[Federal Register: October 8, 2009 (Volume 74, Number 194)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Page 51987-52012]
From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]
[DOCID:fr08oc09-16]
[[Page 51987]]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Part III
Department of the Interior
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Fish and Wildlife Service
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
50 CFR Part 17
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Designation of Critical
Habitat for the Southwest Alaska Distinct Population Segment of the
Northern Sea Otter; Final Rule
[[Page 51988]]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Fish and Wildlife Service
50 CFR Part 17
[FWS-R7-ES-2008-0105; 92210-1117-0000-FY08-B4]
RIN 1018-AV92
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Designation of
Critical Habitat for the Southwest Alaska Distinct Population Segment
of the Northern Sea Otter
AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.
ACTION: Final rule.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), are
designating critical habitat for the southwest Alaska Distinct
Population Segment (DPS) of the northern sea otter (Enhydra lutris
kenyoni) under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act). In
total, approximately 15,164 square kilometers (km2) (5,855
square miles (mi2)) fall within the boundaries of the
critical habitat designation. All the critical habitat is located in
Alaska.
DATES: This rule becomes effective on November 9, 2009.
ADDRESSES: The final rule and final economic analysis are available for
viewing at http://regulations.gov. Detailed color maps of areas
designated as critical habitat are available for viewing at http://
alaska.fws.gov/fisheries/mmm/seaotters/criticalhabitat.htm. Supporting
documentation we used in preparing this final rule is available for
public inspection, by appointment, during normal business hours, at the
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Marine Mammals Management Office, U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, 1011 East Tudor Road, Anchorage, AK 99503;
telephone 907/786-3800; facsimile 907/786-3816.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Douglas M. Burn, Wildlife Biologist,
Marine Mammals Management Office (see ADDRESSES section). If you use a
telecommunications device for the deaf (TDD), call the Federal
Information Relay Service (FIRS) at 800-877-8339.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Background
It is our intent to discuss only those topics directly relevant to
the designation of critical habitat for the southwest Alaska distinct
population segment (DPS) of the northern sea otter in this final rule.
For more information on the southwest Alaska DPS of the northern sea
otter, refer to the final listing rule published in the Federal
Register on August 9, 2005 (70 FR 46366), the proposed rule to
designate critical habitat published in the Federal Register on
December 16, 2008 (73 FR 76454), and the June 9, 2009 (74 FR 27271),
notice of availability of the draft economic analysis (DEA). More
detailed information on northern sea otter biology and ecology that is
directly relevant to designation of critical habitat is discussed under
the Primary Constituent Elements section below.
Previous Federal Actions
We listed the southwest Alaska DPS of the northern sea otter as
threatened on August 9, 2005 (70 FR 46366). We considered critical
habitat to be prudent, but not determinable, and we therefore did not
designate critical habitat for this DPS at the time of listing. When we
make a not determinable finding, we must, within 1 year of the
publication date of the final listing rule, designate critical habitat,
unless we find designation to be not prudent. On December 19, 2006, the
Center for Biological Diversity filed suit against the Service for
failure to designate critical habitat within the statutory time frame
(Center for Biological Diversity et al. v. Kempthorne et al., No. 1:06-
CV-02151-RMC (D.D.C. 2007)). On April 11, 2007, the U.S. District Court
for the District of Columbia entered an order approving a stipulated
settlement of the parties requiring the Service on or before November
30, 2008, to submit to the Federal Register a determination as to
whether designation of critical habitat for the southwest Alaska DPS is
prudent, and if so, to publish a proposed rule. We have subsequently
reaffirmed that critical habitat for the southwest Alaska DPS of the
northern sea otter is prudent, and we published a proposal to designate
critical habitat for the southwest Alaska DPS of the northern sea otter
in the Federal Register on December 16, 2008 (73 FR 76454). We accepted
public comments on this proposal for 60 days, ending on February 17,
2009. In response to requests from the public, we published a document
(74 FR 21614) reopening the public comment period from May 8, 2009,
through July 1, 2009. We also published a notice of availability of the
economic analysis of critical habitat designation on June 9, 2009 (74
FR 27271), and extended the public comment period through July 9, 2009.
For more information on previous Federal actions concerning the
southwest Alaska DPS of the northern sea otter, refer to the final
listing rule published in the Federal Register on August 9, 2005 (70 FR
46366).
Summary of Comments and Recommendations
We requested written comments from the public during the public
comment period on the proposed rule to designate critical habitat for
the southwest Alaska DPS of the northern sea otter. During the public
comment period, we also contacted appropriate Federal, State, and local
agencies; Alaska Native organizations; and other interested parties and
invited them to comment on the proposed rule to designate critical
habitat for this DPS and the associated draft economic analysis (DEA).
The comment period on the proposed critical habitat rule originally
opened December 16, 2008 (73 FR 76454), and closed February 17, 2009.
During that time, we received one request for a public hearing. On May
8, 2009, we announced a public hearing, and reopened the public comment
period from May 8, 2009, through July 1, 2009 (74 FR 21614). We held a
public hearing on June 18, 2009, in Anchorage, Alaska. The public
hearing was attended by nine people, and although telephone access was
provided toll-free during the hearing, we received no calls. On June 9,
2009, we published a notice of availability of the DEA, and we extended
the public comment period through July 9, 2009, to allow interested
parties to comment on both the proposed critical habitat rule and the
associated DEA (74 FR 27271). From June 9 through July 9, 2009, we also
operated a toll-free public comment hotline, which enabled callers to
record their public comments, to be later transcribed and entered into
the official record. We received no comments on the toll-free hotline.
During the public comment periods, we received 28 sets of public
comments directly addressing the proposed designation of critical
habitat: 2 from Federal agencies, 1 from a State agency, 1 from a local
government, and the remainder from organizations and individuals. At
the June 18, 2009, public hearing, we received one comment directly
addressing the proposed designation of critical habitat.
Peer Review
In accordance with our policy on peer review published in the
Federal Register on July 1, 1994 (59 FR 34270), we solicited expert
opinions from 10 knowledgeable individuals with scientific expertise
that included familiarity with the DPS, the geographic region in which
it occurs, and conservation biology principles. We
[[Page 51989]]
received responses from two of the peer reviewers. We reviewed all
comments received from the peer reviewers and the public for
substantive issues and new information regarding critical habitat for
the southwest Alaska DPS of the northern sea otter. These comments,
which were aggregated by subject matter, are summarized and addressed
below and are incorporated into the final rule as appropriate.
Peer Reviewer Comments
Comment 1: One peer reviewer questioned our characterization of how
sea otters use various types of kelp habitat, specifically those of the
genera Nereocystis and Macrocystis.
Our Response: We have revised and clarified the discussion in the
final rule based on this comment.
Comment 2: One peer review commented that Alaria fistulosa (the
primary canopy kelp in the Aleutians) is no longer classified as the
genus Alaria, and stated that it has been re-named Druehlia fistulosa.
Our Response: We have revised the final rule based on this comment.
Public Comments
Comments Related to Primary Constituent Elements (PCEs) and Proposed
Critical Habitat Areas
Comment 3: Several comments expressed concern that the area defined
by the proposed PCEs (described below under ``Primary Constituent
Elements'') may not contain sufficient prey resources to support the
recovery of the southwest Alaska DPS, and should therefore be expanded
in size. One commenter suggested that the seaward boundary should be
set at the 30-meter (m) (98.4-feet (ft)) depth contour, but did not
provide a justification for this value. Another commenter suggested it
should be the 100-m (328.1 ft) depth contour based on the physiological
limits of sea otter diving capability. Yet another commenter simply
stated that the area of designated critical habitat should be doubled.
Our Response: We agree that the presence of adequate prey resources
is important for the conservation of the southwest Alaska DPS. While
any of the options suggested by the commenters would include additional
foraging areas in the designation of critical habitat, the commenters
provide no clear scientific rationale for the specific water depths
they suggested. The choice of the 100-m (328.1 ft) depth contour has a
biological basis, as it delineates the physiological limits of sea
otter diving capabilities. However, information on sea otter diving
behavior indicates that the value of sea otter foraging habitat is
inversely proportional to water depth. For example, research in
southeast Alaska shows that 84 percent of foraging occurs in depths
between 2 and 30m (6.6 and 98.4 ft), and female sea otters do the vast
majority (85 percent) of their foraging in waters less than 20m (65.6
ft) in depth. Recent research from California suggests these patterns
may be similar among populations (Tinker et al. 2006, p. 148). Our
selection of the 20-m (65.6-ft) depth contour therefore includes the
majority of the most important sea otter foraging areas.
The areas defined by the PCEs that we proposed for designation as
critical habitat include the intertidal zone, as well as adjacent
shallow waters where otters may feed while being relatively protected
from marine predators. Sea otters do not appear to be limited by prey
availability within the DPS, especially in areas where the population
has declined the most, such as the Aleutian archipelago. A thorough
analysis indicates that there is limited competition with commercial
fishermen for sea otter prey resources throughout the range of the DPS
(Funk 2003, p. 2). Because sea otters do not appear food limited,
foraging areas that do not also provide shelter from predators (e.g.,
areas that occur in water depths ranging from 20 to 100m (65.6 to 328.1
ft)) are not identified as a feature essential to the conservation of
the sea otter and are therefore not included in this designation.
Comment 4: Critical habitat should not be limited to areas that are
currently occupied by sea otters, and should include historically
occupied areas as well.
Our Response: With the exception of some relatively small areas on
Kodiak Island (included in our proposal), there is virtually no
unoccupied habitat within the range of the southwest Alaska DPS. We
also note that those areas of Kodiak Island are unoccupied because they
had yet to be recolonized following protection by the 1911 Fur Seal
Treaty that prohibited commercial fur harvests of sea otters. Lack of
occupation by sea otters in this area is not a result of the recent
population decline that led to the listing of this DPS as threatened.
The areas defined by the PCEs and proposed for critical habitat are
a subset of what we consider to be occupied sea otter habitat and are
sufficient to provide for the conservation of the DPS. Sea otter
densities are not uniform throughout the set of all possible sea otter
habitat, however, and differ both longitudinally and perpendicularly
with the shore. While the highest densities appear to occur in
shallower waters that are closer to shore, we do not consider sea otter
habitat that occurs further seaward than the proposed critical habitat
(i.e., waters deeper that 20m (65.6 ft) in depth) to be unoccupied
habitat, as otters are still observed there on occasion. We explain our
reasoning for why these areas do not meet the definition of critical
habitat in our response to Comment 3.
Comment 5: Some areas in the Kodiak and Cook Inlet appear to have
been inappropriately excluded from critical habitat designation.
Our Response: We believe that this comment was submitted due to an
artifact in one or more of the maps that were published on the
Service's Region 7 web site. It is important to distinguish between the
PCEs (and their associated criteria such as water depth or distance
from the mean high tide line) and the ability to map them. With the
exception of areas where the water depth drops off abruptly from shore,
the 20-m (65.6-ft) depth contour typically constitutes the seaward
extent of critical habitat. We believe that the scale of some of the
maps may have given the appearance that areas were excluded from
designation as critical habitat, when in reality they were not. In
order to alleviate any confusion over the location of critical habitat,
we intend to make GIS data layers available to the public once the
designation is final.
Comment 6: The Service should consider PCEs related to reproduction
and the rearing of offspring.
Our Response: Unlike other species that have identified breeding
habitat, sea otters conduct all aspects of their life history in
essentially the same places. Mothers with pups often seek shelter from
rough seas, and though we did not explicitly address this in the
proposed rule, the areas defined by the PCEs include nearshore waters
that do provide shelter for mothers with pups. Recent studies using
time-depth recorders indicate that female sea otters forage in
shallower waters more than males, with the majority of their foraging
effort occurring in waters less than 20m (65.6 ft) in depth (Bodkin et
al. 2004, p. 305). Therefore, the identified PCEs already include areas
that are essential for reproduction and the rearing of offspring. We
have also expanded our discussion of this subject in this final rule.
Comment 7: Maintaining large habitat patches that can facilitate
movement between otter populations is essential to the conservation of
this population.
Our Response: With the exception of Unit 4 (Bristol Bay), the
critical habitat occurs as contiguous zones around all
[[Page 51990]]
islands and mainland Alaska within the range of the southwest Alaska
DPS. Movement within any discrete patch of critical habitat is not
restricted. We therefore interpret this comment to be addressing the
movement between discrete patches, for example, between islands and
island groups in Units 1, 2, 3, and 5.
During the course of recolonization of their range during the 20th
century, sea otter movements of this kind occurred from occupied
islands to unoccupied ones. However, current conditions differ in that
the waters around most (if not all) of these islands remain inhabited,
but by lower densities of sea otters. We believe, based on the best
available information, that recovery can occur with a minimal amount of
dispersal between islands. Therefore, designation of large patches of
area connecting islands (or island groups) as critical habitat is not
essential to the conservation of the DPS.
Comment 8: The offshore waters in Unit 4 should be designated as
critical habitat due to their likely importance in fulfilling PCE
categories 1 (shallow, rocky areas in waters less than 2m (6.6 ft) in
depth) and 2 (waters within 100m (328.1 ft) of the mean high tide
line).
Our Response: Although we could apply the criteria for PCEs 1 and 2
to this unit, the area they delineate does not contain the physical and
biological features, and therefore would not serve the same function as
it does in the other critical habitat units. Rocky substrates and kelp
beds are scarce in Unit 4 (Bristol Bay), and we applied these PCEs to
the one place where they occur to delineate subunit 4a (Amak Island).
Shallow, rocky areas where marine predators are less likely to forage
(PCE 1) are scarce throughout the remainder of Unit 4. This commenter
correctly noted that because of the bathymetry in Bristol Bay, otters
can forage at greater distances from shore. Unlike our survey
information from several islands in critical habitat Unit 1 (Western
Aleutians), we have no information that indicates that nearshore waters
(PCE 2) provide protection or escape from marine predators, which may
be due to the lack of PCE 1 in these areas. Therefore, we do not
believe the application of PCEs 1 and 2 within Unit 4 would identify
features that provide cover and shelter from marine predators, and
would be essential to the conservation of the DPS.
Comment 9: It is not clear that the proposed PCEs will provide for
range expansion and the conservation of the species.
Our Response: With the exception of some relatively small areas on
Kodiak Island, sea otters currently occupy all their former range.
Therefore, range expansion will likely not be necessary for the
conservation of the southwest Alaska DPS.
Comment 10: The Service should consider combining all proposed
``Primary Constituent Elements'' (PCEs) instead of using them
independently to define critical habitat.
Our Response: Each PCE has its own explicit criterion, and for the
purposes of clarity we believe that it is best to list them
individually. The individual PCEs laid out in the appropriate quantity
and spatial arrangement essential for the conservation of the species
define the physical and biological features that are essential for the
conservation of the DPS. Although it is not a requirement, most of the
areas that were proposed for designation as critical habitat do contain
all four PCEs.
Comment 11: The amount of critical habitat is excessive, and the
criteria used to designate critical habitat should be narrowed in order
to select more discrete areas of critical habitat that are essential to
the conservation of the species so that habitat designations are
biologically meaningful.
Our Response: As stated in the proposed rule, we determined that
the physical and biological features that are essential for the
conservation of the southwest Alaska DPS of the northern sea otter are
those that provide cover and shelter from marine predators, as well as
the prey resources that occur in those areas. We are limited in our
understanding of sea otter habitat use and also by our ability to map
these features beyond a certain scale. We identified the physical and
biological features essential to the conservation of the DPS based on
the best scientific information related to sea otter life history
requirements. This commenter was particularly concerned with the
underlying rationale for PCEs 1 and 2. We note that there is
considerable spatial overlap in areas defined by the first three PCEs.
For example, all of the areas delineated by PCE 1 (shallow, rocky areas
in waters less than 2m (6.6 ft) in depth) and the vast majority of
areas delineated by PCE 2 (waters within 100m (328.1 ft) of the mean
high tide line) are contained within the area delineated by PCE 3 (kelp
forests in waters less than 20m (65.6 ft) in depth). Our rationale for
choosing these areas is summarized in the ``Primary Constituent
Elements for the Southwest Alaska DPS of the Northern Sea Otter''
section.
Comments Related to Consultation Under Section 7 of the Act
Comment 12: Some activities that may be subject to consultation
under section 7 of the Act were omitted from the proposed rule to
designate critical habitat for sea otters in southwest Alaska.
Our Response: The proposed rule contained examples of the types of
activities that the Service can reasonably expect to consult on under
section 7 of the Act, but it was not intended to be a complete list of
all possible activities. All Federal agencies have the obligation under
section 7 of the Act to consult on actions they conduct, fund, or
permit, that may affect a federally listed species or destroy or
adversely modify its designated critical habitat. As such, the Service
is not limited to consulting on only those activities listed in either
the proposed or final rules for designation of critical habitat.
Comment 13: Special management considerations and protections that
may result from consultations under section 7 of the Act were omitted
from the proposed rule.
