[Federal Register: October 12, 2001 (Volume 66, Number 198)] [Proposed Rules] [Page 52281-52300] From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov] [DOCID:fr12oc01-30] [[Page 52281]] ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Part V Department of the Interior ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Fish and Wildlife Service ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 50 CFR Part 10 General Provisions; Revised List of Migratory Birds; Proposed Rule [[Page 52282]] ----------------------------------------------------------------------- DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fish and Wildlife Service 50 CFR Part 10 RIN 1018-AB72 General Provisions; Revised List of Migratory Birds AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior. ACTION: Proposed rule. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- SUMMARY: We propose to revise the List of Migratory Birds by (1) adding 1 species that belongs to a family covered by the Canadian and Mexican treaties and that is now known to occur and breed regularly in the United States; (2) adding 2 species covered by the Japanese and Russian treaties that were mistakenly omitted from previous lists; (3) adding 1 species of regular occurrence in the United States that now belongs to a protected family as a result of a recent taxonomic revision; (4) adding 26 newly recognized species; (5) removing 1 species that is no longer considered valid; (6) changing the English (common) and scientific names of 78 species to conform with modern nomenclature; and (7) correcting an error in the common (English) name of 1 species. The net result of these proposed changes is the addition of 29 species (25 by name only), which will bring the total number of protected species to 861; only 4 of the 29 proposed additions are not currently covered by the existing list as former subspecies of a listed species. DATES: Comments must be submitted on or before November 13, 2001. ADDRESSES: Written comments may be mailed to the Chief, Division of Migratory Bird Management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 4401 North Fairfax Drive, Room 634, Arlington, VA 22203. Alternatively, comments may be e-mailed, with Migratory Birds in the subject line, to John L. Trapp (john_trapp@fws.gov). The complete file for this rule will be available for public inspection during normal business hours, by appointment, at the above address. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Jon Andrew, Chief, Division of Migratory Bird Management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, telephone: (703) 358-1714. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: What Statutory Authority Does the Service Have for This Rulemaking? We have statutory authority and responsibility for enforcing the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) in 16 U.S.C. 703-711, the Fish and Wildlife Improvement Act of 1978, 16 U.S.C. 712, and 16 U.S.C. 742a-j. The MBTA implements treaties between the United States and four neighboring countries for the protection of migratory birds, as follows: (1) Canada: Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds, August 16, 1916, United States-Great Britain (on behalf of Canada), 39 Stat. 1702, T.S. No. 628; (2) Mexico: Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Game Mammals, February 7, 1936, United States-United Mexican States (=Mexico), 50 Stat. 1311, T.S. No. 912; (3) Japan: Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Birds in Danger of Extinction, and Their Environment, March 4, 1972, United States-Japan, 25 U.S.T., 3329 T.I.A.S. No. 7990; and (4) Russia: Convention for the Conservation of Migratory Birds and Their Environment, United States-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (=Russia), November 26, 1976, 92 Stat. 3110, T.I.A.S. 9073, 16 U.S.C. 703-712. What Is the Purpose of The Proposed Rulemaking? Our purpose is to inform the public of the species protected by regulations designed to enforce the terms of the MBTA. These regulations are found in Title 50, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Parts 10, 20, and 21. We regulate most aspects of the taking, possession, transportation, sale, purchase, barter, exportation, and importation of migratory birds. An accurate and up-to-date list of species protected by the MBTA is essential for regulatory purposes. Why Is The Proposed Amendment to the List of Migratory Birds Necessary? The proposed amendment is needed to (1) add a species that belongs to a protected family and that is now known to occur and breed regularly in the United States, (2) add two species covered by the Japanese and Russian treaties that were mistakenly omitted from previous lists, (3) add a species of regular occurrence in the United States that now belongs to a protected family as a result of recent taxonomic revisions, (4) add 26 newly recognized species by name, (5) remove a species that is no longer considered valid, (6) change the common (English) and scientific names of 78 species to conform with modern nomenclature, and (7) correct an error in the existing list. Twenty-nine species will be added by name, but in fact only four will be newly covered (the other 25 having previously been covered as subspecies of a listed species). The List of Migratory Birds (50 CFR 10.13) was last revised on April 5, 1985 (50 FR 13710). In a proposed rule published May 9, 1995 (60 FR 24686), we suggested adding 20 species, removing 1 species, and revising the common (English) or scientific names of 23 previously listed species to conform with the most recent nomenclature. The proposed amendments were a response to five published supplements to the 6th (1983) edition of the American Ornithologists' Union's (AOU's) Check-list of North American birds. Knowing that additional amendments would be necessary following the anticipated publication of a 7th edition of the Check-list, we elected to delay publication of a final rule until after the appearance of the revised Check-list. The 1995 proposed rule generated just two public comments, from the American Ornithologists' Union and the Association of Scientific Collections. The comments of those organizations, mostly editorial in nature, are incorporated into this document, as appropriate. Following publication of the 7th edition of the Check-list in July 1998, administrative workloads and staff shortages prevented work on a final rule until September 2000. Because of the 5-year delay since publication of the proposed rule, plus the many new changes necessitated by the 7th edition of the Check-list, we are issuing another proposed rule. This will provide the public with an opportunity to review and comment on all of the desired changes that have come to light since publication of the 1995 proposed rule. What Scientific Authorities Does the Service Use To Amend the List of Migratory Birds? Although bird names (common and scientific) are relatively stable, there is still a need for standardized usage to avoid confusion in communications. We follow the Check-list of North American birds (AOU 1998), as amended (AOU 1999, 2000), on matters of taxonomy, nomenclature, and the sequence of species and other higher taxonomic categories (orders, families, subfamilies). For the few species that occur outside the geographic area covered by the Check-list (AOU 1998, 1999, and 2000), we follow Monroe and Sibley (1993). Citations for these authorities follow: American Ornithologists' Union. 1998. Check-list of North American birds. 7th Edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC. 829 pp. [[Page 52283]] American Ornithologists' Union. 1999. Notice from the Committee on Classification and Nomenclature. Auk 116: 282-283. American Ornithologists' Union. 2000. Forty-second supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American birds. Auk 117: 847-858. Monroe, B. L., Jr., and C. G. Sibley. 1993. A world checklist of birds. Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn. 393 pp. What Criteria Does the Service Use To Identify Species Eligible for Protection by the MBTA? The treaties with Canada and Mexico indicate, by scientific names of families or groups or by the common (English) names of species or groups of species, which birds were intended to be covered. We generally do not include species of purely accidental or casual occurrence in the United States, even if they belong to one of the named families or groups. Similarly, we do not list species whose occurrence in the United States is strictly the result of intentional human introduction(s). The Japanese and Russian treaties list individual species of birds that are covered. For 35 of these species, the scientific (genus or species) name currently recognized by scientific authorities (AOU 1998 and 1999, Monroe and Sibley 1993) differs from that which appears in the treaties. The following cross-reference provides a linkage between the scientific names used in this list and those that appear in the appendices to the Japanese and Russian treaties. The first name is the modern equivalent adopted here, and the second name is that which appears in one or another of the treaties. These changes do not revise the appendices to either the Japanese or the Russian treaty (indicated by J or R): Accipiter gularis (Japanese Sparrowhawk) is listed as Accipiter virgatus (J & R); Actitis hypoleucos (Common Sandpiper) is listed as Tringa hypoleucos (J & R); Aethia psittacula (Parakeet Auklet) is listed as Cyclorrhynchus psittacula (R); Anas americana (American Wigeon) is listed as Mareca americana (J); Anas clypeata (Northern Shoveler) is listed as Spatula clypeata (J); Anas penelope (Eurasian Wigeon) is listed as Mareca penelope (J); Anthus rubescens (American Pipit) is listed as Anthus spinoletta (J & R); Branta bernicla (Brant) incorporates Branta nigricans (R); Calidris alba (Sanderling) is listed as Crocethia alba (J); Calidris subminuta (Long-toed Stint) is listed as part of Calidris minutilla (J); Carduelis flammea (Common Redpoll) is listed as Acanthis flammea (J); Carduelis hornemanni (Hoary Redpoll) is included as part of Carduelis flammea (J), and is listed as Acanthis hornemanni (R); Charadrius morinellus (Eurasian Dotterel) is listed as Eudromias morinellus (J & R); Chen canagica (Emperor Goose) is listed as Anser canagicus (J), and Philacte canagica (R); Chen caerulescens (Snow Goose) is listed as Anser caerulescens (J); Cygnus columbianus (Tundra Swan) incorporates Cygnus bewickii (R); Egretta sacra (Pacific Reef-Egret) is listed as Demigretta sacra (J); Fratercula cirrhata (Tufted Puffin) is listed as Lunda cirrhata (J & R); Gallinago gallinago (Common Snipe) is listed as Capella gallinago (R); Gallinago megala (Swinhoe's Snipe) is listed as Capella megala (R); Gallinago stenura (Pin-tailed Snipe) is listed as Capella stenura (R); Heterosceles brevipes (Gray-tailed Tattler) is included as part of Tringa incana (J); Heterosceles incanus (Wandering Tattler) is listed as Tringa incana (J); Luscinia calliope (Siberian Rubythroat) is listed as Erithacus calliope (J); Melanitta fusca (White-winged Scoter) incorporates Melanitta deglandi (J); Mergellus albellus (Smew) is listed as Mergus albellus (J & R); Milvus migrans (Black Kite) is listed as Milvus korschun (R); Motacilla lugens (Black-backed Wagtail) is included as part of Motacilla alba (J & R); Numenius borealis (Eskimo Curlew) is included as part of Numenius minutus (J); Phalaropus lobatus (Red-necked Phalarope) is listed as Lobipes lobatus (R); Phoebastria albatrus (Short-tailed Albatross) is listed as Diomedea albatrus (J & R); Phoebastria immutabilis (Laysan Albatross) is listed as Diomedea immutabilis (J & R); Phoebastria nigripes (Black-footed Albatross) is listed as Diomedea nigripes (J & R); Pterodroma hypoleuca (Bonin Petrel) is listed as Pterodroma leucoptera (R); Tachycineta bicolor (Tree Swallow) is listed as Iridoprocne bicolor (R); and Turdus obscurus (Eyebrowed Thrush) is listed as Turdus pallidus (R) How Will the Changes Proposed Here Affect the List of Migratory Birds? The proposed amendments address a grand total of 109 species and would result in a net addition of 30 species to the List of Migratory Birds, bringing the species total to 862. Only four species, though, are not already covered. Under these amendments, as proposed: (1) One species would be added because of recent evidence that it occurs regularly in the United States: Tanager, Flame-colored, Piranga bidentata (2) Two species would be added because they are included in the Appendix of the Russian treaty and in the Annex to the Japanese treaty, respectively; the omission of these species in previous lists is considered an oversight: Duck, Spot-billed, Anas poecilorhyncha; and Gull, Black-tailed, Larus crassirostris (3) One species would be added because it occurs regularly in the United States, and recent taxonomic changes place it in a family (Sylviidae) covered by the Canadian and Mexican treaties: Millerbird, Acrocephalus familiaris (4) Twenty-six species would be added because of recent taxonomic changes; what was once