st.-johnii
Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra dentata
Cyrtandra gracilis.. Cyrtandra gracilis
Cyrtandra kaulantha
Cyrtandra polyantha. Cyrtandra polyantha
Cyrtandra sessilis.. Cyrtandra sessilis
Cyrtandra
subumbellata
Cyrtandra
viridiflora
Cyrtandra waiolani
Gardenia mannii..... Gardenia mannii
Hesperomannia Hesperomannia
arborescens. arborescens
Huperzia nutans
Isodendrion
longifolium
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia gaudichaudii
ssp. koolauensis
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope hiiakae
Melicope lydgatei
Myrsine juddii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia
parviflora var.
parviflora
Plantago princeps
var. longibracteata
Plantago princeps
var. princeps
Platanthera
holochila
Platydesma cornuta Platydesma cornuta
var. cornuta. var. cornuta
Psychotria hexandra
ssp. oahuensis
Pteralyxia
macrocarpa
Pteris lidgatei
Sanicula purpurea... Sanicula purpurea
Tetraplasandra Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa. gymnocarpa
Trematolobelia
singularis
Viola oahuensis
Zanthoxylum oahuense
Oahu--Montane Wet--Unit 1
Alectryon
macrococcus var.
macrococcus
[[Page 46554]]
Cyanea acuminata.... Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina..... Cyanea calycina
Labordia cyrtandrae. Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope Melicope
christophersenii. christophersenii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Schiedea trinervis.. Schiedea trinervis
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1
Abutilon sandwicense
Achyranthes
splendens var.
rotundata
Alectryon Alectryon
macrococcus. macrococcus
Bonamia menziesii
Cenchrus Cenchrus
agrimonioides. agrimonioides
Chamaesyce herbstii. Chamaesyce herbstii
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Cyanea grimesiana Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. obatae. ssp. obatae
Cyrtandra dentata... Cyrtandra dentata
Diellia falcata
Diellia unisora
Dubautia
herbstobatae
Eragrostis fosbergii
Flueggea neowawraea
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Isodendrion
laurifolium
Isodendrion
pyrifolium
Kadua degeneri...... Kadua degeneri
Kadua parvula
Korthalsella
degeneri
Lepidium arbuscula
Lipochaeta lobata
var. leptophylla
Lobelia niihauensis
Melanthera
tenuifolia
Melicope makahae
Melicope saint-
johnii
Neraudia angulata
Nototrichium humile
Peucedanum
sandwicense
Phyllostegia
kaalaensis
Plantago princeps Plantago princeps
var. princeps. var. princeps
Platydesma cornuta
var. decurrens
Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia
macrocarpa
Sanicula mariversa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea obovata.... Schiedea obovata
Schiedea trinervis
Silene lanceolata
Silene perlmanii
Spermolepis
hawaiiensis
Tetramolopium
filiforme
Tetramolopium
lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum
Viola chamissoniana
ssp. chamissoniana
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2
Abutilon sandwicense Abutilon sandwicense
Achyranthes
splendens var.
rotundata
Alectryon Alectryon
macrococcus. macrococcus
Bonamia menziesii
Cenchrus
agrimonioides
Chamaesyce herbstii
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. obatae
Cyrtandra dentata
Diellia falcata
Diellia unisora
Dubautia Dubautia
herbstobatae. herbstobatae
Eragrostis fosbergii
Flueggea neowawraea
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia... Gouania vitifolia
Isodendrion
laurifolium
Isodendrion
pyrifolium
[[Page 46555]]
Kadua degeneri
Kadua parvula....... Kadua parvula
Korthalsella
degeneri
Lepidium arbuscula.. Lepidium arbuscula
Lipochaeta lobata
var. leptophylla
Lobelia niihauensis. Lobelia niihauensis
Melanthera Melanthera
tenuifolia. tenuifolia
Melicope makahae.... Melicope makahae
Melicope saint-
johnii
Neraudia angulata
Nototrichium humile. Nototrichium humile
Peucedanum Peucedanum
sandwicense. sandwicense
Phyllostegia
kaalaensis
Plantago princeps
var. princeps
Platydesma cornuta Platydesma cornuta
var. decurrens. var. decurrens
Pleomele forbesii... Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia
macrocarpa
Sanicula mariversa.. Sanicula mariversa
Schiedea hookeri.... Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea obovata
Schiedea trinervis
Silene lanceolata
Silene perlmanii
Spermolepis
hawaiiensis
Tetramolopium Tetramolopium
filiforme. filiforme
Tetramolopium
lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum
Viola chamissoniana Viola chamissoniana
ssp. chamissoniana. ssp. chamissoniana
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3
Abutilon sandwicense Abutilon sandwicense
Achyranthes
splendens var.
rotundata
Alectryon Alectryon
macrococcus. macrococcus
Bonamia menziesii... Bonamia menziesii
Cenchrus
agrimonioides
Chamaesyce herbstii
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. obatae
Cyrtandra dentata
Diellia falcata..... Diellia falcata
Diellia unisora
Dubautia Dubautia
herbstobatae. herbstobatae
Eragrostis fosbergii Eragrostis fosbergii
Flueggea neowawraea. Flueggea neowawraea
Gouania meyenii..... Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Isodendrion Isodendrion
laurifolium. laurifolium
Isodendrion
pyrifolium
Kadua degeneri
Kadua parvula
Korthalsella Korthalsella
degeneri. degeneri
Lepidium arbuscula.. Lepidium arbuscula
Lipochaeta lobata Lipochaeta lobata
var. leptophylla. var. leptophylla
Lobelia niihauensis. Lobelia niihauensis
Melanthera Melanthera
tenuifolia. tenuifolia
Melicope makahae.... Melicope makahae
Melicope saint-
johnii
Neraudia angulata... Neraudia angulata
Nototrichium humile. Nototrichium humile
Peucedanum Peucedanum
sandwicense. sandwicense
Phyllostegia Phyllostegia
kaalaensis. kaalaensis
Plantago princeps
var. princeps
Platydesma cornuta
var. decurrens
Pleomele forbesii... Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia Pteralyxia
macrocarpa. macrocarpa
Sanicula mariversa
Schiedea hookeri.... Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea obovata
Schiedea trinervis
Silene lanceolata... Silene lanceolata
Silene perlmanii
Spermolepis
hawaiiensis
Tetramolopium Tetramolopium
filiforme. filiforme
Tetramolopium
lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum
[[Page 46556]]
Viola chamissoniana Viola chamissoniana
ssp. chamissoniana. ssp. chamissoniana
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4
Abutilon sandwicense
Achyranthes
splendens var.