Our Response: The special management considerations and protections
in the proposed rule were included for example purposes. The specific
types of management actions, such as reasonable and prudent measures,
will be determined on a case-by-case basis during the process of
consulting under section 7 of the Act. The Service is not limited to
only those special management considerations and protections listed in
either the proposed or final rules for designation of critical habitat.
Comment 14: The designation of critical habitat may result in
changes to development projects, including delays and added costs.
Our Response: Since the southwest Alaska DPS of the northern sea
otter was listed as threatened in August 2005, all Federal agencies
have had the obligation to consult with the Service to ensure that the
activities they conduct, fund, or carry out, are not likely to
jeopardize the continued existence of the DPS. Numerous consultations
in accordance with this obligation have been conducted with multiple
Federal agencies, and must be conducted in the future, regardless of
whether or not critical habitat is designated. Federal agencies that
consult with the Service have the obligation to work within the
statutory timelines of section 7 consultations, and plan their
activities accordingly to avoid delay. Non-Federal entities that
require Federal permits for
[[Page 51991]]
development projects should also be aware of the consultation
requirement, and factor the time needed for consultations into their
plans and schedules. As consultations are already required under the
jeopardy standard, the additional consultation standard of destruction
or adverse modification of critical habitat are not anticipated to
result in significant project delays. Modifications to projects due to
critical habitat are not expected to add significant monetary costs
(see section on ``Economic Analysis'' below).
Comment 15: Subsistence harvest of sea otters should be regulated
within critical habitat.
Our Response: Subsistence harvest of sea otters from the southwest
Alaska DPS is allowable under section 10(e) of the Act and section
101(b) of the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA). Permits are not
required under either the Act or the MMPA for Alaska Natives to harvest
sea otters for subsistence uses, although hides and skulls must be
tagged to fulfill reporting requirements. There is no Federal nexus
that would require consultation under section 7 of the Act; therefore,
the critical habitat designation would not provide a mechanism to
regulate subsistence harvest.
Comment 16: The proposed critical habitat designation does not
adequately address the impacts of entanglement in fishing gear.
Our Response: Critical habitat designation is not the appropriate
mechanism to address the impacts of sea otter entanglement in fishing
gear. The majority of designated critical habitat occurs within State
of Alaska waters. Therefore, most of the fisheries that occur within
critical habitat are not federally managed. Other regulatory mechanisms
to address the issue of entanglement in these fisheries are available
under the Act, such as provisions under section 10 of the Act (e.g.,
Habitat Conservation Plans). For those fisheries that have a Federal
nexus, the Service will consult with the National Marine Fisheries
Service to determine if the fishery will: (1) Jeopardize the southwest
Alaska DPS of the northern sea otter; and (2) adversely modify or
destroy their critical habitat.
Comments Requesting Exclusions of Areas From Critical Habitat
Designation
Comment 17: The exclusion of developed areas such as harbors and
marinas is inappropriate, as these structures may also be used for
resting or foraging.
Our Response: This exclusion covers the physical structures that
create a harbor or marina, such as piers, docks, jetties, and
breakwaters, as they do not contain the necessary PCEs themselves. It
is almost certain that harbors and marinas do not contain PCE 3 (kelp
forests). The waters contained within harbors and marinas may provide
cover and shelter from marine predators, and are therefore not excluded
from this designation.
One of these commenters also expressed concern that the exclusion
of these areas was the equivalent of a ``categorical exclusion'' from
all section 7 consultation requirements. Regardless of critical habitat
designation, the Service has the obligation to consult on activities
such as demolition, repair, or construction when a Federal nexus
exists. While the structures themselves are not designated as critical
habitat, the impacts of these activities will be considered against
both the jeopardy standard, and the adverse modification standard for
any adjacent designated critical habitat.
Comment 18: Areas immediately surrounding inhabited communities
should be excluded from designation as critical habitat for economic
purposes. One of these commenters specified that the excluded areas
should extend a distance of up to 1.6 kilometers (km) (1 mile (mi))
radius from each inhabited community. Another of these commenters also
questioned the benefit to sea otters of including these areas in the
critical habitat designation.
Our Response: We believe important benefits exist for designating
critical habitat in the vicinity of inhabited communities. Although
critical habitat immediately adjacent to inhabited communities
constitutes a relatively small proportion of the overall critical
habitat designation, the physical and biological features identified by
the PCEs provide protection from marine predators comparable to the
protection provided by similar features located in areas that are
distant from such communities. In addition, we believe that designated
critical habitat in the vicinity of inhabited communities has a unique
informational benefit that critical habitat in more remote areas does
not.
The Final Economic Analysis (FEA) identified the incremental costs
associated with designation of critical habitat for the southwest
Alaska DPS of the northern sea otter. Given the very small estimated
annual costs associated with all consultations due to the critical
habitat, and the small estimated costs per consultation expected to be
borne by third parties, individual communities in southwest Alaska are
not expected to bear significant costs due to critical habitat
designation. The FEA estimated that the additional economic impacts
expected from designation of critical habitat as proposed would amount
to an increase of 1.8 percent above the baseline impacts in the absence
of critical habitat designation. Oil spill planning and response
activities are expected to bear a majority of these costs. The economic
impacts of critical habitat are estimated to be approximately $58,900
per year over the entire range of the DPS assuming a 7 percent discount
rate. Of these costs, the FEA estimates that $54,900 of the annual
costs (93 percent) will be related to administrative costs of
consultations under section 7 of the Act. The majority of these costs
for consultations related to water quality, construction, and other
activities will be borne by the Service and the Federal action agency.
Third parties to these consultations are only expected to bear $513-
$875 per consultation in administrative costs related to the
incremental costs of critical habitat designation for informal and
formal consultations, respectively. The total actual costs to any
single community will ultimately depend on the number of activities in
that community that are subject to consultation under section 7 of the
Act, as well as the complexity of such consultations, that will dictate
whether informal or formal consultation is required.
Accordingly, after thorough consideration, we are not exercising
our discretion to exclude areas in and around inhabited communities in
southwest Alaska from critical habitat designation, due to the
insignificant costs estimated to be borne by individual communities as
a result of the designation of critical habitat, the important
protections the designation of critical habitat near communities will
afford the DPS, and the unique educational and informational benefits
of designating critical habitat there.
Comment 19: The Department of the Navy requested that areas
contiguous to islands in Unit 5 should be excluded from designation as
critical habitat due to their national security importance. The areas
requested for exclusion are used for a variety of training activities
that are considered vital to continued readiness of U.S. Navy forces.
The Department of the Navy is concerned that designation of critical
habitat in this area ``may restrict or prohibit implementation of
various training and testing requirements.'' They further state that
the ability to conduct training exercises in these areas ``on a short
notice basis'' is necessary for the Department of the Navy to ``achieve
its required level of operational readiness.''
[[Page 51992]]
Our Response: Section 4(b)(2) of the Act allows the Secretary to
use his discretion to exclude areas from critical habitat for reasons
of national security if the Secretary determines the benefits of such
an exclusion exceed the benefits of designating the area as critical
habitat. However, this exclusion cannot occur if it will result in the
extinction of the species concerned.
We understand the Navy's interest in conducting its training
exercises on a short notice basis so as to achieve its required level
of operational readiness. We believe, however, that the Navy's goals
are not incompatible with the designation of critical habitat for the
southwest Alaska DPS of the northern sea otter for a number of reasons.
The Navy has, and continues to have, an ongoing obligation to consult
with the Service to ensure that the activities they conduct, fund, or
carry out are not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of the
southwest Alaska DPS of the northern sea otter since it was listed as
threatened in August 2005. This obligation to consult exists regardless
of whether or not critical habitat for northern sea otter is
designated.
The estimated time and costs associated with consideration of sea
otter critical habitat is expected to be extremely small. This point is
underscored in the FEA, which explains that due to the minimal amount
of time critical habitat designation is expected to add to the
consultation process, the associated costs are insignificant.
The Service will work with the Navy to consult on their activities
under section 7 of the Act efficiently in an attempt to avoid any
delays to national security activities. There are additional
consultation mechanisms that may be available to further expedite the
Navy's consultations and enhance the Navy's ability to conduct training
exercises in the areas requested for exclusion on a short-notice basis.
One such mechanism is a programmatic consultation, which would consider
the impacts of multiple training exercises over multiple years. A
programmatic consultation would remove or reduce the need to consult on
a case-by-case basis.
In the event that the imminent need arises for an activity that is
not covered by an existing programmatic consultation, the Act provides
a mechanism for dealing with emergencies (e.g., national defense or
security emergencies) that would require expedited consultation (50 CFR
402.05). In these instances, if the proposed activity was determined to
be a national defense or security emergency, the Service would work
with the Department of the Navy to evaluate the expected impacts to sea
otters and their critical habitat, and to develop protective measures
during the emergency consultation. The designation of critical habitat
is not expected to impact the timing of emergency consultations.
In our consideration of the Navy's request for an exclusion, we
wish to emphasize the important role of critical habitat designation in
informing Federal, State, and local governments and the public of the
importance of critical habitat areas to listed species and the parties'
respective consultation obligations under section 7 of the Act.
We also note that designation of critical habitat in this area
provides conservation benefits to a substantial portion of the
southwest Alaska DPS of the northern sea otter. Results of the most
recent aerial survey of the Kodiak archipelago, conducted in 2004,
indicate that this area contained approximately 11,000 sea otters at
that time, which represents more than 20 percent of the estimated
population size for the entire southwest Alaska DPS (USFWS 2008). The
area requested for exclusion (3,418 km\2\ (1,320 mi\2\)) is
approximately 23 percent of the total area, and 51 percent of the area
of Unit 5. Inclusion of these areas as critical habitat will insure
that consultations with the Department of the Navy and other Federal
agencies will include both jeopardy and adverse modification analyses
for a significant portion of the southwest Alaska DPS.
In short, the Navy has an obligation to consult with the Service on
the effects of its military readiness activities on the southwest
Alaska DPS of the northern sea otter regardless of the designation of
critical habitat in this final rule. As a result, any delays and costs
associated with sea otter critical habitat designation are expected to
be minimal. Moreover, the Act contains mechanisms that may be
applicable to further expedite the Navy's consultations. In light of
these considerations, as well as the important protections and
educational benefits afforded by the designation of critical habitat
for the southwest Alaska DPS of the northern sea otter, the Secretary
has decided not to exercise his discretion to exclude the areas
requested by the Navy from our critical habitat designation for
national security reasons.
Comment 20: Fishing gear, including lines, nets, and anchors
associated with commercial sport and subsistence salmon fishing on
Kodiak Island and elsewhere in southwest Alaska, should be explicitly
excluded from designation as critical habitat.
Our Response: Critical habitat is defined as the physical and
biological features that are essential to the conservation of the
listed entity, and that may require special management considerations
or protections. From this definition, critical habitat designation does
not apply to privately owned items such as fishing gear, even when such
gear is used in geographic areas designated as critical habitat.
Comment 21: Some of the areas proposed for designation as critical
habitat are currently managed by the State of Alaska, and do not meet
the second part of the definition of critical habitat as they are
already protected and therefore do not require additional special
management considerations or protection.
Our Response: We acknowledge that some areas that were proposed for
designation as critical habitat geographically overlap with some areas
managed by the State of Alaska. The areas managed by the State include
those covered by: (1) Alaska Department of Natural Resources (ADNR)
Area Plans; and (2) Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADFG) Special
Area designations and plans. Within the range of the southwest Alaska
DPS, three ADNR plans (Bristol Bay, Kodiak, and Kenai Peninsula)
overlap with portions of proposed critical habitat units 3, 4, and 5.
In addition, the easternmost portion of critical habitat unit 2 is
included within the geographic coverage of the Bristol Bay plan. Some
of the areas proposed for critical habitat are also contained with
existing ADFG ``Special Areas,'' such as State game refuges, critical
habitat areas, and sanctuaries. Specifically, the Izembek State Refuge
intersects with portions of both proposed subunit 4a (Amak Island) and
subunit 4b (Izembek Lagoon). The Port Moller State Critical Habitat
Area intersects with portions of subunit 4c (Port Moller/Herendeen
Bay). And lastly, the Tugidak Island State Critical Habitat Area and
the McNeil River Sanctuary intersect with portions of Unit 5 (Kodiak,
Kamishak, Alaska Peninsula).
We acknowledge the efforts by the State to provide management
protections that benefit listed species and their habitat. However,
these areas meet the definition of critical habitat under the Act,
which is the habitat essential to the conservation of the species that
may require special management considerations or protections. Thus,
whether habitat requires additional special management because some
protections may already exist for it under State of Alaska law does not
determine whether that habitat
[[Page 51993]]
meets the definition of ``critical'' under the Act. In fact, the
presence of protections under State law demonstrates that special
management considerations or protections may be necessary.
This interpretation of the definition of critical habitat is
consistent with the plain language of the Act, and its underlying
policies. The Act specifically provides that ``all Federal departments
and agencies shall utilize their authorities in furtherance of the
purposes of this chapter,'' including the conservation of listed
species and their habitat. Alternative State protections, even if they
were considered to be equivalent or superior to critical habitat
designation for the species' conservation, are not a functional
substitute for critical habitat designation.
We have examined the types of protections that exist under State
law to assess their effectiveness in protecting sea otter habitat.
While ADNR Area Plans and ADFG special areas consider impacts to fish
and wildlife resources and their habitat, neither of these types of
protections are specifically designed to address sea otter concerns.
Regarding threatened and endangered species, all ADNR Area Plans
contain the following guidelines:
All land use activities will be conducted consistent with state
and federal Endangered Species Acts to avoid jeopardizing the
continued existence of threatened or endangered species of animals
or plants, to provide for their continued use of an area, and to
avoid modification or destruction of their habitat. Specific
mitigation recommendations should be identified through interagency
consultation for any land use activity that potentially affects
threatened or endangered species.
Neither the sea otter nor its habitat is protected under the State
Endangered Species Act, and thus receive no protections under that
statute or the ADNR Area Plans. The protections in the ADNR Area Plans
are limited to those provided in the Federal Act. Thus, absent the
designation of critical habitat under the Federal Act, no consideration
will be afforded for critical habitat under this provision in the ADNR
Area Plans.
Although the ADNR plans contain important goals and objectives for
the protection of sensitive areas, which may include sea otter habitat,
they do not specify criteria for how these objectives will be achieved.
The management guidance provided by these plan designations does not
contain clear standards to ensure that important sea otter habitat will
be effectively protected. We have similar concerns regarding the
effectiveness of the ADFG special area protections. In special areas,
the primary mechanism for habitat protection is the requirement that a
``special area permit'' be obtained for many land and water use
activities, including construction activities, destruction of
vegetation, excavation, dredging, filling, and energy exploration,
development, and production (5 AAC 95.420(a)). However, the plans lack
measurable criteria for determining whether and how a particular
activity subject to a permit application meets the dual goals of
maintaining, protecting and enhancing habitat and maintaining public
use, and do not provide assurances that the areas will be protected.
Therefore, we conclude that the areas managed by the State of
Alaska meet the statutory definition of critical habitat under the Act.
We also conclude that the existing management protections for these
areas are not a substitute for Federal critical habitat designation.
Because of this, and in light of the benefits of critical habitat
designation, the Secretary has decided not to exercise his discretion
to exclude these areas covered by existing State of Alaska management
from our designation of critical habitat for the southwest Alaska DPS
of the northern sea otter.
Comment 22: Various areas where human activities occur, including
fishing, mining, logging, and oil and gas exploration, development, and
production, should be excluded from designation as critical habitat.
One commenter specifically requested exclusion of areas in Cook Inlet/
Eastern Alaska Peninsula/Kodiak Island identified through the economic
analysis as economically important, and two log transfer facilities in
Kazakof Bay on Afognak Island.
Our Response: Several commenters expressed concern about the
designation of critical habitat in areas of human activities. Although
the reason(s) were not explicitly stated, we presume the concern was
related to the potential economic impacts that may result from critical
habitat designation. As explained above under comment 19, the FEA
concluded that the economic impacts of critical habitat including, but
not limited to, the activities listed above, is estimated to be
approximately $58,900 per year over the range of the entire DPS
assuming a 7 percent discount rate. Third parties to section 7
consultations on activities such as those listed above are only
expected to bear $513-$875 per consultation in administrative costs
related to the incremental costs of critical habitat designation for
informal and formal consultations, respectively. Thus, third parties to
consultations on activities such as fishing, mining, and logging are
not expected to bear any significant costs due to critical habitat
designation.
We outline our rationale for why the physical and biological
features are considered essential elsewhere in this final rule (see
``Primary Constituent Elements''). We also present the benefits of
designating critical habitat later in this final rule, such as
protections to the species by considering critical habitat in section 7
consultations, and the educational and information benefits of
designation (see ``Benefits of Designating Critical Habitat'').
