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Bird Species of the United States and its Territoriesand Their Protection Under theMigratory Bird Treaty Act
Compiled by John L. Trapp U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Division of Migratory Bird Management Arlington, Virginia
March 8, 2005
Determining whether or not any particular bird species detected in a free-flying and unrestrained condition in the United States or its territories is protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) depends on answering two simple questions: (1) is it native to the United States or its territories, and (2) does it belong to a family, group, or species covered by one or ore of the four migratory bird conventions to which the United States is a party? Depending on the answers to these two questions, each species can be placed into just one of four categories (or cells) in the resulting 2 x 2 MBTA protection matrix (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Matrix for determining the MBTA status (i.e., protected or not protected) of bird species documented as occurring in the wild in the United States or its territories.
Lists of species falling in each of these categories, or links thereto, are provided below. In reality, there is a fifth category that is not dealt with in detail here. It includes all other bird species of the world that have never been detected in a wild state in the United States or its territories, and which are therefore not protected by the MBTA.
I. SPECIES PROTECTED BY MBTA
Species that are (1) native and (2) belong to families, groups, or species covered by conventions implemented by the MBTA
II. SPECIES NOT PROTECTED BY MBTA
A. Species that are (1) nonnative human-introduced and (2) belong to families covered by conventions implemented by the MBTA
70 FR 12710 (March 15, 2005)
B. Species that are (1) native and (2) belong to families not covered by any of the conventions implemented by the MBTA0
Family MEGAPODIIDAE Megapodius laperouse, Micronesian Megapode+ (NMI)‡ Family PHASIANIDAE Bonasa umbellus, Ruffed Grouse+ (cont. U.S.) Centrocercus minimus, Gunnison Sage-Grouse+ (CO, UT) Centrocercus urophasianus, Greater Sage-Grouse+ (w. U.S.) Dendragapus obscurus, Blue Grouse+ (w. U.S.) Falcipennis canadensis, Spruce Grouse (n. U.S.) Lagopus lagopus, Willow Ptarmigan+ (n. U.S.) Lagopus leucurus, White-tailed Ptarmigan+ (n. U.S.) Lagopus mutus, Rock Ptarmigan+ (n. U.S.) Meleagrus gallopavo, Wild Turkey+ (cont. U.S.) Tympanuchus cupido, Greater Prairie-Chicken+ (c. & w. U.S.)‡ Tympanuchus pallidicinctus, Lesser Prairie-Chicken+ (c. & w. U.S.) Tympanuchus phasianellus, Sharp-tailed Grouse+ (n. & w. U.S.) Family ODONTOPHORIDAE Callipepla californica, California Quail+ (CA, NV, OR) Callipepla gambelii, Gambel’s Quail+ (sw U.S.) Callipepla squamata, Scaled Quail+ (sw U.S.) Colinus virginianus, Northern Bobwhite+ (cont. U.S.) Cyrtonyx montezumae, Montezuma Quail+ (sw U.S.) Oreortyx pictus, Mountain Quail+ (w. U.S.) Family BURHINIDAE Burhinus bistriatus, Double-striped Thick-knee (TX) Family GLAREOLIDAE Glareola maldivarum, Oriental Pratincole (AK) Family PSITTACIDAE Amazona vittata, Puerto Rican Parrot+ (PR)‡ Aratinga chloroptera, Hispaniolan Parakeet (PR–Extirpated) Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha, Thick-billed Parrot (AZ, NM)‡ Family TODIDAE Todus mexicanus, Puerto Rican Tody+ (PR) Family MELIPHAGIDAE Moho braccatus, Kauai Oo+ (HI)‡ Family MONARCHIDAE