considered a single species is now recognized by authorities as two or more species. These additions will not change the protective status of these taxa, only the names by which they are known: Coot, Hawaiian, Fulica alai (formerly included in Fulica americana, American Coot); Flicker, Gilded, Colaptes chrysoides (formerly included in Colaptes auratus, Northern Flicker); Flycatcher, Cordilleran, Empidonax occidentalis (formerly included in Empidonax difficilis, Western Flycatcher); Gnatcatcher, California, Polioptila californica (formerly included in Polioptila melanura, Black-tailed Gnatcatcher); Golden-Plover, Pacific, Pluvialis fulva (formerly included in Pluvialis dominica, Lesser Golden-Plover); Grebe, Clark's, Aechmophorus clarkii (formerly included in Aechmophorus occidentalis, Western Grebe); Kamao, Myadestes myadestinus (formerly included in Phaeornis obscurus, Hawaiian Thrush); Loon, Pacific, Gavia pacifica (formerly included in Gavia arctica, Arctic Loon); Olomao, Myadestes lanaiensis (formerly included in Phaeornis obscurus, Hawaiian Thrush); Oriole, Bullock's, Icterus bullockii (formerly included in Icterus galbula, Northern Oriole); Petrel, White-necked, Pterodroma cervicalis (formerly included in Pterodroma externa, White-necked Petrel, currently known as Juan Fernandez Petrel); Rosy-Finch, Black, Leucosticte atrata (formerly included in Leucosticte arctoa, Rosy Finch); Rosy-Finch, Brown-capped, Leucosticte australis (formerly included in Leucosticte arctoa, Rosy Finch); Rosy-Finch, Gray-crowned, Leucosticte tephrocotis (formerly included in Leucosticte arctoa, Rosy Finch); Sapsucker, Red-naped, Sphyrapicus nuchalis (formerly included in Sphyrapicus varius, Yellow-bellied Sapsucker); Scrub-Jay, Island, Aphelocoma insularis (formerly included in Aphelocoma coerulescens, Scrub Jay); Scrub-Jay, Western, Aphelocoma californica (formerly included in Aphelocoma coerulescens, Scrub Jay); Sparrow, Nelson's Sharp-tailed, Ammodramus nelsoni (formerly included in Ammodramus caudacutus, Sharp-tailed Sparrow); Thrush, Bicknell's, Catharus bicknelli (formerly included in Catharus minimus, Gray-cheeked Thrush); [[Page 52284]] Titmouse, Juniper, Baeolophus ridgwayi (formerly included in Parus inornatus, Plain Titmouse); Towhee, California, Pipilo crissalis (formerly included in Pipilo fuscus, Brown Towhee); Towhee, Spotted, Pipilo maculatus (formerly included in Pipilo erythrophthalmus, Rufous-sided Towhee); Vireo, Cassin's, Vireo cassinii (formerly included in Vireo solitarius, Solitary Vireo); Vireo, Plumbeous, Vireo plumbeus (formerly included in Vireo solitarius, Solitary Vireo); Vireo, Yellow-green, Vireo flavoviridis (formerly included in Vireo olivaceus, Red-eyed Vireo); and Woodpecker, Arizona, Picoides arizonae (formerly included in Picoides stricklandi, Strickland's Woodpecker) (5) One species would be removed because of uncertainty about its biological authenticity (but remain protected as the Black Rosy-Finch, Gray-crowned Rosy-Finch, and Brown-capped Rosy-Finch; see above): Finch, Rosy, Leucosticte arctoa (6) The common (English) or scientific (genus or species) names of 78 species will be revised to conform with the most recent nomenclature. These revisions will not change the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which they are known: Albatross, Black-footed, Diomedea nigripes, will be changed to Phoebastria nigripes; Albatross, Laysan, Diomedea immutabilis, will be changed to Phoebastria immutabilis; Albatross, Short-tailed, Diomedea albatrus, will be changed to Phoebastria albatrus; Albatross, Yellow-nosed, Diomedea chlororhynchos, will be changed to Thalassarche chlororhynchos; Auklet, Parakeet, Cyclorrhynchus psittacula, will be changed to Aethia psittacula; Barn-Owl, Common, will be changed to Owl, Barn; Bittern, Chinese, will be changed to Bittern, Yellow; Caracara, Crested, Polyborus plancus, will be changed to Caracara cheriway (this supersedes the proposed change to Caracara plancus); Chickadee, Black-capped, Parus atricapillus, will be changed to Poecile atricapilla; Chickadee, Boreal, Parus hudsonicus, will be changed to Poecile hudsonica; Chickadee, Carolina, Parus carolinensis, will be changed to Poecile carolinensis; Chickadee, Chestnut-backed, Parus rufescens, will be changed to Poecile rufescens; Chickadee, Mexican, Parus sclateri, will be changed to Poecile sclateri; Chickadee, Mountain, Parus gambeli, will be changed to Poecile gambeli; Cormorant, Olivaceous, Phalacrocorax olivaceus, will be changed to Cormorant, Neotropic, Phalacrocorax brasilianus; Crow, Mexican, will be changed to Crow, Tamaulipas; Curlew, Least, will be changed to Curlew, Little; Duck, Masked, Oxyura dominica, will be changed to Nomonyx dominica; Egret, Great, Casmerodius albus, will be changed to Ardea alba; Egret, Plumed, Egretta intermedia, will be changed to Egret, Intermediate, Mesophoyx intermedia; Flycatcher, Olive-sided, Contopus borealis, will be changed to Contopus cooperi; Flycatcher, Western, will be changed to Flycatcher, Pacific-slope; Gannet, Northern, Sula bassanus, will be changed to Morus bassanus; Golden-Plover, Lesser, will be changed to Golden-Plover, American; Goose, Hawaiian, Nesochen sandvicensis, will be changed to Branta sandvicensis; Goose, Ross', will be changed to Goose, Ross's; Gull, Common Black-headed, will be changed to Gull, Black-headed; Gull, Ross', will be changed to Gull, Ross's; Hawk, Asiatic Sparrow, will be changed to Sparrowhawk, Japanese; Hawk, Gray, Buteo nitidus, will be changed to Asturina nitida; Hawk, Harris', will be changed to Hawk, Harris's; Hawk-Owl, Northern, will be changed to Owl, Northern Hawk; Heron, Green-backed, Butorides striatus, will be changed to Heron, Green, Butorides virescens; Heron, Pacific Reef, Egretta sacra, will be changed to Reef-Egret, Pacific; Hoopoe will be changed to Hoopoe, Eurasian; Jay, Gray-breasted, will be changed to Jay, Mexican; Jay, Scrub, will be changed to Scrub-Jay, Florida; Kite, American Swallow-tailed, will be changed to Kite, Swallow- tailed; Kite, Black-shouldered, Elanus caeruleus, will be changed to Kite, White-tailed, Elanus leucurus; Magpie, Black-billed, Pica pica, will be changed to Pica hudsonia; Murrelet, Xantus', will be changed to Murrelet, Xantus's; Night-Heron, Japanese, Nycticorax goisagi, will be changed to Gorsachius goisagi Night-Heron, Malay, Nycticorax melanolophus, will be changed to Night-Heron, Malayan, Gorsachius melanolophus; Night-Heron, Yellow-crowned, Nycticorax violaceus, will be changed to Nyctanassa violacea; Oldsquaw will be changed to Duck, Long-tailed; Oriole, Black-cowled, will be changed to Oriole, Greater Antillean; Oriole, Northern, will be changed to Oriole, Baltimore; Petrel, White-necked, Pterodroma externa, will be changed to Petrel, Juan Fernandez; Pipit, Water, Anthus spinoletta, will be changed to Pipit, American, Anthus rubescens; Reed-Bunting, Common, will be changed to Bunting, Reed; Reed-Bunting, Pallas', will be changed to Bunting, Pallas's; Skua, Great, Catharacta skua, will be changed to Stercorarius skua; Skua, South Polar, Catharacta maccormicki, will be changed to Stercorarius maccormicki; Skylark, Eurasian, will be changed to Lark, Sky; Sparrow, Five-striped, Amphispiza quinquestriata, will be changed to Aimophila quinquestriata; Sparrow, Harris', will be changed to Sparrow, Harris's; Sparrow, Sharp-tailed, Ammodramus caudacutus, will be changed to Sparrow, Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed; Starling, Ashy, will be changed to Starling, White-cheeked; Starling, Violet-backed, will be changed to Starling, Chestnut- cheeked; Storm-Petrel, Sooty, will be changed to Storm-Petrel, Tristram's; Swallow, Cave, Hirundo fulva, will be changed to Petrochelidon fulva; Swallow, Cliff, Hirundo pyrrhonota, will be changed to Petrochelidon pyrrhonota; Swift, Antillean Palm, will be changed to Palm-Swift, Antillean; Tanager, Stripe-headed, Spindalis zena, will be changed to Spindalis, Puerto Rican, Spindalis portoricensis; Teal, Falcated, will be changed to Duck, Falcated; Thrush, Eye-browed, will be changed to Thrush, Eyebrowed; Thrush, Hawaiian, Phaeornis obscurus, will be changed to Omao, Myadestes obscurus; Thrush, Small Kauai, Phaeornis palmeri, will be changed to Puaiohi, Myadestes palmeri; Tit, Siberian, Parus cinctus, will be changed to Chickadee, Gray- headed, Poecile cincta; Titmouse, Bridled, Parus wollweberi, will be changed to Baeolophus wollweberi; Titmouse, Plain, Parus inornatus, will be changed to Titmouse, Oak, Baeolophus inornatus; Titmouse, Tufted, Parus bicolor, will be changed to Baeolophus bicolor; Towhee, Brown, will be changed to Towhee, Canyon; Towhee, Rufous-sided, will be changed to Towhee, Eastern; Tree-Pipit, Olive, will be changed to Pipit, Olive-backed; Vireo, Solitary, will be changed to Vireo, Blue-headed; Warbler, Elfin Woods, will be changed to Warbler, Elfin-woods; and Woodpecker, Lewis', will be changed to Woodpecker, Lewis's. (7) The common (English) name of one species will be revised to correct a misspelling: Redstart, Slaty-throated, will be changed to Redstart, Slate- throated. For ease of comparison, the proposed changes are summarized in the following table: [[Page 52285]] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Remove Add (alphabetically) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Albatross, Black-footed, Diomedea Albatross, Black-footed, nigripes. Phoebastria nigripes. Albatross, Laysan, Diomedea Albatross, Laysan, Phoebastria immutabilis. immutabilis. Albatross, Short-tailed, Diomedea Albatross, Short-tailed, albatrus. Phoebastria albatrus. Albatross, Yellow-nosed, Diomedea Albatross, Yellow-nosed, chlororhynchos. Thalassarche chlororhynchos. Auklet, Parakeet, Cyclorrhynchus Auklet, Parakeet, Aethia psittacula. psittacula. Barn-Owl, Common, Tyto alba........ Bittern, Chinese, Ixobrychus Bittern, Yellow, Ixobrychus sinensis. sinensis. Bunting, Pallas's, Emberiza pallasi. Bunting, Reed, Emberiza schoeniculus. Caracara, Crested, Polyborus Caracara, Crested, Caracara plancus. cheriway. Chickadee, Black-capped, Parus Chickadee, Black-capped, Poecile atricapillus. atricapillus. Chickadee, Boreal, Parus hudsonicus Chickadee, Boreal, Poecile hudsonicus. Chickadee, Carolina, Parus Chickadee, Carolina, Poecile carolinensis. carolinensis. Chickadee, Chestnut-backed, Parus Chickadee, Chestnut-backed, Poecile rufescens. rufescens. Chickadee, Gray-headed, Poecile cincta. Chickadee, Mexican, Parus sclateri. Chickadee, Mexican, Poecile sclateri. Chickadee, Mountain, Parus gambeli. Chickadee, Mountain, Poecile gambeli. Coot, Hawaiian, Fulica alai. Cormorant, Olivaceous, Cormorant, Neotropic, Phalacrocorax Phalacrocorax olivaceus. brasilianus. Crow, Mexican, Corvus imparatus.... Crow, Tamaulipas, Corvus imparatus. Curlew, Least, Numenius minutus.... Curlew, Little, Numenius minutus. Duck, Falcated, Anas falcata. Duck, Long-tailed, Clangula hyemalis. Duck, Masked, Oxyura dominica...... Duck, Masked, Nomonyx dominica. Duck, Spot-billed, Anas poecilorhyncha. Egret, Great, Casmerodius albus.... Egret, Great, Ardea alba. Egret, Plumed, Egretta intermedia.. Egret, Intermediate, Mesophoyx intermedia. Finch, Rosy, Leucosticte arctoa.... Flicker, Gilded, Colaptes chrysoides. Flycatcher, Cordilleran, Empidonax occidentalis. Flycatcher, Olive-sided, Contopus Flycatcher, Olive-sided, Contopus borealis. cooperi. Flycatcher, Western, Empidonax Flycatcher, Pacific-slope, difficilis. Empidonax difficilis. Gannet, Northern, Sula bassanus.... Gannet, Northern, Morus bassanus. Gnatcatcher, California, Polioptila californica. Golden-Plover, Lesser, Pluvialis Golden-Plover, American, Pluvialis dominica. dominica. Golden-Plover, Pacific, Pluvialis fulva. Goose, Hawaiian, Nesochen Goose, Hawaiian, Branta sandvicensis. sandvicensis. Goose, Ross', Chen rossii.......... Goose, Ross's, Chen rossii. Grebe, Clark's, Aechmophorus clarkii. Gull, Common Black-headed, Larus Gull, Black-headed, Larus ridibundus. ridibundus. Gull, Black-tailed, Larus crassirostris. Gull, Ross', Rhodostethia rosea.... Gull, Ross's, Rhodostethia rosea. Hawk, Asiatic Sparrow, Accipiter gularis. Hawk, Gray, Buteo nitidus.......... Hawk, Gray, Asturina nitida. Hawk, Harris', Parabuteo unicinctus Hawk, Harris's, Parabuteo unicinctus. Hawk-Owl, Northern, Surnia ulula... Heron, Green-backed, Butorides Heron, Green, Butorides virescens. striatus. Heron, Pacific Reef, Egretta sacra. Hoopoe, Upupa epops................ Hoopoe, Eurasian, Upupa epops. Jay, Gray-breasted, Aphelocoma Jay, Mexican, Aphelocoma ultramarina. ultramarina. Jay, Scrub, Aphelocoma coerulescens Kamao, Myadestes myadestinus. Kite, American Swallow-tailed, Kite, Swallow-tailed, Elanoides Elanoides forficatus. forficatus. Kite, Black-shouldered, Elanus Kite, White-tailed, Elanus caeruleus. leucurus. Lark, Sky, Alauda arvensis. Loon, Pacific, Gavia pacifica. Magpie, Black-billed, Pica pica.... Magpie, Black-billed, Pica hudsonia. Millerbird, Acrocephalus familiaris. Murrelet, Xantus', Synthliboramphus Murrelet, Xantus's, hypoleucus. Synthliboramphus hypoleucus. Night-Heron, Japanese, Nycticorax Night-Heron, Japanese, Gorsachius goisagi. goisagi. Night-Heron, Malay, Nycticorax Night-Heron, Malayan, Gorsachius melanolophus. melanolophus. Night-Heron, Yellow-crowned, Night-Heron, Yellow-crowned, Nycticorax-violaceus. Nyctanassa violacea. Oldsquaw, Clangula hyemalis........ Olomao, Myadestes lanaiensis. Omao, Myadestes obscurus. Oriole, Black-cowled, Icterus dominicensis. Oriole, Northern, Icterus galbula.. Oriole, Baltimore, Icterus galbula. Oriole, Bullock's, Icterus bullockii. Oriole, Greater Antillean, Icterus dominicensis. Owl, Barn, Tyto alba. Owl, Northern Hawk, Surnia ulula. Palm-Swift, Antillean, Tachornis phoenicobia. Petrel, White-necked, Pterodroma Petrel, Juan Fernandez, Pterodroma externa. externa. Petrel, White-necked, Pterodroma cervicalis. [[Page 52286]] Pipit, Water, Anthus spinoletta.... Pipit, American, Anthus rubescens. Pipit, Olive-backed, Anthus hodgsoni. Puaiohi, Myadestes palmeri. Redstart, Slaty-throated, Myioborus Redstart, Slate-throated, Myioborus miniatus. miniatus. Reed-Bunting, Common, Emberiza schoeniculus. Reed-Bunting, Pallas', Emberiza pallasi. Reef-Egret, Pacific, Egretta sacra. Rosy-Finch, Black, Leucosticte atrata. Rosy-Finch, Brown-capped, Leucosticte australis. Rosy-Finch, Gray-crowned, Leucosticte tephrocotis. Sapsucker, Red-naped, Sphyrapicus nuchalis. Scrub-Jay, Florida, Aphelocoma coerulescens. Scrub-Jay, Island, Aphelocoma insularis. Scrub-Jay, Western, Aphelocoma californica. Skua, Great, Catharacta skua....... Skua, Great, Stercorarius skua. Skua, South Polar, Catharacta Skua, South Polar, Stercorarius maccormicki. maccormicki. Skylark, Eurasian, Alauda arvensis. Sparrow, Five-striped, Amphispiza Sparrow, Five-striped, Aimophila quinquestriata. quinquestriata. Sparrow, Harris', Zonotrichia Sparrow, Harris's, Zonotrichia querula. querula. Sparrow, Nelson's Sharp-tailed, Ammodramus nelsoni. Sparrow, Sharp-tailed, Ammodramus Sparrow, Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed, caudacutus. Ammodramus caudacutus. Sparrowhawk, Japanese, Accipiter gularis. Spindalis, Puerto Rican, Spindalis portoricensis. Starling, Ashy, Sturnus cineraceus. Starling, White-cheeked, Sturnus cineraceus. Starling, Violet-backed, Sturnus Starling, Chestnut-cheeked, Sturnus philippensis. philippensis. Storm-Petrel, Sooty, Oceanodroma Storm-Petrel, Tristram's, tristrami. Oceanodroma tristrami. Swallow, Cave, Hirundo fulva....... Swallow, Cave, Petrochelidon fulva. Swallow, Cliff, Hirundo pyrrhonota. Swallow, Cliff, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota. Swift, Antillean Palm, Tachornis phoenicobia. Tanager, Stripe-headed, Spindalis zena. Tanager, Flame-colored, Piranga bidentata. Teal, Falcated, Anas falcata....... Thrush, Bicknell's, Catharus bicknelli. Thrush, Eye-browed, Turdus obscurus Thrush, Eyebrowed, Turdus obscurus. Thrush, Hawaiian, Phaeornis obscurus. Thrush, Small Kauai, Phaeornis palmeri. Tit, Siberian, Parus cinctus....... Titmouse, Bridled, Parus wollweberi Titmouse, Bridled, Baeolophus wollweberi. Titmouse, Juniper, Baeolophus ridgwayi. Titmouse, Plain, Parus inornatus... Titmouse, Oak, Baelophus inornatus. Titmouse, Tufted, Parus bicolor.... Titmouse, Tufted, Baelophus bicolor. Towhee, California, Pipilo crissalis. Towhee, Brown, Pipilo fuscus....... Towhee, Canyon, Pipilo fuscus. Towhee, Rufous-sided, Pipilo Towhee, Eastern, Pipilo erythrophthalmus. erythrophthalmus. Towhee, Spotted, Pipilo maculatus. Tree-Pipit, Olive, Anthus hodgsoni. Vireo, Solitary, Vireo solitarius.. Vireo, Blue-headed, Vireo solitarius. Vireo, Cassin's, Vireo cassinii. Vireo, Plumbeous, Vireo plumbeus. Vireo, Yellow-green, Vireo flavoviridis. Warbler, Elfin Woods, Dendroica Warbler, Elfin-woods, Dendroica angelae. angelae. Woodpecker, Arizona, Picoides arizonae. Woodpecker, Lewis', Melanerpes Woodpecker, Lewis's, Melanerpes lewis. lewis. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ How Do the Changes Proposed Here Differ From Those Discussed in the 1995 Proposed Rule? The proposal to add Green Sandpiper (Tringa ochropus) and Oriental Turtle-Dove (Streptopelia orientalis) on the basis of recent distributional records is withdrawn pending additional evidence that they occur regularly in the United States. We propose adding the Flame- colored Tanager to the list on the basis of recent evidence that it occurs and breeds regularly in the United States, and because it belongs to a family (Thraupidae) covered by the Canadian and Mexican treaties. As a result of taxonomic and nomenclatural changes incorporated into the 7th edition of the Check-list of North American birds, as amended (AOU 1998, 1999, and 2000), we propose adding 11 more newly recognized species (Arizona Woodpecker, Bicknell's Thrush, Bullock's Oriole, Cassin's Vireo, Gilded Flicker, Plumbeous Vireo, Island Scrub- Jay, Juniper Titmouse, Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow, Spotted Towhee, and Western Scrub-Jay). These birds were formerly covered by the MBTA as subspecies of other species. We also propose to revise the common (English) or scientific names of an additional 57 species previously listed in 50 CFR 10.13. The proposal to shorten the English name of the Common Pauraque (Nyctidromus albicollis) to Pauraque is no longer necessary due to a name change adopted by the AOU (2000). How Is the List of Migratory Birds Organized? The species are listed in two formats to suit the needs of different segments of the public: alphabetically in Section 10.13(c)(1) and taxonomically in Section [[Page 52287]] 10.13(c)(2). In the alphabetical listing, species will be listed by common (English) name groups, with the scientific name of each species following the English name. This format, which is similar to that used in modern telephone directories, will be most useful to members of the lay public. In the taxonomic listing, species will be listed in phylogenetic sequence by scientific name, with the English name following the scientific name. To help clarify species relationships, we will also list the higher level taxonomic categories of Order, Family, and Subfamily. This format, which follows the sequence adopted by the AOU (1998), will be most useful to ornithologists and other scientists. What Species Are Not Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act? The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and our predecessors have interpreted the MBTA and the underlying treaties as applying only to species of natural (but not accidental or casual) occurrence in North America or United States territory outside North America, and not to non-native species. One of the reasons for this is that the MBTA and the treaties are silent regarding the inclusion of non-native species and none of the four treaties expressly lists any non-native species. The treaties list only species, families, or groups of birds containing members native to the United States. An example is the fact that the treaty with Canada, in elaborating on a family that is large enough to include species not native to North America, references only those species or groups of species that are native to North America. Also, this treaty does not list any of the many groups of insectivorous birds that are native only to areas outside North America; rather, all of the groups of this type that are listed occur in North America. The later treaties also are consistent with this interpretation. The treaties with Japan and Russia actually list the species covered (as opposed to listing families or groups) and all of the species exist naturally in United States territory. This interpretation is also based on the overall purposes and goals of the treaties, which are to protect birds from extinction, protect their value as a food supply, and protect agricultural interests and forests from pests controlled by birds. If the MBTA were applied to protect introduced non-native birds it would likely not further any of these goals. Moreover, it would promote competition with native species for resources needed for survival. A species is not protected by the MBTA if it falls into one or more of the following categories: (1) Species intentionally or unintentionally introduced into the United States, even those that belong to a family or group covered by the Canadian or Mexican treaties. Examples include Mute Swan (Cygnus olor), a member of the family Anatidae, and Rock Dove (Columba livia), a member of the family Columbidae. (2) Species that may have been sighted but are of purely accidental occurrence in the United States, unless either the Japanese or Russian treaty (both of which list birds by individual species) specifically includes it. Examples include Green Sandpiper and Japanese Turtle-Dove. (3) Members of families or groups not specified by the Canadian or Mexican treaties. Examples include species in the families Phasianidae (grouse and turkeys), Odontophoridae (quail), Psittacidae (parrots), Todidae (todies), Meliphagidae (honeyeaters), Monarchidae (monarchs), Timaliidae (wrentits), and Coerebidae (bananaquits); and the subfamily Drepanidinae (Hawaiian honeycreepers). Does the Proposed Rule Comply With NEPA? This regulation is categorically excluded from further National Environmental Policy Act requirements under Part 516 of the Department Manual, Chapter 2, Appendix 1.10. Does the Proposed Rule Comply With the Endangered Species Act? Yes. A number of species appearing on the List of Migratory Birds are also designated as endangered or threatened under provisions of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1531, et seq.; see 50 CFR 17.11). No legal complications arise from the dual listing since the two lists are developed under separate authorities and for different purposes. What About Other Required Determinations? Because the proposed revision to the List of Migratory Birds will merely re-describe the birds already protected by Federal treaties with Canada, Japan, Mexico, and Russia, we determined that this document will not have a significant economic effect on a substantial number of small entities under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.). This document has not been reviewed by the Office of Management and Budget under Executive Order 12866. In accordance with the criteria in Executive Order 12866, this proposed rule is not a significant regulatory action. This proposed rule is not a major rule under the terms of 5 U.S.C. 804(2), the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act. The proposed rule does not contain information collection requirements that must be approved by the Office of Management and Budget under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.). We find and certify, in compliance with the requirements of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (2 U.S.C. 1502 et seq.), that the proposed rule is not a significant regulatory action and will not impose a cost of $100 million or more in any given year on local or State government or private entities. As noted above, the proposed rule will not have sufficient federalism implications to warrant the preparation of a Federalism Assessment under Executive Order 13132. We have determined that these regulations will meet the applicable standards provided in sections 3(a) and 3(b)(2) of Executive Order 12988 for civil justice reform. This rule will not have significant takings implications for private property, as defined in Executive Order 12630. A takings implication assessment is not required because migratory birds are a Federally managed resource under laws implementing international treaties and are not personal property. Regarding Government-to-Government relationships with Tribes (59 FR 22951) and Executive Order 13175, the proposed revisions to existing regulations are purely administrative in nature. They will have no effect on Federally recognized Tribes or Tribal trust resources. Public Comments Invited We invite interested parties to submit written comments, suggestions, or objections regarding this proposal to one of the locations identified in the Addresses section above. Following review and consideration of the comments, we will issue a final rule on these proposed amendments to the List of Migratory Birds. Author John L. Trapp, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Migratory Bird Management, 4401 North Fairfax Drive, Room 634, Arlington, VA 22203. [[Page 52288]] List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 10 Exports, Fish, Imports, Law enforcement, Plants, Transportation, Wildlife. Regulation Promulgation For the reasons discussed in the preamble, we propose to amend title 50, chapter I, subchapter B, part 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations, as follows: PART 10--[PROPOSED] 1. The authority citation for part 10 continues to read as follows: Authority: 18 U.S.C. 42; 16 U.S.C. 703-712; 16 U.S.C. 668a-d; 19 U.S.C. 1202; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1543; 16 U.S.C. 1361-1384, 1401-1407; 16 U.S.C. 742a-742j-l; 16 U.S.C. 3371-3378. 