rotundata
Alectryon Alectryon
macrococcus. macrococcus
Bonamia menziesii
Cenchrus
agrimonioides
Chamaesyce herbstii
Chamaesyce kuwaleana Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. obatae
Cyrtandra dentata
Diellia falcata
Diellia unisora
Dubautia
herbstobatae
Eragrostis fosbergii
Flueggea neowawraea
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Isodendrion
laurifolium
Isodendrion
pyrifolium
Kadua degeneri
Kadua parvula
Korthalsella
degeneri
Lepidium arbuscula
Lipochaeta lobata
var. leptophylla
Lobelia niihauensis
Melanthera
tenuifolia
Melicope makahae
Melicope saint-
johnii
Neraudia angulata
Nototrichium humile
Peucedanum
sandwicense
Phyllostegia
kaalaensis
Plantago princeps
var. princeps
Platydesma cornuta
var. decurrens
Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia
macrocarpa
Sanicula mariversa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea obovata
Schiedea trinervis
Silene lanceolata
Silene perlmanii
Spermolepis Spermolepis
hawaiiensis. hawaiiensis
Tetramolopium
filiforme
Tetramolopium
lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum
Viola chamissoniana
ssp. chamissoniana
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 5
Abutilon sandwicense
Achyranthes
splendens var.
rotundata
Alectryon Alectryon
macrococcus. macrococcus
Bonamia menziesii... Bonamia menziesii
Cenchrus
agrimonioides
Chamaesyce herbstii
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. obatae
Cyrtandra dentata
Diellia falcata
Diellia unisora
Dubautia
herbstobatae
Eragrostis fosbergii
Flueggea neowawraea. Flueggea neowawraea
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Isodendrion
laurifolium
Isodendrion
pyrifolium
Kadua degeneri
Kadua parvula
Korthalsella
degeneri
Lepidium arbuscula
Lipochaeta lobata Lipochaeta lobata
var. leptophylla. var. leptophylla
Lobelia niihauensis. Lobelia niihauensis
[[Page 46557]]
Melanthera
tenuifolia
Melicope makahae
Melicope saint-
johnii
Neraudia angulata
Nototrichium humile. Nototrichium humile
Peucedanum
sandwicense
Phyllostegia
kaalaensis
Plantago princeps
var. princeps
Platydesma cornuta Platydesma cornuta
var. decurrens. var. decurrens
Pleomele forbesii... Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia
macrocarpa
Sanicula mariversa
Schiedea hookeri.... Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea obovata
Schiedea trinervis
Silene lanceolata
Silene perlmanii
Spermolepis
hawaiiensis
Tetramolopium
filiforme
Tetramolopium
lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum
Viola chamissoniana
ssp. chamissoniana
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6
Abutilon sandwicense
Achyranthes
splendens var.
rotundata
Alectryon
macrococcus
Bonamia menziesii
Cenchrus Cenchrus
agrimonioides. agrimonioides
Chamaesyce herbstii
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. obatae
Cyrtandra dentata
Diellia falcata
Diellia unisora..... Diellia unisora
Dubautia
herbstobatae
Eragrostis fosbergii
Flueggea neowawraea. Flueggea neowawraea
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Isodendrion
laurifolium
Isodendrion
pyrifolium
Kadua degeneri
Kadua parvula
Korthalsella
degeneri
Lepidium arbuscula.. Lepidium arbuscula
Lipochaeta lobata
var. leptophylla
Lobelia niihauensis. Lobelia niihauensis
Melanthera
tenuifolia
Melicope makahae
Melicope saint- Melicope saint-
johnii. johnii
Neraudia angulata... Neraudia angulata
Nototrichium humile
Peucedanum
sandwicense
Phyllostegia
kaalaensis
Plantago princeps Plantago princeps
var. princeps. var. princeps
Platydesma cornuta
var. decurrens
Pleomele forbesii... Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia Pteralyxia
macrocarpa. macrocarpa
Sanicula mariversa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea obovata
Schiedea trinervis
Silene lanceolata
Silene perlmanii
Spermolepis
hawaiiensis
Tetramolopium
filiforme
Tetramolopium Tetramolopium
lepidotum ssp. lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum. lepidotum
Viola chamissoniana
ssp. chamissoniana
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7
Abutilon sandwicense Abutilon sandwicense
Achyranthes Achyranthes
splendens var. splendens var.
rotundata. rotundata
Alectryon
macrococcus
Bonamia menziesii
[[Page 46558]]
Cenchrus
agrimonioides
Chamaesyce herbstii
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. obatae
Cyrtandra dentata
Diellia falcata
Diellia unisora..... Diellia unisora
Dubautia
herbstobatae
Eragrostis fosbergii
Flueggea neowawraea. Flueggea neowawraea
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Isodendrion
laurifolium
Isodendrion
pyrifolium
Kadua degeneri
Kadua parvula....... Kadua parvula
Korthalsella
degeneri
Lepidium arbuscula.. Lepidium arbuscula
Lipochaeta lobata
var. leptophylla
Lobelia niihauensis
Melanthera
tenuifolia
Melicope makahae
Melicope saint- Melicope saint-
johnii. johnii
Neraudia angulata... Neraudia angulata
Nototrichium humile
Peucedanum
sandwicense
Phyllostegia
kaalaensis
Plantago princeps Plantago princeps
var. princeps. var. princeps
Platydesma cornuta Platydesma cornuta
var. decurrens. var. decurrens
Pleomele forbesii... Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia
macrocarpa
Sanicula mariversa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea obovata
Schiedea trinervis
Silene lanceolata
Silene perlmanii.... Silene perlmanii
Spermolepis
hawaiiensis
Tetramolopium
filiforme
Tetramolopium
lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum
Viola chamissoniana Viola chamissoniana
ssp. chamissoniana. ssp. chamissoniana
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 8
Abutilon sandwicense Abutilon sandwicense
Achyranthes
splendens var.