Chasiempis sandwichensis, Elepaio+ (HI)‡ Clytorhynchus vitiensis, Fiji Shrikebill+ (AS) Myiagra freycineta, Guam Flycatcher+ (GU) Monarcha takatsukasai, Tinian Monarch+ (NMI) Rhipidura rufifrons, Rufous Fantail+ (GU, NMI) Family TIMALIIDAE Chamaea fasciata, Wrentit+ (CA, OR, WA) Family ZOSTEROPIDAE Zosterops conspicillatus, Bridled White-eye+ (GU, NMI)‡ Family COEREBIDAE Coereba flaveola, Bananaquit+ (PR, VI) Family DREPANIDINAE Hemignathus flavus, Oahu Amakihi+ (HI) Hemignathus kauaiensis, Kauai Amakihi+ (HI) Hemignathus lucidus, Nukupuu+ (HI)‡ Hemignathus munroi, Akiapolaau+ (HI) Hemignathus parvus, Anianiau+ (HI) Hemignathus virens, Hawaii Amakihi+ (HI) Himatione sanguinea, Apapane+ (HI) Loxioides baileui, Palila+ (HI)‡ Loxops caeruleirostris, Akekee+ (HI) Loxops coccineus, Akepa+ (HI) Melamprosops phaeosoma, Poo-uli [=Po’ouli] + (HI-Extinct 2004)‡ Oreomystis bairdi, Akikiki+ (HI) Oreomystis mana, Hawaii Creeper+ (HI)‡ Palmeria dolei, Akohekohe [=Crested Honeycreeper]+ (HI)‡ Paroreomyza flammea, Kakawahie [=Molokai Creeper]+ (HI)‡ Paroreomyza maculata, Oahu Alauahio [=Oahu Creeper]+ (HI–probably Extinct)‡ Paroreomyza montana, Maui Alauahio+ (HI) Pseudonestor xanthophrys, Maui Parrotbill+ (HI)‡ Psittirostra psittacea, Ou+ (HI)‡ Telespiza cantans, Laysan Finch+ (HI)‡ Telespiza ultima, Nihoa Finch+ (HI)‡ Vestiaria coccinea, Iiwi+ (HI)
C. Species that are (1) nonnative human-introduced and (2) belong to families not covered by any of the conventions implemented by the MBTA1
Family TINAMIDAE Nothoprocta perdicaria, Chilean Tinamou Nothura maculosa, Spotted Nothura Rhynchotus rufescens, Red-winged Tinamou Tinamus major, Great Tinamou Family CRACIDAE Crax rubra, Great Curassow Ortalis cinereiceps, Gray-headed Chachalaca Ortalis garrula, Chestnut-winged Chachalaca Ortalis vetula, Plain Chachalaca (GA) Penelope purpurascens, Crested Guan Family PHASIANIDAE Alectoris barbara, Barbary Partridge Alectoris chukar, Chukar^ (w. U.S.) Alectoris graeca, Rock Partridge Ammoperdix griseogularis, See-see Partridge Bambusicola thoracica, Chinese Bamboo-Partridge Bonasia bonasia, Hazel Grouse Chrysolophus amherstiae, Lady Amherst’s Pheasant Chrysolophus pictus, Golden Pheasant Coturnix chinensis, Blue-breasted Quail Coturnix japonica, Japanese Quail^ (HI) Coturnix pectoralis, Stubble Quail Francolinus adspersus, Red-billed Francolin Francolinus clappertoni, Clapperton’s Francolin Francolinus erckelii, Erckel’s Francolin^ (HI) Francolinus francolinus, Black Francolin^ (HI) Francolinus icterorhynchus, Heuglin’s Francolin Francolinus leucoscepus, Yellow-necked Spurfowl* (HI-Extirpated) Francolinus pintadeanus, Chinese Francolin Francolinus pondicerianus, Gray Francolin^ (HI) Gallus gallus, Red Junglefowl^ (FL, HI) Gallus sonnerati, Gray Junglefowl Lophura leucomelanos, Kalij Pheasant^ (HI) Lophura nycthemera, Silver Pheasant Melanoperdix nigra, Black Partridge Numida meleagris, helmeted Guineafowl^ (HI, PR) Pavo cristatus, Common Peafowl^ (HI) Perdix perdix, Gray Patridge^ (cont. U.S.) Phasianus colchicus, Ring-necked Pheasant^ (cont. U.S., HI) Phasianus versicolor, Green Pheasant Rollulus rouloul, Crested Partridge Syrmaticus ellioti, Elliot’s Pheasant Syrmaticus reevesii, Reeve’s Pheasant Syrmaticus soemmerringii, Copper Pheasant Tetrao tetrix, Black Grouse Tetrao urogallus, Western Capercaillie Tetraogallus himalayensis, Himalayan Snowcock^ (NV) Family TURNICIDAE Turnix varia, painted Buttonquail Family ODONTOPHORIDAE Colinus