2. Revise Section 10.13 to read as follows: Sec. 10.13 List of Migratory Birds. (a) What is the legal authority for this list? The Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) in 16 U.S.C. 703-711, the Fish and Wildlife Improvement Act of 1978, 16 U.S.C. 712, and 16 U.S.C. 742a-j. The MBTA implements treaties between the United States and four neighboring countries for the protection of migratory birds, as follows: (1) Canada: Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds, August 16, 1916, United States-Great Britain (on behalf of Canada), 39 Stat. 1702, T.S. No. 628; (2) Mexico: Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Game Mammals, February 7, 1936, United States-United Mexican States (=Mexico), 50 Stat. 1311, T.S. No. 912; (3) Japan: Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Birds in Danger of Extinction, and Their Environment, March 4, 1972, United States-Japan, 25 U.S.T., 3329 T.I.A.S. No. 7990; and (4) Russia: Convention for the Conservation of Migratory Birds and Their Environment, United States-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (=Russia), November 26, 1976, 92 Stat. 3110, T.I.A.S. 9073, 16 U.S.C. 703, 712. (b) What is the purpose of this list? The purpose is to inform the public of the species protected by regulations designed to enforce the terms of the MBTA. These regulations are found in Parts 10, 20, and 21 of this Chapter. We regulate most aspects of the taking, possession, transportation, sale, purchase, barter, exportation, and importation of migratory birds. (c) What species are protected as migratory birds? The species are listed in two formats to suit the varying needs of the user: alphabetically in paragraph (c)(1) of this section and taxonomically in section (c)(2). Taxonomy and nomenclature follow the 7th (1998) edition of the American Ornithologists' Union's Check-list of North American birds, as amended. Species not listed here, and therefore not protected by the MBTA, include any species introduced in the United States or any of its territory by humans, regardless of whether the introduction was intentional or unintentional. Also generally not listed and thus not protected are species of purely accidental or casual occurrence in the United States or its territory unless it is a particular species specifically referenced in a treaty. A species of accidental or casual occurrence is one whose the normal range is far enough removed from the United States as to make regular occurrence unlikely or ``improbable'' (The A.O.U. Check-list of North American birds, 6th edition, 1983:xxv). (1) Alphabetical listing. Species are listed alphabetically by common (English) name groups, with the scientific name of each species following the common name. ACCENTOR, Siberian, Prunella montanella ALBATROSS, Black-footed, Phoebastria nigripes Laysan, Phoebastria immutabilis Short-tailed, Phoebastria albatrus Yellow-nosed, Thalassarche chlororhynchos ANHINGA, Anhinga anhinga ANI, Groove-billed, Crotophaga sulcirostris Smooth-billed, Crotophaga ani AUKLET, Cassin's, Ptychoramphus aleuticus Crested, Aethia cristatella Least, Aethia pusilla Parakeet, Aethia psittacula Rhinoceros, Cerorhinca monocerata Whiskered, Aethia pygmaea AVOCET, American, Recurvirostra americana BEARDLESS-TYRANNULET, Northern, Camptostoma imberbe BECARD, Rose-throated, Pachyramphus aglaiae BITTERN, American, Botaurus lentiginosus Least, Ixobrychus exilis Schrenk's, Ixobrychus eurhythmus Yellow, Ixobrychus sinensis BLACK-HAWK, Common, Buteogallus anthracinus BLACKBIRD, Brewer's, Euphagus cyanocephalus Red-winged, Agelaius phoeniceus Rusty, Euphagus carolinus Tawny-shouldered, Agelaius humeralis Tricolored, Agelaius tricolor Yellow-headed, Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus Yellow-shouldered, Agelaius xanthomus BLUEBIRD, Eastern, Sialia sialis Mountain, Sialia currucoides Western, Sialia mexicana BLUETHROAT, Luscinia svecica BOBOLINK, Dolichonyx oryzivorus BOOBY, Blue-footed, Sula nebouxii Brown, Sula leucogaster Masked, Sula dactylatra Red-footed, Sula sula BRAMBLING, Fringilla montifringilla BRANT, Branta bernicla BUFFLEHEAD, Bucephala albeola BULLFINCH, Eurasian, Pyrrhula pyrrhula Puerto Rican, Loxigilla portoricensis BUNTING, Indigo, Passerina cyanea Lark, Calamospiza melanocorys Lazuli, Passerina amoena McKay's, Plectrophenax hyperboreus Painted, Passerina ciris Pallas's, Emberiza pallasi Reed, Emberiza schoeniculus Rustic, Emberiza rustica Snow, Plectrophenax nivalis Varied, Passerina versicolor BUSHTIT, Psaltriparus minimus CANVASBACK, Aythya valisneria CARACARA, Crested, Caracara cheriway CARDINAL, Northern, Cardinalis cardinalis CARIB, Green-throated, Eulampis holosericeus CATBIRD, Gray, Dumetella carolinensis CHAT, Yellow-breasted, Icteria virens CHICKADEE, Black-capped, Poecile atricapilla Boreal, Poecile hudsonica Carolina, Poecile carolinensis Chestnut-backed, Poecile rufescens Gray-headed, Poecile cincta Mexican, Poecile sclateri Mountain, Poecile gambeli CHUCK-WILL'S-WIDOW, Caprimulgus carolinensis CONDOR, California, Gymnogyps californianus COOT, American, Fulica americana Caribbean, Fulica caribaea Eurasian, Fulica atra Hawaiian, Fulica alai CORMORANT, Brandt's, Phalacrocorax penicillatus Double-crested, Phalacrocorax auritus Great, Phalacrocorax carbo Neotropic, Phalacrocorax brasilianus Pelagic, Phalacrocorax pelagicus Red-faced, Phalacrocorax urile COWBIRD, Bronzed, Molothrus aeneus Brown-headed, Molothrus ater Shiny, Molothrus bonariensis CRAKE, Corn, Crex crex Yellow-breasted, Porzana flaviventer CRANE, Common, Grus grus Sandhill, Grus canadensis [[Page 52289]] Whooping, Grus americana CREEPER, Brown, Certhia americana CROSSBILL, Red, Loxia curvirostra White-winged, Loxia leucoptera CROW, American, Corvus brachyrhynchos Fish, Corvus ossifragus Hawaiian, Corvus hawaiiensis Northwestern, Corvus caurinus Tamaulipas, Corvus imparatus White-necked, Corvus leucognaphalus CUCKOO, Black-billed, Coccyzus erythropthalmus Common, Cuculus canorus Mangrove, Coccyzus minor Oriental, Cuculus saturatus Yellow-billed, Coccyzus americanus CURLEW, Bristle-thighed, Numenius tahitiensis Eskimo, Numenius borealis Far Eastern, Numenius madagascariensis Little, Numenius minutus Long-billed, Numenius americanus DICKCISSEL, Spiza americana DIPPER, American, Cinclus mexicanus DOTTEREL, Eurasian, Charadrius morinellus DOVE, Inca, Columbina inca Mourning, Zenaida macroura White-tipped, Leptotila verreauxi White-winged, Zenaida asiatica Zenaida, Zenaida aurita DOVEKIE, Alle alle DOWITCHER, Long-billed, Limnodromus scolopaceus Short-billed, Limnodromus griseus DUCK, American Black, Anas rubripes Falcated, Anas falcata Harlequin, Histrionicus histrionicus Hawaiian, Anas wyvilliana Laysan, Anas laysanensis Long-tailed, Clangula hyemalis Masked, Nomonyx dominica Mottled, Anas fulvigula Ring-necked, Aythya collaris Ruddy, Oxyura jamaicensis Spot-billed, Anas poecilorhyncha Tufted, Aythya fuligula Wood, Aix sponsa DUNLIN, Calidris alpina EAGLE, Bald, Haliaeetus leucocephalus Golden, Aquila chrysaetos White-tailed, Haliaeetus albicilla EGRET, Cattle, Bubulcus ibis Chinese, Egretta eulophotes Great, Ardea alba Intermediate, Mesophoyx intermedia Reddish, Egretta rufescens Snowy, Egretta thula EIDER, Common, Somateria mollissima King, Somateria spectabilis Spectacled, Somateria fischeri Steller's, Polysticta stelleri ELAENIA, Caribbean, Elaenia martinica EMERALD, Puerto Rican, Chlorostilbon maugaeus EUPHONIA, Antillean, Euphonia musica FALCON, Aplomado, Falco femoralis Peregrine, Falco peregrinus Prairie, Falco mexicanus FIELDFARE, Turdus pilaris FINCH, Cassin's, Carpodacus cassinii House, Carpodacus mexicanus Purple, Carpodacus purpureus FLAMINGO, Greater, Phoenicopterus ruber FLICKER, Gilded, Colaptes chrysoides Northern, Colaptes auratus FLYCATCHER, Acadian, Empidonax virescens Alder, Empidonax alnorum Ash-throated, Myiarchus cinerascens Brown-crested, Myiarchus tyrannulus Buff-breasted, Empidonax fulvifrons Cordilleran, Empidonax occidentalis Dusky, Empidonax oberholseri Dusky-capped, Myiarchus tuberculifer Fork-tailed, Tyrannus savana Gray, Empidonax wrightii Gray-spotted, Muscicapa griseisticta Great Crested, Myiarchus crinitus Hammond's, Empidonax hammondii Least, Empidonax minimus Narcissus, Muscicapa narcissina Nutting's, Myiarchus nuttingi Olive-sided, Contopus cooperi Pacific-slope, Empidonax difficilis Puerto Rican, Myiarchus antillarum Scissor-tailed, Tyrannus forficatus Sulphur-bellied, Myiodynastes luteiventris Vermilion, Pyrocephalus rubinus Willow, Empidonax traillii Yellow-bellied, Empidonax flaviventris FRIGATEBIRD, Great, Fregata minor Lesser, Fregata ariel Magnificent, Fregata magnificens FULMAR, Northern, Fulmarus glacialis GADWALL, Anas strepera GALLINULE, Purple, Porphyrula martinica GANNET, Northern, Morus bassanus GARGANEY, Anas querquedula GNATCATCHER, Black-capped, Polioptila nigriceps Black-tailed, Polioptila melanura Blue-gray, Polioptila caerulea California, Polioptila californica GODWIT, Bar-tailed, Limosa lapponica Black-tailed, Limosa limosa Hudsonian, Limosa haemastica Marbled, Limosa fedoa GOLDEN-PLOVER, American, Pluvialis dominica Pacific, Pluvialis fulva GOLDENEYE, Barrow's, Bucephala islandica Common, Bucephala clangula GOLDFINCH, American, Carduelis tristis Lawrence's, Carduelis lawrencei Lesser, Carduelis psaltria GOOSE, Barnacle, Branta leucopsis Bean, Anser fabalis Canada, Branta canadensis Emperor, Chen canagica Greater White-fronted, Anser albifrons Hawaiian, Branta sandvicensis Ross's, Chen rossii Snow, Chen caerulescens GOSHAWK, Northern, Accipiter gentilis GRACKLE, Boat-tailed, Quiscalus major Common, Quiscalus quiscula Great-tailed, Quiscalus mexicanus Greater Antillean, Quiscalus niger GRASSHOPPER-WARBLER, Middendorff's, Locustella ochotensis GRASSQUIT, Black-faced, Tiaris bicolor Yellow-faced, Tiaris olivacea GREBE, Clark's, Aechmophorus clarkii Eared, Podiceps nigricollis Horned, Podiceps auritus Least, Tachybaptus dominicus Pied-billed, Podilymbus podiceps Red-necked, Podiceps grisegena Western, Aechmophorus occidentallis GREENFINCH, Oriental, Carduelis sinica GREENSHANK, Common, Tringa nebularia GROSBEAK, Black-headed, Pheucticus melanocephalus Blue, Guiraca caerulea Crimson-collared, Rhodothraupis celaeno Evening, Coccothraustes vespertinus Pine, Pinicola enucleator Rose-breasted, Pheucticus ludovicianus Yellow, Pheucticus chrysopeplus GROUND-DOVE, Common, Columbina passerina Ruddy, Columbina talpacoti GUILLEMOT, Black, Cepphus grylle Pigeon, Cepphus columba GULL, Black-headed, Larus ridibundus Black-tailed, Larus crassirostris Bonaparte's, Larus philadelphia California, Larus californicus Franklin's, Larus pipixcan Glaucous, Larus hyperboreus Glaucous-winged, Larus glaucescens Great Black-backed, Larus marinus Heermann's, Larus heermanni Herring, Larus argentatus Iceland, Larus glaucoides Ivory, Pagophila eburnea Laughing, Larus atricilla Lesser Black-headed, Larus fuscus Little, Larus minutus Mew, Larus canus Ring-billed, Larus delawarensis Ross's, Rhodostethia rosea Sabine's, Xema sabini Slaty-backed, Larus schistisagus Thayer's, Larus thayeri Western, Larus occidentalis Yellow-footed, Larus livens GYRFALCON, Falco rusticolus HARRIER, Northern, Circus cyaneus HAWFINCH, Coccothraustes coccothraustes HAWK, Broad-winged, Buteo platypterus [[Page 52290]] Cooper's, Accipiter cooperii Ferruginous, Buteo regalis Gray, Asturina nitidus Harris's, Parabuteo unicinctus Hawaiian, Buteo solitarius Red-shouldered, Buteo lineatus Red-tailed, Buteo jamaicensis Rough-legged, Buteo lagopus Sharp-shinned, Accipiter striatus Short-tailed, Buteo brachyurus Swainson's, Buteo swainsoni White-tailed, Buteo albicaudatus Zone-tailed, Buteo albonotatus HAWK-CUCKOO, Hodgson's, Cuculus fugax HERON, Great Blue, Ardea herodias Green, Butorides virescens Little Blue, Egretta caerulea Tricolored, Egretta tricolor HOOPOE, Eurasian, Upupa epops HOUSE-MARTIN, Common, Delichon urbica HUMMINGBIRD, Allen's, Selasphorus sasin Anna's, Calypte anna Antillean Crested, Orthorhynchus cristatus Berylline, Amazilia beryllina Black-chinned, Archilochus alexandri Blue-throated, Lampornis clemenciae Broad-billed, Cynanthus latirostris Broad-tailed, Selasphorus platycercus Buff-bellied, Amazilia yucatanensis Calliope, Stellula calliope Costa's, Calypte costae Lucifer, Calothorax lucifer Magnificent, Eugenes fulgens Ruby-throated, Archilochus colubris Rufous, Selasphorus rufus Violet-crowned, Amazilia violiceps White-eared, Hylocharis leucotis IBIS, Glossy, Plegadis falcinellus Scarlet, Eudocimus ruber White, Eudocimus albus White-faced, Plegadis chihi JABIRU, Jabiru mycteria JACANA, Northern, Jacana spinosa JAEGER, Long-tailed, Stercorarius longicaudus Parasitic, Stercorarius parasiticus Pomarine, Stercorarius pomarinus JAY, Blue, Cyanocitta cristata Brown, Cyanocorax morio Gray, Perisoreus canadensis Green, Cyanocorax yncas Mexican, Aphelocoma ultramarina Pinyon, Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus Steller's, Cyanocitta stelleri JUNCO, Dark-eyed, Junco hyemalis Yellow-eyed, Junco phaeonotus KAMAO, Myadestes myadestinus KESTREL, American, Falco sparverius Eurasian, Falco tinnunculus KILLDEER, Charadrius vociferus KINGBIRD, Cassin's, Tyrannus vociferans Couch's, Tyrannus couchii Eastern, Tyrannus tyrannus Gray, Tyrannus dominicensis