rotundata
Alectryon
macrococcus
Bonamia menziesii... Bonamia menziesii
Cenchrus
agrimonioides
Chamaesyce herbstii
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. obatae
Cyrtandra dentata
Diellia falcata
Diellia unisora
Dubautia
herbstobatae
Eragrostis fosbergii
Flueggea neowawraea. Flueggea neowawraea
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Isodendrion
laurifolium
Isodendrion
pyrifolium
Kadua degeneri
Kadua parvula
Korthalsella
degeneri
Lepidium arbuscula
Lipochaeta lobata
var. leptophylla
Lobelia niihauensis. Lobelia niihauensis
Melanthera
tenuifolia
Melicope makahae
Melicope saint-
johnii
Neraudia angulata... Neraudia angulata
Nototrichium humile. Nototrichium humile
Peucedanum
sandwicense
[[Page 46559]]
Phyllostegia
kaalaensis
Plantago princeps
var. princeps
Platydesma cornuta
var. decurrens
Pleomele forbesii... Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia
macrocarpa
Sanicula mariversa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea obovata
Schiedea trinervis
Silene lanceolata
Silene perlmanii
Spermolepis
hawaiiensis
Tetramolopium
filiforme
Tetramolopium
lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum
Viola chamissoniana
ssp. chamissoniana
Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 1
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina..... Cyanea calycina
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope Melicope
christophersenii. christophersenii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Pteralyxia
macrocarpa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kaalae
Schiedea trinervis.. Schiedea trinervis
Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 2
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina..... Cyanea calycina
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope Melicope
christophersenii. christophersenii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Pteralyxia
macrocarpa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kaalae
Schiedea trinervis
Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 3
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope
christophersenii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Pteralyxia
macrocarpa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kaalae
Schiedea trinervis
Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 4
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope
christophersenii
Phyllostegia hirsuta Phyllostegia hirsuta
Pteralyxia
macrocarpa
Schiedea hookeri.... Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kaalae
Schiedea trinervis
Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 5
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope
christophersenii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Pteralyxia
macrocarpa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kaalae
Schiedea trinervis
Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 6
Adenophorus periens
[[Page 46560]]
Chamaesyce deppeana
Chamaesyce rockii
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa....... Cyanea crispa
Cyanea humboldtiana
Cyanea
purpurellifolia
Cyanea st.-johnii
Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra kaulantha
Cyrtandra sessilis
Cyrtandra
subumbellata
Cyrtandra
viridiflora
Huperzia nutans..... Huperzia nutans
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia oahuensis
Lysimachia filifolia
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia
parviflora var.
parviflora
Plantago princeps
var. princeps
Psychotria hexandra
ssp. oahuensis
Pteralyxia Pteralyxia
macrocarpa. macrocarpa
Sanicula purpurea
Schiedea kaalae..... Schiedea kaalae
Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa
Trematolobelia
singularis
Viola oahuensis
Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 7
Adenophorus periens
Chamaesyce deppeana
Chamaesyce rockii
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa....... Cyanea crispa
Cyanea humboldtiana
Cyanea
purpurellifolia
Cyanea st.-johnii
Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra kaulantha
Cyrtandra sessilis
Cyrtandra
subumbellata
Cyrtandra
viridiflora
Huperzia nutans
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia oahuensis
Lysimachia filifolia
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia
parviflora var.
parviflora
Plantago princeps
var. princeps
Psychotria hexandra Psychotria hexandra
ssp. oahuensis. ssp. oahuensis
Pteralyxia
macrocarpa
Sanicula purpurea
Schiedea kaalae..... Schiedea kaalae
Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa
Trematolobelia
singularis
Viola oahuensis
Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 8
Adenophorus periens
Chamaesyce deppeana
Chamaesyce rockii
Cyanea acuminata.... Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina..... Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa
Cyanea humboldtiana. Cyanea humboldtiana
Cyanea Cyanea
purpurellifolia. purpurellifolia
Cyanea st.-johnii... Cyanea st.-johnii
Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra kaulantha. Cyrtandra kaulantha
Cyrtandra sessilis.. Cyrtandra sessilis
Cyrtandra Cyrtandra
subumbellata. subumbellata
Cyrtandra Cyrtandra
viridiflora. viridiflora
Huperzia nutans..... Huperzia nutans
[[Page 46561]]
Labordia cyrtandrae. Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia oahuensis... Lobelia oahuensis
Lysimachia filifolia Lysimachia filifolia
Phyllostegia hirsuta Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia Phyllostegia
parviflora var. parviflora var.
parviflora. parviflora
Plantago princeps Plantago princeps
var. princeps. var. princeps
Psychotria hexandra
ssp. oahuensis
Pteralyxia Pteralyxia
macrocarpa. macrocarpa
Sanicula purpurea... Sanicula purpurea
Schiedea kaalae
Tetraplasandra Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa. gymnocarpa
Trematolobelia Trematolobelia
singularis. singularis
Viola oahuensis..... Viola oahuensis
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(j) Plants on Oahu; Constituent elements.
(1) Flowering plants.
FAMILY AMARANTHACEAE:
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata (round-leaved chaff flower)
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 1, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 13, Oahu--Coastal--Unit
14, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 15, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 2, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 4,
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 10, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 11,
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--
Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 8,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata on
Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Coastal--Unit 1, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 13, Oahu--
Coastal--Unit 14, and Oahu--Coastal--Unit 15, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 in (50 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-drained, calcareous, talus slopes; weathered
clay soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats.
(D) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, Santalum, Scaevola.
(E) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, Vitex.
(F) Understory: Eragrostis, Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, Sesuvium,
Sporobolus, Vigna.
(ii) In Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 2,
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 9,
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 10, and Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 11, the
physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
(iii) In units Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2,
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
Nototrichium humile (KULUI)
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 5,
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 10, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2, Oahu--Dry Cliff--
Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 5, Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 8,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Nototrichium humile on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 2,
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 10, and Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit
11, the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In units Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--
Unit 2, and Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(iii) In units Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2,
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7,
[[Page 46562]]
and Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
FAMILY APIACEAE:
Peucedanum sandwicense (MAKOU)
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2, Oahu--Dry Cliff--
Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 5, Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 8,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Peucedanum sandwicense on Oahu. Within
these units, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(i) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(iv) Canopy: None.