cristatus, Crested Bobwhite^ (VI–now Extirpated) Callipepla douglasii, Elegant Quail Family PTEROCLIDIDAE Pterocles exustus, Chestnut-bellied Sandgrouse^ (HI) Family PSITTACIDAE Agapornis fischeri, Fischer’s Lovebird Agapornis personatus, Yellow-collared Lovebird Agapornis roseicollis, Peach-faced Lovebird Amazona aestiva, Blue-fronted Parrot Amazona albifrons, White-fronted Parrot* (FL) Amazona amazonica, Orange-winged Parrot Amazona auropalliata, Yellow-naped Parrot Amazona autumnalis, Red-lored Parrot* (FL–now Extirpated) Amazona barbadensis, Yellow-shouldered Parrot Amazona farinosa, Mealy Parrot Amazona festiva, Festive Parrot Amazona finschi, Lilac-crowned Parrot Amazona ochrocephala, Yellow-crowned Parrot^ (PR) Amazona oratrix, Yellow-headed Parrot^ (FL, PR) Amazona pretrei, Red-spectacled Parrot Amazona ventralis, Hispaniolan Parrot^ (PR, VI) Amazona viridigenalis, Red-crowned Parrot^ (CA, FL) Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus, Hyacinth Macaw Ara ararauna, Blue-and-yellow Macaw^ (PR) Ara chloroptera, Red-and-green Macaw Ara macao, Scarlet Macaw Ara militaris, Military Macaw Ara severa, Chestnut-fronted Macae* (FL) Aratinga acuticaudata, Blue-crowned Parakeet* (FL) Aratinga aurea, Peach-fronted Parakeet Aratinga canicularis, Orange-fronted Parakeet* (FL) Aratinga erythrogenys, Red-masked Parakeet* (FL) Aratinga finschi, Crimson-fronted Parakeet Aratinga holochlora, Green Parakeet^ (TX) Aratinga leucophthalmus, White-eyed Parakeet* (FL) Aratinga mitrata, Mitred Parakeet^ (CA, FL) Aratinga pertinax, Brown-throated Parakeet^ (FL, PR) Aratinga rubritorquis, Red-throated Parakeet
Aratinga solstitialis or jandaya, Sun or Jandaya parakeet Aratinga wagleri, Scarlet-fronted Parakeet Aratinga weddellii, Dusky-headed Parakeet* (FL) Brotogeris chiriri, Yellow-chevroned Parakeet * (FL) Brotogeris jugularis, Orange-chinned Parakeet Brotogeris versicolurus, White-winged Parakeet^ (CA, FL) Cacatua alba, White Cockatoo Cacatua galerita, Sulphur-crested Cockatoo* (FL–now Extirpated) Cacatua goffini, Tanimbar Cockatoo Cacatua moluccensis, Salmon-crested Cockatoo Cyanoliseus patagonus, Burrowing Parrot Diopsittaca nobilis, Red-shouldered Macaw Eclectus roratus, Eclectus Parrot Eolophus roseicapillus, Galah Eos bornea, Red Lory* (FL–Extirpated) Lorius garrulus, Chattering Lory Melopsittacus undulatus, Budgerigar^ (FL) Myiopsitta monachus, Monk Parakeet^ (e. U.S, PR, TX) Nandayus nenday, Black-hooded Parakeet Nymphicus hollandicus, Cockatiel Pionites melanocephala, Black-headed Parrot Pionus maximiliani, Scaly-headed Parrot Pionus senilis, White-crowned Parrot Poicephalus rueppellii, Rueppell’s Parrot* (FL–now Extirpated) Poicephalus senegalus, Senegal Parrot* (FL–now Extirpated) Propyrrhura auricollis, Golden-collared Macaw Psephotus haematonotus, Red-rumped Parrot Pseudos fuscata, Dusky Lory Psittacula alexandri, Red-breasted Parakeet Psittacula columboides, Malabar Parakeet Psittacula cyanocephala, Plum-headed Parakeet Psittacula eupatris, Alexandrine Parakeet Psittacula krameri, Rose-ringed Parakeet^ (FL, HI, VA) Psittacula roseata, Blossom-headed Parakeet Psittacus erithacus, Gray Parrot Pyrrhura frontalis, Maroon-bellied Parakeet Pyrrhura molinae, Green-cheeked Parakeet* (FL) Rhynchopsitta terrisi, Maroon-fronted Parrot Trichoglossus chlorolepidotus, Scaly-breasted Lorikeet Trichoglossus haematodus, Rainbow Lorikeet* (FL–now Extirpated) Trichoglossus ornatus, Ornate Lorikeet Family DICRURIDAE Dicrurus