Therefore, in light of these benefits and the minimal costs to third
parties, the Secretary has decided not to exercise his discretion to
exclude any areas from critical habitat based on economic reasons.
Comment 23: One commenter requested that Chignik Bay be excluded
from critical habitat designation.
Our Response: No supporting information was provided by this
commenter. As a result, the Secretary has decided not to exercise his
discretion to exclude Chignik Bay for economic reasons (see our
response to Comment 22 above) or other relevant factors, and this area
has not been excluded from our designation of critical habitat.
Comments Related to the Process of Designating Critical Habitat
Comment 24: The public comment period for the proposed critical
habitat designation was too short.
Our Response: The applicable regulations implementing the Act and
the Administrative Procedure Act require us to provide 60 days for
public review and comment on a proposed rule designating critical
habitat. The Service provided 60 days for public comment initially, and
subsequently reopened the public comment period to allow additional
public comments from May 8 through July 9, 2009. In addition, we held a
public hearing on June 18, 2009, in Anchorage, Alaska, and we operated
a toll-free public comment hotline from June 9 through July 9, 2009, to
enable callers to record their comments, which were later transcribed.
We also conducted extensive outreach to notify the public of these
additional public comment opportunities. Collectively, therefore, the
amount of time provided for public comment from the publication of the
proposed rule in December 2008 through July 2009 was effectively
greater than 6 months. Given the above, we believe we provided
[[Page 51994]]
sufficient time and means for the public to comment on the proposed
rule.
Comment 25: The Service should consult directly with communities
and Alaska Native Tribes within the proposed critical habitat area.
Our Response: The Service conducted extensive public outreach with
organizations, communities, and Alaska Natives within the range of the
southwest Alaska DPS of the northern sea otter. We responded to all
requests for additional information from various organizations and
communities before submitting the proposed rule to designate critical
habitat to the Federal Register. The Service remains committed to
working with Alaska Natives on this and other issues regarding
federally listed species and designated critical habitat. Further, as
discussed later in this final rule, we have determined that there are
no Native Alaskan Tribal lands within the boundaries of this
designation of critical habitat for the sea otter.
Comment 26: The Service should hold public hearings in several
communities in southwest Alaska.
Our Response: The communities suggested as sites for public
hearings are located in relatively remote areas of southwest Alaska.
Although we acknowledge the value of face-to-face meetings, the
logistical difficulties of holding hearings in these southwest Alaska
communities made them impractical. Instead, we used other methods to
increase the opportunity for residents to provide comments verbally, as
well as in writing. We held one public hearing in Anchorage, Alaska, on
June 18, 2009, and provided telephone access for individuals who were
unable to attend the hearing in person. We received one comment from
attendees and received no calls during the hearing. To increase public
access, we also established a toll-free ``public comment hotline'' that
operated for the duration of the reopened public comment period, which
occurred from June 9 through July 9, 2009. We received no comments on
the public comment hotline. We believe these accommodations provided
sufficient time and means for the public to comment on the proposed
rule.
Comment 27: The Service should consider all research, not just its
own, in the designation of critical habitat.
Our Response: In preparing this critical habitat designation, the
Service thoroughly considered any and all relevant information about
sea otters and their habitat. The vast majority of research used in the
determination of PCEs and critical habitat was from non-Service
sources. As such, we believe that we used the best available scientific
and commercial information on developing this critical habitat
designation. The supporting documentation we used in preparing this
rule is available for public inspection (see ADDRESSES).
Comments on the Economic Analysis
Comment 28: The Executive Summary should include a description of
the difference between baseline and incremental impacts and which is
the appropriate consideration of cost under the Act's critical habitat
inquiry.
Our Response: Paragraph 6 on page ES-2 of the draft economic
analysis defines the baseline and incremental impacts; these
definitions are further detailed in Chapter 2. Section 2.1 summarizes
the case history describing the reason for providing both categories of
impacts, quantifying them separately, in the economic analysis.
Comment 29: Two comments provided on the draft economic analysis
state that the analysis needs to quantify the benefits of critical
habitat designation. Specifically, one comment argues that the analysis
should employ results of work by John Loomis on the economic benefits
of southern sea otter protection in California as it is directly
relevant. The comment states that the economic analysis is not correct
in concluding that the Southwest Alaska DPS does not generate tourism
benefit because of the remote nature of the proposed critical habitat
area. Although tourism activity may be lower in Alaska habitat than in
California habitat, the comment asserts that sea otters in Alaska do
provide some tourism benefit that should be quantified. The comment
further states that the economic analysis does not attempt to develop
estimates of passive use values, noting that beneficiaries include all
U.S. citizens who hold existence values for the sea otters. The comment
cites a 2000 Land Economics article by Loomis concluding that even
small changes in population levels of threatened and endangered species
can generate large welfare impacts and that the economic analysis
should attempt to construct a range of potential population changes
that might result from critical habitat designation, for example, via
expert interviews. Another comment notes that potential ancillary
economic benefits of critical habitat may stem from the protection of
ecosystem services, increasing recreational and wildlife-viewing
opportunities, and concurrent conservation of other species.
Our Response: Section 8.2 of the draft economic analysis describes
Dr. Loomis' research related to the value of sea otter conservation in
California, providing the quantitative results. The Loomis study
estimates the tourism and nonmarket economic values per sea otter from
an increase in the population of 196 otters expected to result from a
translocation program. As detailed in the draft economic analysis, to
estimate tourism benefits Loomis transfers a point estimate of benefits
of wildlife viewing from a group thesis from the University of Santa
Barbara (Aldrich et al., 2001). He adjusts this estimate to narrow the
value to the benefits specifically of viewing sea otter using a 1985
Hageman study developed for the National Marine Fisheries Service.
Loomis accordingly estimates tourism benefits in Southern California of
$13,220 to $69,000 in income and 0.53 to 2.8 jobs per otter. Loomis
employs benefits transfer techniques using the Hageman study and a 1996
Loomis and White meta-analysis to determine a range for the non-market
value of an increase in sea otter population of 196. The resulting
benefit to California households is $2.32 to $5.81 per household.
The draft economic analysis agrees that the Loomis study evidences
that real social welfare benefits are associated with expansions in sea
otter populations. The Loomis study, however, does not provide an
adequate basis to quantify the specific benefits of sea otter critical
habitat designation. Regarding the tourism benefits, while the
commodities (sea otters) being valued are similar in the Loomis study
and the draft economic analysis, the potentially affected populations
(Southern California versus Southwest Alaska) are not. The Southern
California sea otter population is comparatively significantly more
accessible for wildlife viewing. In fact, the Loomis study only applies
the estimated per otter tourism benefits in Southern California to
those otters determined to be accessible for viewing. While some otter
viewing may occur in Southwest Alaska, the remote character of the
habitat is not comparable to Southern California habitat. With regard
to the nonmarket (e.g., existence and option) values, the Loomis study
models a specific policy scenario of otter population changes (increase
of 196 otters) to derive per otter value estimates. The potential
effect on otter populations of the conservation efforts forecast to
occur in the baseline and incremental scenarios of the draft economic
analysis is unknown. While the comment suggests surveying experts to
determine how critical habitat may affect otter populations in order to
estimate a total
[[Page 51995]]
nonmarket benefit, Service biologists are not able to project
population effects of the regulation.
Finally, neither the Loomis study nor the draft economic analysis
provides a quantitative estimate of the total ecosystem service
benefits. The Loomis study provides a value per acre for coastal
ecosystems of $7,600 per acre citing a 1997 Costanza et al. study.
Section 8.3 of the draft economic analysis highlights the potential
categories of ecosystem service benefits associated with otter
conservation by unit across the proposed critical habitat designation.
These benefit categories include improved water quality, aesthetic
benefits, regional economic benefits, and improved health of other,
coexisting species.
Comment 30: One comment states that the economic analysis is
deficient in not at least providing speculative estimates of
incremental costs related to the critical habitat designation for oil
and gas development projects. The comment highlights the following
possible impacts on any oil and gas development that might occur in the
area of the proposed designation: Increased costs of permitting oil and
gas development projects; delay costs; decreased investment,
exploration, and lease sales, resulting in decreased revenue accruing
to the State of Alaska; community-level impacts, including loss of
jobs, etc.; and natural gas supply issues, resulting in increased costs
of natural gas. The commenter believes the draft economic analysis
should assess the impact of the need to build in a timing window for
seismic exploration, additional restrictions on drilling, seismic
surveys, pipeline routes, helicopter overflights, and barging
operations. The commenter expressed particular concern about potential
oil and gas activity in Unit 4C, Port Moller-Herendeen Bay.
Our Response: Section 4.4 of the economic analysis describes
potential impacts of critical habitat for the sea otter on oil and gas
activities. As described in the analysis, oil and gas development is
reasonably foreseeable within or in offshore areas that may affect
critical habitat areas in the future. Experts in the field of oil and
gas development in Alaska, however, assert that forecasting any
specific scenario predicting the scope and scale of oil and gas
development in this area would be speculative. In addition, the Service
has not consulted on oil and gas activity as relates to the sea otter.
Because the Service has not yet consulted on oil and gas activities
associated with sea otters, and because the Service plans to address
future planned activities on a case-by-case basis, it is not possible
to predict specific conservation efforts for the sea otter at this
time. However, the FEA discusses potential project modifications that
the Service might request for sea otter based on past examples from
consultations involving the Steller's eider, a listed bird species with
designated critical habitat that overlaps sea otter critical habitat.
From these consultations project modifications have resulted in
increased costs to operators rather than limitations on the industry's
ability to survey or develop oil and gas resources in critical habitat
areas. Past conservation measures have included development of
Geographic Response Strategies for an area, hiring an experienced
onboard monitor for active vessels and aerial species monitoring.
Comment 31: The State of Alaska describes that the economic
analysis should provide a more comprehensive estimate of the
incremental costs of critical habitat on a potential offshore-onshore
pipeline at Port Moller-Herendeen Bay and of docks and utility
corridors on the south side of the Alaska Peninsula. While the specific
timing and location of these projects are uncertain, the comment argues
the economic analysis should provide an estimated range of potential
costs.
Our Response: Chapter 4 of the draft economic analysis discusses
the potential for construction and operation of a pipeline to transport
oil and/or gas from Bristol Bay and points northward to an outlet on
the south side of the Alaska Peninsula, which may include building a
pipeline across the Alaska Peninsula. The analysis cites a recent study
which estimates that an additional 482.8 km (300 miles) of pipeline
will need to be constructed to support the oil and gas industry within
the North Aleutian Basin over the next 50 years. The final economic
analysis includes discussion of the four potential Trans-Peninsula
Transportation Corridors identified in the Bristol Bay Area Plan, one
of which may be located at the southern end of the Port Moller-
Herendeen Bay critical habitat unit. The analysis also notes that the
Bristol Bay Area Plan has identified the Port Moller-Herendeen Bay Area
as having ``modest'' potential for oil and gas development, and that
``one possible use for land at the back of Herendeen Bay [is for it] to
be used for trans-peninsular transport and associated development.''
The analysis describes that the State of Alaska has identified the Port
Moller-Herendeen Bay area as being a promising area for locating this
pipeline.
Specific plans for timing and location of the pipeline do not
exist; siting of the pipeline and associated support facilities will
depend on where the natural gas resources are located. Thus, the
analysis presents information about the potential locations of
pipelines within critical habitat, but does not quantify specific
impacts of otter conservation on any project.
Comment 32: The State of Alaska notes that the economic analysis
presents estimates of potential costs for 3-D seismic surveys in Cook
Inlet but that an estimate of costs for similar projects in Bristol Bay
would be more informative and likely much higher.
Our Response: As described above and in Chapter 4 of the draft
economic analysis, the Service has not consulted on oil and gas
activity as it relates to the sea otter. However, the analysis
discusses available examples from the one past consultation on seismic
surveying involving the Steller's eider. This consultation occurred in
Cook Inlet. Thus, no information is currently available to inform an
analysis of potential impacts of sea otters on seismic survey
activities in Bristol Bay. The final economic analysis now notes the
State's assertion that costs for potential, similar projects in Bristol
Bay may cost more than the Cook Inlet example due to the comparatively
remote nature of Bristol Bay.
Comment 33: The State of Alaska states that economic analysis
describes, ``a history of opposition to oil and gas development within
the region,'' referencing assumptions made in 1985 regarding oil and
gas production in the 1994 to 1999 time frame. However, no production
was allowed in that timeframe due to a Presidential moratorium and a
Congressional moratorium following the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill.
Since that time, the Peninsula Borough, Bristol Bay Borough, and
Aleutians East Borough signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the
State affirming support and cooperation to facilitate responsible oil
and gas development in the region.
Our Response: Section 4.4 of the final economic analysis clarifies
that recent Memoranda of Understanding have been signed by local
residents in support of responsible oil and gas development in the
Bristol Bay region.
Comment 34: A comment provided on the draft economic analysis
highlights a series of potential transportation projects, generally
related to potential future oil and gas development activity, and
states that incremental increases in the cost of constructing these
projects associated with critical habitat
[[Page 51996]]
designation should be considered. Specific projects of concern include
the Alaska Peninsula Regional Transportation Corridor, Community
Transportation Plans, port and harbor projects, and the three Trans-
Peninsula Transportation Corridors identified in the Bristol Bay Area
Plan.
Our Response: Section 5.1 of the analysis considers potential
impacts to transportation projects, including airports, ports, and
harbors. Forecast projects were determined through communication with
both the Federal Aviation Administration and Alaska Department of
Transportation, along with publicly available transportation plans from
these agencies. The final economic analysis incorporates a discussion
of the potential transportation projects described in the comment;
these transportation projects, however, are largely land-based. For
example, the Regional Transportation Corridors and Community
Transportation Projects in the Bristol Bay Area Plan, including the
Chigniks Road Intertie, are all ground transportation projects. Because
these projects do not involve construction in marine waters, it is
unclear how they would be affected by otter conservation.
Comment 35: One commenter notes that the draft economic analysis
does not quantify impacts to other types of energy projects (e.g.,
wind, wave, and geothermal projects). The commenter states that the
Makah Bay offshore Wave Energy Pilot Project described in the economic
analysis could be used to generate an estimate of incremental costs for
similar projects in the study area. The comment also mentions that a
geothermal project near Naknek is currently being permitted.
Our Response: The economic analysis addresses potential impacts to
tidal energy projects in Section 5.1.4. This section includes a
discussion of all tidal energy projects that have received a
preliminary permit from FERC. Outside of the Naknek project, the
comment does not provide new information about specific projects not
included in the analysis.
With respect to impacts on wave energy projects, little is known
for the critical habitat area. While the Makah Bay Wave Energy Pilot
Project discussed in the analysis is suggestive of potential project
modifications that could be undertaken to reduce threats to the otter
and its habitat, Makah Bay is in Washington State, and conditions are
thought to be distinctly different from those being designated as
critical habitat in Alaska. Further, no wave energy projects are
currently proposed in critical habitat areas.
At this time, there do not appear to be any plans for offshore wind
farms within the proposed critical habitat designation. It is therefore
likewise uncertain whether and to what extent such projects may occur
in the proposed designation.
Finally, Chapter 5 of the final economic analysis is revised to
describe the potential for geothermal energy development in critical
habitat areas, in particular the proposed Naknek project in the
vicinity of Unit 5. As discussed, the Aleutian Islands have a high
potential for geothermal energy development. However, similar to future
oil and gas development, the location of potential future geothermal
projects is unknown at this time. Because no consultations on
geothermal projects have occurred for otters, the scope of potential
project modifications for the sea otter is also unknown. With respect
to the Naknek geothermal project and associated transmission lines,
these do not appear to be located near the proposed critical habitat.
It is, therefore, unclear how the Naknek project would be affected by
the designation.
Other Comments
Comment 36: The proposed rule mischaracterizes the importance of
this area to the State and its citizens. The proposed rule states,
``The scale of human activities that occur within the proposed critical
habitat areas is exceedingly small.''
Our Response: The statement from the proposed rule shown above was
not intended in any way to diminish the importance of southwest Alaska.
Rather, it was included to illustrate that, for the most part, the
range of sea otter habitat in southwest Alaska is relatively free from
human disturbance. We have clarified this point in this final rule.
Comment 37: One commenter stated that based on their observations
of sea otter movements between Kamishak Bay and the Kenai Peninsula,
the areas north of Cape Douglas should be excluded from critical
habitat designation. This commenter also suggested that sea otters in
the Barren Islands also belong to the southcentral Alaska population
stock, and this area should also be excluded from critical habitat
designation.
Our Response: This comment addresses the discreteness aspect of the
DPS justification, which was part of the August 9, 2005, final listing
rule (70 FR 46366). We recognize that the issue of sea otter movements
across Cook Inlet is not fully clear; however, the best available
scientific information indicates that the waters of Cook Inlet are the
appropriate boundary between the southwest and southcentral Alaska
population stocks of sea otters (Gorbics and Bodkin 2001, p. 636).