(v) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(vi) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
Sanicula mariversa (NCN)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
2, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--
Unit 5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of
this section, constitute critical habitat for Sanicula mariversa on
Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
2, and Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2,
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
Sanicula purpurea (NCN)
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 10,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 15,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Wet Cliff--
Unit 7, and Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this section, constitute critical
habitat for Sanicula purpurea on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 10, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 15, and Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(ii) In units Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and
Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Bryophytes, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Spermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN)
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 5,
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 7, Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 10,
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 11, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--
Unit 2, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (i) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Spermolepis hawaiiensis on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 2,
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 7,
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 10, and Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 11, the physical or
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In units Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2,
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
[[Page 46563]]
FAMILY APOCYNACEAE:
Pteralyxia macrocarpa (KAULU)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--6, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 7,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 5,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 10,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 15,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--
Unit 2, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, Oahu--
Dry Cliff--Unit 8, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 2,
Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit
5, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Wet
Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of
this section, constitute critical habitat for Pteralyxia macrocarpa on
Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
2, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--6, and Oahu--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 7, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 2,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 10, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 15, and Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(iii) In units Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2,
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
(iv) In units Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 2,
Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit
5, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Wet
Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Bryophytes, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
FAMILY ARALIACEAE:
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa (OHE OHE)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 5, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 7, Oahu--Lowland Wet--
Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--
Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 10, Oahu--Lowland Wet--
Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--
Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 15, Oahu--Lowland Wet--
Unit 16, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--
Wet Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(i) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
5, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, and Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 7, the
physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 10, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 15, and Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(iii) In units Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 7,
and Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
[[Page 46564]]
(F) Understory: Ferns, Bryophytes, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Tetraplasandra lydgatei (NCN)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 5, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, and Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 7, identified in
the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Tetraplasandra lydgatei on Oahu. Within these
units, the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
FAMILY ASPARAGACEAE:
Pleomele forbesii (HALA PEPE)
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 5,
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 10, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1,
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
6, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 7, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Oahu--
Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit
4, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 2, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--
Dry Cliff--Unit 5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7,
and Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (i) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Pleomele
forbesii on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 2,
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 9,
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 10, and Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 11, the
physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In units Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--
Unit 2, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4,
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, and Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 7, the physical and biological features of critical
habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(iii) In units Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit
2, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, and Oahu--
Lowland Wet--Unit 5, the physical and biological features of critical
habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina Microlepia.
(iv) In units Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2,
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
FAMILY ASTERACEAE:
Bidens amplectens (KOOKOOLAU)
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 1, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 13, Oahu--Coastal--Unit
14, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 15, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 2, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, and
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 10, and Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit
11, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for Bidens amplectens on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Coastal--Unit 1, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 13, Oahu--
Coastal--Unit 14, and Oahu--Coastal--Unit 15, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 in (50 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-drained, calcareous, talus slopes; weathered
clay soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats.
(D) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, Santalum, Scaevola.
(E) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, Vitex.
(F) Understory: Eragrostis, Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, Sesuvium,
Sporobolus, Vigna.
(ii) In units Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 2,
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 9,
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 10, and Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 11, the
physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
Dubautia herbstobatae (NAENAE)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
2,
[[Page 46565]]
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of
this section, constitute critical habitat for Dubautia herbstobatae on
Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
2, and Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2,
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
Hesperomannia arborescens (NCN)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
7, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 10,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 15,
and Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (i) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Hesperomannia arborescens on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
2, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, and Oahu--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 7, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 10, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 15, and Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
Hesperomannia arbuscula (NCN)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Wet--
Unit 2, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, and
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 5, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (i) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Hesperomannia arbuscula on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
2, and Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 2,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, and Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 5, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla (NEHE)
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2, Oahu--Dry Cliff--
Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 5, Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 8,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla on
Oahu. Within these units, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(iv) Canopy: None.
(v) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(vi) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
Melanthera tenuifolia (NEHE)
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 5,
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 10, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1,
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--
Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6,
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry Cliff--
[[Page 46566]]
Unit 8, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for Melanthera tenuifolia on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 2,
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 9,
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 10, and Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 11, the
physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).xxx
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In units Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--
Unit 2, and Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(iii) In units Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2,
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
Tetramolopium filiforme (NCN)
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2, Oahu--Dry Cliff--
Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 5, Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 8,
Identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Tetramolopium filiforme on Oahu. Within
these units, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(i) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(iv) Canopy: None.
(v) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(vi) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum (NCN)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
2, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--
Unit 5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of
this section, constitute critical habitat for Tetramolopium lepidotum
ssp. lepidotum on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
2, and Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2,
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
FAMILY BRASSICACEAE:
Lepidium arbuscula (ANAUNAU)
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2, Oahu--Dry Cliff--
Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 5, Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 8,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Lepidium arbuscula on Oahu. Within
these units, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(i) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(iv) Canopy: None.
(v) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(vi) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
FAMILY CAMPANULACEAE:
Cyanea acuminata (HAHA)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
7, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 5,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 10,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 15,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, Oahu--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Oahu--Wet
Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 2, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--
Wet Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 5, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 6,
Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Cyanea acuminata on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
2, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, and Oahu--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 7, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
[[Page 46567]]
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 2,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 10, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 15, and Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(iii) In unit Oahu--Montane Wet--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,600 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(iv) In units Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 2,
Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit
5, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Wet
Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Bryophytes, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Cyanea calycina (HAHA)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
7, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 5,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 10,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 15,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, Oahu--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Oahu--Wet
Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 2, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--
Wet Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 5, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 6,
Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Cyanea calycina on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
2, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, and Oahu--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 7, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 2,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 10, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 15, and Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(iii) In unit Oahu--Montane Wet--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,600 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(iv) In units Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 2,
Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit
5, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Wet
Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Cyanea crispa (NCN)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 5, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 7, Oahu--Lowland Wet--
Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Oahu--Lowland Wet--
[[Page 46568]]
Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 10, Oahu--
Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12, Oahu--Lowland Wet--
Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 15, Oahu--
Lowland Wet--Unit 16, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 7,
and Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (i) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Cyanea
crispa on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
5, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, and Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 7, the
physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 10, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 15, and Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(iii) In units Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 7,
and Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana (HAHA)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
7, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 5,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 10,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 15,
and Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (i) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
2, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, and Oahu--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 7, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 2,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 10, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 15, and Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae (HAHA)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Wet--
Unit 2, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Oahu--
Lowland Wet--Unit 5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2,
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of
this section, constitute critical habitat for Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
obatae on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
2, and Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 2,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, and Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 5, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays, ashbeds, deep, well-drained soils, lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
[[Page 46569]]
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(iii) In units Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2,
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
Cyanea humboldtiana (HAHA)
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 10,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 15,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Wet Cliff--
Unit 7, and Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this section, constitute critical
habitat for Cyanea humboldtiana on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 10, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 15, and Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(ii) In units Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and
Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Cyanea koolauensis (HAHA)
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 10,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 15,
and Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (i) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Cyanea
koolauensis on Oahu. Within these units, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(v) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
Cyanea lanceolata (HAHA)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 5, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 7, Oahu--Lowland Wet--
Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--
Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 10, Oahu--Lowland Wet--
Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--
Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 15, and Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 16, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of
this section, constitute critical habitat for Cyanea lanceolata on
Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
5, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, and Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 7, the
physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 10, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 15, and Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
Cyanea longiflora (HAHA)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, and Oahu--Lowland Mesic--
Unit 7, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for Cyanea longiflora on Oahu.