Loggerhead, Tyrannus caudifasciatus Thick-billed, Tyrannus crassirostris Tropical, Tyrannus melancholicus Western, Tyrannus verticalis KINGFISHER, Belted, Ceryle alcyon Green, Chloroceryle americana Ringed, Ceryle torquata KINGLET, Golden-crowned, Regulus satrapa Ruby-crowned, Regulus calendula KISKADEE, Great, Pitangus sulphuratus KITE, Black, Milvus migrans Hook-billed, Chondrohierax uncinatus Mississippi, Ictinia mississippiensis Snail, Rostrhamus sociabilis Swallow-tailed, Elanoides forficatus White-tailed, Elanus leucurus KITTIWAKE, Black-legged, Rissa tridactyla Red-legged, Rissa brevirostris KNOT, Great, Calidris tenuirostris Red, Calidris canutus LAPWING, Northern, Vanellus vanellus LARK, Horned, Eremophila alpestris Sky, Alauda arvensis LIMPKIN, Aramus guarauna LIZARD-CUCKOO, Puerto Rican, Saurothera vieilloti LONGSPUR, Chestnut-collared, Calcarius ornatus Lapland, Calcarius lapponicus McCown's, Calcarius mccownii Smith's, Calcarius pictus LOON, Arctic, Gavia arctica Common, Gavia immer Pacific, Gavia pacifica Red-throated, Gavia stellata Yellow-billed, Gavia adamsii MAGPIE, Black-billed, Pica hudsonia Yellow-billed, Pica nuttalli MALLARD, Anas platyrhynchos MANGO, Antillean, Anthracothorax dominicus Green, Anthracothorax viridis MARTIN, Caribbean, Progne dominicensis Cuban, Progne cryptoleuca Gray-breasted, Progne chalybea Purple, Progne subis MEADOWLARK, Eastern, Sturnella magna Western, Sturnella neglecta MERGANSER, Common, Mergus merganser Hooded, Lophodytes cucullatus Red-breasted, Mergus serrator MERLIN, Falco columbarius MILLERBIRD, Acrocephalus familiaris MOCKINGBIRD, Northern, Mimus polyglottos MOORHEN, Common, Gallinula chloropus MURRE, Common, Uria aalge Thick-billed, Uria lomvia MURRELET, Ancient, Synthliboramphus antiquus Craveri's, Synthliboramphus craveri Kittlitz's, Brachyramphus brevirostris Marbled, Brachyramphus marmoratus Xantus's, Synthliboramphus hypoleucus NEEDLETAIL, White-throated, Hirundapus caudacutus NIGHT-HERON, Black-crowned, Nycticorax nycticorax Japanese, Gorsachius goisagi Malayan, Gorsachius melanolophus Yellow-crowned, Nyctanassa violacea NIGHTHAWK, Antillean, Chordeiles gundlachii Common, Chordeiles minor Lesser, Chordeiles acutipennis NIGHTJAR, Buff-collared, Caprimulgus ridgwayi Puerto Rican, Caprimulgus noctitherus Jungle, Caprimulgus indicus NODDY, Black, Anous minutus Blue-gray, Procelsterna cerulea Brown, Anous stolidus Lesser, Anous tenuirostris NUTCRACKER, Clark's, Nucifraga columbiana NUTHATCH, Brown-headed, Sitta pusilla Pygmy, Sitta pygmaea Red-breasted, Sitta canadensis White-breasted, Sitta carolinensis OLOMAO, Myadestes lanaiensis OMAO, Myadestes obscurus ORIOLE, Altamira, Icterus gularis Audubon's, Icterus graduacauda Baltimore, Icterus galbula Black-vented, Icterus wagleri Bullock's, Icterus bullockii Greater Antillean, Icterus dominicensis Hooded, Icterus cucullatus Orchard, Icterus spurius Scott's, Icterus parisorum Streak-backed, Icterus pustulatus OSPREY, Pandion haliaetus OVENBIRD, Seiurus aurocapillus OWL, Barn, Tyto alba Barred, Strix varia Boreal, Aegolius funereus Burrowing, Athene cunicularia Elf, Micrathene whitneyi Flammulated, Otus flammeolus Great Gray, Strix nebulosa Great Horned, Bubo virginianus Long-eared, Asio otus Northern Hawk, Surnia ulula Northern Saw-whet, Aegolius acadicus Short-eared, Asio flammeus Snowy, Nyctea scandiaca Spotted, Strix occidentalis OYSTERCATCHER, American, Haematopus palliatus Black, Haematopus bachmani PALM-SWIFT, Antillean, Tachornis phoenicobia PARULA, Northern, Parula americana Tropical, Parula pitiayumi PAURAQUE, Common, Nyctidromus albicollis [[Page 52291]] PELICAN, American White, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Brown, Pelecanus occidentalis PETREL, Black-capped, Pterodroma hasitata Bonin, Pterodroma hypoleuca Bulwer's, Bulweria bulwerii Cook's, Pterodroma cookii Dark-rumped, Pterodroma phaeopygia Herald, Pterodroma arminjoniana Juan Fernandez, Pterodroma externa Kermadec, Pterodroma neglecta Mottled, Pterodroma inexpectata Murphy's, Pterodroma ultima White-necked, Pterodroma cervicalis PEWEE, Greater, Contopus pertinax Lesser Antillean, Contopus latirostris PHAINOPEPLA, Phainopepla nitens PHALAROPE, Red, Phalaropus fulicaria Red-necked, Phalaropus lobatus Wilson's, Phalaropus tricolor PHOEBE, Black, Sayornis nigricans Eastern, Sayornis phoebe Say's, Sayornis saya PIGEON, Band-tailed, Columba fasciata Plain, Columba inornata Red-billed, Columba flavirostris Scaly-naped, Columba squamosa White-crowned, Columba leucocephala PINTAIL, Northern, Anas acuta White-cheeked, Anas bahamensis PIPIT, American, Anthus rubescens Olive-backed, Anthus hodgsoni Pechora, Anthus gustavi Red-throated, Anthus cervinus Sprague's, Anthus spragueii PLOVER, Black-bellied, Pluvialis squatarola Common Ringed, Charadrius hiaticula Greater Sand, Charadrius leschenaultii Little Ringed, Charadrius dubius Mongolian, Charadrius mongolus Mountain, Charadrius montanus Piping, Charadrius melodus Semipalmated, Charadrius semipalmatus Snowy, Charadrius alexandrinus Wilson's, Charadrius wilsonia POCHARD, Baer's, Aythya baeri Common, Aythya ferina POORWILL, Common, Phalaenoptilus nuttallii PUAIOHI, Myadestes palmeri PUFFIN, Atlantic, Fratercula arctica Horned, Fratercula corniculata Tufted, Fratercula cirrhata PYGMY-OWL, Ferruginous, Glaucidium brasilianum Northern, Glaucidium gnoma PYRRHULOXIA, Cardinalis sinuatus QUAIL-DOVE, Bridled, Geotrygon mystacea Key West, Geotrygon chrysia Ruddy, Geotrygon montana RAIL, Black, Laterallus jamaicensis Clapper, Rallus longirostris King, Rallus elegans Virginia, Rallus limicola Yellow, Coturnicops noveboracensis RAVEN, Chihuahuan, Corvus cryptoleucus Common, Corvus corax RAZORBILL, Alca torda REDHEAD, Aythya americana REDPOLL, Common, Carduelis flammea Hoary, Carduelis hornemanni REDSHANK, Spotted, Tringa erythropus REDSTART, American, Setophaga ruticilla Painted, Myioborus pictus Slate-throated, Myioborus miniatus REEF-EGRET, Pacific, Egretta sacra ROADRUNNER, Greater, Geococcyx californianus ROBIN, American, Turdus migratorius Clay-colored, Turdus grayi Rufous-backed, Turdus rufopalliatus ROSEFINCH, Common, Carpodacus erythrinus ROSY-FINCH, Black, Leucosticte atrata Brown-capped, Leucosticte australis Gray-crowned, Leucosticte tephrocotis RUBYTHROAT, Siberian, Luscinia calliope RUFF, Philomachus pugnax SANDERLING, Calidris alba SANDPIPER, Baird's, Calidris bairdii Broad-billed, Limicola falcinellus Buff-breasted, Tryngites subruficollis Common, Actitis hypoleucos Curlew, Calidris ferruginea Least, Calidris minutilla Marsh, Tringa stagnatilis Pectoral, Calidris melanotos Purple, Calidris maritima Rock, Calidris ptilocnemis Semipalmated, Calidris pusilla Sharp-tailed, Calidris acuminata Solitary, Tringa solitaria Spoonbill, Eurynorhynchus pygmeus Spotted, Actitis macularia Stilt, Calidris himantopus Terek, Xenus cinereus Upland, Bartramia longicauda Western, Calidris mauri White-rumped, Calidris fuscicollis Wood, Tringa glareola SAPSUCKER, Red-breasted, Sphyrapicus ruber Red-naped, Sphyrapicus nuchalis Williamson's, Sphyrapicus thyroideus Yellow-bellied, Sphyrapicus varius SCAUP, Greater, Aythya marila Lesser, Aythya affinis SCOTER, Black, Melanitta nigra Surf, Melanitta perspicillata White-winged, Melanitta fusca SCREECH-OWL, Eastern, Otus asio Puerto Rican, Otus nudipes Western, Otus kennicottii Whiskered, Otus trichopsis SCRUB-JAY, Florida, Aphelocoma coerulescens Island, Aphelocoma insularis Western, Aphelocoma californica SEA-EAGLE, Steller's, Haliaeetus pelagicus SEEDEATER, White-collared, Sporophila torqueola SHEARWATER, Audubon's, Puffinus lherminieri Black-vented, Puffinus opisthomelas Buller's, Puffinus bulleri Christmas, Puffinus nativitatis Cory's, Calonectris diomedea Flesh-footed, Puffinus carneipes Greater, Puffinus gravis Little, Puffinus assimilis Manx, Puffinus puffinus Pink-footed, Puffinus creatopus Short-tailed, Puffinus tenuirostris Sooty, Puffinus griseus Townsend's, Puffinus auricularis Wedge-tailed, Puffinus pacificus SHOVELER, Northern, Anas clypeata SHRIKE, Loggerhead, Lanius ludovicianus Northern, Lanius excubitor SISKIN, Pine, Carduelis pinus SKIMMER, Black, Rhynchops niger SKUA, Great, Stercorarius skua South Polar, Stercorarius maccormicki SMEW, Mergellus albellus SNIPE, Common, Gallinago gallinago Jack, Lymnocryptes minimus Pin-tailed, Gallinago stenura Swinhoe's, Gallinago megala SOLITAIRE, Townsend's, Myadestes townsendi SORA, Porzana carolina SPARROW, American Tree, Spizella arborea Bachman's, Aimophila aestivalis Baird's, Ammodramus bairdii Black-chinned, Spizella atrogularis Black-throated, Amphispiza bilineata Botteri's, Aimophila botterii Brewer's, Spizella breweri Cassin's, Aimophila cassinii Chipping, Spizella passerina Clay-colored, Spizella pallida Field, Spizella pusilla Five-striped, Aimophila quinquestriata Fox, Passerella iliaca Golden-crowned, Zonotrichia atricapilla Grasshopper, Ammodramus savannarum Harris's, Zonotrichia querula Henslow's, Ammodramus henslowii Lark, Chondestes grammacus Le Conte's, Ammodramus leconteii Lincoln's, Melospiza lincolnii Nelson's Sharp-tailed, Ammodramus nelsoni Olive, Arremonops rufivirgatus Rufous-crowned, Aimophila ruficeps Rufous-winged, Aimophila carpalis Sage, Amphispiza belli Savannah, Passerculus sandwichensis Seaside, Ammodramus maritimus Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed, [[Page 52292]] Ammodramus caudacutus Song, Melospiza melodia Swamp, Melospiza georgiana Vesper, Pooecetes gramineus White-crowned, Zonotrichia leucophrys White-throated, Zonotrichia albicollis Worthen's, Spizella wortheni SPARROWHAWK, Japanese, Accipiter gularis SPINDALIS, Puerto Rican, Spindalis portoricensis SPOONBILL, Roseate, Ajaia ajaja STARLING, Chestnut-cheeked, Sturnus philippensis White-cheeked, Sturnus cineraceus STARTHROAT, Plain-capped, Heliomaster constantii STILT, Black-necked, Himantopus mexicanus STINT, Little, Calidris minuta Long-toed, Calidris subminuta Red-necked, Calidris ruficollis Temminck's, Calidris temminckii STORK, Wood, Mycteria americana STORM-PETREL, Ashy, Oceanodroma homochroa Band-rumped, Oceanodroma castro Black, Oceanodroma melania Fork-tailed, Oceanodroma furcata Leach's, Oceanodroma leucorhoa Least, Oceanodroma microsoma Tristram's, Oceanodroma tristrami Wedge-rumped, Oceanodroma tethys White-faced, Pelagodroma marina Wilson's, Oceanites oceanicus SURFBIRD, Aphriza virgata SWALLOW, Bahama, Tachycineta cyaneoviridis Bank, Riparia riparia Barn, Hirundo rustica Cave, Petrochelidon fulva Cliff, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota Northern Rough-winged, Stelgidopteryx serripennis Tree, Tachycineta bicolor Violet-green, Tachycineta thalassina SWAN, Trumpeter, Cygnus buccinator Tundra, Cygnus columbianus Whooper, Cygnus cygnus SWIFT, Black, Crypseloides niger Chimney, Chaetura pelagica Common, Apus apus Fork-tailed, Apus pacificus Vaux's, Chaetura vauxi White-collared, Streptoprocne zonaris White-throated, Aeronautes saxatalis TANAGER, Flame-colored, Piranga bidentata Hepatic, Piranga flava Puerto Rican, Neospingus speculiferus Scarlet, Piranga olivacea Summer, Piranga rubra Western, Piranga ludoviciana TATTLER, Gray-tailed, Heteroscelus brevipes Wandering, Heteroscelus incanus TEAL, Baikal, Anas formosa Blue-winged, Anas discors Cinnamon, Anas cyanoptera Green-winged, Anas crecca TERN, Aleutian, Sterna aleutica Arctic, Sterna paradisaea Black, Chlidonias niger Black-naped, Sterna sumatrana Bridled, Sterna anaethetus Caspian, Sterna caspia Common, Sterna hirundo Elegant, Sterna elegans Forster's, Sterna forsteri Gray-backed, Sterna lunata Gull-billed, Sterna nilotica Least, Sterna antillarum Little, Sterna albifrons Roseate, Sterna dougallii Royal, Sterna maxima Sandwich, Sterna sandvicensis Sooty, Sterna fuscata White, Gygis alba White-winged, Chlidonias leucopterus THRASHER, Bendire's, Toxostoma bendirei Brown, Toxostoma rufum California, Toxostoma redivivum Crissal, Toxostoma crissale Curve-billed, Toxostoma curvirostre Le Conte's, Toxostoma lecontei Long-billed, Toxostoma longirostre Pearly-eyed, Margarops fuscatus Sage, Oreoscoptes montanus THRUSH, Aztec, Ridgwayia pinicola Bicknell's, Catharus bicknelli Blue Rock, Monticola solitarius Dusky, Turdus naumanni Eyebrowed, Turdus obscurus Gray-cheeked, Catharus minimus Hermit, Catharus guttatus Red-legged, Turdus plumbeus Swainson's, Catharus ustulatus Varied, Ixoreus naevius Wood, Hylocichla mustelina TITMOUSE, Bridled, Baeolophus wollweberi Juniper, Baeolophus ridgwayi Oak, Baeolophus inornatus Tufted, Baeolophus bicolor TOWHEE, Abert's, Pipilo aberti California, Pipilo crissalis Canyon, Pipilo fuscus Eastern, Pipilo erythrophthalmus Green-tailed, Pipilo chlorurus Spotted, Pipilo maculatus TROGON, Eared, Euptilotus neoxenus Elegant, Trogon elegans TROPICBIRD, Red-billed, Phaethon aethereus Red-tailed, Phaethon rubricauda White-tailed, Phaethon lepturus TURNSTONE, Black, Arenaria melanocephala Ruddy, Arenaria interpres VEERY, Catharus fuscescens VERDIN, Auriparus flaviceps VIOLET-EAR, Green, Colibri thalassinus VIREO, Bell's, Vireo bellii Black-capped, Vireo atricapillus Black-whiskered, Vireo altiloquus Blue-headed, Vireo solitarius Cassin's, Vireo