Dedicated To Tribal Aquaculture Programs
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June 2006 ~ Volume 56 | ||
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Topics Of Interest:
* Bad River Tribe Produce Millions of Fish
* Moist Air Incubators
* New Web Site for Science and Aquaculture References
* Trout Production Handling Eggs and Fry
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Tribal Wildlife Grants Helped Bad River Tribe Produce Millions of Fish and Leverage Lots of Funding for Further Hatchery Expansion Efforts
By: Thomas C.J. Doolittle, Wildlife and Fisheries Specialist/Warden Supervisor, Bad River Band of Lake Superior Chippewa
The Raymond “Snooty” Couture Hatchery-Bad River is located on the Bad River Reservation on the Wisconsin south shore of Lake Superior. The Bad River Band of Lake Superior Tribe of Chippewa Indians operates the hatchery. The fish species cultured are walleye, white sucker, yellow perch and Lake Sturgeon. Historically, the hatchery produced in a 10 year mean (1990-2001), 8.3 million walleye fry and 51,000 walleye fingerlings. However, target levels were 250,000, 2” walleye fingerlings and 10 million walleye fry/year. These target levels were not being met due to infrastructure problems. The Tribe also wanted to increase its capacities to raise yellow perch, which are declining in regional Lake Superior waters and to maintain a lake sturgeon rearing facility to move beyond an experimental stage. |
Two of the improvements recently made at the Snooty Couture Hatchery include improved pond liners and solar powered aeration systems. |
As a result in infrastructure improvements through the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Tribal Wildlife Grant program, 12 million walleye fry, 1.2 million yellow perch fry, 13,000 extended growth walleye and 502,000 walleye fingerlings were produced in 2005.
Through this new funding venue, target levels have been exceeded and can be maintained and expanded in the future. The hatchery’s performance now produces walleye at the highest densities per acre compared to any other facility in the Midwest. Importantly, the USFWS Tribal Wildlife Grants programs have also assisted in leveraging $500,000 in additional funding from U.S. Health and Human Services, and the Administration for Native Americans (ANA) to further renovate our rearing pond facilities. The total funds leveraged since the completion of our TWG and our resulting successes was $676,273.
Moist Air Incubators
By ARED, Inc.
Our innovative systems incubate eggs in a moist air environment delivering a continuous fine mist of purified water to the developing eggs. The following are highlights of our incubation technology (Patent Pending).
No Chemical Treatments Required
Where conventional full-immersion incubators are plagued by fungal growth, and require toxic chemical treatments, ARED's moist air incubation design naturally limits fungal growth to the point of requiring no chemical treatments.
Capacity Sized To Your Needs
Our Moist Air Incubators are fabricated to provide for all scales of operation. Our standard production models range in capacity from 88 to 328 individual egg baskets (1.2 liter trays). From a few eggs to millions, our technology is scalable to your needs. We also offer a variety of egg-tray sizes to accommodate the range of fecundity found in all species of salmon and trout.
Complete Range of Temperature Control
Moist Air Incubation can accommodate the complete range of temperature requirements of all species of salmon. Salmon adapt to temperature requirements unique to the geography they inhabit. Our incubation systems can offer the complete range of temperatures required for all regions that salmon reside.
Disease Prevention and Family Tracking
Fish pathology protocols that require isolation of eggs from each female is accommodated in our incubators. Water vapor, settling onto each egg tray, is isolated from other trays, recycled and filtered before it is reintroduced into the mist chamber. This prevents lateral transmission of disease. Disease-positive eggs can be identified and removed without transmission to other egg baskets. Eggs from each female can also be isolated to accommodate family tracking. This facilitates the ability for incubating multiple stocks simultaneously.
Otolith Marking for Positive Assessment
With positive temperature control, our incubators can affect a mark on the salmon otolith with almost no additional operational cost.
Low Energy and Water Requirements
Our incubators are designed to operate with a very low energy requirement of 110 volts at less than 30 amps. Our one and two-door units will operate on a 20 amp circuit. Our systems operate on a full water recirculation system. Whereas traditional full-immersion incubators require from 12-30 gallons per minute, our systems operate on 10-40 gallons continually re-circulated and filtered with every pass. (However, we do recommend refreshing 1-5 gallons per day).
New Web Site for Science and Aquaculture References
Science Direct is one of the world's largest electronic collections of science and bibliographic information centers. Its Aquaculture and Biological Sciences and Aquaculture web sites offer a wealth of information. Although many of the abstracts may not directly relate to your form of aquaculture, with just a little web sleuthing you will soon be able to locate many new references. The MTAN used the key words listed below and entered them in the "Quick Search" box (searching within "All Journals") in the top of the Science Direct web site. The results column below shows the number of hits that were recorded for each topic entered. Once you receive the results from your first query, you will be able to further query the results within each search. This will allow you to further separate out non-related material.