Additional studies using tagged sea otters, as well as genetic analysis
of sea otters from Kamishak Bay, Kachemak Bay, and the Barren Islands,
would be helpful in addressing this issue. In the meantime, we are
required to designate critical habitat for the southwest Alaska DPS of
the northern sea otter, which includes lower western Cook Inlet, north
of Cape Douglas, and also the Barren Islands. As such, nearshore marine
waters in these areas that contain the identified PCEs are included in
our critical habitat designation.
Summary of Changes From the 2008 Proposed Rule
Comments on our December 2008 proposed rule (73 FR 76454) to
designate critical habitat varied considerably. While some commenters
stated that our proposed designation did not include sufficient area
for the conservation of the southwest Alaska DPS of the northern sea
otter, they did not provide specific supporting information relative to
additional PCEs that would expand the extent of the critical habitat
designation. Other commenters stated that our proposed designation
encompassed too large an area, and several requested that specific
areas be excluded from designation based on economic reasons, on
existing management plans that obviate the need for special management
considerations or protections, and for national security reasons. We
considered these requests for exclusion, and for the reasons explained
previously in our responses to public comments, we do not exclude any
areas from the final designation.
We refined the GIS data layers used to map critical habitat since
the proposed rule was published in December 2008, resulting in slight
changes to the size of some units. Other than this slight revision, our
final designation of critical habitat is essentially unchanged from
what we proposed in December 2008.
Critical Habitat
Critical habitat is defined in section 3 of the Act as:
(1) The specific areas within the geographical area occupied by a
species, at the time it is listed in accordance with the Act, on which
are found those physical or biological features
(a) Essential to the conservation of the species and
(b) Which may require special management considerations or
protection; and
(2) Specific areas outside the geographical area occupied by a
species
[[Page 51997]]
at the time it is listed, upon a determination that such areas are
essential for the conservation of the species.
Conservation, as defined under section 3 of the Act, means the use
of all methods and procedures that are necessary to bring any
endangered species or threatened species to the point at which the
measures provided under the Act are no longer necessary.
Critical habitat receives protection under section 7 of the Act
through the prohibition against Federal agencies carrying out, funding,
or authorizing the destruction or adverse modification of critical
habitat. Section 7 of the Act requires consultation on Federal actions
that may affect critical habitat. The designation of critical habitat
does not affect land ownership or establish a refuge, wilderness,
reserve, preserve, or other conservation area. Such designation does
not allow the government or public to access private lands. Such
designation does not require implementation of restoration, recovery,
or enhancement measures by private landowners. Where the landowner
seeks or requests Federal agency funding or authorization for an
activity that may affect a listed species or critical habitat, the
consultation requirements of section 7 of the Act would apply. However,
even in the event of a finding of destruction or adverse modification,
the landowner's obligation is not to restore or recover the species,
but to implement reasonable and prudent alternatives to avoid
destruction or adverse modification of critical habitat.
For inclusion in a critical habitat designation, habitat within the
geographical area occupied by the species at the time it was listed
must contain the physical and biological features essential to the
conservation of the species. Critical habitat designations identify, to
the extent known using the best scientific data available, habitat
areas that provide essential life cycle needs of the species (areas on
which are found the primary constituent elements, as defined at 50 CFR
424.12(b)). Occupied habitat that contains the features essential to
the conservation of the species meets the definition of critical
habitat only if those features may require special management
considerations or protection. Under the Act, we can designate
unoccupied areas as critical habitat only when we determine that the
best available scientific data demonstrate that the designation of that
area is essential to the conservation needs of the species.
Section 4 of the Act requires that we designate critical habitat on
the basis of the best scientific and commercial data available.
Further, our Policy on Information Standards Under the Endangered
Species Act (published in the Federal Register on July 1, 1994 (59 FR
34271)), the Information Quality Act (section 515 of the Treasury and
General Government Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 2001 (Pub. L.
106-554; H.R. 5658)), and our associated Information Quality Guidelines
provide criteria, establish procedures, and provide guidance to ensure
that our decisions are based on the best scientific data available.
They require our biologists, to the extent consistent with the Act and
with the use of the best scientific data available, to use primary and
original sources of information as the basis for recommendations to
designate critical habitat.
When we are determining which areas should be proposed as critical
habitat, our primary source of information is generally the information
developed during the listing process for the species. Additional
information sources may include the recovery plan for the species,
articles in peer-reviewed journals, conservation plans developed by
States and counties, scientific status surveys and studies, biological
assessments, or other unpublished materials and expert opinion or
personal knowledge.
Habitat is often dynamic, and species may move from one area to
another over time. Furthermore, we recognize that designated critical
habitat may not include all of the habitat areas that we may eventually
determine, based on scientific data not now available to the Service,
are necessary for the recovery of the species. For these reasons, a
critical habitat designation does not signal that habitat outside the
designated area is unimportant or may not be required for recovery of
the species.
Areas that support populations, but are outside the critical
habitat designation, will continue to be subject to conservation
actions we implement under section 7(a)(1) of the Act and our other
wildlife authorities. They are also subject to the regulatory
protections afforded by the section 7(a)(2) jeopardy standard, as
determined on the basis of the best available scientific information at
the time of the agency action. Federally funded or permitted projects
affecting listed species outside their designated critical habitat
areas may result in jeopardy findings in some cases. Similarly,
critical habitat designations made on the basis of the best available
information at the time of designation will not control the direction
and substance of future recovery plans, habitat conservation plans
(HCPs), or other species conservation planning efforts if new
information available to these planning efforts calls for a different
outcome.
Primary Constituent Elements (PCEs)
In accordance with section 3(5)(A)(i) of the Act and the
regulations at 50 CFR 424.12, in determining which areas occupied at
the time of listing to propose as critical habitat, we consider areas
containing the physical and biological features that are essential to
the conservation of the species and may require special management
considerations or protection. These features are the specific primary
constituent elements (PCEs) laid out in the appropriate quantity and
spatial arrangement for the conservation of the species. These include,
but are not limited to:
1. Space for individual and population growth and for normal
behavior;
2. Food, water, air, light, minerals, or other nutritional or
physiological requirements;
3. Cover or shelter;
4. Sites for breeding, reproduction, or rearing (or development) of
offspring; and
5. Habitats that are protected from disturbance or are
representative of the historical, geographical, and ecological
distributions of a species.
We derive the specific primary constituent elements (PCEs) for the
southwest Alaska DPS from its biological needs, as described in the
Background section of our proposed rule published at 73 FR 76454 on
December 16, 2008, and the following information.
Space for Individual and Population Growth and for Normal Behavior
Sea otters exhibit complex movement patterns related to habitat
characteristics, social organization, and reproductive biology. It is
likely that movements differ among populations depending on whether a
population is at or near carrying capacity or has access to unoccupied
suitable habitat into which it can expand (Riedman and Estes 1990, p.
58). Most research into sea otter movements has been conducted where
unoccupied habitat is available to dispersing animals. Early research
in the Aleutian Islands by Kenyon (1969, p. 204) also found that males
have larger home ranges than females and described the female sea
otter's home range as including 8-16 km (5.0-9.9 mi) of contiguous
coastline. Male sea otter home ranges are highly variable. For
territorial (breeding) males,
[[Page 51998]]
the area defended is smaller than that of a female range, but the
territory is not necessarily defended year-round and may include larger
scale movements to more productive feeding grounds. Breeding may not
occur until a male is older (7-10 years) and in an established
population. Little is known about the home range of non-breeding males.
In the listed region, where dramatic reduction in numbers have
occurred, even less is known about movement patterns and home range
sizes (A. Doroff, USFWS, pers. comm. 2008).
At present, sea otters occur throughout nearly all of their former
range in southwest Alaska, albeit at considerably lower densities than
were present prior to the recent population decline that led to the
listing of the DPS. Space for individual and population growth and for
normal behavior does not appear to be a limiting factor for this DPS.
Food, Water, Air, Light, Minerals, or Other Nutritional or
Physiological Requirements
The sea otter is a generalist predator, known to consume a wide
variety of different prey species (Kenyon 1969, p. 110; Riedman and
Estes 1990, p. 36; Estes and Bodkin 2002, p. 847). With few exceptions,
their prey consist of sessile, or slow-moving, benthic invertebrates
such as mollusks, crustaceans, and echinoderms, including sea urchins.
Foraging occurs in habitats with rocky and soft sediment substrates
between the high intertidal zone to depths slightly in excess of 100 m
(328.1 ft). Preferred foraging habitat is generally in depths less than
40 m (131.2 ft) (Riedman and Estes 1990, p. 31), although studies in
southeast Alaska have found that some animals forage mostly at depths
from 40-80 m (131.2-262.5 ft) (Bodkin et al. 2004, p. 318).
The diet of sea otters is usually studied by observing prey items
brought to the surface for consumption, and therefore diet composition
is usually expressed as a percentage of all identified prey that belong
to a particular prey species or type. Although the sea otter is known
to prey on a large number of species, only a few tend to predominate in
the diet in any particular area. Prey type and size depends on
location, habitat type, season, and length of occupation.
Sea otters can be very diverse in their diets. Different habitats
offer different types of prey. There are about 200 known prey species
for sea otters, but the dominant ones that tend to sustain the
population are crab, clam, urchin, and mussel. The predominately soft-
sediment habitats of southeast Alaska, Prince William Sound, and Kodiak
Island support populations of clams that are the primary prey of sea
otters. Throughout most of southeast Alaska, burrowing clams (species
of Saxidomus, Protothaca, Macoma, and Mya) predominate in the sea
otter's diet (Kvitek et al. 1993, p. 172). They account for more than
50 percent of the identified prey, although urchins (S. droebachiensis)
and mussels (Modiolis modiolis, Mytilus spp., and Musculus spp.) can
also be important. In Prince William Sound and Kodiak Island, clams
account for 34-100 percent of the otter's prey (Calkins 1978, p. 127;
Doroff and Bodkin 1994, p. 202; Doroff and DeGange 1994, p. 706).
Mussels (Mytilus trossulus) apparently become more important for sea
otters as a prey base as the length of occupation by sea otters
increases, ranging from 0 percent of their prey base at newly occupied
sites at Kodiak to 22 percent of their prey base in long-occupied areas
(Doroff and DeGange 1994, p. 709). Crabs (C. magister) were once
important sea otter prey in eastern Prince William Sound, but
apparently have been depleted by otter foraging and are no longer eaten
in large numbers (Garshelis et al. 1986, p. 642). Sea urchins are minor
components of the sea otter's diet in Prince William Sound and the
Kodiak archipelago. In contrast, the diet in the Aleutian, Commander,
and Kuril Islands is dominated by sea urchins and a variety of fin fish
(Kenyon 1969, p. 116; Estes et al. 1982, p. 250). Sea urchins tend to
dominate the diet of low-density sea otter populations, whereas more
fishes are consumed in populations near equilibrium density (Estes et
al. 1982, p. 250). For unknown reasons, fish are rarely consumed by sea
otters in regions east of the Aleutian Islands.
As the population has declined in the past 20 years throughout much
of the range of the southwest Alaska DPS of the northern sea otter,
prey species such as sea urchins have increased in both size and
abundance (Estes et al. 1998, p. 474). Recent studies of sea otter body
condition indicate improved overall health and suggest that limited
nutritional resources were not the cause of the observed population
decline (Laidre et al. 2006, p. 987). Although food, water, air, light,
minerals, or other nutritional or physiological requirements do not
appear to be a limiting factor, availability of sufficient prey
resources and areas in which to forage are essential to the
conservation of the DPS.
Cover or Shelter
Estes et al. (1998, p. 473) believe the decline of sea otters in
southwest Alaska is the result of increased predation, most likely by
killer whales (Orcinus orca). These authors examined a suite of
information and concluded that the recent population decline was likely
not due to food limitation, disease, or reduced productivity. Several
lines of evidence, including increased frequency of killer whale
attacks and significantly higher mortality rates in Kuluk Bay on Adak
Island, as compared to Clam Lagoon, a protected area that is
inaccessible to killer whales, also support this conclusion (Estes et
al. 1998, p. 473).
A shift in distribution toward the shoreline has also been observed
in the western and central Aleutian Islands, which may allow otters
easier escape onto the land. In August 2007, the Service and USGS
conducted skiff-based surveys in the Near and Rat Island groups in the
western Aleutians. In addition to recording the number and approximate
location of every otter sighting, observers also recorded the
approximate distance to the nearest shore. The median distance to shore
for 811 sea otters observed was 10 m (32.8 ft); 90 percent of all
otters observed were within 100 m (328.1 ft) (USFWS unpublished
information). Aerial survey data indicate that in some areas, the
majority of the remaining sea otter population inhabits sheltered bays
and coves, which may also provide protection from marine predators
(USFWS unpublished information).
Canopy-forming kelps (including species of Macrocystis, Druehlia,
and Nereocystis) provide resting habitat (Kenyon 1969, p. 57; Riedman
and Estes 1990, p. 23), and may also provide protection from marine
predators (C. Matkin, personal communication). Kelp forests occur
primarily in waters less than 20 m (65.6 ft) in depth (O'Clair and
Lindstrom 2000, pp. 41, 57). In addition, killer whales may be less
likely to forage in shallow, constricted areas less than 2 m (6.6 ft)
in depth (C. Matkin, personal communication).
Based on our understanding of threats to the southwest Alaska DPS,
we believe that features that provide protection from marine predators,
especially killer whales, are essential to the conservation of the DPS.
Sites for Breeding, Reproduction, or Rearing (or Development) of
Offspring
There appears to be a positive relationship between shoreline
complexity and sea otter density (Riedman and Estes 1990, p. 23).
[[Page 51999]]
Although not obligatory, headlands, coves, and bays appear to offer
preferred resting habitat, particularly to females with pups,
presumably because they provide protection from high wind and sea
conditions. Surveys of sea otters in southwest Alaska do not indicate
that pup production is a limiting factor for the DPS (USFWS and USGS
unpublished information).
Bodkin et al. (2004, p. 305) found that 85 percent of all foraging
dives by female sea otters were in waters less than 20 m (65.6 ft) in
depth. Although this study was conducted in southeast Alaska,
additional studies using time-depth recorders indicate that female sea
otters predominantly forage in shallower water than males.
Habitats Protected From Disturbance or Representative of the
Historical, Geographical, and Ecological Distributions of the Species
Within the range of the southwest Alaska DPS of the northern sea
otter, the vast majority of sea otter habitats is undisturbed, and is
representative of the historical, geographical, and ecological
distributions of the species. Changes in climatic conditions, due to
both ``normal'' climate variability (Hunt and Stabeno 2005, p. 300) and
human activities (Schumacher and Kruse 2005, p. 283), are expected to
modify both the physical environment and the biota within the range of
the southwest Alaska DPS. It would be expected that climate change
would have more impact on sea otters at the southern end of the range,
but this expectation should be tempered by the realization that
atmospheric changes can influence ecosystems in many complex ways. For
example, increased atmospheric carbon dioxide is causing increased
ocean acidification, in turn inhibiting the process of calcification in
virtually all ocean-dwelling species. It is not clear whether climate
change will affect sea otter recovery. Therefore it will be important
to monitor these changes and to evaluate them in regard to sea otter
ecology and population dynamics.
Primary Constituent Elements for the Southwest Alaska DPS of the
Northern Sea Otter
Within the geographical area occupied by the southwest Alaska DPS
of the northern sea otter at the time of listing, we must identify the
primary constituent elements (PCEs) laid out in the appropriate
quantity and spatial arrangement essential to the conservation of the
DPS (i.e., the essential physical and biological features) that may
require special management considerations or protections.
Based on the above needs and our current knowledge of the life
history, biology, and ecology of the species, we have determined that
the southwest Alaska DPS of the northern sea otter's PCEs are:
1. Shallow, rocky areas where marine predators are less likely to
forage, which are waters less than 2 m (6.6 ft) in depth;
2. Nearshore waters that may provide protection or escape from
marine predators, which are those within 100 m (328.1 ft) from the mean
high tide line;
3. Kelp forests that provide protection from marine predators,
which occur in waters less than 20 m (65.6 ft) in depth; and
4. Prey resources within the areas identified by PCEs 1, 2, and 3
that are present in sufficient quantity and quality to support the
energetic requirements of the species.
This final critical habitat designation encompasses those areas
containing the PCEs necessary to support one or more of the species'
life history functions and laid out in the appropriate quantity and
spatial arrangement essential to the conservation of the DPS. All units
in this designation contain some or all of the PCEs and support
multiple life processes.