cassinii Gray, Vireo vicinior Hutton's, Vireo huttoni Philadelphia, Vireo philadelphicus Plumbeous, Vireo plumbeus Puerto Rican, Vireo latimeri Red-eyed, Vireo olivaceus Warbling, Vireo gilvus White-eyed, Vireo griseus Yellow-green, Vireo flavoviridis Yellow-throated, Vireo flavifrons VULTURE, Black, Coragyps atratus Turkey, Cathartes aura WAGTAIL, Black-backed, Motacilla lugens Gray, Motacilla cinerea White, Motacilla alba Yellow, Motacilla flava WARBLER, Adelaide's, Dendroica adelaidae Arctic, Phylloscopus borealis Bachman's, Vermivora bachmanii Bay-breasted, Dendroica castanea Black-and-white, Mniotilta varia Black-throated Blue, Dendroica caerulescens Black-throated Gray, Dendroica nigrescens Black-throated Green, Dendroica virens Blackburnian, Dendroica fusca Blackpoll, Dendroica striata Blue-winged, Vermivora pinus Canada, Wilsonia canadensis Cape May, Dendroica tigrina Cerulean, Dendroica cerulea Chestnut-sided, Dendroica pensylvanica Colima, Vermivora crissalis Connecticut, Oporornis agilis Elfin-woods, Dendroica angelae Golden-cheeked, Dendroica chrysoparia Golden-crowned, Basileuterus culicivorus Golden-winged, Vermivora chrysoptera Grace's, Dendroica graciae Hermit, Dendroica occidentalis Hooded, Wilsonia citrina Kentucky, Oporornis formosus Kirtland's, Dendroica kirtlandii Lucy's, Vermivora luciae MacGillivray's, Oporornis tolmiei Magnolia, Dendroica magnolia Mourning, Oporornis philadelphia Nashville, Vermivora ruficapilla Olive, Peucedramus taeniatus Orange-crowned, Vermivora celata Palm, Dendroica palmarum Pine, Dendroica pinus Prairie, Dendroica discolor Prothonotary, Protonotaria citrea Red-faced, Cardellina rubrifrons Rufous-capped, Basileuterus rufifrons Swainson's, Limnothlypis swainsonii Tennessee, Vermivora peregrina Townsend's, Dendroica townsendi [[Page 52293]] Virginia's, Vermivora virginiae Willow, Phylloscopus trochilus Wilson's, Wilsonia pusilla Worm-eating, Helmitheros vermivorus Yellow, Dendroica petechia Yellow-rumped, Dendroica coronata Yellow-throated, Dendroica dominica WATERTHRUSH, Louisiana, Seiurus motacilla Northern, Seiurus noveboracensis WAXWING, Bohemian, Bombycilla garrulus Cedar, Bombycilla cedrorum WHEATEAR, Northern, Oenanthe oenanthe WHIMBREL, Numenius phaeopus WHIP-POOR-WILL, Caprimulgus vociferus WHISTLING-DUCK, Black-bellied, Dendrocygna autumnalis Fulvous, Dendrocygna bicolor West Indian, Dendrocygna arborea WIGEON, American, Anas americana Eurasian, Anas penelope WILLET, Catoptrophorus semipalmatus WOOD-PEWEE, Eastern, Contopus virens Western, Contopus sordidulus WOODCOCK, American, Scolopax minor Eurasian, Scolopax rusticola WOODPECKER, Acorn, Melanerpes formicivorus Arizona, Picoides arizonae Black-backed, Picoides arcticus Downy, Picoides pubescens Gila, Melanerpes uropygialis Golden-fronted, Melanerpes aurifrons Hairy, Picoides villosus Ivory-billed, Campephilus principalis Ladder-backed, Picoides scalaris Lewis's, Melanerpes lewis Nuttall's, Picoides nuttallii Pileated, Dryocopus pileatus Puerto Rican, Melanerpes portoricensis Red-bellied, Melanerpes carolinus Red-cockaded, Picoides borealis Red-headed, Melanerpes erythrocephalus Strickland's, Picoides stricklandi Three-toed, Picoides tridactylus White-headed, Picoides albolarvatus WOODSTAR, Bahama, Calliphlox evelynae WREN, Bewick's Thryothorus bewickii Cactus, Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus Canyon, Catherpes mexicanus Carolina, Thryothorus ludovicianus House, Troglodytes aedon Marsh, Cistothorus palustris Rock, Salpinctes obsoletus Sedge, Cistothorus platensis Winter, Troglodytes troglodytes WRYNECK, Eurasian, Jynx torquilla YELLOWLEGS, Greater, Tringa melanoleuca Lesser, Tringa flavipes YELLOWTHROAT, Common, Geothlypis trichas Gray-crowned, Geothlypis poliocephala (2) Taxonomic listing. Species are listed in phylogenetic sequence by scientific name, with the common (English) name following the scientific name. To help clarify species relationships, we also list the higher-level taxonomic categories of Order, Family, and Subfamily. Order GAVIIFORMES Family GAVIIDAE Gavia stellata, Red-throated Loon Gavia arctica, Arctic Loon Gavia pacifica, Pacific Loon Gavia immer, Common Loon Gavia adamsii, Yellow-billed Loon Order PODICIPEDIFORMES Family PODICIPEDIDAE Tachybaptus dominicus, Least Grebe Podilymbus podiceps, Pied-billed Grebe Podiceps auritus, Horned Grebe Podiceps grisegena, Red-necked Grebe Podiceps nigricollis, Eared Grebe Aechmophorus occidentallis, Western Grebe Aechmophorus clarkii, Clark's Grebe Order PROCELLARIFORMES Family DIOMEDEIDAE Thalassarche chlororhynchos, Yellow-nosed Albatross Phoebastria immutabilis, Laysan Albatross Phoebastria nigripes, Black-footed Albatros Phoebastria albatrus, Short-tailed Albatross Family PROCELLARIIDAE Fulmarus glacialis, Northern Fulmar Pterodroma neglecta, Kermadec Petrel Pterodroma arminjoniana, Herald Petrel Pterodroma ultima, Murphy's Petrel Pterodroma inexpectata, Mottled Petrel Pterodroma hasitata, Black-capped Petrel Pterodroma externa, Juan Fernandez Petrel Pterodroma phaeopygia, Dark-rumped Petrel Pterodroma cervicalis, White-necked Petrel Pterodroma hypoleuca, Bonin Petrel Pterodroma cookii, Cook's Petrel Bulweria bulwerii, Bulwer's Petrel Calonectris diomedea, Cory's Shearwater Puffinus creatopus, Pink-footed Shearwater Puffinus carneipes, Flesh-footed Shearwater Puffinus gravis, Greater Shearwater Puffinus pacificus, Wedge-tailed Shearwater Puffinus bulleri, Buller's Shearwater Puffinus griseus, Sooty Shearwater Puffinus tenuirostris, Short-tailed Shearwater Puffinus nativitatis, Christmas Shearwater Puffinus puffinus, Manx Shearwater Puffinus auricularis, Townsend's Shearwater Puffinus opisthomelas, Black-vented Shearwater Puffinus lherminieri, Audubon's Shearwater Puffinus assimilis, Little Shearwater Family HYDROBATIDAE Oceanites oceanicus, Wilson's Storm-Petrel Pelagodroma marina, White-faced Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma furcata, Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma leucorhoa, Leach's Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma homochroa, Ashy Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma castro, Band-rumped Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma tethys, Wedge-rumped Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma melania, Black Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma tristrami, Tristram's Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma microsoma, Least Storm-Petrel Order PELECANIFORMES Family PHAETHONTIDAE Phaethon lepturus, White-tailed Tropicbird Phaethon aethereus, Red-billed Tropicbird Phaethon rubricauda, Red-tailed Tropicbird Family SULIDAE Sula dactylatra, Masked Booby Sula nebouxii, Blue-footed Booby Sula leucogaster, Brown Booby Sula sula, Red-footed Booby Morus bassanus, Northern Gannet Family PELECANIDAE Pelecanus erythrorhynchos, American White Pelican Pelecanus occidentalis, Brown Pelican Family PHALACROCORACIDAE Phalacrocorax penicillatus, Brandt's Cormorant Phalacrocorax brasilianus, Neotropic Cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus, Double-crested Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo, Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax urile, Red-faced Cormorant Phalacrocorax pelagicus, Pelagic Cormorant Family ANHINGIDAE Anhinga anhinga, Anhinga Family FREGATIDAE [[Page 52294]] Fregata magnificens, Magnificent Frigatebird Fregata minor, Great Frigatebird Fregata ariel, Lesser Frigatebird Order CICONIIFORMES Family ARDEIDAE Botaurus lentiginosus, American Bittern Ixobrychus sinensis, Yellow Bittern Ixobrychus exilis, Least Bittern Ixobrychus eurhythmus, Schrenk's Bittern Ardea herodias, Great Blue Heron Ardea alba, Great Egret Mesophoyx intermedia, Intermediate Egret Egretta eulophotes, Chinese Egret Egretta sacra, Pacific Reef-Egret Egretta thula, Snowy Egret Egretta caerulea, Little Blue Heron Egretta tricolor, Tricolored Heron Egretta rufescens, Reddish Egret Bubulcus ibis, Cattle Egret Butorides virescens, Green Heron Nycticorax nycticorax, Black-crowned Night-Heron Nyctanassa violacea, Yellow-crowned Night-Heron Gorsachius goisagi, Japanese Night-Heron Gorsachius melanolophus, Malayan Night-Heron Family THRESKIORNITHIDAE Subfamily Threskiornithinae Eudocimus albus, White Ibis Eudocimus ruber, Scarlet Ibis Plegadis falcinellus, Glossy Ibis Plegadis chihi, White-faced Ibis Subfamily Plataleinae Ajaia ajaja, Roseate Spoonbill Family CICONIIDAE Jabiru mycteria, Jabiru Mycteria americana, Wood Stork Family CATHARTIDAE Coragyps atratus, Black Vulture Cathartes aura, Turkey Vulture Gymnogyps californianus, California Condor Order PHOENICOPTERIFORMES Family PHOENICOPTERIDAE Phoenicopterus ruber, Greater Flamingo Order ANSERIFORMES Family ANATIDAE Subfamily Dendrocygninae Dendrocygna autumnalis, Black-bellied Whistling-Duck Dendrocygna arborea, West Indian Whistling-Duck Dendrocygna bicolor, Fulvous Whistling-Duck Subfamily Anserinae Anser fabalis, Bean Goose Anser albifrons, Greater White-fronted Goose Chen canagica, Emperor Goose Chen caerulescens, Snow Goose Chen rossii, Ross's Goose Branta canadensis, Canada Goose Branta sandvicensis, Hawaiian Goose Branta bernicla, Brant Branta leucopsis, Barnacle Goose Cygnus buccinator, Trumpeter Swan Cygnus columbianus, Tundra Swan Cygnus cygnus, Whooper Swan Subfamily Anatinae Aix sponsa, Wood Duck Anas strepera, Gadwall Anas falcata, Falcated Duck Anas penelope, Eurasian Wigeon Anas americana, American Wigeon Anas rubripes, American Black Duck Anas platyrhynchos, Mallard Anas fulvigula, Mottled Duck Anas wyvilliana, Hawaiian Duck Anas laysanensis, Laysan Duck Anas poecilorhyncha, Spot-billed Duck Anas discors, Blue-winged Teal Anas cyanoptera, Cinnamon Teal Anas clypeata, Northern Shoveler Anas bahamensis, White-cheeked Pintail Anas acuta, Northern Pintail Anas querquedula, Garganey Anas formosa, Baikal Teal Anas crecca, Green-winged Teal Aythya valisneria, Canvasback Aythya americana, Redhead Aythya ferina, Common Pochard Aythya baeri, Baer's Pochard Aythya collaris, Ring-necked Duck Aythya fuligula, Tufted Duck Aythya marila, Greater Scaup Aythya affinis, Lesser Scaup Polysticta stelleri, Steller's Eider Somateria fischeri, Spectacled Eider Somateria spectabilis, King Eider Somateria mollissima, Common Eider Histrionicus histrionicus, Harlequin Duck Melanitta perspicillata, Surf Scoter Melanitta fusca, White-winged Scoter Melanitta nigra, Black Scoter Clangula hyemalis, Long-tailed Duck Bucephala albeola, Bufflehead Bucephala clangula, Common Goldeneye Bucephala islandica, Barrow's Goldeneye Mergellus albellus, Smew Lophodytes cucullatus, Hooded Merganser Mergus merganser, Common Merganser Mergus serrator, Red-breasted Merganser Nomonyx dominica, Masked Duck Oxyura jamaicensis, Ruddy Duck Order FALCONIFORMES Family ACCIPITRIDAE Subfamily Pandioninae Pandion haliaetus, Osprey Subfamily Accipitrinae Chondrohierax uncinatus, Hook-billed Kite Elanoides forficatus, Swallow-tailed Kite Elanus leucurus, White-tailed Kite Rostrhamus sociabilis, Snail Kite Ictinia mississippiensis, Mississippi Kite Milvus migrans, Black Kite Haliaeetus leucocephalus, Bald Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla, White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus pelagicus, Steller's Sea-Eagle Circus cyaneus, Northern Harrier Accipiter gularis, Japanese Sparrowhawk Accipiter striatus, Sharp-shinned Hawk Accipiter cooperii, Cooper's Hawk Accipiter gentilis, Northern Goshawk Asturina nitida, Gray Hawk Buteogallus anthracinus, Common Black-Hawk Parabuteo unicinctus, Harris's Hawk Buteo lineatus, Red-shouldered Hawk Buteo platypterus, Broad-winged Hawk Buteo brachyurus, Short-tailed Hawk Buteo swainsoni, Swainson's Hawk Buteo albicaudatus, White-tailed Hawk Buteo albonotatus, Zone-tailed Hawk Buteo solitarius, Hawaiian Hawk Buteo jamaicensis, Red-tailed Hawk Buteo regalis, Ferruginous Hawk Buteo lagopus, Rough-legged Hawk Aquila chrysaetos, Golden Eagle Family FALCONIDAE Subfamily Caracarinae Caracara cheriway, Crested Caracara Subfamily Falconinae Falco tinnunculus, Eurasian Kestrel Falco sparverius, American Kestrel Falco columbarius, Merlin Falco femoralis, Aplomado Falcon Falco rusticolus, Gyrfalcon Falco peregrinus, Peregrine Falcon Falco mexicanus, Prairie Falcon Order GRUIFORMES Family RALLIDAE Coturnicops noveboracensis, Yellow Rail Laterallus jamaicensis, Black Rail Crex crex, Corn Crake Rallus longirostris, Clapper Rail Rallus elegans, King Rail Rallus limicola, Virginia Rail Porzana carolina, Sora Porzana flaviventer, Yellow-breasted Crake Porphyrula martinica, Purple Gallinule Gallinula chloropus, Common Moorhen Fulica atra, Eurasian Coot Fulica alai, Hawaiian Coot Fulica americana, American Coot Fulica caribaea, Caribbean Coot Family ARAMIDAE Aramus guarauna, Limpkin Family GRUIDAE Grus canadensis, Sandhill Crane [[Page 52295]] Grus grus, Common Crane Grus americana, Whooping Crane Order CHARADRIIFORMES Family CHARADRIIDAE Subfamily Vanellinae Vanellus vanellus, Northern Lapwing Subfamily Charadriinae Pluvialis squatarola, Black-bellied Plover Pluvialis dominica, American Golden-Plover Pluvialis fulva, Pacific Golden-Plover Charadrius