macrocercus, Black Drongo^ (GU, NMI) Family RHAMPHASTIDAE Ramphastos sulfuratus, Keel-billed Toucan Ramphastos citrolaemus, Citron-throated Toucan Ramphastos toco, Toco Toucan Family MUSOPHAGIDAE Musophaga violacea, Violet Turaco Tauraco corythaix, Knysna Turaco Tauraco schalowi, Schalow’s Turaco Family BUCEROTIDAE Tockus nasutus, African Gray Hornbill Aceros undulatus, Wreathed Hornbill Ceratogymna brevis, Silvery-cheeked Hornbill Family BUCORVIDAE Bucorvus abyssinicus, Abyssinian Ground-Hornbill Family PYCNONOTIDAE Hypsipetes madagascariensis, Black Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer, Red-vented Bulbul^ (FL) Pycnonotus jocosus, Red-whiskered Bulbul^ (FL, HI) Family PITTIDAE Pitta guajana, Banded Pitta Family IRENIDAE Irena puella, Asian Fairy-bluebird Family TIMALIIDAE Garrulax canorus, Hwamei^ (HI) Garrulax leucolophus, White-crested Laughingthrush* (HI-Extirpated) Garrulax pectoralis, Greater Necklaced Laughingthrush^ (HI) Leiothrix lutea, Red-billed Leiothrix^ (HI) Family ZOSTEROPIDAE Zosterops japonicus, Japanese White-eye^ (HI) Family STURNIDAE Acridotheres cristatellus, Crested Myna Acridotheres fuscus, Jungle Myna Acridotheres tristis, Common Myna^ (FL, HI) Gracula religiosa, Hill Myna^ (HI, PR) Lamprotornis superbus, Superb Starling Mino dumontii, Yellow-faced Myna Sturnus vulgaris, European Starling^ (cont. U.S., PR) Family PASSERIDAE Passer domesticus, House Sparrow^ (cont. U.S., HI, PR, VI) Passer luteus, Sudan Golden Sparrow Passer montanus, Eurasian Tree Sparrow^ (IL, MO) Family PLOCEIDAE Euplectes afer, Yellow-crowned Bishop^ (PR) Euplectes ardens, Red-collared Bishop^ (PR) Euplectes franciscanus, Orange Bishop^ (CA, PR) Euplectes orix, Red Bishop Ploceus cucullatus, Village Weaver Ploceus velatus, African Masked-Weaver Family ESTRIDIDAE Amandava amandava, Red Avadavat^ (HI, PR) Estrilda astrild, Common Waxbill^ (HI, PR) Estrilda caerulescens, Lavender Waxbill^ (HI) Estrilda melpoda, Orange-cheeked Waxbill^ (HI, PR) Estrilda troglodytes, Black-rumped Waxbill^ (HI, PR) Lonchura atricapilla, Chestnut Munia^ (HI, PR) Lonchura cantans, African Silverbill^ (HI) Lonchura cucullata, Bronze Mannikin^ (PR) Lonchura maja, White-headed Munia Lonchura malabarica, Indian Silverbill^ (PR) Lonchura malacca, Tricolored Munia^ (HI, PR) Lonchura nana, Madagascar Munia Lonchura punctulata, Nutmeg Mannikin^ (HI) Padda oryzivora, Java Sparrow^ (HI, PR) Taeniopygia guttata, Zebra Finch Uraeginthus bengalus, Red-cheeked Cordonbleu^ (HI) Vidua macroura, Pin-tailed Whydah^ (PR)
Endnote:
Symbols: plus sign (+) denotes a native species with breeding populations in the U.S.; hat (^) denotes an introduced species that has established a self-sustaining breeding population; asterisk (*) denotes an introduced species that has nested in the U.S. but has not established a self-sustaining breeding population; double dagger (‡) denotes a species that is covered by the Endangered Species Act in all or part of its U.S. range. Abbreviations (in parentheses) are used to denote the known U.S. range, and are used only for species with established populations or evidence of breeding: AK = Alaska, AS = American Samoa, AZ = Arizona, CA = California, FL = Florida, GU = Guam, HI = Hawaii, NM = New Mexico, NMI = Northern Marina Islands, NV = Nevada, OR = Oregon, PR = Puerto Rico, TX = Texas, UT = Utah, VI = Virgin Islands, WA = Washington. |
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Last updated:
April 11, 2012