Key Word / # of Hits |
Key Word / # of Hits |
Key Word / # of Hits |
Algae Control / 7,119 |
Feeding Devices / 293 |
Pond Rearing / 121 |
Aquatic Plants / 1,628 |
Fish Health / 1,039 |
Radon Gas / 3,089 |
Baitfish / 10 |
Formalin / 4,055 |
Recirculating Systems / 793 |
Degassing / 1,608 |
Intensive Culture / 1,070 |
Rotenone / 1,052 |
Diffusers / 856 |
Lake White Fish / 34 |
Rearing Tanks / 263 |
Domes / 3,011 |
Lake Sturgeon / 23 |
Swim Bladder / 112 |
Fee Fishing / 18 |
Muskie / 2 |
Sucker / 380 |
Fertilizing / 750 |
Muskrat / 50 |
Transportation / 8,700 |
Fertilizing Ponds / 11 |
Oxytetracycline / 618 |
Tribal / 6,364 |
Fish Feeds and Diets / 1,004 |
OTC / 1,125 |
UV Sterilization / 60 |
Fish Feeds / 1,955 |
Ozone / 8,435 |
Walleye / 158 |
Walleye Diet / 17 |
Pond Culture / 556 |
Yellow Perch / 78 |
Trout Diet / 631 |
Pond Design / 295 |
Zebra Mussel / 118 |
Feeders / 2,680 |
Pond Harvest / 138 |
Trout Production Handling Eggs and Fry
Southern Regional Aquaculture Center
Jeffrey M. Hinshaw and Skipper L. Thompson
In commercial production of trout and other salmonids in the United States, eggs are typically produced on broodfish farms that are separate from farms used for the production of fish for food or for stocking. The production of good quality, disease-free eggs is a specialized activity requiring a high degree of skill and management. Most of the eggs used in commercial trout production are produced in the Pacific Northwest. Trout eggs are usually shipped when they reach the “eyed” stage, which is more than halfway through the incubation period. Incubation time is temperature dependent. At 55 F, rainbow trout eggs will hatch approximately 3 weeks after fertilization, or within 4 to 7 days after being received as “eyed” eggs. At 45F, the eggs will hatch approximately 7 weeks after fertilization.
Receiving and disinfecting eggs
Trout eggs will arrive “on ice” in the shipping container. A small amount of ice, rather than water, is used to keep the eggs cool and moist during transit. The first step upon receipt is tempering, or gradually bringing the eggs up to the incubation temperature over a 30-minute to 1-hour time period. Tempering also replaces any water loss in the eggs during shipping. To accomplish this, first measure the temperature of the eggs in the shipping container. Fill a clean bucket or other container with hatchery water and adjust the water temperature with ice to match the temperature of the eggs. Gently add the eggs to the water, then add small amounts of clean water from your hatchery to gradually raise the temperature of the eggs. The eggs need to be gently stirred once or twice during the tempering process to ensure adequate water circulation to all eggs. Tempering should not be done in your hatchery, but should be done in a separate area to avoid possible contamination of the hatchery with disease organisms. Also, discard or destroy all shipping containers to prevent contamination of the hatchery. The eggs should have been disinfected by the supplier before shipping, but it is good practice to also disinfect them yourself.
>>> Do not disinfect eggs that are already hatching. <<<
Disinfectants used for this procedure contain iodine, and should be administered as a 10-minute bath treatment at 100 parts per million (ppm) of free iodine. Typical iodophor disinfectants such as Argentyne® or Betadine® contain 1.0 percent (10,000 ppm) available iodine. A 100 ppm iodine concentration is equivalent to a 1:100 dilution of “jug strength” solution (use 38 milliliters, or 1.28 fluid ounces, or 7.5 teaspoons per gallon of water). Other iodophors such as Wescodyne ® contain 1.6 percent or greater available iodine and require more dilution (use only 23.7 ml, 0.8 fluid ounces, or 4.5 teaspoons per gallon of water). Be sure of the concentration of the compound you are using. In poorly buffered (alkalinity < 35 ppm) or acidic waters, you should add sodium bicarbonate at 0.5 grams (approximately 0.5 level teaspoons) per gallon of water to buffer the water before disinfecting. Gently mix eggs and disinfectant to ensure that all egg surfaces are treated. Rinse the eggs with clean water to remove iodine residue before putting them into incubators. The eggs may now be counted and placed in incubators for hatching.
Egg enumeration
Many different methods can be used to count eyed trout eggs, including measuring volume, displacement or weight; counting the number of eggs in a V-trough (Von Bayer method); or using electronic egg counters. Most trout farmers use the displacement method to estimate egg volume because it is relatively fast, simple, accurate, and does not require much equipment. The numbers of eggs per unit of volume can be estimated by counting 50 eggs into 25 ml of water in a 50-ml graduated cylinder or burette, and noting the increase in volume. Repeat the process three to five times and calculate the average displacement. The number of eggs per milliliter or per fluid ounce can then be estimated.