mongolus, Mongolian Plover Charadrius leschenaultii, Greater Sand Plover Charadrius alexandrinus, Snowy Plover Charadrius wilsonia, Wilson's Plover Charadrius hiaticula, Common Ringed Plover Charadrius semipalmatus, Semipalmated Plover Charadrius melodus, Piping Plover Charadrius dubius, Little Ringed Plover Charadrius vociferus, Killdeer Charadrius montanus, Mountain Plover Charadrius morinellus, Eurasian Dotterel Family HAEMATOPODIDAE Haematopus palliatus, American Oystercatcher Haematopus bachmani, Black Oystercatcher Family RECURVIROSTRIDAE Himantopus mexicanus, Black-necked Stilt Recurvirostra americana, American Avocet Family JACANIDAE Jacana spinosa, Northern Jacana Family SCOLOPACIDAE Subfamily Scolopacinae Tringa nebularia, Common Greenshank Tringa melanoleuca, Greater Yellowlegs Tringa flavipes, Lesser Yellowlegs Tringa stagnatilis, Marsh Sandpiper Tringa erythropus, Spotted Redshank Tringa glareola, Wood Sandpiper Tringa solitaria, Solitary Sandpiper Catoptrophorus semipalmatus, Willet Heteroscelus incanus, Wandering Tattler Heteroscelus brevipes, Gray-tailed Tattler Actitis hypoleucos, Common Sandpiper Actitis macularia, Spotted Sandpiper Xenus cinereus, Terek Sandpiper Bartramia longicauda, Upland Sandpiper Numenius minutus, Little Curlew Numenius borealis, Eskimo Curlew Numenius phaeopus, Whimbrel Numenius tahitiensis, Bristle-thighed Curlew Numenius madagascariensis, Far Eastern Curlew Numenius americanus, Long-billed Curlew Limosa limosa, Black-tailed Godwit Limosa haemastica, Hudsonian Godwit Limosa lapponica, Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa fedoa, Marbled Godwit Arenaria interpres, Ruddy Turnstone Arenaria melanocephala, Black Turnstone Aphriza virgata, Surfbird Calidris tenuirostris, Great Knot Calidris canutus, Red Knot Calidris alba, Sanderling Calidris pusilla, Semipalmated Sandpiper Calidris mauri, Western Sandpiper Calidris ruficollis, Red-necked Stint Calidris minuta, Little Stint Calidris temminckii, Temminck's Stint Calidris subminuta, Long-toed Stint Calidris minutilla, Least Sandpiper Calidris fuscicollis, White-rumped Sandpiper Calidris bairdii, Baird's Sandpiper Calidris melanotos, Pectoral Sandpiper Calidris acuminata, Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Calidris maritima, Purple Sandpiper Calidris ptilocnemis, Rock Sandpiper Calidris alpina, Dunlin Calidris ferruginea, Curlew Sandpiper Calidris himantopus, Stilt Sandpiper Eurynorhynchus pygmeus, Spoonbill Sandpiper Limicola falcinellus, Broad-billed Sandpiper Tryngites subruficollis, Buff-breasted Sandpiper Philomachus pugnax, Ruff Limnodromus griseus, Short-billed Dowitcher Limnodromus scolopaceus, Long-billed Dowitcher Lymnocryptes minimus, Jack Snipe Gallinago gallinago, Common Snipe Gallinago stenura, Pin-tailed Snipe Gallinago megala, Swinhoe's Snipe Scolopax rusticola, Eurasian Woodcock Scolopax minor, American Woodcock Phalaropodinae Phalaropus tricolor, Wilson's Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus, Red-necked Phalarope Phalaropus fulicaria, Red Phalarope Family LARIDAE Subfamily Stercorariinae Stercorarius skua, Great Skua Stercorarius maccormicki, South Polar Skua Stercorarius pomarinus, Pomarine Jaeger Stercorarius parasiticus, Parasitic Jaeger Stercorarius longicaudus, Long-tailed Jaeger Subfamily Larinae Larus atricilla, Laughing Gull Larus pipixcan, Franklin's Gull Larus minutus, Little Gull Larus ridibundus, Black-headed Gull Larus philadelphia, Bonaparte's Gull Larus heermanni, Heermann's Gull Larus crassirostris, Black-tailed Gull Larus canus, Mew Gull Larus delawarensis, Ring-billed Gull Larus californicus, California Gull Larus argentatus, Herring Gull Larus thayeri, Thayer's Gull Larus glaucoides, Iceland Gull Larus fuscus, Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus schistisagus, Slaty-backed Gull Larus livens, Yellow-footed Gull Larus occidentalis, Western Gull Larus glaucescens, Glaucous-winged Gull Larus hyperboreus, Glaucous Gull Larus marinus, Great Black-backed Gull Xema sabini, Sabine's Gull Rissa tridactyla, Black-legged Kittiwake Rissa brevirostris, Red-legged Kittiwake Rhodostethia rosea, Ross's Gull Pagophila eburnea, Ivory Gull Subfamily Sterninae Sterna nilotica, Gull-billed Tern Sterna caspia, Caspian Tern Sterna maxima, Royal Tern Sterna elegans, Elegant Tern Sterna sandvicensis, Sandwich Tern Sterna dougallii, Roseate Tern Sterna hirundo, Common Tern Sterna paradisaea, Arctic Tern Sterna forsteri, Forster's Tern Sterna albifrons, Little Tern Sterna antillarum, Least Tern Sterna sumatrana, Black-naped Tern Sterna aleutica, Aleutian Tern Sterna lunata, Gray-backed Tern Sterna anaethetus, Bridled Tern Sterna fuscata, Sooty Tern Chlidonias leucopterus, White-winged Tern Chlidonias niger, Black Tern Anous stolidus, Brown Noddy Anous minutus, Black Noddy Anous tenuirostris, Lesser Noddy Procelsterna cerulea, Blue-gray Noddy Gygis alba, White Tern Subfamily Rynchopinae Rynchops niger, Black Skimmer Family ALCIDAE Alle alle, Dovekie Uria aalge, Common Murre Uria lomvia, Thick-billed Murre Alca torda, Razorbill Cepphus grylle, Black Guillemot [[Page 52296]] Cepphus columba, Pigeon Guillemot Brachyramphus marmoratus, Marbled Murrelet Brachyramphus brevirostris, Kittlitz's Murrelet Synthliboramphus hypoleucus, Xantus's Murrelet Synthliboramphus craveri, Craveri's Murrelet Synthliboramphus antiquus, Ancient Murrelet Ptychoramphus aleuticus, Cassin's Auklet Aethia psittacula, Parakeet Auklet Aethia pusilla, Least Auklet Aethia pygmaea, Whiskered Auklet Aethia cristatella, Crested Auklet Cerorhinca monocerata, Rhinoceros Auklet Fratercula arctica, Atlantic Puffin Fratercula corniculata, Horned Puffin Fratercula cirrhata, Tufted Puffin Order COLUMBIFORMES Family COLUMBIDAE Columba squamosa, Scaly-naped Pigeon Columba leucocephala, White-crowned Pigeon Columba flavirostris, Red-billed Pigeon Columba inornata, Plain Pigeon Columba fasciata, Band-tailed Pigeon Zenaida asiatica, White-winged Dove Zenaida aurita, Zenaida Dove Zenaida macroura, Mourning Dove Columbina inca, Inca Dove Columbina passerina, Common Ground-Dove Columbina talpacoti, Ruddy Ground-Dove Leptotila verreauxi, White-tipped Dove Geotrygon chrysia, Key West Quail-Dove Geotrygon mystacea, Bridled Quail-Dove Geotrygon montana, Ruddy Quail-Dove Order CUCULIFORMES Family CUCULIDAE Subfamily Cuculinae Cuculus canorus, Common Cuckoo Cuculus saturatus, Oriental Cuckoo Cuculus fugax, Hodgson's Hawk-Cuckoo Subfamily Coccyzinae Coccyzus erythropthalmus, Black-billed Cuckoo Coccyzus americanus, Yellow-billed Cuckoo Coccyzus minor, Mangrove Cuckoo Saurothera vieilloti, Puerto Rican Lizard-Cuckoo Subfamily Neomorphinae Geococcyx californianus, Greater Roadrunner Subfamily Crotophaginae Crotophaga ani, Smooth-billed Ani Crotophaga sulcirostris, Groove-billed Ani Order STRIGIFORMES Family TYTONIDAE Tyto alba, Barn Owl Family STRIGIDAE Otus flammeolus, Flammulated Owl Otus kennicottii, Western Screech-Owl Otus asio, Eastern Screech-Owl Otus trichopsis, Whiskered Screech-Owl Otus nudipes, Puerto Rican Screech-Owl Bubo virginianus, Great Horned Owl Nyctea scandiaca, Snowy Owl Surnia ulula, Northern Hawk Owl Glaucidium gnoma, Northern Pygmy-Owl Glaucidium brasilianum, Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl Micrathene whitneyi, Elf Owl Athene cunicularia, Burrowing Owl Strix occidentalis, Spotted Owl Strix varia, Barred Owl Strix nebulosa, Great Gray Owl Asio otus, Long-eared Owl Asio flammeus, Short-eared Owl Aegolius funereus, Boreal Owl Aegolius acadicus, Northern Saw-whet Owl Order CAPRIMULGIFORMES Family CAPRIMULGIDAE Subfamily Chordeilinae Chordeiles acutipennis, Lesser Nighthawk Chordeiles minor, Common Nighthawk Chordeiles gundlachii, Antillean Nighthawk Subfamily Capimulginae Nyctidromus albicollis, Common Pauraque Phalaenoptilus nuttallii, Common Poorwill Caprimulgus carolinensis, Chuck-will's-widow Caprimulgus ridgwayi, Buff-collared Nightjar Caprimulgus vociferus, Whip-poor-will Caprimulgus noctitherus, Puerto Rican Nightjar Caprimulgus indicus, Jungle Nightjar Order APODIFORMES Family APODIDAE Subfamily Cypseloidinae Crypseloides niger, Black Swift Streptoprocne zonaris, White-collared Swift Subfamily Chaeturinae Chaetura pelagica, Chimney Swift Chaetura vauxi, Vaux's Swift Hirundapus caudacutus, White-throated Needletail Subfamily Apodinae Apus apus, Common Swift Apus pacificus, Fork-tailed Swift Aeronautes saxatalis, White-throated Swift Tachornis phoenicobia, Antillean Palm-Swift Family TROCHILIDAE Subfamily Trochilinae Colibri thalassinus, Green Violet-ear Anthracothorax dominicus, Antillean Mango Anthracothorax viridis, Green Mango Eulampis holosericeus, Green-throated Carib Orthorhynchus cristatus, Antillean Crested Hummingbird Chlorostilbon maugaeus, Puerto Rican Emerald Cynanthus latirostris, Broad-billed Hummingbird Hylocharis leucotis, White-eared Hummingbird Amazilia beryllina, Berylline Hummingbird Amazilia yucatanensis, Buff-bellied Hummingbird Amazilia violiceps, Violet-crowned Hummingbird Lampornis clemenciae, Blue-throated Hummingbird Eugenes fulgens, Magnificent Hummingbird Heliomaster constantii, Plain-capped Starthroat Calliphlox evelynae, Bahama Woodstar Calothorax lucifer, Lucifer Hummingbird Archilochus colubris, Ruby-throated Hummingbird Archilochus alexandri, Black-chinned Hummingbird Calypte anna, Anna's Hummingbird Calypte costae, Costa's Hummingbird Stellula calliope, Calliope Hummingbird Selasphorus platycercus, Broad-tailed Hummingbird Selasphorus rufus, Rufous Hummingbird Selasphorus sasin, Allen's Hummingbird Order TROGONIFORMES Family TROGONIDAE Subfamily Trogoninae Trogon elegans, Elegant Trogon Euptilotus neoxenus, Eared Trogon Order UPUPIFORMES Family UPUPIDAE Upupa epops, Eurasian Hoopoe Order CORACIIFORMES Family ALCEDINIDAE Subfamily Cerylinae Ceryle torquata, Ringed Kingfisher Ceryle alcyon, Belted Kingfisher Chloroceryle americana, Green Kingfisher Order PICIFORMES Family PICIDAE Subfamily Jynginae Jynx torquilla, Eurasian Wryneck Subfamily Picinae Melanerpes lewis, Lewis's [[Page 52297]] Woodpecker Melanerpes portoricensis, Puerto Rican Woodpecker Melanerpes erythrocephalus, Red-headed Woodpecker Melanerpes formicivorus, Acorn Woodpecker Melanerpes uropygialis, Gila Woodpecker Melanerpes aurifrons, Golden-fronted Woodpecker Melanerpes carolinus, Red-bellied Woodpecker Sphyrapicus thyroideus, Williamson's Sapsucker Sphyrapicus varius, Yellow-bellied Sapsucker Sphyrapicus nuchalis, Red-naped Sapsucker Sphyrapicus ruber, Red-breasted Sapsucker Picoides scalaris, Ladder-backed Woodpecker Picoides nuttallii, Nuttall's Woodpecker Picoides pubescens, Downy Woodpecker Picoides villosus, Hairy Woodpecker Picoides arizonae, Arizona Woodpecker Picoides stricklandi, Strickland's Woodpecker Picoides borealis, Red-cockaded Woodpecker Picoides albolarvatus, White-headed Woodpecker Picoides tridactylus, Three-toed Woodpecker Picoides arcticus, Black-backed Woodpecker Colaptes auratus, Northern Flicker Colaptes chrysoides, Gilded Flicker Dryocopus pileatus, Pileated Woodpecker Campephilus principalis, Ivory-billed Woodpecker Order PASSERIFORMES Family TYRANNIDAE Subfamily Elaeniinae Camptostoma imberbe, Northern Beardless-Tyrannulet Elaenia martinica, Caribbean Elaenia Subfamily Fluvicolinae Contopus cooperi, Olive-sided Flycatcher Contopus pertinax, Greater Pewee Contopus sordidulus, Western Wood-Pewee Contopus virens, Eastern Wood-Pewee Contopus latirostris, Lesser Antillean Pewee Empidonax flaviventris, Yellow-bellied Flycatcher Empidonax virescens, Acadian Flycatcher Empidonax alnorum, Alder Flycatcher Empidonax traillii, Willow Flycatcher Empidonax minimus, Least Flycatcher Empidonax hammondii, Hammond's Flycatcher Empidonax wrightii, Gray Flycatcher Empidonax oberholseri, Dusky Flycatcher Empidonax difficilis, Pacific-slope Flycatcher Empidonax occidentalis, Cordilleran Flycatcher Empidonax fulvifrons, Buff-breasted Flycatcher Sayornis nigricans, Black Phoebe Sayornis phoebe, Eastern Phoebe Sayornis saya, Say's Phoebe Pyrocephalus rubinus, Vermilion Flycatcher Subfamily Tyranninae Myiarchus tuberculifer, Dusky-capped Flycatcher Myiarchus cinerascens, Ash-throated Flycatcher Myiarchus nuttingi, Nutting's Flycatcher Myiarchus crinitus, Great Crested Flycatcher Myiarchus tyrannulus, Brown-crested Flycatcher Myiarchus antillarum, Puerto Rican Flycatcher Pitangus sulphuratus, Great Kiskadee Myiodynastes luteiventris, Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher Tyrannus melancholicus, Tropical Kingbird Tyrannus couchii, Couch's Kingbird Tyrannus vociferans, Cassin's Kingbird Tyrannus crassirostris, Thick-billed Kingbird Tyrannus verticalis, Western Kingbird Tyrannus tyrannus, Eastern Kingbird Tyrannus dominicensis, Gray Kingbird Tyrannus caudifasciatus, Loggerhead Kingbird Tyrannus forficatus, Scissor-tailed Flycatcher Tyrannus savana, Fork-tailed Flycatcher Pachyramphus aglaiae, Rose-throated Becard Family LANIIDAE Lanius ludovicianus, Loggerhead Shrike Lanius excubitor, Northern Shrike Family VIREONIDAE Vireo griseus, White-eyed Vireo Vireo latimeri, Puerto Rican Vireo Vireo bellii, Bell's Vireo Vireo atricapillus, Black-capped Vireo Vireo vicinior, Gray Vireo Vireo