Special Management Considerations or Protections
When designating critical habitat, we assess whether the occupied
areas contain features that are essential to the conservation of the
species and that may require special management considerations or
protections. The range of the southwest Alaska DPS of the northern sea
otter is sparsely populated by humans. There are only 31 populated
communities located within an area that contains approximately 18,000
km (11,184 mi) of coastline. The human population within the range of
the DPS is approximately 17,000 persons living in 31 communities (State
of Alaska Department of Commerce, Community, and Economic Development
Database 2006). As a consequence, the range of the sea otter habitat in
southwest Alaska is relatively free of human disturbances. Potential
activities that could harm the identified physical and biological
features include, but are not limited to, dredging or filling
associated with construction of airports, seaports, and harbors;
commercial shipping; and oil and gas development and production. The
following discussion of these activities is not intended to be a
comprehensive list of all potential activities for which the Service
may consult under section 7 of the Act, but rather a list of those we
believe, based on current available information, are reasonably likely
to occur.
Pollution from various potential sources, including oil spills from
vessels, or discharges from oil and gas drilling and production, could
render areas containing the identified physical and biological features
unsuitable for use by sea otters, effectively negating the conservation
value of these features. Because of the vulnerabilities to pollution
sources, these features may require special management or protection
through such measures as placing conditions on Federal permits or
authorizations to stimulate special operational restraints, mitigative
measures, or technological changes.
The shipping industry transports various types of petroleum
products both as fuel and cargo within the range of the southwest
Alaska DPS. Information about the types and quantities of both
persistent and non-persistent oil has been summarized in a report on
vessel traffic within the Aleutians subarea (Nuka Research and Planning
Group 2006). Persistent fuels such as 6 bunker oil, bunker C,
and IFO 380 have low dissipation and evaporation rates, and will remain
on the surface of marine waters or along shorelines much longer than
non-persistent fuel such as diesel, gasoline, and aviation fuel.
Approximately 3,100 ship voyages occur through the Aleutians each year.
Most of these voyages are by bulk and general freight ships (1,300) and
container ships (1,200). The median fuel capacity for bulk and general
freight ships is 470,000 gallons of persistent fuel oil; for container
ships, the median capacity is 1.6 million gallons of persistent fuel
oil. In addition, there are about 265 voyages by motor vehicle carriers
with an estimated average fuel capacity of 500,000 gallons of
persistent fuel oil. There are also approximately 22 voyages by tanker
ships transporting about 400 million gallons of refined oil. The
figures quoted above are for the Aleutians subarea only, which includes
the North Pacific great circle route from the west coast of North
America to Asia. Information about shipping traffic that occurs in
other parts of the southwest Alaska DPS is not well-documented, though
it is presumably on a much smaller scale compared to what occurs
through the Aleutians.
Numerous instances of vessel incidents have been documented in the
Aleutians over the past 15 years, including loss of maneuverability,
grounding, and oil spills (Nuka Research and Planning Group 2006, p.
[[Page 52000]]
29). Nearly 500 incidents affecting the seaworthiness of U.S. vessels
were reported in the Aleutians from 1990 through July 2006. U.S.
vessels reporting incidents were usually smaller than foreign vessels,
and were primarily fishing vessels. An additional 48 incidents
affecting seaworthiness of foreign vessels were reported between 1991
and July 2006. The bulk grain ship M/V Selendang Ayu, which ran aground
on Unalaska Island in December 2004, is known to have resulted in the
death of two sea otters. The long-term impacts of that spill on sea
otter habitat use are not yet known.
Various safeguards have been established since the 1989 Exxon
Valdez oil spill to minimize the likelihood of another spill of
catastrophic proportions in Prince William Sound. Tankers, other
vessels, fuel barges, and onshore storage facilities are potential
sources of oil and fuel spills that could affect sea otters in the
southwest Alaska DPS. A review of the Alaska Department of
Environmental Conservation database indicates no crude-oil spills were
reported within the range of the southwest Alaska DPS during the 10-
year period from July 1, 1995 to June 30, 2005. Of the 520 reported
spills of refined products, 82 percent were from vessels; most of these
(70 percent) involved quantities smaller than 10 gallons. The majority
of vessel spills occurred in the western Aleutian (149), eastern
Aleutian (107), and Kodiak, Kamishak, Alaska Peninsula (130) management
units. Only 7 spills were reported where the quantity was greater than
5,000 gallons of material. The largest was the M/V Selendang Ayu, which
spilled 321,052 gallons of IFO 380 fuel and an additional 14,680
gallons of diesel.
In 2008, the U.S. Coast Guard, the State of Alaska, and the
National Academies of Science completed the development of a
comprehensive risk assessment for the Aleutian Islands (Transportation
Research Board of the National Academies 2008, 225 pp.) Although the
probability of occurrence of a catastrophic oil spill may be relatively
small, the potential for disastrous consequences suggests that measures
to prevent or respond to spills may be important to the recovery of the
southwest Alaska DPS. The Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation Act
of 2004 (H.R. 2443) requires oil-spill contingency plans for vessels
over 400 gross tons that call on U.S. ports. In addition to contingency
plans for vessels of this size class, the Alaska Department of
Environmental Conservation (ADEC) has both a unified spill-response
plan as well as 10 subarea plans. The southwest Alaska DPS is covered
by the Aleutian, Bristol Bay, Kodiak, and Cook Inlet subarea plans. In
addition, ADEC is developing Geographic Response Strategies (GRS) that
are designed to be a supplement to the Subarea Contingency Plans for
Oil and Hazardous Substances Spills and Releases. The GRS are the
current standard for site-specific oil-spill-response planning in
Alaska.
The first and primary phase of an oil-spill response is to contain
and remove the oil at the scene of the spill or while it is still on
the open water, thereby reducing or eliminating impacts on shorelines
or sensitive habitats. If some of the spilled oil escapes the first-
phase containment and removal, the second, but no less important, phase
is to intercept, contain, and remove the oil in the nearshore area. The
intent of phase two is the same as phase one: Remove the spilled oil
before it affects sensitive environments. If phases one and two are not
fully successful, a third phase (GRS) is designed to protect sensitive
areas in the path of the oil. The purpose of phase three is to protect
selected sensitive areas from the impacts of a spill or to minimize
that impact to the maximum extent practical. Critical habitat for the
southwest Alaska DPS of the northern sea otter will be incorporated
into the GRS system to facilitate this additional level of spill
response.
Existing commercial fishing activities, and their target species
(which are not considered prey for sea otters), within southwest Alaska
primarily occur outside of the critical habitat areas in this rule
(Funk 2003, p. 2). With the exception of oil spills from shipwrecks, we
do not believe that existing commercial fishing activities in southwest
Alaska have the potential to harm the identified physical and
biological features for the southwest Alaska DPS of the northern sea
otter.
Criteria Used To Identify Critical Habitat
As required by section 4(b) of the Act, we used the best scientific
data available in determining areas occupied at the time of listing
that contain features essential to the conservation of the southwest
Alaska DPS of the northern sea otter, and areas unoccupied at the time
of listing that are essential to the conservation of the DPS, or both.
In designating critical habitat for the southwest Alaska DPS of the
northern sea otter, we reviewed the relevant information available,
including peer-reviewed journal articles, unpublished reports, the
final listing rule, and unpublished materials (such as survey results
and expert opinions). In general, sea otters occupy the vast majority
of the available habitat within southwest Alaska. Exceptions include
portions of Kodiak Island where otters have yet to recolonize their
former range, and there may also be some individual islands in the
Aleutian archipelago where otters have disappeared (Doroff et al. 2003,
p. 58). In general, the range of designated critical habitat
encompasses all areas that have been historically occupied by the DPS.
We have reviewed available information that pertains to the habitat
requirements of this species including research published in peer-
reviewed articles and presented in academic theses and agency reports.
We also discussed habitat requirements with members of the southwest
Alaska sea otter recovery team at several meetings, as well as through
email exchanges. The sea otter recovery team includes representatives
from University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fish and Wildlife Service,
University of British Columbia, Marine Conservation Alliance, U.S.
Geological Survey (USGS), Alaska Veterinary Pathology Services,
Defenders of Wildlife, National Marine Fisheries Service, The Alaska
SeaLife Center, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Smithsonian
National Zoological Park, The Alaska Sea Otter and Steller Sea Lion
Commission, University of California Santa Cruz, University of Alaska
Sea Grant Program, and Sand Point, Alaska. Information from these
recovery team discussions was fully considered and incorporated as
appropriate into this critical habitat designation.
We are designating critical habitat for the southwest Alaska DPS of
the northern sea otter in areas that were occupied at the time of
listing and contain sufficient PCEs: (1) To support life history
functions essential to the conservation of the DPS, and (2) which may
require special management considerations or protection. Much of the
range of the DPS occurs within the Aleutian archipelago, and although
it is possible that otters have disappeared from some of the small
islands since the time of listing, we have no information that
indicates any portion should be considered unoccupied habitat. As a
result, we consider the Aleutian archipelago to be occupied habitat.
Unlike habitats for terrestrial species, some of the various
characteristics of sea otter habitat are poorly mapped. Although
shoreline boundaries are reasonably well-documented, the bathymetric
data for southwest Alaska exist at a variety of spatial resolutions.
[[Page 52001]]
Benthic substrate types are also poorly mapped. Other features, such as
the distribution and abundance of sea otter prey species, and the
spatial extent of kelp beds, may be dynamic over time. This lack of
specificity makes it difficult to explicitly identify and map areas
that contain the PCEs for this DPS beyond a certain geographic scale.
Areas that provide protection from marine predators are likely the
most essential to the conservation of this DPS. Despite the absence of
information necessary to map these areas with precision, we can define
criteria that will contain the essential PCEs. Kelp forests that
provide resting habitat and protection from marine predators occur
primarily in waters less than 20 m (65.6 ft) in depth (O'Clair and
Lindstrom 2000, pp. 41, 57). In addition to identifying an approximate
seaward extent of kelp forests, the 20-m (65.6-ft) depth contour also
encompasses the nearshore shallow areas (less than 2 m (6.6 ft)) where
marine predators may be less likely to forage. The 20-m (65.6-ft) depth
contour also has considerable overlap with the nearshore (less than 100
m (328.1 ft)) areas where otters can escape predators by hauling out on
land. Areas of shallow water less than 20 m (65.6 ft) in depth that are
not contiguous with the mean high tide line may provide less protection
from marine predators. Nearshore marine waters ranging from mean high
tide to 20 m (65.6 ft) in water depth or that occur within 100 m (328.1
ft) of the mean high tide line (or both) therefore contain the
necessary PCEs for protection from marine predators (Figure 1). Based
on numerous studies of sea otter foraging depths, as well as the
distribution of the remaining sea otter population in nearshore,
shallow water areas, we believe that the areas defined by PCEs 1, 2,
and 3 also contain sufficient sea otter prey resources. We have no
reason to believe that any of the areas within the critical habitat
designation are unable to support the energetic requirements of this
species.
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR08OC09.001
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C
When determining critical habitat boundaries within this final
rule, we made every effort to avoid including developed areas that lack
PCEs for the southwest Alaska DPS of the northern sea otter. The scale
of the map we prepared under the parameters for publication within the
Code of Federal Regulations may not reflect the exclusion of such
developed areas, such as piers, docks, harbors, marinas, jetties,
[[Page 52002]]
and breakwaters. Any such structures inadvertently left inside critical
habitat boundaries shown on the map of this final rule have been
excluded by text in the final rule and are not designated as critical
habitat. Therefore, Federal actions involving these areas would not
trigger section 7 consultation with respect to critical habitat and the
requirement of no adverse modification unless the specific action would
affect the PCEs in the adjacent critical habitat.
Final Critical Habitat Designation
We are designating five units as critical habitat for the southwest
Alaska DPS of the northern sea otter. In 2006, the Service convened a
Recovery Team to develop a recovery plan for the southwest Alaska DPS
of the northern sea otter. As of the publication date of this final
rule, the Recovery Team has met six times, and a draft recovery plan is
in preparation. As the range of the southwest Alaska DPS of the
northern sea otter includes approximately 18,000 km (11,184.7 mi) of
coastline, the team has proposed that the DPS be subdivided into 5
management units, based on criteria such as habitat type and population
trajectory. In the interest of clarity, we are designating critical
habitat units that correspond to the management units proposed by the
Recovery Team. Only those areas within each management unit that meet
the criteria identified above are being designated as critical habitat-
namely, those areas that contain one or more PCEs and may require
special management considerations or protection. Detailed, colored maps
of areas designated as critical habitat in this final rule are
available for viewing at http://alaska.fws.gov/fisheries/mmm/seaotters/
criticalhabitat.htm. Hard copies of maps can be obtained by contacting
the Marine Mammals Management Office (see ADDRESSES).
The critical habitat areas we describe below constitute our current
best assessment of areas that meet the definition of critical habitat
for the DPS. Table 1 shows the occupied units. The 5 units we propose
as critical habitat are: (1) Western Aleutian Unit; (2) Eastern
Aleutian Unit; (3) South Alaska Peninsula Unit; (4) Bristol Bay Unit;
and (5) Kodiak, Kamishak, Alaska Peninsula Unit.
Table 1--Occupancy of Northern Sea Otters by Critical Habitat Units
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Estimated size of State/Federal
Unit Occupied at time of Currently occupied? unit in km\2\ ownership ratio
listing? (mi\2\) (percent)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Western Aleutian.......... Yes.................. Yes................. 1,551 (599) 100/0
2. Eastern Aleutian.......... Yes.................. Yes................. 832 (321) 100/0
3. South Alaska Peninsula.... Yes.................. Yes................. 4,946 (1,909) 85/15
4. Bristol Bay............... Yes.................. Yes................. 1,080 (417) 96/4
4a. Amak Island.......... Yes.................. Yes................. 31 (12) 77/23
4b. Izembek Lagoon....... Yes.................. Yes................. 337 (130) 100/0
4c. Port Moller/Herendeen Yes.................. Yes................. 712 (275) 94/6
Bay.
5. Kodiak, Kamishak, Alaska Yes.................. Yes................. 6,755 (2,607) 89/11
Peninsula.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total................ ..................... .................... 15,164 (5,853) 90/10
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
We present brief descriptions of all critical habitat units, and
reasons why they meet the definition of critical habitat for the
southwest Alaska DPS of the northern sea otter, below. Calculation of
areas for units and subunits that include the 20-m (65.6-ft) depth
contour as a criterion are approximations estimated from GIS data
layers of hydrographic survey data compiled by the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the U.S. Geological Survey, and the
Service. Consultations under section 7 of the Act should use the best
available bathymetric data on a case-by-case basis. In some instances,
these data may be based on other units of measurement (such as feet or
fathoms), in which case the bathymetric contour that is closest to 20 m
(65.6 ft) should be used. For users of NOAA nautical charts, the 10-
fathom (60-ft) depth contour is a suitable approximation for the 20-m
(65.6-ft) depth contour.
Although no lands above mean high tide are designated as critical
habitat, ownership of lands adjacent to critical habitat may be of
interest to readers of this final rule (Table 2).
Table 2--Ownership Status of Lands Adjacent to Critical Habitat
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Federal State Private Alaska Native
Unit (percent) (percent) (percent) (percent)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Western Aleutian............................. 80.2 0.0 0.0 19.8
2. Eastern Aleutian............................. 10.2 0.0 0.0 89.8
3. South Alaska Peninsula....................... 21.1 0.4 0.0 78.5
4. Bristol Bay.................................. 36.7 41.5 0.0 21.8
4a. Amak Island............................. 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
4b. Izembek Lagoon.......................... 89.4 0.0 0.0 10.6
4c. Port Moller/Herendeen Bay............... 4.9 66.1 0.0 29.0
5. Kodiak, Kamishak, Alaska Peninsula........... 30.2 17.4 0.0 52.4
---------------------------------------------------------------
Total................................... 37.9 8.5 0.0 53.6
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unit 1: Western Aleutian Unit
Unit 1 consists of at least 1,551 km\2\ (599 mi\2\), collectively,
of the nearshore marine waters ranging from the mean high tide line to
the 20-m (65.6-ft) depth contour as well as waters occurring within 100
m (328.1 ft) of the mean high tide line. Hydrographic survey data in
the vicinity of Atka and Amlia islands is insufficient to delineate the
20-m (65.6-ft) depth contour, so our area
[[Page 52003]]
calculation may slightly underestimate the total area of this unit.
This unit ranges from Attu Island in the west to Kagamil Island in the
east, was occupied at the time of listing, and is currently occupied.
The majority (80.2 percent) of the lands bordering this unit are
federally owned within the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge. In
addition, all critical habitat within this unit is located within State
of Alaska waters (defined as those within 3 mi (4.82 km) of mean high
tide).
The Western Aleutian Unit contains all of the PCEs essential for
the conservation of the southwest Alaska DPS of the northern sea otter.
Special management considerations and protections may be needed to
minimize the risk of oil and other hazardous-material spills from
commercial shipping within the region and along the northern great
circle route.