Egg incubation
Three types of incubator systems are commonly used: “California” trays; vertical tray or “Heath” incubators; and upwelling incubators. California trays are screened, flat-bottomed trays that fit inside rearing troughs in a horizontal series. Between each tray, a partition extending to the bottom of the trough forces water through the eggs from below. California trays are used primarily when very large numbers of eggs are being incubated and the water supply is not limited. The sac fry and egg shells are difficult to separate in these trays, and eggs are often removed from these trays before hatching begins. California trays are rarely used in the South. Vertical tray incubators are essentially California trays arranged in stacks. They require relatively little floor space or water to incubate large numbers of eggs. The water is re-aerated as it flows through the stack of trays. The recommended water flow in vertical tray incubators is 4 to 6 gallons per minute (gpm). Vertical tray incubators require that the egg shells be manually removed after hatching, but the sac fry can be kept in the trays until swim-up at about 10 to 14 days after hatching. To prevent smothering, trout eggs should be placed no more than two to three layers deep in vertical incubator trays. Upwelling incubators maintain adequate circulation by using the water flow to partially suspend the eggs. These incubators should contain no more than two-thirds of the total incubator volume in eggs when operating. The flow rate in upwelling units should be adjusted so that eggs are lifted approximately 50 percent of their static depth (i.e., if eggs are 6 inches deep with water off, they should be approximately 9 inches deep with water on). Upwelling incubators are available in several different models, or can easily be constructed from PVC, fiberglass or other materials. All types of egg incubators should be covered to protect developing embryos from direct light. To accomplish this when using vertical trays, do not put eggs in the top tray. Eyed trout eggs purchased from a commercial supplier will usually contain a very small percentage of dead eggs, and may not require treatment for fungus. However, if the eggs are more than 3 days from hatching, dead eggs should be removed regularly to limit fungal infections. Removing dead eggs is more effective than chemical treatment at controlling fungus, but can be very time consuming. If it becomes necessary to control fungus chemically, add formalin to the inflowing water to achieve a dilution of 1:600 (1,667 ppm) for 15 minutes daily. This is equivalent to 95 milliliters of formalin per gpm of water flow, or 3.2 fluid ounces of formalin per gpm of flow added over a 15- minute period.
Trout eggs should not be treated with formalin within 24 hours of hatching, as the eggs will die.
Hydrogen peroxide also can be used to control fungus on trout eggs, but is not widely used by hatchery managers in the South. Once hatching begins, the eggs and sac fry should not be treated with any chemicals.
Handling sac fry
Hatching rate depends on water temperature, but usually will be completed within 2 to 4 days after commencing. Empty shells should not be allowed to accumulate in the incubating units. If the eggs are incubated separately from the rearing troughs, the sac fry should be transferred into troughs shortly after hatching is complete. Up to 30,000 fry can be stocked into a standard fry trough 10 feet long and 18 inches wide. The water flow rate should be 8 to 10 gallons per minute for most facilities. Keep the water level in the trough fairly shallow (3 to 4 inches) and the flow reduced until fry “swim up,” approximately 2 weeks after hatching at 55 F. Any dead fry, egg shells or deformed fish should be removed regularly. When about 50 percent of fry “swim up,” begin feeding with a small amount of starter mash on the surface three to four times daily. Continue until most fish are actively feeding. Feed every 15 minutes if possible, but not less than hourly at this stage. A large kitchen strainer makes an excellent tool for distributing the starter feeds throughout the tank. Automatic feeders are certainly more convenient than feeding by hand, but many are not well suited to distributing the smallest feed sizes. Feed approximately 10 percent of the fish weight per day for 2 to 3 weeks, or until fry are about 1 inch long (approximately 1,000 per pound); then feed according to a published feeding chart. Fry feed should be formulated to contain approximately 50 percent protein and 12 to 15 percent fat. Excess feed and fish waste must be removed from the troughs at least daily. Small paintbrushes or feathers work well for cleaning the rearing troughs. Siphons also can be used if care is taken to avoid the fish. After the fry have been actively feeding for 2 weeks, sample count the fish every week and adjust the feeding rate and feed size accordingly. Adjust the fish densities in the troughs as necessary to prevent overcrowding. In the standard fry tank described previously, fish are typically kept below 1 pound of fish per cubic foot of water volume.
Monitoring dissolved oxygen levels will help determine when fry density should be reduced. Ideally, the dissolved oxygen level should not be lower than 6 ppm. The fry will be ready to move into larger tanks in the hatchery when they grow to 1 inch in length. In areas where Yersinia ruckeri, the causative agent of enteric redmouth disease (ERM), has been detected, the fish should be vaccinated 2 weeks before moving them to a production facility. The recommended minimum size for immersion vaccination of trout against ERM is 4.5 grams, or approximately 100 fish per pound.
Hatchery sanitation
Restrict personnel traffic to reduce the possibility of contaminating the hatchery with disease. The use of a disinfectant footbath just inside hatchery doorways is a good preventative measure. All equipment used in the hatchery should be reserved exclusively for hatchery use. Clean and disinfect the hatchery and equipment regularly with a hypochlorite solution, or an approved quaternary ammonium disinfectant. Troughs and floors also should be disinfected between groups of fish. As an additional safeguard against the spread of disease microorganisms, keep the hatchery well ventilated to prevent condensation from forming on walls or on the ceiling.
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Product and company names mentioned in this publication are for informational purposes only. It does not imply endorsement by the MTAN or the U.S. Government. |