flavifrons, Yellow-throated Vireo Vireo plumbeus, Plumbeous Vireo Vireo cassinii, Cassin's Vireo Vireo solitarius, Blue-headed Vireo Vireo huttoni, Hutton's Vireo Vireo gilvus, Warbling Vireo Vireo philadelphicus, Philadelphia Vireo Vireo olivaceus, Red-eyed Vireo Vireo flavoviridis, Yellow-green Vireo Vireo altiloquus, Black-whiskered Vireo Family CORVIDAE Perisoreus canadensis, Gray Jay Cyanocitta stelleri, Steller's Jay Cyanocitta cristata, Blue Jay Cyanocorax yncas, Green Jay Cyanocorax morio, Brown Jay Aphelocoma coerulescens, Florida Scrub-Jay Aphelocoma insularis, Island Scrub-Jay Aphelocoma californica, Western Scrub-Jay Aphelocoma ultramarina, Mexican Jay Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus, Pinyon Jay Nucifraga columbiana, Clark's Nutcracker Pica hudsonia, Black-billed Magpie Pica nuttalli, Yellow-billed Magpie Corvus brachyrhynchos, American Crow Corvus caurinus, Northwestern Crow Corvus leucognaphalus, White-necked Crow Corvus imparatus, Tamaulipas Crow Corvus ossifragus, Fish Crow Corvus hawaiiensis, Hawaiian Crow Corvus cryptoleucus, Chihuahuan Raven Corvus corax, Common Raven Family ALAUDIDAE Alauda arvensis, Sky Lark Eremophila alpestris, Horned Lark Family HIRUNDINIDAE Subfamily Hirundininae Progne subis, Purple Martin Progne cryptoleuca, Cuban Martin Progne dominicensis, Caribbean Martin Progne chalybea, Gray-breasted Martin Tachycineta bicolor, Tree Swallow Tachycineta thalassina, Violet-green Swallow Tachycineta cyaneoviridis, Bahama Swallow Stelgidopteryx serripennis, Northern Rough-winged Swallow Riparia riparia, Bank Swallow Petrochelidon pyrrhonota, Cliff Swallow Petrochelidon fulva, Cave Swallow Hirundo rustica, Barn Swallow Delichon urbica, Common House-Martin Family PARIDAE Poecile carolinensis, Carolina Chickadee Poecile atricapilla, Black-capped Chickadee Poecile gambeli, Mountain Chickadee Poecile sclateri, Mexican Chickadee [[Page 52298]] Poecile rufescens, Chestnut-backed Chickadee Poecile hudsonica, Boreal Chickadee Poecile cincta, Gray-headed Chickadee Baeolophus wollweberi, Bridled Titmouse Baeolophus inornatus, Oak Titmouse Baeolophus ridgwayi, Juniper Titmouse Baeolophus bicolor, Tufted Titmouse Family REMIZIDAE Auriparus flaviceps, Verdin Family AEGITHALIDAE Psaltriparus minimus, Bushtit Family SITTIDAE Subfamily Sittinae Sitta canadensis, Red-breasted Nuthatch Sitta carolinensis, White-breasted Nuthatch Sitta pygmaea, Pygmy Nuthatch Sitta pusilla, Brown-headed Nuthatch Family CERTHIIDAE Subfamily Certhiinae Certhia americana, Brown Creeper Family TROGLODYTIDAE Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus, Cactus Wren Salpinctes obsoletus, Rock Wren Catherpes mexicanus, Canyon Wren Thryothorus ludovicianus, Carolina Wren Thryothorus bewickii, Bewick's Wren Troglodytes aedon, House Wren Troglodytes troglodytes, Winter Wren Cistothorus platensis, Sedge Wren Cistothorus palustris, Marsh Wren Family CINCLIDAE Cinclus mexicanus, American Dipper Family REGULIDAE Regulus satrapa, Golden-crowned Kinglet Regulus calendula, Ruby-crowned Kinglet Family SYLVIIDAE Subfamily Sylviinae Locustella ochotensis, Middendorff's Grasshopper-Warbler Acrocephalus familiaris, Millerbird Phylloscopus borealis, Arctic Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus, Willow Warbler Subfamily Polioptilinae Polioptila caerulea, Blue-gray Gnatcatcher Polioptila californica, California Gnatcatcher Polioptila melanura, Black-tailed Gnatcatcher Polioptila nigriceps, Black-capped Gnatcatcher Family MUSCICAPIDAE Muscicapa narcissina, Narcissus Flycatcher Muscicapa griseisticta, Gray-spotted Flycatcher Family TURDIDAE Luscinia calliope, Siberian Rubythroat Luscinia svecica, Bluethroat Monticola solitarius, Blue Rock Thrush Oenanthe oenanthe, Northern Wheatear Sialia sialis, Eastern Bluebird Sialia mexicana, Western Bluebird Sialia currucoides, Mountain Bluebird Myadestes townsendi, Townsend's Solitaire Myadestes myadestinus, Kamao Myadestes lanaiensis, Olomao Myadestes obscurus, Omao Myadestes palmeri, Puaiohi Catharus fuscescens, Veery Catharus minimus, Gray-cheeked Thrush Catharus bicknelli, Bicknell's Thrush Catharus ustulatus, Swainson's Thrush Catharus guttatus, Hermit Thrush Hylocichla mustelina, Wood Thrush Turdus obscurus, Eyebrowed Thrush Turdus naumanni, Dusky Thrush Turdus pilaris, Fieldfare Turdus grayi, Clay-colored Robin Turdus rufopalliatus, Rufous-backed Robin Turdus migratorius, American Robin Turdus plumbeus, Red-legged Thrush Ixoreus naevius, Varied Thrush Ridgwayia pinicola, Aztec Thrush Family MIMIDAE Dumetella carolinensis, Gray Catbird Mimus polyglottos, Northern Mockingbird Oreoscoptes montanus, Sage Thrasher Toxostoma rufum, Brown Thrasher Toxostoma longirostre, Long-billed Thrasher Toxostoma bendirei, Bendire's Thrasher Toxostoma curvirostre, Curve-billed Thrasher Toxostoma redivivum, California Thrasher Toxostoma crissale, Crissal Thrasher Toxostoma lecontei, Le Conte's Thrasher Margarops fuscatus, Pearly-eyed Thrasher Family STURNIDAE Sturnus philippensis, Chestnut-cheeked Starling Sturnus cineraceus, White-cheeked Starling Family PRUNELLIDAE Prunella montanella, Siberian Accentor Family MOTACILLIDAE Motacilla flava, Yellow Wagtail Motacilla cinerea, Gray Wagtail Motacilla alba, White Wagtail Motacilla lugens, Black-backed Wagtail Anthus hodgsoni, Olive-backed Pipit Anthus gustavi, Pechora Pipit Anthus cervinus, Red-throated Pipit Anthus rubescens, American Pipit Anthus spragueii, Sprague's Pipit Family BOMBYCILLIDAE Bombycilla garrulus, Bohemian Waxwing Bombycilla cedrorum, Cedar Waxwing Family PTILOGONATIDAE Phainopepla nitens, Phainopepla Family PEUCEDRAMIDAE Peucedramus taeniatus, Olive Warbler Family PARULIDAE Vermivora bachmanii, Bachman's Warbler Vermivora pinus, Blue-winged Warbler Vermivora chrysoptera, Golden-winged Warbler Vermivora peregrina, Tennessee Warbler Vermivora celata, Orange-crowned Warbler Vermivora ruficapilla, Nashville Warbler Vermivora virginiae, Virginia's Warbler Vermivora crissalis, Colima Warbler Vermivora luciae, Lucy's Warbler Parula americana, Northern Parula Parula pitiayumi, Tropical Parula Dendroica petechia, Yellow Warbler Dendroica pensylvanica, Chestnut-sided Warbler Dendroica magnolia, Magnolia Warbler Dendroica tigrina, Cape May Warbler Dendroica caerulescens, Black-throated Blue Warbler Dendroica coronata, Yellow-rumped Warbler Dendroica nigrescens, Black-throated Gray Warbler Dendroica chrysoparia, Golden-cheeked Warbler Dendroica virens, Black-throated Green Warbler Dendroica townsendi, Townsend's Warbler Dendroica occidentalis, Hermit Warbler Dendroica fusca, Blackburnian Warbler Dendroica dominica, Yellow-throated Warbler Dendroica graciae, Grace's Warbler Dendroica adelaidae, Adelaide's Warbler Dendroica pinus, Pine Warbler Dendroica kirtlandii, Kirtland's Warbler Dendroica discolor, Prairie Warbler Dendroica palmarum, Palm Warbler Dendroica castanea, Bay-breasted Warbler Dendroica striata, Blackpoll Warbler Dendroica cerulea, Cerulean Warbler Dendroica angelae, Elfin-woods Warbler [[Page 52299]] Mniotilta varia, Black-and-white Warbler Setophaga ruticilla, American Redstart Protonotaria citrea, Prothonotary Warbler Helmitheros vermivorus, Worm-eating Warbler Limnothlypis swainsonii, Swainson's Warbler Seiurus aurocapillus, Ovenbird Seiurus noveboracensis, Northern Waterthrush Seiurus motacilla, Louisiana Waterthrush Oporornis formosus, Kentucky Warbler Oporornis agilis, Connecticut Warbler Oporornis philadelphia, Mourning Warbler Oporornis tolmiei, MacGillivray's Warbler Geothlypis trichas, Common Yellowthroat Geothlypis poliocephala, Gray-crowned Yellowthroat Wilsonia citrina, Hooded Warbler Wilsonia pusilla, Wilson's Warbler Wilsonia canadensis, Canada Warbler Cardellina rubrifrons, Red-faced Warbler Myioborus pictus, Painted Redstart Myioborus miniatus, Slate-throated Redstart Basileuterus culicivorus, Golden-crowned Warbler Basileuterus rufifrons, Rufous-capped Warbler Icteria virens, Yellow-breasted Chat Family THRAUPIDAE Neospingus speculiferus, Puerto Rican Tanager Piranga flava, Hepatic Tanager Piranga rubra, Summer Tanager Piranga olivacea, Scarlet Tanager Piranga ludoviciana, Western Tanager Piranga bidentata, Flame-colored Tanager Spindalis portoricensis, Puerto Rican Spindalis Euphonia musica, Antillean Euphonia Family EMBERIZIDAE Sporophila torqueola, White-collared Seedeater Tiaris olivacea, Yellow-faced Grassquit Tiaris bicolor, Black-faced Grassquit Loxigilla portoricensis, Puerto Rican Bullfinch Arremonops rufivirgatus, Olive Sparrow Pipilo chlorurus, Green-tailed Towhee Pipilo maculatus, Spotted Towhee Pipilo erythrophthalmus, Eastern Towhee Pipilo fuscus, Canyon Towhee Pipilo crissalis, California Towhee Pipilo aberti, Abert's Towhee Aimophila carpalis, Rufous-winged Sparrow Aimophila cassinii, Cassin's Sparrow Aimophila aestivalis, Bachman's Sparrow Aimophila botterii, Botteri's Sparrow Aimophila ruficeps, Rufous-crowned Sparrow Aimophila quinquestriata, Five-striped Sparrow Spizella arborea, American Tree Sparrow Spizella passerina, Chipping Sparrow Spizella pallida, Clay-colored Sparrow Spizella breweri, Brewer's Sparrow Spizella pusilla, Field Sparrow Spizella wortheni, Worthen's Sparrow Spizella atrogularis, Black-chinned Sparrow Pooecetes gramineus, Vesper Sparrow Chondestes grammacus, Lark Sparrow Amphispiza bilineata, Black-throated Sparrow Amphispiza belli, Sage Sparrow Calamospiza melanocorys, Lark Bunting Passerculus sandwichensis, Savannah Sparrow Ammodramus savannarum, Grasshopper Sparrow Ammodramus bairdii, Baird's Sparrow Ammodramus henslowii, Henslow's Sparrow Ammodramus leconteii, Le Conte's Sparrow Ammodramus nelsoni, Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow Ammodramus caudacutus, Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow Ammodramus maritimus, Seaside Sparrow Passerella iliaca, Fox Sparrow Melospiza melodia, Song Sparrow Melospiza lincolnii, Lincoln's Sparrow Melospiza georgiana, Swamp Sparrow Zonotrichia albicollis, White-throated Sparrow Zonotrichia querula, Harris's Sparrow Zonotrichia leucophrys, White-crowned Sparrow Zonotrichia atricapilla, Golden-crowned Sparrow Junco hyemalis, Dark-eyed Junco Junco phaeonotus, Yellow-eyed Junco Calcarius mccownii, McCown's Longspur Calcarius lapponicus, Lapland Longspur Calcarius pictus, Smith's Longspur Calcarius ornatus, Chestnut-collared Longspur Emberiza rustica, Rustic Bunting Emberiza pallasi, Pallas's Bunting Emberiza schoeniculus, Reed Bunting Plectrophenax nivalis, Snow Bunting Plectrophenax hyperboreus, McKay's Bunting Family CARDINALIDAE Rhodothraupis celaeno, Crimson-collared Grosbeak Cardinalis cardinalis, Northern Cardinal Cardinalis sinuatus, Pyrrhuloxia Pheucticus chrysopeplus, Yellow Grosbeak Pheucticus ludovicianus, Rose-breasted Grosbeak Pheucticus malanocephalus, Black-headed Grosbeak Guiraca caerulea, Blue Grosbeak Passerina amoena, Lazuli Bunting Passerina cyanea, Indigo Bunting Passerina versicolor, Varied Bunting Passerina ciris, Painted Bunting Spiza americana, Dickcissel Family ICTERIDAE Dolichonyx oryzivorus, Bobolink Agelaius phoeniceus, Red-winged Blackbird Agelaius tricolor, Tricolored Blackbird Agelaius humeralis, Tawny-shouldered Blackbird Agelaius xanthomus, Yellow-shouldered Blackbird Sturnella magna, Eastern Meadowlark Sturnella neglecta, Western Meadowlark Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus, Yellow-headed Blackbird Euphagus carolinus, Rusty Blackbird Euphagus cyanocephalus, Brewer's Blackbird Quiscalus quiscula, Common Grackle Quiscalus major, Boat-tailed Grackle Quiscalus mexicanus, Great-tailed Grackle Quiscalus niger, Greater Antillean Grackle Molothrus bonariensis, Shiny Cowbird Molothrus aeneus, Bronzed Cowbird Molothrus ater, Brown-headed Cowbird Icterus wagleri, Black-vented Oriole Icterus dominicensis, Greater Antillean Oriole Icterus spurius, Orchard Oriole Icterus cucullatus, Hooded Oriole Icterus pustulatus, Streak-backed Oriole Icterus bullockii, Bullock's Oriole Icterus gularis, Altamira Oriole Icterus graduacauda, Audubon's Oriole Icterus galbula, Baltimore Oriole Icterus parisorum, Scott's Oriole Family FRINGILLIDAE Subfamily Fringillinae Fringilla montifringilla, Brambling SubFamily Carduelinae Leucosticte tephrocotis, Gray-crowned Rosy-Finch Leucosticte atrata, Black Rosy-Finch Leucosticte australis, Brown-capped Rosy-Finch [[Page 52300]] Pinicola enucleator, Pine Grosbeak Carpodacus erythrinus, Common Rosefinch Carpodacus purpureus, Purple Finch Carpodacus cassinii, Cassin's Finch Carpodacus mexicanus, House Finch Loxia curvirostra, Red Crossbill Loxia leucoptera, White-winged Crossbill Carduelis flammea, Common Redpoll Carduelis hornemanni, Hoary Redpoll Carduelis pinus, Pine Siskin Carduelis psaltria, Lesser Goldfinch Carduelis lawrencei, Lawrence's Goldfinch Carduelis tristis, American Goldfinch Carduelis sinica, Oriental Greenfinch Pyrrhula pyrrhula, Eurasian Bullfinch Coccothraustes vespertinus, Evening Grosbeak Coccothraustes coccothraustes, Hawfinch Dated: September 19, 2001. Joseph E. Doddridge, Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks. [FR Doc. 01-25525 Filed 10-11-01; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 4310-55-P