Within these units, the physical and biological features of critical
habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
Cyanea pinnatifida (HAHA)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, and
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (i) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Cyanea
pinnatifida
[[Page 46570]]
on Oahu. Within these units, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
Cyanea purpurellifolia (HAHA)
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 10,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 15,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Wet Cliff--
Unit 7, and Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this section, constitute critical
habitat for Cyanea purpurellifolia on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 10, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 15, and Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(ii) In units Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and
Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, the physical or biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Cyanea st.-johnii (HAHA)
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 10,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 15,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Wet Cliff--
Unit 7, and Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this section, constitute critical
habitat for Cyanea st.-johnii on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 10, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 15, and Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(ii) In units Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and
Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Cyanea superba (NCN)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, and
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (i) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Cyanea
superba on Oahu. Within these units, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
Cyanea truncata (HAHA)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 5, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 7, Oahu--Lowland Wet--
Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--
Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 10, Oahu--Lowland Wet--
Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--
Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 15, Oahu--Lowland Wet--
Unit 16, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--
Wet Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(i) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Cyanea truncata on
Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
5, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, and Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 7, the
physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 10, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--
[[Page 46571]]
Lowland Wet--Unit 15, and Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(iii) In units Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 7,
and Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Delissea subcordata (OHA)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, and Oahu--Lowland Mesic--
Unit 7, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for Delissea subcordata on Oahu.
Within these units, the physical and biological features of critical
habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis (NCN)
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 10,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 15,
and Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (i) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Lobelia
gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis on Oahu. Within these units, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(v) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
Lobelia monostachya (NCN)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 5, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, and Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 7, identified in
the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Lobelia monostachya on Oahu. Within these units,
the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
Lobelia niihauensis (NCN)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, and
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--
Unit 2, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (i) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Lobelia
niihauensis on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
2, and Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Psydrax, Pleomele.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2,
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
Lobelia oahuensis (NCN)
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 5,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 10,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 15,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, Oahu--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Oahu--Wet
Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 2, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--
Wet Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 5, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 6,
Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Lobelia oahuensis on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 2,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 10, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 15, and Oahu--
[[Page 46572]]
Lowland Wet--Unit 16, the physical and biological features of critical
habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(ii) In unit Oahu--Montane Wet--Unit 1, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,600 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(iii) In units Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 2,
Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit
5, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Wet
Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Trematolobelia singularis (NCN)
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 10,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 15,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Wet Cliff--
Unit 7, and Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this section, constitute critical
habitat for Trematolobelia singularis on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 10, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 15, and Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(ii) In units Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and
Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, the physical or biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
FAMILY CARYOPHYLLACEAE:
Schiedea hookeri (NCN)
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 5,
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 10, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1,
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 3,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--
Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--
Dry Cliff--Unit 7, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 8, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 1,
Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 2, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit
4, and Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 5, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (i) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Schiedea
hookeri on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 2,
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 9,
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 10, and Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 11, the
physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In units Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--
Unit 2, and Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(iii) In units Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit
2, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, and Oahu--
Lowland Wet--Unit 5, the physical and biological features of critical
habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(iv) In units Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2,
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7,
[[Page 46573]]
and Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
(v) In units Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 2,
Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 4, and Oahu--Wet Cliff--
Unit 5, the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Schiedea kaalae (NCN)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
7, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 5,
Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 2, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit
3, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 5, Oahu--Wet Cliff--
Unit 6, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 8,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Schiedea kaalae on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
2, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, and Oahu--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 7, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 2,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, and Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 5, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(iii) In units Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 2,
Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit
5, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Wet
Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Schiedea kealiae (MAOLIOLI)
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 1, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 13, Oahu--Coastal--Unit
14, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 15, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 2, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 4,
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 10, and Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit
11, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for Schiedea kealiae on Oahu.
(i) In unit Oahu--Coastal--Unit 1, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 13, Oahu--
Coastal--Unit 14, and Oahu--Coastal--Unit 15, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 in (50 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-drained, calcareous, talus slopes; weathered
clay soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats.
(D) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, Santalum, Scaevola.
(E) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, Vitex.
(F) Understory: Eragrostis, Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, Sesuvium,
Sporobolus, Vigna.
(ii) In units Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 2,
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 9,
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 10, and Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 11, the
physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
Schiedea nuttallii (NCN)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
7, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for Schiedea nuttallii on Oahu.
Within these units, the physical and biological features of critical
habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
Schiedea obovata (NCN)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry
[[Page 46574]]
Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--
Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6,
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Schiedea obovata on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
2, and Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2,
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
Schiedea trinervis (NCN)
Oahu--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 2, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--
Dry Cliff--Unit 5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7,
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 8, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit
2, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 4, and Oahu--Wet
Cliff--Unit 5, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of
this section, constitute critical habitat for Schiedea trinervis on
Oahu.
(i) In unit Oahu--Montane Wet--Unit 1, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,600 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(ii) In units Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2,
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
(iii) In units Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 2,
Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 4, and Oahu--Wet Cliff--
Unit 5, the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Silene lanceolata (NCN)
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2, Oahu--Dry Cliff--
Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 5, Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 8,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Silene lanceolata on Oahu. Within these
units, the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(iv) Canopy: None.