Unit 2: Eastern Aleutan Unit
Unit 2 consists of an estimated 832 km\2\ (321 mi\2\),
collectively, of the nearshore marine waters ranging from the mean high
tide line to the 20-m (65.6-ft) depth contour as well as waters
occurring within 100 m (328.1 ft) of the mean high tide line. This unit
ranges from Samalga Island in the west to Ugamak Island in the east,
was occupied at the time of listing, and is currently occupied. The
majority (89.8 percent) of the lands bordering this unit are owned or
selected by (but not yet conveyed to) Alaska Natives. In addition, all
the critical habitat within this unit is located within State of Alaska
waters.
The Eastern Aleutian Unit contains all of the PCEs essential for
the conservation of the southwest Alaska DPS of the northern sea otter.
Special management considerations and protections may be needed to
minimize the risk of oil and other hazardous-material spills from
commercial shipping within the region and along the northern great
circle route.
Unit 3: South Alaska Peninsula Unit
Unit 3 consists of an estimated 4,946 km\2\ (1,909 mi\2\),
collectively, of the nearshore marine waters ranging from the mean high
tide line to the 20-m (65.6-ft) depth contour as well as waters
occurring within 100 m (328.1 ft) of the mean high tide line. Available
hydrographic survey data for this unit have considerably lower spatial
resolution than the other units. This unit ranges from Unimak Island in
the west to Castle Cape in the east, was occupied at the time of
listing, and is currently occupied. The majority (78.5 percent) of the
lands bordering this unit are owned or selected by (but not yet
conveyed to) Alaska Natives. The vast majority (85 percent) of the
critical habitat within this unit is located within State of Alaska
waters.
The South Alaska Peninsula Unit contains all of the PCEs essential
for the conservation of the southwest Alaska DPS of the northern sea
otter. Special management considerations and protections may be needed
to minimize the risk of oil and other hazardous-material spills from
commercial shipping within this region and along the northern great
circle route.
Unit 4: Bristol Bay Unit
Unit 4 consists of an estimated 1,080 km\2\ (417 mi\2\) of the
nearshore marine environment. This unit is further subdivided into 3
subunits: (4a) Amak Island; (4b) Izembek Lagoon; and (4c) Port Moller/
Herendeen Bay. With the exception of Amak Island, the coastline
contained within this unit is relatively simple and lacks kelp forests.
For most of this unit, the 20-m (65.6-ft) depth contour used as a
criterion for critical habitat in other units does not identify
features that provide protection from marine predators, and is
applicable only to the Amak Island subunit. Other criteria are used to
identify the Izembek Lagoon and Port Moller/Herendeen Bay subunits, as
described below. All three subunits within the Bristol Bay unit were
occupied at the time of listing, and are currently occupied. Additional
information about each subunit is included below.
Subunit 4a: Amak Island Subunit
Subunit 4a consists of an estimated 31 km\2\ (12 mi\2\),
collectively, of the nearshore marine waters ranging from the mean high
tide line to the 20-m (65.6-ft) depth contour as well as waters
occurring within 100 m (328.1 ft) of the mean high tide line. This
subunit surrounds Amak Island in Bristol Bay, was occupied at the time
of listing, and is currently occupied. Large groups of sea otters have
been observed within the kelp forests within this subunit (USFWS
unpublished information). All of the lands bordering this subunit are
federally owned within the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge.
Most (77 percent) of the critical habitat within this subunit is
located within State of Alaska waters, a small portion of which (1.2
km\2\, 0.46 mi\2\) is also located within the boundaries of the Izembek
State Game Refuge.
The Amak Island Subunit contains all of the PCEs essential for the
conservation of the southwest Alaska DPS of the northern sea otter.
Special management considerations and protections may be needed to
minimize the risk of oil and other hazardous-material spills from
commercial shipping within Bristol Bay. In addition, offshore oil and
gas development are under consideration in the Lease Sale Area 92 in
the North Aleutian Basin region immediately offshore from this subunit.
An environmental impact statement is in preparation, and will be
completed prior to the lease sale. Additional management considerations
and protections may be needed to minimize the risk of crude-oil spills
associated with oil and gas development and production that may impact
this subunit.
Subunit 4b: Izembek Lagoon Subunit
Subunit 4b consists of an estimated 337 km\2\ (130 mi\2\) of the
nearshore marine environment within the Izembek Lagoon and Moffett
Lagoon systems. Sea otters are known to frequent the lagoon system and
regularly haul out on the islands and sandbars that form the northern
boundary of these systems, such as Glen, Operl, and Neumann Islands
(USFWS unpublished information). Large numbers of otters have also been
observed hauling out along the edges of the sea ice within the lagoon
in winter (USFWS unpublished information). This subunit was occupied at
the time of listing, and is currently occupied. The majority (89.4
percent) of the lands bordering this subunit are federally owned within
the Izembek National Wildlife Refuge. The critical habitat within this
subunit is located within State of Alaska waters, most of which (99
percent) is also within the boundaries of the Izembek State Game
Refuge.
The Izembek Lagoon Subunit contains some of the PCEs (1, 2 and 4)
essential for the conservation of the southwest Alaska DPS of the
northern sea otter. Special management considerations and protections
may be needed to minimize the risk of oil and other hazardous-material
spills from commercial shipping within Bristol Bay. In addition,
offshore oil and gas development are under consideration in the Lease
Sale Area 92 in the North Aleutian Basin region immediately offshore
from this subunit. Additional management considerations and protections
may be needed to minimize the risk of crude-oil spills associated with
oil and gas development and production that may impact this subunit.
Subunit 4c: Port Moller/Herendeen Bay Subunit
Subunit 4c consists of an estimated 712 km\2\ (275 mi\2\) of the
nearshore marine environment within the Port Moller and Herendeen Bay
systems.
[[Page 52004]]
This subunit was occupied at the time of listing, and is currently
occupied. Aerial surveys conducted in 2000 and 2004, as well as
additional reported observations, indicate that these areas may contain
several thousand sea otters at any given time (Burn and Doroff 2005, p.
277; USFWS unpublished information). The seaward boundary of this
subunit extends from Point Edward on the Alaska Peninsula to the
western tip of Walrus Island, and from Wolf Point on the eastern tip of
Walrus Island to Entrance Point on the Alaska Peninsula. The majority
(66.1 percent) of the lands bordering to this subunit are owned or
selected by (but not yet conveyed to) the State of Alaska. Most (94
percent) of the critical habitat within this subunit is located within
State of Alaska waters, with a portion (140.8 km\2\ (54.4 mi\2\))
located within the boundaries of the Port Moller State Critical Habitat
Area.
The Port Moller/Herendeen Subunit contains some of the PCEs (1, 2,
and 4) essential for the conservation of the southwest Alaska DPS of
the northern sea otter. Special management considerations and
protections may be needed to minimize the risk of oil and other
hazardous-material spills from commercial shipping within Bristol Bay.
In addition, offshore oil and gas development are under consideration
in the Lease Sale Area 92 in the North Aleutian Basin region
immediately offshore from this subunit. Additional management
considerations and protections may be needed to minimize the risk of
crude-oil spills associated with oil and gas development and production
that may impact this subunit.
Unit 5: Kodiak, Kamishak, Alaska Peninsula Unit
Unit 5 consists of an estimated 6,755 km\2\ (2,607 mi\2\),
collectively, of the nearshore marine environment ranging from the mean
high tide line to the 20-m (65.6-ft) depth contour as well as waters
occurring within 100 m (328.1 ft) of the mean high tide line. Available
hydrographic survey data for parts of this unit have considerably lower
spatial resolution than the other units. This unit ranges from Castle
Cape in the west to Tuxedni Bay in the east, and includes the Kodiak
archipelago. This unit was occupied at the time of listing, and is
currently occupied. Slightly more than half (52.4 percent) of the lands
bordering this unit are either owned or selected by (but not yet
conveyed to) Alaska Natives. The majority (89 percent) of the critical
habitat within this unit is located within State of Alaska waters, and
a small portion (41.0 km\2\, 15.8 mi\2\) is also located within the
boundaries of the Tugidak Island State Critical Habitat Area.
The Kodiak, Kamishak, Alaska Peninsula Unit contains all the PCEs
essential for the conservation of the southwest Alaska DPS of the
northern sea otter. Special management considerations and protections
may be needed to minimize the risk of oil and other hazardous-material
spills from commercial shipping within this region.
Effects of Critical Habitat Designation
Section 7 Consultation
Section 7(a)(2) of the Act requires Federal agencies, including the
Service, to ensure that actions they fund, authorize, or carry out are
not likely to destroy or adversely modify critical habitat. Decisions
by the 5th and 9th Circuit Courts of Appeals have invalidated our
definition of ``destruction or adverse modification'' (50 CFR 402.02)
(see Gifford Pinchot Task Force v. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 378
F.3d 1059 (9th Cir. 2004) and Sierra Club v. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service et al., 245 F.3d 434, 442 (5th Cir. 2001)), and we do not rely
on this regulatory definition when analyzing whether an action is
likely to destroy or adversely modify critical habitat. Under the
statutory provisions of the Act, we determine destruction or adverse
modification on the basis of whether, with implementation of the
proposed Federal action, the affected critical habitat would remain
functional (or retain the current ability for the PCEs to be
functionally established) to serve its intended conservation role for
the species.
In addition, under section 7(a)(4) of the Act, Federal agencies
must confer with the Service on any agency action that is likely to
result in destruction or adverse modification of critical habitat.
If a species is listed or critical habitat is designated, section
7(a)(2) of the Act requires Federal agencies to ensure that activities
they authorize, fund, or carry out are not likely to jeopardize the
continued existence of the species or to destroy or adversely modify
its critical habitat. If a Federal action may affect a listed species
or its critical habitat, the responsible Federal agency (action agency)
must enter into consultation with us. As a result of this consultation,
we document compliance with the requirements of section 7(a)(2) through
our issuance of:
1. A concurrence letter for Federal actions that may affect, but
are not likely to adversely affect, listed species or critical habitat;
or
2. A biological opinion for Federal actions that may affect, and
are likely to adversely affect, listed species or critical habitat.
When we issue a biological opinion concluding that a project is
likely to jeopardize the continued existence of a listed species or
destroy or adversely modify critical habitat, we also provide
reasonable and prudent alternatives to the project, if any are
identifiable. We define ``Reasonable and prudent alternatives'' at 50
CFR 402.02 as alternative actions identified during consultation that:
Can be implemented in a manner consistent with the
intended purpose of the action,
Can be implemented consistent with the scope of the
Federal agency's legal authority and jurisdiction,
Are economically and technologically feasible, and
Would, in the Director's opinion, avoid jeopardizing the
continued existence of the listed species or destroying or adversely
modifying critical habitat.
Reasonable and prudent alternatives can vary from slight project
modifications to extensive redesign or relocation of the project. Costs
associated with implementing a reasonable and prudent alternative are
similarly variable.
Regulations at 50 CFR 402.16 require Federal agencies to reinitiate
consultation on previously reviewed actions in instances where we have
listed a new species or subsequently designated critical habitat that
may be affected and the Federal agency has retained discretionary
involvement or control over the action (or the agency's discretionary
involvement or control is authorized by law). Consequently, Federal
agencies may sometimes need to request reinitiation of consultation
with us on actions for which formal consultation has been completed, if
those actions with discretionary involvement or control may affect
subsequently listed species or designated critical habitat.
Federal activities that may affect the southwest Alaska DPS of the
northern sea otter or its designated critical habitat require section 7
consultation under the Act. Activities on State, Tribal, local, or
private lands requiring a Federal permit (such as a permit from the
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers under section 404 of the Clean Water Act
(33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq.) or a permit from us under section 10 of the
Act) or involving some other Federal action (such as funding from the
Federal Highway Administration, Federal Aviation Administration, or the
Federal Emergency Management Agency) are subject to the section 7
consultation process. Federal actions
[[Page 52005]]
not affecting listed species or critical habitat, and actions on State,
Tribal, local, or private lands that are not federally funded or
authorized do not require section 7 consultations.
Application of the ``Adverse Modification'' Standard
The key factor related to the adverse modification determination is
whether, with implementation of the proposed Federal action, the
affected critical habitat would continue to serve its intended
conservation role for the species, or would retain its current ability
for the PCEs to be functionally established. Activities that may
destroy or adversely modify critical habitat are those that alter the
PCEs to an extent that appreciably reduces the conservation value of
critical habitat for the southwest Alaska DPS of the northern sea
otter.
Section 4(b)(8) of the Act requires us to briefly evaluate and
describe, in any proposed or final regulation that designates critical
habitat, activities involving a Federal action that may destroy or
adversely modify such habitat, or that may be affected by such
designation.
Activities that, when carried out, funded, or authorized by a
Federal agency, may affect critical habitat and therefore should result
in consultation for the southwest Alaska DPS of the northern sea otter
include, but are not limited to:
1. Actions that would directly impact the PCEs that provide
protection from marine predators. Such activities could include, but
are not limited to, dredging, filling, and construction of docks,
seawalls, pipelines, or other structures. Loss of the PCEs could result
in increased predation pressure on the remaining sea otter population,
and potentially affect the conservation of the DPS.
2. Actions that would reduce the availability of sea otter prey
species. Such activities could include, but are not limited to,
dredging, filling, construction of docks, seawalls, pipelines, or other
structures, and development of new fisheries for sea otter prey
species. Otters that are using critical habitat for protection from
marine predators must also be able to feed in these areas. Activities
that reduce availability of prey may cause otters to forage outside of
these protective areas, thus increasing their vulnerability to
predators.
3. Actions that would render critical habitat areas unsuitable for
use by sea otters. Such activities could include, but are not limited
to, human disturbance or pollution from a variety of sources, including
discharges from oil and gas drilling and production or spills of crude
oil, fuels, or other hazardous materials from vessels, primarily in
harbors or other construction ports for marine vessels. While it is not
legal to discharge fuel or other hazardous materials, it does happen
more often in these areas than in other areas. These activities could
displace sea otters from areas that provide protection from marine
predators.
Exemptions
Application of Section 4(a)(3) of the Act
The Sikes Act Improvement Act of 1997 (Sikes Act) (16 U.S.C. 670a)
required each military installation that includes land and water
suitable for the conservation and management of natural resources to
complete an integrated natural resources management plan (INRMP) by
November 17, 2001. An INRMP integrates implementation of the military
mission of the installation with stewardship of the natural resources
found on the base. Each INRMP includes:
An assessment of the ecological needs on the installation,
including the need to provide for the conservation of listed species;
A statement of goals and priorities;
A detailed description of management actions to be
implemented to provide for these ecological needs; and
A monitoring and adaptive management plan.
Among other things, each INRMP must, to the extent appropriate and
applicable, provide for fish and wildlife management; fish and wildlife
habitat enhancement or modification; wetland protection, enhancement,
and restoration where necessary to support fish and wildlife; and
enforcement of applicable natural resource laws.
The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2004 (Pub.
L. 108-136) amended the Act to limit areas eligible for designation as
critical habitat. Specifically, section 4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the Act (16
U.S.C. 1533(a)(3)(B)(i)) now provides: ``The Secretary shall not
designate as critical habitat any lands or other geographical areas
owned or controlled by the Department of Defense, or designated for its
use, that are subject to an integrated natural resources management
plan prepared under section 101 of the Sikes Act (16 U.S.C. 670a), if
the Secretary determines in writing that such plan provides a benefit
to the species for which critical habitat is proposed for
designation.''
Eareckson Air Station, located on Shemya Island within the western
Aleutian unit, has a completed INRMP that was last updated in 2007.
This INRMP recognizes the importance of kelp beds to sea otters (U.S.
Air Force 2007, p. 39), and notes that the only impacts to kelp may be
from occasional barge traffic. In addition to Eareckson, the Air Force
has a completed INRMP for 4 inactive sites (Nikolski, Driftwood Bay,
Port Moller, and Port Heiden) within the range of the southwest Alaska
DPS (U.S. Air Force 2001).
All of these sites were deactivated between 1977 and 1978, and
either demolished or removed between 1988 and 1994. Of these, the Port
Heiden site is the only one that includes shoreline areas. All critical
habitat designated in this rule occurs below the mean high tide line
and is therefore not within the boundaries of the Department of Defense
facility. Therefore, there are no Department of Defense lands with a
completed INRMP within the critical habitat designation.
Exclusions Under Section 4(b)(2) of the Act
Application of Section 4(b)(2) of the Act
Section 4(b)(2) of the Act states that the Secretary must designate
and revise critical habitat on the basis of the best available
scientific data after taking into consideration the economic impact,
national security impact, and any other relevant impact of specifying
any particular area as critical habitat. The Secretary may exclude an
area from critical habitat if he determines that the benefits of such
exclusion outweigh the benefits of specifying such area as part of the
critical habitat, unless he determines, based on the best scientific
data available, that the failure to designate such area as critical
habitat will result in the extinction of the species. In making that
determination, the legislative history is clear that the Secretary has
broad discretion regarding which factor(s) to use and how much weight
to give to any factor.
In the following sections, we address a number of general issues
that are relevant to our analysis under section 4(b)(2) of the Act.
