Pacific/Remote Islands National Wildlife Refuge Complex Johnston Atoll is one of the most isolated atolls in the world, is located in the central Pacific Ocean, between the Hawaiian Islands and the Marshall Islands. The formation of Johnston Atoll began about 70 million years ago, when repeated submarine volcanic eruptions built up layer upon layer of basaltic lava from the floor of the ocean to its surface. Over millions of years, the island slowly eroded and subsided. As the island sank beneath the surface of the ocean, corals around its fringes continued to grow. Today, Johnston Atoll is a broad, shallow platform of about 50 square miles with four islands - Johnston, Sand, North, and East, and a marginal, emergent reef only on its northwest side. This atoll was discovered accidentally in 1796 by Captain Joseph Pierpoint when his ship, the American brig Sally, ran aground. However, it was not until 1807 when the crew of the frigate HMS Cornwallis sighted the atoll and named the larger island after that ship's captain, Charles J. Johnston. In 1926, Johnston Island and Sand Island were designated as a federal bird refuge. In 1934, President Roosevelt placed the atoll under U.S. Navy control, but retained its status as a refuge. In 1936, the Navy began the first of many changes to the atoll. By 1964, dredge and fill operations had increased the size of Johnston Island to 596 acres from its original 46 acres, also increased Sand Island from 10 to 22 acres, and added two new islands, North and East of 25 and 18 acres. As the only shallow water and emergent land in hundreds of thousands of square miles of surrounding ocean, Johnston Atoll is an oasis for reef and bird life. Corals and coralline algae are responsible for the existence of the atoll. These algae capture the sun's energy as plants on land do and, through the process of photosynthesis, provide their coral hosts with organic carbon as a source of food. There are 33 known species of coral at Johnston Atoll; the most conspicuous species is the large table coral. Slightly more than 300 species of fish have been recorded from the reefs and near shorewaters of Johnston Atoll. Three species of marine animals are protected under the Endangered Species Act, the green sea turtle, the Hawaiian monk seal, and the humpback whale. Seabirds are the most noticeable form of wildlife on Johnston Island NWR and are among the longest-lived birds in the world; life spans in excess of 30 years are common for some species. Shearwaters and petrels belong to a highly distinctive group of marine birds that are readily identified by their hooked bills and also by their nostrils, which are sheathed in horny tubes arising near the base of the bill. Tropicbirds, frigatebirds and boobies are medium-sized to large birds, distantly related to pelicans. All have webbing between all four toes, instead of three as in most other seabirds. Terns are small to medium-sized with narrow, graceful wings and thin, sharp bills. They feed by plunging or snatching prey from the surface of the water. The common term noddy comes from the stereotyped head-nodding courtship displays between adults. For more information:  U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Pacific/Remote Islands National Wildlife Refuge Complex 300 Ala Moana Boulevard Entry to the refuge is by Special Use Permit only. Room 5-231, Box 50167 Honolulu, Hawai`i 96850 (808) 792-9550 (8 08) 792-9586 fax Baker, Howland & Jarvis Islands Kingman Reef Palmyra Atoll Rose Atoll Hawaiian Islands NWR Main Hawaiian Islands NWRs Top of Page