(v) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(vi) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
Silene perlmanii (NCN)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
2, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--
Unit 5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of
this section, constitute critical habitat for Silene perlmanii on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
2, and Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, the physical or biological features
of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2,
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
FAMILY CONVOLVULACEAE:
Bonamia menziesii (NCN)
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 5,
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 10, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1,
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
6, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 7, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 2, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--
Dry Cliff--Unit 5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7,
and Oahu--Dry Cliff--
[[Page 46575]]
Unit 8, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for Bonamia menziesii on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 2,
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 9,
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 10, and Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 11, the
physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In units Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--
Unit 2, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4,
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, and Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 7, the physical and biological features of critical
habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(iii) In units Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2,
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis Melanthera, Schiedea.
FAMILY CYPERACEAE:
Cyperus pennatiformis (NCN)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, and
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (i) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Cyperus
pennatiformis on Oahu. Within these units, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
Cyperus trachysanthos (PUUKAA)
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 9, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 11, Oahu--Coastal--Unit
12, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 5, and Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 7, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this section, constitute critical
habitat for Cyperus trachysanthos on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Coastal--Unit 9, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 11, and
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 12, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 in (50 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-drained, calcareous, talus slopes; weathered
clay soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats.
(D) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, Santalum, Scaevola.
(E) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, Vitex.
(F) Understory: Eragrostis, Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, Sesuvium,
Sporobolus, Vigna.
(ii) In units Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 4,
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 5, and Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 7, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little--weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
FAMILY EUPHORBIACEAE:
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana (AKOKO)
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 1, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 13, Oahu--Coastal--Unit
14, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 15, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 2, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 4,
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 10, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 11,
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, Oahu--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
5, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, and Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 7,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana on
Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Coastal--Unit 1, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 13, Oahu--
Coastal--Unit 14, and Oahu--Coastal--Unit 15, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 in (50 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-drained, calcareous, talus slopes; weathered
clay soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats.
(D) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, Santalum, Scaevola.
(E) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, Vitex.
(F) Understory: Eragrostis, Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, Sesuvium,
Sporobolus, Vigna.
(ii) In units Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 2,
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 9,
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 10, and Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 11, the
physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
[[Page 46576]]
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
(iii) In units Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--
Unit 2, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4,
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, and Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 7, the physical and biological features of critical
habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
Chamaesyce deppeana (AKOKO)
Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Wet
Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of
this section, constitute critical habitat for Chamaesyce deppeana on
Oahu. Within these units, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(iv) Canopy: None.
(v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(vi) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Chamaesyce herbstii (AKOKO)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
2, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--
Unit 5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of
this section, constitute critical habitat for Chamaesyce herbstii on
Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
2, and Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2,
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
Chamaesyce kuwaleana (AKOKO)
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 2, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 3, Oahu--Coastal--Unit
4, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 5, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 6, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 7,
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 8, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 9, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 10,
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 11, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 12, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--
Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this section, constitute critical
habitat for Chamaesyce kuwaleana on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Coastal--Unit 2, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 3, Oahu--
Coastal--Unit 4, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 5, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 6, Oahu--
Coastal--Unit 7, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 8, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 9, Oahu--
Coastal--Unit 10, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 11, and Oahu--Coastal--Unit 12,
the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 in (50 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-drained, calcareous, talus slopes; weathered
clay soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats.
(D) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, Santalum, Scaevola.
(E) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, Vitex.
(F) Understory: Eragrostis, Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, Sesuvium,
Sporobolus, Vigna.
(ii) In units Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2,
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
Chamaesyce rockii (AKOKO)
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 10,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 15,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Wet Cliff--
Unit 7, and Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this section, constitute critical
habitat for Chamaesyce rockii on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 10, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 15, and Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(ii) In units Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and
Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
[[Page 46577]]
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. skottsbergii (EWA PLAINS AKOKO)
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 10, and Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 11, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this section, constitute critical
habitat for Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. skottsbergii on Oahu. Within
these units, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(iv) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(v) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
Euphorbia haeleeleana (AKOKO)
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 5,
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 10, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1,
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, and Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Euphorbia haeleeleana on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 2,
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 9,
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 10, and Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 11, the
physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In units Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--
Unit 2, and Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
Flueggea neowawraea (MEHAMEHAME)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
2, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--
Unit 5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of
this section, constitute critical habitat for Flueggea neowawraea on
Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
2, and Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2,
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
FAMILY FABACEAE:
Sesbania tomentosa (OHAI)
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 1, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 2, Oahu--Coastal--Unit
3, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 4, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 5, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 6,
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 7, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 8, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 9,
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 10, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 11, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 12,
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 13, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 14, and Oahu--Coastal--Unit
15, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for Sesbania tomentosa on Oahu.
Within these units, the physical and biological features of critical
habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 m).
(i) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 in (50 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Well-drained, calcareous, talus slopes; weathered
clay soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats.
(iv) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, Santalum, Scaevola.
(v) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, Vitex.
(vi) Understory: Eragrostis, Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, Sesuvium,
Sporobolus, Vigna.
Vigna o-wahuensis (NCN)
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 1, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 2, Oahu--Coastal--Unit
3, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 4, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 5, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 6,
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 7, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 8, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 9,
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 10, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 11, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 12,
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 13, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 14, and Oahu--Coastal--Unit
15, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for Vigna o-wahuensis on Oahu.
Within these units, the physical and biological features of critical
habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 in (50 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Well-drained, calcareous, talus slopes; weathered
clay soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats.
[[Page 46578]]
(iv) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, Santalum, Scaevola.
(v) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, Vitex.
(vi) Understory: Eragrostis, Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, Sesuvium,
Sporobolus, Vigna.
FAMILY GENTIANACEAE:
Centaurium sebaeoides (AWIWI)
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 1, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 2, Oahu--Coastal--Unit
3, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 4, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 5, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 6,
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 7, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 8, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 9,
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 10, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 11, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 12,
Oahu--Coastal--Unit 13, Oahu--Coastal--Unit 14, and Oahu--Coastal--Unit
15, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for Centaurium sebaeoides on Oahu.
Within these units, the physical and biological features of critical
habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 20 in (50 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Well-drained, calcareous, talus slopes; weathered
clay soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats.
(iv) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum, Santalum, Scaevola.
(v) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida, Vitex.
(vi) Understory: Eragrostis, Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama, Sesuvium,
Sporobolus, Vigna.
