Maxent model for Cottus_bairdi

This page contains some analysis of the Maxent model for Cottus_bairdi, created Fri Sep 09 18:37:17 EDT 2011 using Maxent version 3.3.3e. If you would like to do further analyses, the raw data used here is linked to at the end of this page.

Analysis of omission/commission

The following picture shows the omission rate and predicted area as a function of the cumulative threshold. The omission rate is is calculated both on the training presence records, and (if test data are used) on the test records. The omission rate should be close to the predicted omission, because of the definition of the cumulative threshold.

The next picture is the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for the same data. Note that the specificity is defined using predicted area, rather than true commission (see the paper by Phillips, Anderson and Schapire cited on the help page for discussion of what this means). This implies that the maximum achievable AUC is less than 1. If test data is drawn from the Maxent distribution itself, then the maximum possible test AUC would be 0.936 rather than 1; in practice the test AUC may exceed this bound.

Some common thresholds and corresponding omission rates are as follows. If test data are available, binomial probabilities are calculated exactly if the number of test samples is at most 25, otherwise using a normal approximation to the binomial. These are 1-sided p-values for the null hypothesis that test points are predicted no better than by a random prediction with the same fractional predicted area. The "Balance" threshold minimizes 6 * training omission rate + .04 * cumulative threshold + 1.6 * fractional predicted area.

Cumulative threshold	Logistic threshold	Description	Fractional predicted area	Training omission rate	Test omission rate	P-value
1.000	0.013	Fixed cumulative value 1	0.334	0.004	0.015	5.907E-56
5.000	0.119	Fixed cumulative value 5	0.173	0.011	0.038	0E0
10.000	0.249	Fixed cumulative value 10	0.135	0.046	0.092	0E0
0.678	0.008	Minimum training presence	0.387	0.000	0.000	5.563E-47
14.666	0.330	10 percentile training presence	0.116	0.099	0.146	0E0
15.888	0.347	Equal training sensitivity and specificity	0.112	0.113	0.177	0E0
7.994	0.204	Maximum training sensitivity plus specificity	0.146	0.025	0.069	0E0
12.405	0.295	Equal test sensitivity and specificity	0.124	0.074	0.123	0E0
4.468	0.104	Maximum test sensitivity plus specificity	0.180	0.008	0.023	0E0
3.230	0.063	Balance training omission, predicted area and threshold value	0.204	0.004	0.023	0E0
5.355	0.133	Equate entropy of thresholded and original distributions	0.169	0.015	0.038	0E0

Pictures of the model

This is a representation of the Maxent model for Cottus_bairdi. Warmer colors show areas with better predicted conditions. White dots show the presence locations used for training, while violet dots show test locations. Click on the image for a full-size version.

Response curves

These curves show how each environmental variable affects the Maxent prediction. The curves show how the logistic prediction changes as each environmental variable is varied, keeping all other environmental variables at their average sample value. Click on a response curve to see a larger version. Note that the curves can be hard to interpret if you have strongly correlated variables, as the model may depend on the correlations in ways that are not evident in the curves. In other words, the curves show the marginal effect of changing exactly one variable, whereas the model may take advantage of sets of variables changing together.

In contrast to the above marginal response curves, each of the following curves represents a different model, namely, a Maxent model created using only the corresponding variable. These plots reflect the dependence of predicted suitability both on the selected variable and on dependencies induced by correlations between the selected variable and other variables. They may be easier to interpret if there are strong correlations between variables.

Analysis of variable contributions

The following table gives estimates of relative contributions of the environmental variables to the Maxent model. To determine the first estimate, in each iteration of the training algorithm, the increase in regularized gain is added to the contribution of the corresponding variable, or subtracted from it if the change to the absolute value of lambda is negative. For the second estimate, for each environmental variable in turn, the values of that variable on training presence and background data are randomly permuted. The model is reevaluated on the permuted data, and the resulting drop in training AUC is shown in the table, normalized to percentages. As with the variable jackknife, variable contributions should be interpreted with caution when the predictor variables are correlated.

Variable	Percent contribution	Permutation importance
velocity	33.8	3
rivbasin	29.4	65.1
wetland	9.4	4.8
geology	8	5.7
barren	7.8	0.6
pctdist	5	3.7
flow	1.7	4.4
cropland	1.3	4.4
gradient	1.1	3.1
strahler	0.7	0.1
imperv	0.5	0.9
forest	0.4	2
sinuosity	0.4	0.7
pasture	0.3	1.1
shrub	0	0.3
drainsize	0	0

Raw data outputs and control parameters

The data used in the above analysis is contained in the next links. Please see the Help button for more information on these.
The coefficients of the model
The omission and predicted area for varying cumulative and raw thresholds
The prediction strength at the training and (optionally) test presence sites
Results for all species modeled in the same Maxent run, with summary statistics and (optionally) jackknife results

Regularized training gain is 1.799, training AUC is 0.947, unregularized training gain is 1.932.
Unregularized test gain is 1.677.
Test AUC is 0.930, standard deviation is 0.005 (calculated as in DeLong, DeLong & Clarke-Pearson 1988, equation 2).
Algorithm terminated after 500 iterations (22 seconds).

The follow settings were used during the run:
524 presence records used for training, 130 for testing.
10429 points used to determine the Maxent distribution (background points and presence points).
Environmental layers used: barren cropland drainsize flow forest geology(categorical) gradient imperv pasture pctdist rivbasin(categorical) shrub sinuosity strahler(categorical) velocity wetland
Regularization values: linear/quadratic/product: 0.050, categorical: 0.250, threshold: 1.000, hinge: 0.500
Feature types used: product linear quadratic hinge threshold
responsecurves: true
outputdirectory: D:\MaxEnt_Fish_NC\StatewideOutput
samplesfile: D:\MaxEnt_Fish_NC\SWEOPoints\SW_AllEO_20.csv
environmentallayers: D:\MaxEnt_Fish_NC\SWEnvRaster
randomtestpoints: 20
Command line used:

Command line to repeat this species model: java density.MaxEnt nowarnings noprefixes -E "" -E Cottus_bairdi responsecurves outputdirectory=D:\MaxEnt_Fish_NC\StatewideOutput samplesfile=D:\MaxEnt_Fish_NC\SWEOPoints\SW_AllEO_20.csv environmentallayers=D:\MaxEnt_Fish_NC\SWEnvRaster randomtestpoints=20 -t geology -t rivbasin -t strahler