Benefits of Designating Critical Habitat
The process of designating critical habitat as described in the Act
requires that the Service identify those areas within the geographical
area occupied by the species at the time of listing on which are found
the physical or biological features essential to the conservation of
the species that may require special management considerations or
protection, and those areas outside the geographical area
[[Page 52006]]
occupied by the species at the time of listing that are essential for
the conservation of the species. In identifying those areas, the
Service must consider the recovery needs of the species, such that, on
the basis of the best scientific and commercial data available at the
time of designation, the features essential to the conservation of the
DPS and habitat that is identified, if managed or protected, could
provide for the survival and recovery of the DPS.
The identification of areas that contain the features essential to
the conservation of the DPS, or are otherwise essential for the
conservation of the DPS if outside the geographical area occupied by
the DPS at the time of listing, is a benefit resulting from the
designation. The critical habitat designation process includes peer
review and public comment on the identified physical and biological
features and areas, and provides a mechanism to educate landowners,
State and local governments, and the public regarding the potential
conservation value of an area. This helps focus and promote
conservation efforts by other parties by clearly delineating areas of
high conservation value for the DPS, and is valuable to land owners and
managers in developing conservation management plans for identified
areas, as well as for any other identified occupied habitat or suitable
habitat that may not be included in the areas the Service identifies as
meeting the definition of critical habitat.
In general, critical habitat designation always has educational
benefits; however, in some cases, they may be redundant with other
educational effects. For example, habitat conservation plans (HCPs)
have significant public input and may largely duplicate the educational
benefits of a critical habitat designation. There are currently no HCPs
in place that cover any areas within this critical habitat designation
for the southwest Alaska DPS of the northern sea otter. Including lands
in critical habitat also would inform State agencies and local
governments about areas that could be conserved under State laws or
local ordinances.
The consultation provisions under section 7(a)(2) of the Act
constitute the regulatory benefits of critical habitat. As discussed
above, Federal agencies must consult with the Service on actions that
may affect critical habitat and must avoid destroying or adversely
modifying critical habitat. Federal agencies must also consult with us
on actions that may affect a listed species and refrain from
undertaking actions that are likely to jeopardize the continued
existence of such species. The analysis of effects to critical habitat
is a separate and different analysis from that of the effects to the
species. Therefore, the difference in outcomes of these two analyses
represents the regulatory benefit of critical habitat. For some
species, and in some locations, the outcome of these analyses will be
similar, because effects to habitat will often also result in effects
to the species. However, the regulatory standard is different, as the
jeopardy analysis investigates the action's impact to survival and
recovery of the species, while the adverse modification analysis
investigates the action's effects to the designated critical habitat's
contribution to conservation. This will, in some instances, lead to
different results and different regulatory requirements. Thus, critical
habitat designations may provide greater benefits to the recovery of a
species than would listing alone.
For the southwest Alaska DPS of the northern sea otter, when
consulting under section 7(a)(2) of the Act for activities in
designated critical habitat, independent analyses would be made for
jeopardy and adverse modification. In consultations on projects where
surveys detect high densities of sea otters or low densities of sea
otters combined with abundant PCEs, there is not likely to be a
quantifiable difference between the jeopardy analysis and the adverse
modification analysis as we estimate take for this subspecies in terms
of square kilometers of occupied habitat, and the Act requires Federal
agencies to minimize the impact of the taking on the DPS that may
result from implementation of a proposed action. Furthermore, any
upfront modifications made to the project description to minimize the
project's impact on the critical habitat designation will also minimize
the impacts of the taking of individuals on the DPS as a whole.
There are two limitations to the regulatory effect of critical
habitat. First, a consultation is only required where there is a
Federal nexus (an action authorized, funded, or carried out by any
Federal agency)--if there is no Federal nexus, the critical habitat
designation of private lands, by itself, does not restrict actions that
may destroy or adversely modify critical habitat. Second, the
designation only limits destruction or adverse modification. By its
nature, the prohibition on adverse modification is designed to ensure
that the conservation role and function of those areas that contain the
physical and biological features essential to the conservation of the
species, or of unoccupied areas that are essential for the conservation
of the species, are not appreciably reduced. Critical habitat
designation alone, however, does not require private property owners to
undertake specific steps toward recovery of the species.
Once an agency determines that consultation under section 7(a)(2)
of the Act is necessary, the process may conclude informally when the
Service concurs in writing that the proposed Federal action is not
likely to adversely affect the species or critical habitat. However, if
we determine through informal consultation that adverse impacts are
likely to occur, then formal consultation is initiated. Formal
consultation concludes with a biological opinion issued by the Service
on whether the proposed Federal action is likely to jeopardize the
continued existence of listed species or result in destruction or
adverse modification of designated critical habitat.
For critical habitat, a biological opinion that concludes in a
determination of no destruction or adverse modification may recommend
additional conservation measures to minimize adverse effects to the
primary constituent elements, but such measures would be discretionary
on the part of the Federal agency. A biological opinion that concludes
in a determination of no destruction or adverse modification would not
include the implementation of any reasonable and prudent alternative,
as these are provided for the proposed Federal action only when our
biological opinion results in an adverse modification conclusion.
As stated above, the designation of critical habitat does not
require that any management or recovery actions take place on the lands
included in the designation. Even in cases where consultation is
initiated under section 7(a)(2) of the Act, the end result of
consultation is to avoid jeopardy to the species or adverse
modification of its critical habitat, but not necessarily to manage
critical habitat or institute recovery actions on critical habitat.
Conversely, voluntary conservation efforts implemented through
management plans institute proactive actions over the lands they
encompass and are put in place to remove or reduce known threats to a
species or its habitat, therefore implementing recovery actions. We
believe that in many instances the regulatory benefit of critical
habitat is minimal when compared to the conservation benefit that can
be achieved through implementing HCPs under section 10 of the Act or
other habitat management plans.
[[Page 52007]]
Economic Analysis
In order to consider economic impacts, we conducted an economic
analysis to estimate the potential economic effect of the designation.
The DEA (dated May 20, 2009) was made available for public review and
comment from June 9, 2009, to July 9, 2009 (74 FR 27271). Substantive
comments and information received on the DEA are summarized above in
the ``Public Comments'' section and are incorporated into the final
analysis, as appropriate. Taking the public comments and any relevant
new information into consideration, the Service completed a final
economic analysis (FEA) (dated August 6, 2009) of the designation that
updates the DEA.
The primary purpose of the economic analysis is to estimate the
potential incremental economic impacts associated with the designation
of critical habitat for the southwest Alaska DPS of the northern sea
otter. The information is intended to assist the Secretary in making
decisions about whether the benefits of excluding particular areas from
the designation outweigh the benefits of including those areas in the
designation. The economic analysis considers the economic efficiency
effects that may result from the designation. In the case of habitat
conservation, efficiency effects generally reflect the ``opportunity
costs'' associated with the commitment of resources to comply with
habitat protection measures (such as lost economic opportunities
associated with restrictions on land use). It also addresses how
potential economic impacts are likely to be distributed, including an
assessment of any local or regional impacts of habitat conservation and
the potential effects of conservation activities on government
agencies, private businesses, and individuals. The economic analysis
measures lost economic efficiency associated with residential and
commercial development and public projects and activities, such as
economic impacts on water management and transportation projects,
Federal lands, small entities, and the energy industry. This
information can be used by the Secretary to assess whether the effects
of the designation might unduly burden a particular group or economic
sector. Finally, the economic analysis looks retrospectively at costs
that have been incurred since the date we listed the southwest Alaska
DPS of the northern sea otter as threatened on August 9, 2005 (70 FR
46366), and considers those costs that may occur in the years following
the designation of critical habitat, with the timeframes for this
analysis varying by activity.
The economic analysis focuses on the direct and indirect costs of
the rule. However, economic impacts to land use activities can exist in
the absence of critical habitat. These impacts may result from, for
example, local zoning laws, State and natural resource laws, and
enforceable management plans and best management practices applied by
other State and Federal agencies. Economic impacts that result from
these types of protections are not included in the analysis as they are
considered to be part of the regulatory and policy baseline.
The economic analysis examines activities taking place both within
and adjacent to the designation. It estimates impacts based on
activities that are ``reasonably foreseeable'' including, but not
limited to, activities that are currently authorized, permitted, or
funded, or for which proposed plans are currently available to the
public. Accordingly, the analysis bases estimates on activities that
are likely to occur within a 20-year timeframe, from when the proposed
rule became available to the public (73 FR 76454; December 16, 2008).
The 20-year timeframe was chosen for the analysis because, as the time
horizon for an economic analysis is expanded, the assumptions on which
the projected number of projects and cost impacts associated with those
projects are based become increasingly speculative.
The primary potential incremental economic impacts attributed to
the critical habitat designation are expected to be related to oil
spill planning and response (19 percent), marine and coastal
construction activities (22 percent), and water quality management (36
percent). The FEA estimates total potential incremental economic
impacts in areas designated as critical habitat over the next 20 years
to be $668,000 ($58,900 annualized) in present value terms using a 7
percent discount rate (including areas considered for exclusion under
section 4(b)(2) of the Act).
The FEA estimates the largest impacts of the critical habitat rule
will result from administrative costs of consultation under section 7
of the Act. If the rate of consultations continues into the future at a
similar rate and distribution as past consultations, an estimated 600
consultations will occur over the 20-year time frame for the analysis.
These costs result from the need to address adverse modification in a
consultation that would occur even in the absence of critical habitat.
These total additional administrative costs that can be attributed to
the designation of critical habitat are estimated to be approximately
$623,000 using a 7 percent discount rate, or about $54,900 annualized.
These incremental costs represent an increase of 31 percent above the
baseline costs associated with consultations that address the jeopardy
standard alone.
We have considered and evaluated the potential economic impact of
the critical habitat designation under 4(b)(2) of the Act, as
identified in the FEA. Based on this evaluation, we believe the
economic impacts associated with the designation here are neither
significant nor disproportionate. As a result, and in light of the
benefits of critical habitat designation discussed previously, we are
not excluding any areas from critical habitat based on economic
reasons. The final economic analysis is available at http://
www.regulations.gov or upon request from the Marine Mammals Management
Office (see ADDRESSES).
Application of Section 4(b)(2)--Impacts to National Security
Under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, we consider whether there are an
impacts to national security that may exist from the designation of
critical habitat. Section 4(b)(2) allows the Secretary to exclude areas
from critical habitat for reasons of national security if the Secretary
determines the benefits of such an exclusion exceed the benefits of
designating the area as critical habitat. However, this exclusion
cannot occur if it will result in the extinction of the species
concerned.
The Department of the Navy requested that we exclude approximately
3,418 km\2\ (1,320 mi\2\) in Unit 5 from designation as critical
habitat for national security reasons. After thorough consideration of
this request and an analysis of the respective benefits of including
these lands and excluding these lands from critical habitat, we have
not excluded the requested areas from final designation as critical
habitat, as explained above in our response to comment 19.
Exclusions Based on Other Relevant Impacts
Under section 4(b)(2), we consider any other relevant impacts from
critical habitat designation, in addition to economic impacts and
impacts on national security. We consider a number of factors,
including whether landowners have developed any HCPs or other
management plans for the area, and whether there are conservation
partnerships that would be encouraged by designation of, or exclusion
from, critical habitat. In addition, we look at
[[Page 52008]]
any tribal issues, and consider the government-to-government
relationship of the United States with tribal entities. We also
consider any social impacts that might occur because of the
designation.
In preparing this final rule, we have determined that there are
currently no HCPs, management plans, or conservation partnerships for
the southwest Alaska DPS of the northern sea otter, and this final
designation does not include any tribal lands. We anticipate no impact
to tribal lands, partnerships, or HCPs from this critical habitat
designation. Thus, we are not excluding any areas from this final
designation based on other relevant impacts.
Accordingly, given the relatively small potential economic effects
and other effects of designating critical habitat for the southwest
Alaska DPS of the northern sea otter, and the regulatory, educational
and informational benefits of critical habitat, we are not excluding
any areas from the final designation.
Editorial Change to the Table at 50 CFR 17.11(h)
We also make one editorial change to the northern sea otter's entry
in the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife at 50 CFR 17.11(h).
Specifically, we update the entry to accurately reflect the citation of
the special rule for this DPS, which was published on August 15, 2006,
at 71 FR 46864. In that final rule, we inadvertently neglected to
update the entry to note the special rule at 50 CFR 17.40(p). This
editorial change will ensure the entry for the northern sea otter in
the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife at 50 CFR 17.11(h) is
complete and accurate.
Required Determinations
Regulatory Planning and Review--Executive Order 12866
The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) has determined that this
final rule is not significant and has not reviewed this final rule
under Executive Order 12866 (E.O. 12866). OMB bases its determination
upon the following four criteria:
1. Whether the rule will have an annual effect of $100 million or
more on the economy or adversely affect an economic sector,
productivity, jobs, the environment, or other units of the government.
2. Whether the rule will create inconsistencies with other Federal
agencies' actions.
3. Whether the rule will materially affect entitlements, grants,
user fees, loan programs, or the rights and obligations of their
recipients.
4. Whether the rule raises novel legal or policy issues.
Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.)
Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq., as
amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act
(SBREFA) of 1996), whenever an agency is required to publish a notice
of rulemaking for any proposed or final rule, it must prepare and make
available for public comment a regulatory flexibility analysis that
describes the effect of the rule on small entities (i.e., small
businesses, small organizations, and small government jurisdictions),
as described below. However, no regulatory flexibility analysis is
required if the head of an agency certifies the rule will not have a
significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.
Based on our FEA of the designation, we provide our analysis for
determining whether the designation of critical habitat for the
southwest Alaska DPS of the northern sea otter will result in a
significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.
According to the Small Business Administration, small entities
include small organizations, such as independent nonprofit
organizations, and small governmental jurisdictions including school
boards and city and town governments that serve fewer than 50,000
residents, as well as small businesses (13 CFR 121.201). Small
businesses include manufacturing and mining concerns with fewer than
500 employees, wholesale trade entities with fewer than 100 employees,
retail and service businesses with less than $5 million in annual
sales, general and heavy construction businesses with less than $27.5
million in annual business, special trade contractors with less than
$11.5 million in annual business, and agricultural businesses with
annual sales less than $750,000. To determine if potential economic
impacts to these small entities are significant, we considered the
types of activities that might trigger regulatory impacts under this
designation, as well as types of project modifications that may result.
In general, the term ``significant economic impact'' is meant to apply
to a typical small business firm's business operations.
To determine if the designation of critical habitat for the
southwest Alaska DPS of the northern sea otter will affect a
substantial number of small entities, we considered the number of small
entities affected within particular types of economic activities, such
as oil spill planning and response, oil and gas exploration and
development, marine and coastal construction activities, and water
quality management. Specifically, we identified 12 small entities that
may be affected by these activities (3 are in the deep sea freight
transportation business, 2 are in the general construction business, 3
are government jurisdictions, and 4 are in the seafood processing
business). In estimating the numbers of small entities potentially
affected, we considered whether the activities of these entities may
entail any Federal involvement. Critical habitat designation will not
affect activities that do not have any Federal involvement; designation
of critical habitat affects activities conducted, funded, or authorized
by Federal agencies.
Once this critical habitat designation takes effect, Federal
agencies must consult with us under section 7 of the Act if their
activities may affect designated critical habitat. Consultations to
avoid the destruction or adverse modification of critical habitat will
be incorporated into the existing consultation process.
In order to determine whether it is appropriate for our agency to
certify that this rule will not have a significant economic impact on a
substantial number of small entities, we considered in the FEA the
potential impacts resulting from implementation of conservation actions
related to the designation of critical habitat for the southwest Alaska
DPS of the northern sea otter on each of the 12 small entities
discussed above. As described in Appendix A of the FEA, the potential
impacts are likely to be associated with construction, oil spill
response activities, and water quality issues. The average annualized
incremental impacts to small entities ranges from $2,407 for seafood
processors to $4,367 for deep sea freight transporters, applying a 7
percent discount rate. We therefore conclude that costs to small
entities will not be significant. Please refer to the FEA for a more
detailed discussion of potential economic impacts.
In summary, we have considered whether the designation will result
in a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small
entities. We have identified 12 small entities that may be impacted by
the critical habitat designation. For the above reasons and based on
currently available information, we certify that the designation will
not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small
business entities. Therefore, a regulatory flexibility analysis is not
required.
[[Page 52009]]
Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use--Executive Order 13211
On May 18, 2001, the President issued an Executive Order (E.O.
13211; Actions Concerning Regulations That Significantly Affect Energy
Supply, Distribution, or Use) on regulations that significantly affect
energy supply, distribution, and use. E.O. 13211 requires agencies to
prepare Statements of Energy Effects when undertaking certain actions.