FAMILY GESNERIACEAE:
Cyrtandra dentata (HAIWALE)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
7, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 5,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 10,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 15,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--
Unit 2, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (i) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Cyrtandra dentata on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
2, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, and Oahu--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 7, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 2,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 10, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 15, and Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(iii) In units Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2,
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
Cyrtandra gracilis (HAIWALE)
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 10,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 15,
and Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (i) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Cyrtandra gracilis on Oahu. Within these units, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(v) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
Cyrtandra kaulantha (HAIWALE)
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 10,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 15,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Wet Cliff--
Unit 7, and Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this section, constitute critical
habitat for Cyrtandra kaulantha on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 10, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 15, and Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
[[Page 46579]]
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(ii) In units Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and
Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Cyrtandra polyantha (HAIWALE)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 5, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 7, Oahu--Lowland Wet--
Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--
Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 10, Oahu--Lowland Wet--
Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--
Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 15, and Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 16, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of
this section, constitute critical habitat for Cyrtandra polyantha on
Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
5, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, and Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 7, the
physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 10, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 15, and Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
Cyrtandra sessilis (HAIWALE)
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 10,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 15,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Wet Cliff--
Unit 7, and Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this section, constitute critical
habitat for Cyrtandra sessilis Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 10, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 15, and Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils, lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(ii) In units Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and
Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Cyrtandra subumbellata (HAIWALE)
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 10,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 15,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Wet Cliff--
Unit 7, and Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this section, constitute critical
habitat for Cyrtandra subumbellata on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 10, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 15, and Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(ii) In units Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and
Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Cyrtandra viridiflora (HAIWALE)
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Oahu--Lowland
[[Page 46580]]
Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 10,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 15,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Wet Cliff--
Unit 7, and Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this section, constitute critical
habitat for Cyrtandra viridiflora on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 10, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 15, and Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(ii) In units Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and
Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Cyrtandra waiolani (HAIWALE)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 5, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 7, Oahu--Lowland Wet--
Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--
Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 10, Oahu--Lowland Wet--
Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--
Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 15, and Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 16, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of
this section, constitute critical habitat for Cyrtandra waiolani on
Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
5, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, and Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 7, the
physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 10, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 15, and Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
FAMILY LAMIACEAE:
Phyllostegia hirsuta (NCN)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
7, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 5,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 10,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 15,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, Oahu--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Oahu--Wet
Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 2, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--
Wet Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 5, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 6,
Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Phyllostegia hirsuta on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
2, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, and Oahu--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 7, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 2,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 10, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 15, and Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(iii) In unit Oahu--Montane Wet--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
[[Page 46581]]
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,600 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(iv) In units Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 2,
Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit
5, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Wet
Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Phyllostegia kaalaensis (NCN)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
2, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--
Unit 5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of
this section, constitute critical habitat for Phyllostegia kaalaensis
on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
2, and Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2,
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
Phyllostegia mollis (NCN)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
7, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, and Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 5,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Phyllostegia mollis on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
2, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, and Oahu--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 7, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 2,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, and Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 5, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
Phyllostegia parviflora (NCN)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
7, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 10,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 15,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Wet Cliff--
Unit 7, and Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this section, constitute critical
habitat for Phyllostegia parviflora on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
2, and Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat for Phyllostegia parviflora var. lydgatei
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--
Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, and Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 7,
the physical and biological features of critical habitat for
Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
[[Page 46582]]
(iii) In units Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit
7, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 10, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 15, and Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat for Phyllostegia parviflora
var. parviflora are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(iv) In units Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and
Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat for Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Stenogyne kanehoana (NCN)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, and
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (i) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Stenogyne kanehoana on Oahu. Within these units, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
FAMILY LOGANIACEAE:
Labordia cyrtandrae (KAMAKAHALA)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
7, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 5,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 10,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 15,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, Oahu--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Oahu--Wet
Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 2, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--
Wet Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 5, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 6,
Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Labordia cyrtandrae on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
2, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, and Oahu--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 7, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 2,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 10, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 15, and Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(iii) In unit Oahu--Montane Wet--Unit 1, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,600 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(iv) In units Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 2,
Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit
5, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Wet
Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
FAMILY MALVACEAE:
Abutilon sandwicense (NCN)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
2, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--
Unit 5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of
this section, constitute critical habitat for Abutilon sandwicense on
Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
2,
[[Page 46583]]
and Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, the physical and biological features
of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2,
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
Hibiscus brackenridgei (MAO HAU HELE)
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 5,
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 10, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1,
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, and Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Hibiscus brackenridgei var. mokuleianus
and Hibiscus brackenridgei var. molokaiana on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 2,
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 9,
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 10, and Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 11, the
physical and biological features of critical habitat for Hibiscus
brackenridgei var. mokuleianus and Hibiscus brackenridgei var.
molokaiana are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In units Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--
Unit 2, and Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat for Hibiscus brackenridgei var.
mokuleianus and Hibiscus brackenridgei var. molokaiana are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
FAMILY MYRSINACEAE:
Myrsine juddii (KOLEA)
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 10,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 15,
and Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (i) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Myrsine
juddii on Oahu. Within these units, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(i) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(v) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
FAMILY MYRTACEAE:
Eugenia koolauensis (NIOI)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, and Oahu--Lowland Mesic--
Unit 7, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for Eugenia koolauensis on Oahu.
Within these units, the physical and biological features of critical
habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
FAMILY ORCHIDACEAE:
Platanthera holochila (NCN)
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 10,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 15,
and Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (i) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Platanthera holochila on Oahu. Within these units, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(i) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(v) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
FAMILY PLANTAGINACEAE:
Plantago princeps (LAUKAHI KUAHIWI)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
7, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 4,
[[Page 46584]]
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 7, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 10, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 12, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 15, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--
Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6,
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 8, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit
6, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, identified in
the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Plantago princeps on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
2, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, and Oahu--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 7, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
for Plantago princeps var. princeps are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 10, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 15, and Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat for Plantago princeps var.
longibracteata are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(iii) In units Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit
2, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 10, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 15, and Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat for Plantago princeps var.
princeps are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(iv) In units Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2,
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
for Plantago princeps var. princeps are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
(v) In units Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and
Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat for Plantago princeps var. princeps are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
FAMILY POACEAE:
Cenchrus agrimonioides (KAMANOMANO)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
2, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--
Unit 5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of
this section, constitute critical habitat for Cenchrus agrimonioides on
Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
2, and Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2,
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
Eragrostis fosbergii (FOSBERG'S LOVE GRASS)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
2, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--
Unit 5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of
this section, constitute critical habitat for Eragrostis fosbergii on
Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
2,
[[Page 46585]]
and Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, the physical and biological features
of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2,
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
FAMILY PRIMULACEAE
Lysimachia filifolia (NCN)
Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Wet
Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of
this section, constitute critical habitat for Lysimachia filifolia on
Oahu. Within these units, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(iv) Canopy: None.
(v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(vi) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
FAMILY RHAMNACEAE:
Colubrina oppositifolia (KAUILA)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, and
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (i) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Colubrina oppositifolia on Oahu. Within these units, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
Gouania meyenii (NCN)
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 5,
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 7, Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 10,
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 2, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1,
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--
Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this section, constitute critical
habitat for Gouania meyenii on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 2,
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 7,
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 10, and Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 11, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In units Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--
Unit 2, and Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(iii) In units Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2,
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
Gouania vitifolia (NCN)
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 5,
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 10, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1,
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 3,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--
Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--
Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this section, constitute critical
habitat for Gouania vitifolia on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 2,
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 9,
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 10, and Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 11, the
physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
[[Page 46586]]
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little-weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In units Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--
Unit 2, and Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(iii) In units Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit
2, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, and Oahu--
Lowland Wet--Unit 5, the physical and biological features of critical
habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(iv) In units Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2,
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
FAMILY RUBIACEAE:
Gardenia mannii (NANU)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
7, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 2, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 5,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 10,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 15,
and Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (i) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Gardenia
mannii on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
2, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, and Oahu--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 7, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 2,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 10, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 15, and Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
Kadua coriacea (KIOELE)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, and Oahu--Lowland Mesic--
Unit 7, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for Kadua coriacea on Oahu. Within
these units, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
Kadua degeneri (NCN)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
2, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--
Unit 5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of
this section, constitute critical habitat for Kadua degeneri on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
2, and Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
[[Page 46587]]
(ii) In units Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2,
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
Kadua parvula (NCN)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
2, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--
Unit 5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of
this section, constitute critical habitat for Kadua parvula on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
2, and Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2,
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis (KOPIKO)
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 10,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 15,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Wet Cliff--
Unit 7, and Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this section, constitute critical
habitat for Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 10, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 15, and Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(ii) In units Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 7, and
Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
FAMILY RUTACEAE:
Melicope christophersenii (ALANI)
Oahu--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Wet
Cliff--Unit 2, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 4, and
Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 5, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (i) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Melicope
christophersenii on Oahu.
(i) In unit Oahu--Montane Wet--Unit 1, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,600 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(ii) In unit Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 2,
Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Wet Cliff--Unit 4, and Oahu--Wet Cliff--
Unit 5, the physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, shallow soils,
weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns, Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Melicope hiiakae (ALANI)
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 10,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 15,
and Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (i) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Melicope
hiiakae on Oahu. Within these units, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(v) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
Melicope lydgatei (ALANI)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 5, Oahu--
[[Page 46588]]
Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 7, Oahu--Lowland Wet--
Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--
Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 10, Oahu--Lowland Wet--
Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--
Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 15, and Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 16, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of
this section, constitute critical habitat for Melicope lydgatei on
Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
5, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, and Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 7, the
physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 10, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 15, and Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
Melicope makahae (ALANI)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Wet--
Unit 2, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, Oahu--
Lowland Wet--Unit 5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2,
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of
this section, constitute critical habitat for Melicope makahae on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 2, and Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 2,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 4, and Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 5, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
(iii) In units Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2,
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
Melicope pallida (ALANI)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, and
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (i) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Melicope
pallida on Oahu. Within these units, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
Melicope saint-johnii (ALANI)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
7, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2, Oahu--Dry Cliff--
Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 5, Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 8,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Melicope saint-johnii on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
2, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, and Oahu--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 7, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2,
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
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(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta (NCN)
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 10,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 15,
and Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (i) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta on Oahu. Within these units, the
physical and biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(v) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens (NCN)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
2, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--
Unit 5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of
this section, constitute critical habitat for Platydesma cornuta var.
decurrens on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
2, and Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2,
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
Zanthoxylum oahuense (AE)
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 7, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 10,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 12, Oahu--Lowland
Wet--Unit 13, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 14, Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 15,
Oahu--Lowland Wet--Unit 16, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (i) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Zanthoxylum oahuense on Oahu. Within these units, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep, well-drained soils; lowland
bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(v) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon, Kadua, Melicope.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris, Diplazium,
Machaerina, Microlepia.
FAMILY SAPINDACEAE:
Alectryon macrococcus (MAHOE)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
7, Oahu--Montane Wet--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 2, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--
Dry Cliff--Unit 5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7,
and Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (i) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Alectryon macrococcus var. macrococcus on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit
2, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, and Oahu--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 7, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(ii) In unit Oahu--Montane Wet--Unit 1, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,600 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils, montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium, Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(iii) In units Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2,
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Melanthera, Schiedea.
FAMILY SOLANACEAE:
[[Page 46590]]
Solanum sandwicense (POPOLO, AIAKEAKUA)
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, Oahu--
Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland
Mesic--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 6, and Oahu--Lowland Mesic--
Unit 7, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for Solanum sandwicense on Oahu.
Within these units, the physical and biological features of critical
habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
FAMILY URTICACEAE:
Neraudia angulata (NCN)
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 2, Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 5,
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 9, Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 10, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 11, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1,
Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 2, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--
Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6,
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 8, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Neraudia angulata on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 2,
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 3, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 4, Oahu--Lowland
Dry--Unit 5, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 8, Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 9,
Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 10, and Oahu--Lowland Dry--Unit 11, the
physical and biological features of critical habitat for Neraudia
angulata var. angulata and Neraudia angulata var. dentata are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50 in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams to stony clay, rocky ledges,
little--weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum, Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia, Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis, Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In units Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 1, Oahu--Lowland Mesic--
Unit 2, and Oahu--Lowland Mesic--Unit 3, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat for Neraudia angulata var. angulata and
Neraudia angulata var. dentata are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in (130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia.
(iii) In units Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 1, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 2,
Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 3, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 4, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit
5, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 6, Oahu--Dry Cliff--Unit 7, and Oahu--Dry
Cliff--Unit 8, the physical and biological features of critical habitat
for Neraudia angulata var. angulata and Neraudia angulata var. dentata
are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis, Mel