Offshore oil and gas development are under consideration in the Lease
Sale Area 92 in the North Aleutian Basin region immediately offshore
from the three subunits of the Bristol Bay critical habitat unit. We do
not expect this final rule to significantly affect energy supplies,
distribution (including shipping channels), or use because most oil and
gas development activities will not overlap with the habitats used by
northern sea otters, and we do not expect the activities to cause
significant alteration of the PCEs. Any proposed development project
likely will have to undergo section 7 consultation to ensure that the
actions will not destroy or adversely modify designated critical
habitat. Consultations may entail modifications to the project to
minimize the potential adverse effects to northern sea otter critical
habitat. A spill-response plan will have to be developed to minimize
the chance that a spill would have negative effects on sea otters or
critical habitat. However, we conduct thousands of consultations every
year throughout the United States, and in almost all cases, we are able
to accommodate both project and species' needs. We expect that to be
the case here. Therefore, this action is not a significant energy
action, and no Statement of Energy Effects is required.
Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.)
In accordance with the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501
et seq.), we make the following findings:
1. This rule will not produce a Federal mandate. In general, a
Federal mandate is a provision in legislation, statute, or regulation
that would impose an enforceable duty upon State, local, or Tribal
governments, or the private sector, and includes both ``Federal
intergovernmental mandates'' and ``Federal private sector mandates.''
These terms are defined in 2 U.S.C. 658(5)-(7). ``Federal
intergovernmental mandate'' includes a regulation that ``would impose
an enforceable duty upon State, local, or [T]ribal governments'' with
two exceptions. It excludes ``a condition of Federal assistance.'' It
also excludes ``a duty arising from participation in a voluntary
Federal program,'' unless the regulation ``relates to a then-existing
Federal program under which $500,000,000 or more is provided annually
to State, local, and [T]ribal governments under entitlement
authority,'' if the provision would ``increase the stringency of
conditions of assistance'' or ``place caps upon, or otherwise decrease,
the Federal Government's responsibility to provide funding,'' and the
State, local, or Tribal governments ``lack authority'' to adjust
accordingly. At the time of enactment, these entitlement programs were:
Medicaid; AFDC work programs; Child Nutrition; Food Stamps; Social
Services Block Grants; Vocational Rehabilitation State Grants; Foster
Care, Adoption Assistance, and Independent Living; Family Support
Welfare Services; and Child Support Enforcement. ``Federal private
sector mandate'' includes a regulation that ``would impose an
enforceable duty upon the private sector, except (i) a condition of
Federal assistance or (ii) a duty arising from participation in a
voluntary Federal program.''
The designation of critical habitat does not impose a legally
binding duty on non-Federal Government entities or private parties.
Under the Act, the only regulatory effect is that Federal agencies must
ensure that their actions do not destroy or adversely modify critical
habitat under section 7. While non-Federal entities that receive
Federal funding, assistance, or permits, or that otherwise require
approval or authorization from a Federal agency for an action, may be
indirectly impacted by the designation of critical habitat, the legally
binding duty to avoid destruction or adverse modification of critical
habitat rests squarely on the Federal agency. Furthermore, to the
extent that non-Federal entities are indirectly impacted because they
receive Federal assistance or participate in a voluntary Federal aid
program, the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act does not apply, nor does
critical habitat shift the costs of the large entitlement programs
listed above onto State governments.
2. We do not believe that this rule will significantly or uniquely
affect small governments because the areas being designated as critical
habitat occur within State of Alaska waters. The State of Alaska does
not fit the definition of ``small governmental jurisdiction.'' Waters
adjacent to Native-owned lands are still owned and managed by the State
of Alaska. In most cases, development around Native villages is
happening with funding from Federal or State sources (or both).
Therefore, a Small Government Agency Plan is not required.
Takings--Executive Order 12630
In accordance with E.O. 12630 (Government Actions and Interference
with Constitutionally Protected Private Property Rights), we have
analyzed the potential takings implications of designating critical
habitat for the southwest Alaska DPS of the northern sea otter in a
takings implications assessment. Critical habitat designation does not
affect landowner actions that do not require Federal funding or
permits, nor does it preclude development of habitat conservation
programs or issuance of incidental take permits to permit actions that
do require Federal funding or permits to go forward. The takings
implications assessment concludes that this designation of critical
habitat for the southwest Alaska DPS of the northern sea otter does not
pose significant takings implications for lands within or affected by
the designation.
Federalism--Executive Order 13132
In accordance with E.O. 13132 (Federalism), this final rule does
not have significant Federalism effects. A Federalism assessment is not
required. In keeping with Department of the Interior and Department of
Commerce policy, we requested information from, and coordinated
development of, this critical habitat designation with appropriate
State resource agencies in Alaska. The designation of critical habitat
in areas currently occupied by the southwest Alaska DPS of the northern
sea otter imposes no additional restrictions to those currently in
place and, therefore, has little incremental impact on State and local
governments and their activities. The designation may have some benefit
to these governments because the areas that contain the features
essential to the conservation of the species are more clearly defined,
and the primary constituent elements of the habitat necessary to the
conservation of the species are specifically identified. This
information does not alter where and what federally sponsored
activities may occur. However, it may assist local governments in long-
range planning (rather than having them wait for case-by-case section 7
consultations to occur).
Civil Justice Reform--Executive Order 12988
In accordance with E.O. 12988 (Civil Justice Reform), the Office of
the Solicitor has determined that the rule
[[Page 52010]]
does not unduly burden the judicial system and that it meets the
requirements of sections 3(a) and 3(b)(2) of the Order. We have are
designating critical habitat in accordance with the provisions of the
Act. This final rule uses standard property descriptions and identifies
the primary constituent elements within the designated areas to assist
the public in understanding the habitat needs of the southwest Alaska
DPS of the northern sea otter.
Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.)
This rule does not contain any new collections of information that
require approval by OMB under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44
U.S.C. 3501 et seq.). This rule will not impose recordkeeping or
reporting requirements on State or local governments, individuals,
businesses, or organizations. An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and
a person is not required to respond to, a collection of information
unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number.
Government-to-Government Relationship With Tribes
In accordance with the President's memorandum of April 29, 1994,
Government-to-Government Relations with Native American Tribal
Governments (59 FR 22951), E.O. 13175, and the Department of the
Interior's manual at 512 DM 2, we readily acknowledge our
responsibility to communicate meaningfully with recognized Federal
Tribes on a government-to-government basis. In accordance with
Secretarial Order 3206 of June 5, 1997 (American Indian Tribal Rights,
Federal-Tribal Trust Responsibilities, and the Endangered Species Act),
and Secretarial Order 3225 (Endangered Species Act and Subsistence Uses
in Alaska), we readily acknowledge our responsibilities to work
directly with Alaska Natives in developing programs for healthy
ecosystems, to acknowledge that tribal lands are not subject to the
same controls as Federal public lands, to remain sensitive to Indian
culture, and to make information available to Alaska Natives. As all
critical habitat units designated in this final rule occur seaward from
the mean high tide line, we have determined that there are no Alaska
Native lands occupied at the time of listing that contain the features
essential for the conservation of the southwest Alaska DPS of the
northern sea otter. Therefore, we have not designated any critical
habitat for the southwest Alaska DPS of the northern sea otter on
Alaska Native lands.
We do not expect this rule to have any impact on Alaska Native
subsistence activities. All subsistence hunting takes place in or on
State lands or waters. Unless subsistence hunting is determined to be
``materially and negatively impacting the DPS,'' then harvest would not
be regulated.
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
It is our position that, outside the jurisdiction of the Circuit
Court of the United States for the Tenth Circuit, we do not need to
prepare environmental analyses as defined by NEPA (42 U.S.C. 4321 et
seq.) in connection with designating critical habitat under the Act. We
published a notice outlining our reasons for this determination in the
Federal Register on October 25, 1983 (48 FR 49244). This assertion was
upheld by the Circuit Court of the United States for the Ninth Circuit
(Douglas County v. Babbitt, 48 F.3d 1495 (9th Cir. 1995), cert. denied
516 U.S. 1042 (1996)).
References Cited
A complete list of all references cited in this final rulemaking is
available upon request from the Field Supervisor, Marine Mammals
Management Office (see ADDRESSES).
Author(s)
The primary authors of this package are staff members of the Marine
Mammals Management Office (see ADDRESSES).
List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 17
Endangered and threatened species, Exports, Imports, Reporting and
recordkeeping requirements, Transportation.
Regulation Promulgation
0
Accordingly, we amend part 17, subchapter B of chapter I, title 50 of
the Code of Federal Regulations, as set forth below:
PART 17--[AMENDED]
0
1. The authority citation for part 17 continues to read as follows:
Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361-1407; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1544; 16 U.S.C.
4201-4245; Pub. L. 99-625, 100 Stat. 3500; unless otherwise noted.
0
2. In Sec. 17.11(h), revise the entry for ``Otter, northern sea''
under ``MAMMALS'' in the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife to
read as follows:
Sec. 17.11 Endangered and threatened wildlife.
* * * * *
(h) * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Species Vertebrate population
------------------------------------------------------ Historic range where endangered or Status When Critical Special
Common name Scientific name threatened listed habitat rules
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mammals
* * * * * * *
Otter, northern sea............. Enhydra lutris U.S.A., (AK, WA)... Southwest Alaska, from T 764 17.95(a) 17.40(p)
kenyoni. Attu Island to Western
Cook Inlet, including
Bristol Bay, the Kodiak
Archipelago, and the
Barren Islands.
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0
3. In Sec. 17.95, amend paragraph (a) by adding an entry for
``Northern Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris kenyoni), Southwest Alaska
Distinct Population Segment,'' in the same alphabetical order that the
species appears in the table at Sec. 17.11(h), to read as follows:
Sec. 17.95 Critical habitat--fish and wildlife.
(a) Mammals.
* * * * *
Northern Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris kenyoni), Southwest Alaska
Distinct Population Segment:
(1) Critical habitat units are in Alaska, as described below.
[[Page 52011]]
(2) The primary constituent elements of critical habitat for the
southwest Alaska distinct population segment (DPS) of the northern sea
otter are:
(i) Shallow, rocky areas where marine predators are less likely to
forage, which are in waters less than 2 m (6.6 ft) in depth;
(ii) Nearshore waters within 100 m (328.1 ft) from the mean high
tide line;
(iii) Kelp forests, which occur in waters less than 20 m (65.6 ft)
in depth; and
(iv) Prey resources within the areas identified in paragraphs
(2)(i), (2)(ii), and (2)(iii) of this entry that are present in
sufficient quantity and quality to support the energetic requirements
of the species.
(3) Critical habitat does not include manmade structures
(including, but not limited to, docks, seawalls, pipelines, or other
structures) and the land on which they are located existing within the
boundaries on the effective date of this rule.
(4) Critical habitat map units. Boundaries of critical habitat were
derived from GIS data layers of hydrographic survey data developed by
the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. To estimate the
size of each critical habitat unit, the data were projected into Alaska
Standard Albers Conical Equal Area on the North American Datum of 1983.
Given the large geographic range of this DPS, some two-dimensional
areas appear as one-dimensional features at these map scales.
(5) Note: Index map of critical habitat for the southwest Alaska
DPS of the northern sea otter follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR08OC09.002
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C
(6) Unit 1: Western Aleutian. All contiguous waters from the mean
high tide line to the 20-m (65.6-ft) depth contour as well as waters
within 100 m (328.1 ft) of the mean high tide line that occur adjacent
to the following islands: Adak, Agattu, Alaid, Amatignak, Amchitka,
Amlia, Amukta, Anagaksik, Asuksak, Atka, Attu, Aziak, Bobrof, Buldir,
Carlisle, Chagula, Chuginadak, Chugul, Crone, Davidof, Elf, Gareloi,
Great Sitkin, Herbert, Igitkin, Ilak, Kagalaska, Kagamil, Kanaga, Kanu,
Kasatochi, Kavalga, Khvostof, Kiska, Koniuji, Little Kiska, Little
Sitkin, Little Tanaga, Nizki, Ogliuga, Oglodak, Rat, Sadatanak,
Sagchudak, Salt, Seguam, Segula, Semisopochnoi, Shemya, Skagul,
Tagadak, Tagalak, Tanaga, Tanaklak, and Ulak.
[[Page 52012]]
(7) Unit 2: Eastern Aleutian. All contiguous waters from the mean
high tide line to the 20-m (65.6-ft) depth contour as well as waters
within 100 m (328.1 ft) of the mean high tide line that occur adjacent
to the following islands: Aiktak, Akutan, Amaknak, Arangula, Atka,
Avatanak, Baby Islands, Bogoslof, Egg, Hog, Kaligagan, Rootok, Samalga,
Sedanka, Tigalda, Ugamak, Umnak, Unalaska, Unalga, and Vsevidof.
(8) Unit 3: South Alaska Peninsula. All contiguous waters from the
mean high tide line to the 20-m (65.6-ft) depth contour as well as
waters within 100 m (328.1 ft) of the mean high tide line that occur
adjacent to the Alaska Peninsula from False Pass (54.242[deg] N,
163.363[deg] W) to Castle Cape (56.242[deg] N, 158.117[deg] W), and
adjacent to the following islands: Andronica, Atkins, Big Koniuji,
Bird, Brother, Caton, Chankliut, Chernabura, Cherni, Chiachi, Deer,
Dolgoi, Egg, Goloi, Guillemot, Inner Iliask, Jacob, Karpof, Korovin,
Little Koniuji, Mitrofania, Nagai, Near, Outer Iliask, Paul, Peninsula,
Pinusuk, Poperechnoi, Popof, Road, Sanak, Shapka, Simeonof, Spectacle,
Spitz, Turner, Ukolnoi, Ukolnoi, Unga, and Unimak Island from Scotch
Cap (54.390[deg] N, 164.745[deg] W) to False Pass.
(9) Unit 4: Bristol Bay. This unit contains three subunits:
(i) Subunit 4a: Amak Island. All contiguous waters from the mean
high tide line to the 20-m (65.6-ft) depth contour as well as waters
within 100 m (328.1 ft) of the mean high tide line that occur adjacent
to Amak Island.
(ii) Subunit 4b: Izembek Lagoon. All waters from mean high tide
line that occur within the polygon bounded by Glen, Operl, and Neumann
Islands to the north and the Alaska Peninsula to the south, and further
defined by the following latitude/longitude coordinates: 55.249[deg] N,
162.990[deg] W; 55.255[deg] N, 162.984[deg] W from Cape Glazenap to
Glen Island; 55.324[deg] N, 162.901[deg] W; 55.333[deg] N, 162.888[deg]
W from Glen Island to Operl Island; 55.409[deg] N, 162.683[deg] W;
55.408[deg]N, 162.621[deg] W from Operl Island to Neumann Island; and
55.447[deg] N, 162.582[deg] W; 55.447[deg] N, 162.577[deg] W from
Neumann Island to Moffet Point.
(iii) Subunit 4c: Port Moller/Herendeen Bay. All waters from mean
high tide line that occur within the polygon bounded by Walrus Island
to the north and the Alaska Peninsula to the south, and further defined
by the following latitude/longitude coordinates: 56.000[deg] N,
160.877[deg] W; 56.020[deg] N, 160.854[deg] W from Point Edward to
Walrus Island; and 56.020[deg] N, 160.805[deg] W; 55.979[deg] N,
160.584[deg] W from Wolf Point to Entrance Point.
(10) Unit 5: Kodiak, Kamishak, Alaska Peninsula. All contiguous
waters from the mean high tide line to the 20-m (65.6-ft) depth contour
as well as waters within 100 m (328.1 ft) of the mean high tide line
that occur adjacent to the Alaska Peninsula from Castle Cape (56[deg]
14.5' N, 158[deg] 7.0' W) eastward to Cape Douglas (58.852[deg] N,
153.250[deg] W), and northward in Cook Inlet to Redoubt Point
(60.285[deg] N, 152.417[deg] W), and adjacent to the following islands:
Afognak, Aghik, Aghiyuk, Aiaktalik, Akhiok, Aliksemit, Amook, Anowik,
Ashiak, Atkulik, Augustine, Ban, Bare, Bear, Central, Chirikof, Chisik,
Chowiet, Dark, David, Derickson, Dry Spruce, Eagle, East Amatuli, East
Channel, Garden, Geese, Hartman, Harvester, Hydra, Kak, Kateekuk,
Kiliktagik, Kiukpalik, Kodiak, Kumlik, Long, Marmot, Miller, Nakchamik,
Ninagiak, Nord, Nordyke, Poltava, Raspberry, Sally, Shaw, Shuyak,
Sitkalidak, Sitkanak, Spruce, Sud, Sugarloaf, Suklik, Sundstrom,
Sutwick, Takli, Terrace, Tugidak, Twoheaded, Ugak, Ugalushik, Uganik,
Unavikshak, Ushagat, West Amatuli, West Augustine, West Channel, Whale,
and Woody.
* * * * *
Dated: September 23, 2009.
Jane Lyder,
Acting Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks.
[FR Doc. E9-24087 Filed 10-7-09; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P